Marketing Mix

Price

Price
The amount of money charged for a product or service or the sum of the values that consumers
exchange for the benefits of having or using the product or service
All for-profit organizations and many nonprofit organizations set prices on their goods or
services. Whether the price is called rent (for an apartment), tuition (for education), fare (for
travel), or interest (for borrowed money), the concept is the same. Throughout most of history,
prices were set by negotiation between buyers and sellers.

Marketing approaches to pricing

To a marketer, price is not just a mechanism for revenue, but it is a strategic tool. Price has
many functions.

To indicate how much is to be paid for the product

To indicate the quality level of the product
To maximize profits Eg. By skimming and hit and run pricing
To position the product and create an image
To add benefit of status into the product
To fight competition Eg. Penetration pricing
To differentiate a brand
To divert demand Eg. By differentiated pricing

For these reasons marketers use a range of pricing strategies

Market penetration short term goal-market share; long term goal-profits

Market price skimming-short term profits; long term-market share
Price skimming-start high in price and then come down
Prestige pricing-start high and continue the same price throughout

Factors to consider when setting price

The image of your product-price must compliment/match the image of the product.
Eg. High image car has a higher price. BMW
Competitors prices-if competitors offer similar products and in highly competitive
markets prices must be similar to competition
Stage of PLC-introductory stage higher prices can be charged, skimming in maturity
prices are lower.
Cost of production prices must finally cover cost to earn profit.
Demand and elasticity of demand
Affordability and willingness to pay
Eg. Anchor in Sri Lanka even though not affordable the customer is willing to pay
Strategies of the company-target segments, positionmi9ng of your brand, level of
differentiation of your product.

Marketing objective-market share, profits or turnover

Options of pricing strategies

There are three principal categories of pricing strategy

Market oriented pricing strategy

This is where the strategies used are based upon customers requirements and customers
responses

Cost oriented pricing strategy

These strategies revolve around the cost of the product and expected returns

Competitor oriented pricing strategy

These are based upon an expectation of the competitors response

Market Oriented pricing strategies

1 - Market penetration Pricing
This is a strategy, which initially focuses on securing marketing share. Then product is launched
at a price lower than the existing market price, and this is supported by heavy promotions in
order to attract customers to the brand. After the required market share has been achieved, the
prices are allowed to gradually float upward to the level of larger companies who are able to
take a loss for some time and the risk of a price war, It is also ideal in situations where the
competitors are not satisfying customers adequately.

2- Market Price Skimming

Here the focus in the short term is to maximize profitability. It is ideal for a company that is
launching a new product into the market. Initially the company will focus on the high-income
customers within his target market and offer them the product at high prices. The skimming
strategy is justified by other marketing theories such as the Adoption of innovation model and
the PLC concept.
3- Hit and Run Pricing
This strategy is used to maximize profitability at times when there is a surge of demand and
scarcity of supply. At these times prices are increased and later brought back to the original level
when demand subsides. This can be used for products for which supply is limited in the short
term
e.g. agricultural products etc.

4- Product Line Pricing

Here a range of products are priced on the basis of the total profitability that the company
expects from the whole range. Thus some products in the rage are priced very attractively in
order to draw the customer to the brand and build brand loyalty. The other products are priced so
as to bring in profits. This pricing must be done carefully to ensure that in the final analysis the
expected profit is achieved. This is used often by owners of retain outlets.
5- Premium/Prestige Pricing
This is a long term strategy where a product is priced always at a level above the price of similar
products in that product category. This is done when the product offers the customer the
additional benefit of status or prestige. This differs from Market Skimming in that a status
benefit is continuous and permanent and therefore the price will always be at a level to attract the
high income, prestige-conscious customer.
6- Differential Pricing
There are three types of differentiated pricing:
Time

Differentiated Pricing

Here the same product is offered to the same customer at different prices depending on the time
of the day, month or year at which the product is purchased.
E.g. Telecom customers are charged a peak rate for calls during office hours and a different
cheaper rate for calls taken at night. Media owners (specially electronic media T.V, Radio)
charge different advertising rates for different times of the day.
Market

Differentiated Pricing

Here the same product is offered to different customers at the same time at different prices.
Eg Public utility services like transportation, charge different prices for adults and children.
Tourist attractions are sold at higher prices to foreigners and lower prices to locals.
Product

Differentiated Pricing

Here essentially the same products is offered with slight variations at vastly different prices to
the same customers at the same time.
E.g. Different classes of seats on an aircraft or in a cinema.
7 - Value Pricing
The Marketer creates a high perceived value of the product by consistent product performance,
high quality and effective promotions. The price is fixed below the perceived value such that the

brand occupies a Bargain Brand Positioning.

E.g. Adopted by Proctor & Gamble for Pampers brand.

Cost Oriented Pricing Strategies

These are methods favored by the accountants and they revolve around the cost of the product
mark-up or profit. They do not take account of market opportunities or threats, and on the value
the market places on the product.
1 - Cost Plus Mark-Up Pricing
This involves determining the total cost of each unit and adding to this cost the desired mark-up
or profit in order to set the selling price.
The price is common with retailers.
2 - Return On Investment Pricing (R.O.I Pricing)
The company decides what it wants as profit or return on investment at the end of the year. It
will divide this profit from the no. of units it hopes to sell during the year. This will give the
required profit per unit. This 0rofit per unit is then added to the cost per unit and the selling
price is fixed.
3 - Marginal Pricing
Marginal pricing is based on marginal costing. The marginal cost of a product is the cost of
manufacturing and selling one extra/additional unit of that product. Therefore it is similar to the
variable cost of that product. (Fixed costs are the costs that do not change with output/product
e.g. rent, salaries, etc. variable costs such as raw material cost, electricity etc can be attributed to
each unit).

Competitor Oriented Pricing Strategies

These strategies are based on the principle that a price must be set after taking account of the
competitors price.
1 - Going Rate/Follow The Leader Pricing
This is useful for a company that enters a market, which is already dominated by big players. It
would be unwise to use market oriented pricing (such as penetration pricing) because this will
anger the competitors and force them into a price war.
Therefore the company prefer to fix the price close to the price charged by the market leaders.
2 - Closed Bid Pricing

Most governments and public bodies use a tender system for their purchases. Each supplier must
submit his price which is kept secret until the opening of the tenders.
Since the best offer will be selected, each supplier will try and fix his price on what he thinks his
competitor will offer.
3 - The Open Bid Pricing
Auctioneers and stock dealers (stock market) use this method.
4 - Negotiated Contract Pricing
When selling high value items it is usually the case that customers will try to bargain or negotiate
the terms of sale. This often results in a final price different to the original price. This
bargaining arises because competitors have also offered this product to the customers.
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