(+)2= 2+2+2

(-)2= 2-2+2
2-2= (-)(+)
(+)3= 3+32+32+3
(-)3= 3-32+32-3
-=(-)(-1+-2+ +-1)
+=(+)(-1--2+ --1)

3+3=(+)(2-+2)
3+3=(+)3-3(+)
3-3=(-)(2++2)
(++)2=2+2+2+2+2+2
3+3+3-3=

(++)[(-)2+(-)2+(-)2]

++=0 3+3+3=3

, , x 0

a a 0
=
-a a <0

=xx2=a
2

0
-
-++
>0: x<-<x<
x>x> x<-
x=x= x=-
x=x= x=-
d(,)= -

a =

x2+x+=0, 0
=2-4
>0

x 1,2=

=0

x=

S=x1+x2=

-
2

P= x 1 x 2=

-
2

0 0
30 /6

<0

0
1/2

1
3 /2

0
3 /3

2 /2

60 /3

3 /2
1

1/2

3 /3
0

- 3
-1

- 3 /3
-1

- 3 /3
0

- 3

135 3/4
150 5/6
180
270 3/2
360 2

3 /2
2 /2
1/2

0
-1
0

2 /2

- 3 /2
-1
0
1

y
B

2 /2

0
-1/2

F(x)=a x+

90 /2
120 2/3

=0

45 /4

F(x)=ax2+x+
>0
F(x)=a(x-x1) (x-x2)

<0

B
y

x=x=2+ x=2+-
x=x=2+ x=2-
x=x=+
x=x=+

1. 2+2=1

2. =

3. =

2
4. =1 5. =

1
2

1 +

6.2=

1 +


(+)=-,
(-)=+,
(+)=+,
(-)=-,

(+)=

(+)=

(-)=

a +

1 +

+ 1

(-)=

2x

x -

2
2x = 2 x - 1
1 - 22 x

2x=2xx

1 - 2x

2x=

2x=

1 + 2x

2x=

1 - 2x
1 + 2x

2x=

2x=

2x
2

1 x
2

2x

2x=

1 + x

1 - x
2

1 + x

+1=+ ()
= +1- ()
=1+(-1) ( )

a+

+1= () (0)

( )

S=
S=

a+1
a

()

=1-1 ( ) (10)
=

(1+)

a ( )

S= 1

[21+(-1)]

-1
-1

(1)

=1 S=1

f(x)=ax,a>1

2101

f(x)=logax, a>1

2
1

f(x)=ax, 0<a<1

1012

f(x)=logax, 0<a<1
y
2

0 1 2 3 4
1

0 1 2 3 4
1

: logay y>0 0<1

1.
2.
3.
4.

logax=yy=x >0, 1 x>0

loga1=0, loga=1, >0, 1
x
loga x =x, loga =x
loga(xy)=logax+logay, x,y>0 0<1

5.

loga x =logax-logay, x,y>0 0<1

6.

logax=logax, x>0 R 0<1

*
+

*
+

, lnx x - 1

, elnx=x a= elna, a>0 x

log=x10x=

*
+

, ax=exlna

ln=x ex=

,>0 ,1, >0 : log=

loga
loga

uuur uur
uuur
+ = 2

r
j

A(x,)

x
x
uur
2
2
a = x +

x1 x x2

x=

x1 + x2
+
, = 1 2
2
2

uuuur
r
OM1 = r v

(x1,1)

(x2,2)

= (x1 - x2 ) + (1 - 2 )2
2

1 2 1 2 = -1

x2 x

x1

( x22 )

(x,)
x

x - x

x
-

=0

y1 - y2
x1 - x2

1//2 1 = 2

( x11 )

= =

y2

r
a

r r r
r
a v = a r v

y1

r
v

( )

r r uur uur
=

(x,y)

r r r
r2
= 2 =
r r r
r
= r
r r r
r r r r
+ = +
r r
r
r
= 11 + 22 = ( 1 , 2 ) , = (1 ,2 )
r r
r r
= 0 1 2 = -1
r r
r r
11 + 22

, = r r =

12 + 22 12 + 22

r
a

r
r

r
r
r
r
= , > 0 = , < 0

r
x x
0 i x
uuur
r
r
= ( x - x ) i + ( - ) j

uuur uur uuur

- =

y1

A(xo,o)

y3

(x1,y1)
B(x2,y2)
(x3,y3)

xo

- = ( x - x )

y2

(x1,1)

x
x2 x1
x3
uuur uuur
1
( ) = det ,
2
0

2 +2 - 4
A B
x2 + y2 + Ax +By + = 0 2 +2 - 4 > 0 - ,- =
2
2 2
y

xo

yo

(x - x ) + ( y - y )

x
0

y
(x1,y1)

y1

0,
2

x1

x2=2y, <0

x2=2y, >0

yy1=(x+x1)

+ ,0
2

0,
2

y2=2x, <0

y2=2x, >0

,0
2

x1

xx1 + yy1 = 2

= 2

(x1 , y1 )

y1

x 2 + y 2 = 2

2(0,)

y1
x

0
1(-,0)

= +

2(,0)

xx1 yy1
+
=1
a2 2

x2 y2
+ =1
2 2

x1

1(0,-)

x2 y2
+
=1, >
a2 2

(x1,y1)

y1
0
1

x1

x2 y 2
- =1
a2 2

xx1 yy1
=1
a2 2

y 2 x2
- =1
a2 2

,] 0

=+

//

: =2 : =2+1
: 2=8+1, ]

/ / /(+)

/ = = ]
/

/ / /

= = -
/

++=+
(+)=+, >0
++=+
(+)=-, <0
--=-
(-)=-, >0
(-)+=-
(-)=+, <0
(+)(-)=-
(-)(-)=+
(+)(+)=+

, ]

/ , 0

(+)+(-)
0 - +
,
,
,
(-)+(+)
0 + -
(-)-(-)
- +
0(+) 0(-)
,

lim x = +

x+

lim

1
x

=0

+, =

lim x =
-, =T

y
y=ex

lim

lim

x +

= +

lim (ln x ) = -

= 0

x 0+

lim (ln x ) = +

x +

y=lnx

01

1.

f(x)=c, c\

f(x)=0

2.

f(x)=xa, a\

f(x)=axa-1

3.

