CHNG 1: HM GII TCH

1. S PHC V CC PHP TNH

1. Dng i s ca s phc: Ta gi s phc l mt biu thc dng (x + jy) trong x
v y l cc s thc v j l n v o. Cc s x v y l phn thc v phn o ca s
phc. Ta thng k hiu:
z = x + jy
x = Rez = Re(x + jy)
y = Imz = Im(x + jy)
Tp hp cc s phc c k hiu l C. Vy:
C = { z = x + jy | x R , y R}
trong R l tp hp cc s thc.
Nu y = 0 ta c z = x, ngha l s thc l trng hp ring ca s phc vi phn o
bng 0. Nu x = 0 ta z = jy v l mt s thun o.
S phc z = x jy c gi l s phc lin hp ca z = x + jy. Vy Re(z) = Re(z) ,

Im(z ) = Im(z) , z = z .
S phc -z = -x - jy l s phc i ca z = x + jy.
Hai s phc z1 = x1 + jy1 v z2 = x2 + jy2 gi l bng nhau nu x1 = x2 v y1 = y2.
2. Cc php tnh v s phc:
a. Php cng: Cho hai s phc z1 = x1 + jy1 v z2 = x2 + jy2. Ta gi s phc
z = (x1 + x2 ) + j(y1 + jy2 )
l tng ca hai s phc z1 v z2.
Php cng c cc tnh cht sau:
(giao hon)
z1 + z2 = z2 + z1
(kt hp)
z1 + (z2 + z3) = (z1 + z2) + z3
b. Php tr: Cho 2 s phc z1 = x1 + jy1 v z2 = x2 + jy2. Ta gi s phc
z = (x1 - x2 ) + j(y1 - jy2 )
l hiu ca hai s phc z1 v z2.
c. Php nhn: Cho 2 s phc z1 = x1 + jy1 v z2 = x2 + jy2. Ta gi s phc
z = z1.z2 = (x1x2-y1y2) + j(x1y2 + x2y1)
l tch ca hai s phc z1 v z2.
Php nhn c cc tnh cht sau:
(tnh giao hon)
z1,z2 = z2.z1
(z1.z2).z3 = z1.(z2.z3)
(tnh kt hp)
z1(z2 + z3) = z1.z2 + z2.z3 (tnh phn b)
(-1.z) = -z
z.0 = 0. z = 0
j.j = -1
d. Php chia: Cho 2 s phc z1 = x1 + jy1 v z2 = x2 + jy2. Nu z2 0 th tn ti
mt s phc z = x + jy sao cho z.z2 = z1. S phc:
1

z=

y x y 2 x1
z1 x1x 2 + y 1 y 2
=
+ j 1 22
2
2
z2
x2 + y2
x 2 + y 22

c gi l thng ca hai s phc z1 v z2.

e. Php nng ln lu tha: Ta gi tch ca n s phc z l lu tha bc n ca z
v k hiu:
z n = z.z L z
t w = zn =(x + jy)n th theo nh ngha php nhn ta tnh c Rew v Imw theo x
v y.
Nu zn = w th ngc li ta ni z l cn bc n ca w v ta vit:
z=n w
f. Cc v d:
V d 1:
j2 = -1
j3 = j2.j = -1.j = -j
V d 2:
(2+j3) + (3-5j) = 5-2j
1
= j
j

2 + 5 j (2 + 5 j)(1 + j) 3 + 7 j
3 7
=
=
= + j
2
1 j
1 j
2
2 2
z + z = ( x + jy) + ( x jy) = 2x = 2 Re z
V d 3:
V d 4:
Tm cc s thc tho mn phng trnh:
(3x - j)(2 + j)+ (x - jy)(1 + 2j) = 5 + 6j
Cn bng phn thc v phn o ta c:
20
36
x=
y=
17
17
V d 5: Gii h phng trnh:
z + j = 1

2 z + = 1 + j
Ta gii bng cch dng phng php Cramer v c kt qu:
1
j

z=

1+ j 1
2 j (2 j)(1 + 2 j) 4 + 3 j
=
=
=
1 j
1 2j
5
5
2 1

1
j
2 1+ j
j 1 ( j 1)(1 + 2 j) 3 j
=
=
=
=
1 j
1 2j
5
5
2 1
V d 6: Chng minh rng nu a thc P(z) l mt a thc ca bin s phc z vi cc
h s thc:
2

P(z) = a0zn + a1zn-1 + + an th P (z ) = P ( z )