F(x)= x , x0

f(x)=

1
2 x

,x > 0

f(x)=ga(x)

f(x)=aga-1(x)g(x)

f(x)= g ( x) , g(x)0

f(x)=

( ),

g' x

()

2 g x

g(x)>0

4.

f(x)x

f(x)= x

f(x)= (g(x))

f (x)=(g(x))g(x)

5.

f(x)=x

f(x)=-x

f(x)= g(x)

f(x)=-g(x)g(x)

f(x)=e

6.
7.
8.
9.

f(x)=lnx, x>0
f(x)=x, x0
f(x)=x, x0

f(x)=

10.

f(x)=e
f(x)=
f(x)=

f(x)=e

f(x)= eg(x)g(x)

f(x)=lng(x), g(x)>0

f(x)=g(x), g(x)0
2

f(x)= -

f(x)=g(x), g(x)0

x
1

f(x)=

f(x)=

x
1

f(x)= -

g(x)

f(x)=
f(x)=

1
2

g(x)

()

g x

-1

()

g x

f(x)= -

()

g x

g ( x)

1
2

()

g x

g(x)

g(x)
g(x)

11.

f(x)=ax, a>0

f(x)=axlna

f(x)=ag(x)

f(x)= ag(x)lnag(x)

12.

f(x)=xx, x>0

f(x)=(exlnx)

f(x)=[h(x)]g(x)

f(x)=(eg(x)lnh(x))

(f(x)g(x))=f(x)g(x)
(c f(x))=c f(x)
(f(x) g(x))=f(x) g(x)+ f(x) g(x)
'

g (x )

( )
=
( g ( x ))
-g x

'

f (x )
f (x ) g (x ) - f (x ) g (x )
2

=
g
x
(
)
( g ( x ))

(gof)(x)=g(f(x)) f(x)
FERMAT
ROLLE
.:
.:
y f [, ]
y f(xo)
y xo .
y f
=(xo, xo+)
(, )
y f(xo):
y f()=f()
.: f(xo)=0
.:
xo(,) f(xo)=0

y
( x, y )

f( x ) = y

Cf

: y-f(xo)=f(xo)(x-xo)

xo

LAGRANCE (M.T)
.:
y f [, ]
y f (,)
.: xo(,)

f(xo)=

() ( )

f -f
-

f(x)

x - x

x -

: y = f ( x )

Cf

f()

f() = f()

Cf

( x y ) : y = f ( x )

xo

f()

xo

1. 0dx=c

xdx = x + c
6. xdx = -x + c

5.

2. 1dx = x + c
3.

7.

x dx = ln x + c

4. x dx = x

+1

+1

8.

+ c, -1

-1, v = 4 + 2

i = -1

-i, v = 4 + 3

+ i = +

+c

a dx =

ax
+c
lna

(,)+(x,)=(+x,+)

(,)-(x,)=(-x,-)

(,)(x,)=(x-,+x)

(,):(x,)= x + , x -

2 2
x +

x +

z = z z , z = -z z , ( z ) = z
v]

z1 z2 = z1 z2 , z1 z2 = z1 z2

1 1 z1 z1
= , = , (z ) = (z ) , v
z z z2 z2

z 0, z = z = -z ,
2

1, v = 4
i, v = 4 +1

ii. y=0 z=x R

10.

x dx = -x + c

i. x=0 z=yi I

(,) = +i i =

e dx = e

x dx = x + c

z=x+yi=(x,y), x,yR

(0,1) = i

9.

= z

1
z

1
z

z1
z2

z1 - z2

z1
z2

z1 + z 2

, z1z2 = z1 z2

z1 + z 2

fi =

vi

fi = fi + f2 + ...f

0 fi 1

i=1

=1

v1 = 1

v = N - N-1

N = v1 + v2 + ...v

x=
x=

F = f1 + f2 + ... + f

ti
v

f1 = F1
t1 + t2 + ... + tv

xi vi

v
=

f = F - F-1

x1 v1 + x2 v2 + ... + x v
v

x = xi fi

i =

vi
v

360 = fi 360

x=

x1 w1 + x2 w2 + ... + xv w v
w1 + w2 + ...w v

S =

R =

S =

()

()

S =

()

()
2

S =

()

ti - x

2 ( ti )2 t2
ti = i
v
v
v

1
v

xi - x

-x

vi

2 ( xi vi )2
xi vi
v
v

S =

()

x v
i i - x2
v

CV =

S
x

=-

(-)(-)

()=

()()

()=

) ( ) ( ) (

={1,2, ,}

= + -

(1)+(2)+ +()=1

= = +

0P(i)1

= 1 , 2 , ...,

= 1 + 2 + ...

( )

( )

( )

( )

P()=1
P()=0

( )

( ) ( )
( - ) = ( ) - ( )
( ) ( )
' + = 1

( ) ( )