Tht vy ta thy l s phc lin hp ca tng bng tng cc s phc lin hp ca tng
s hng, s phc lin hp ca mt tch bng tch cc s phc lin hp ca tng tha
s. Do vy:
a k z n k = a k .z n k
Do :
n

k =0

k =0

k =0

P( z ) = a k z n k = a k z n k = a k z n k = P( z )
T kt qu ny suy ra nu a thc P(z) c cc h s thc v nu l mt
nghim phc ca n tc P() = 0 th cng l nghim ca n, tc P( ) = 0.
3. Biu din hnh hc: Cho s phc z = x + jy. Trong mt phng xOy ta xc nh
im M(x,y) gi l to v ca s phc z. Ngc li cho im M trong mt phng, ta
bit to (x,y) v lp c s phc z = x + jy. Do ta gi xOy l mt phng phc.
Ta cng c th biu din s phc bng mt vec t t do c to l (x,y).
4. Moun v argumen ca s phc z: S phc z c to v l M. Ta gi di r ca
vec t OM l moun ca z v k hiu l z .
Gc xc nh sai khc 2k c gi l argumen
ca z v k hiu l Argz:
M
r = z = OM
y
r
Argz = Ox, OM = + 2 k

c bit, tr s ca Argz nm gia - v gi l gi

x
O
tr chnh ca Argz v k hiu l argz. Trng hp z =
0 th Argz khng xc nh.
Gia phn thc, phn o, moun v argumen c lin h:
x = rcos
y = rsin
r = x 2 + y2
y
tg =
x

acrtg x

arg z = + acrtg
x

+ acrtg x

khi x > 0
khi x < 0, y 0
khi x < 0, y < 0

Vi x = 0 t nh ngha ta c:
3

arg z = 2

2

khi y > 0
khi y < 0

Hai s phc bng nhau c moun v argumen bng nhau.

z = z
2

z.z = z
T cch biu din s phc bng vec t ta thy s phc (z1 - z2) biu din
khong cch t im M1 l to v ca z1 n im M2 l to v ca z2. T suy ra
| z | = r biu th ng trn tm O, bn knh r. Tng t | z - z1 | = r biu th ng
trn tm z1, bn knh r; | z - z1 | > r l phn mt phc ngoi ng trn v | z - z1 | < r
l phn trong ng trn .
Hn na ta c cc bt ng thc tam gic:
| z1 + z2 | | z1 | + | z2 | ; | z1 - z2 | || z1 | - | z2 ||
T nh ngha php nhn ta c:
z1.z2 = r1.r2 [(cos1cos2 - sin1sin2) - j(sin1cos2 + sin2cos2)]
= r1.r2 [cos(1 + 2) + jsin(1 + 2)]
Vy: | z1.z2 | = | z1 |.| z2 |
Arg(z1.z2 ) = Argz1 + Argz2 + 2k
Tng t, nu z2 0 th:
z1 r1
= [cos(1 - 2) + jsin(1 - 2)]
z 2 r2
z
z1
= 1
z2
z2
z
Arg 1 = Argz1 + Argz2 + 2k
z2
5. Cc v d:
V d 1: 3 + 2 j = 32 + 2 2 = 13
V d 2: Vit phng trnh ng trn A(x2 + y2) + 2Bx + 2Cy + D = 0 vi cc h s
A, B, C, D l cc s thc trong mt phng phc.
Ta t z = x + jy nn z = x jy .
x 2 + y 2 =| z |2 = z.z
Mt khc
2x = z + z
zz
2y =
= j(z z )
j
Thay vo phng trnh ta c:
Azz + B(z + z ) Cj(z z ) = 0
4

hay Az z + Ez + Ez + D = 0
6. Dng lng gic ca s phc: Nu biu din s phc z theo r v ta c:
z = x + jy = r(cos + jsin)
y l dng lng gic s phc z.
V d: z = -2 = 2(cos + jsin )
Cc php nhn chia dng s phc di dng lng gic rt tin li. Ta c:
z1 = r1 (cos + j sin )
z 2 = r2 (cos + j sin )

z = z1.z 2 = r1r2 [cos( + ) + j sin ( + )]

z1 r1
= [cos( ) + j sin ( )]
z 2 r2
p dng cng thc trn tnh tch n tha s z, tc l zn. ta c:
[r(cos + jsin)]n = rn(cosn + jsinn)
c bit khi r = 1 ta c cng thc Moivre:
(cos + jsin)n = (cosn + jsinn)
Thay bng - ta c:
(cos - jsin)n = (cosn - jsinn)
V d: Tnh cc tng:
s = cos + cos2 + + cosn
t = sin + sin2 + + sinn
Ta c jt = jsin + jsin2 + + jsinn
t z = cos + jsin v theo cng thc Moivre ta c:
s + jt = z + z2 + + zn
V phi l mt cp s nhn gm n s, s hng u tin l z v cng bi l z. Do ta
c:
z=

z n 1 z n+1 z cos( n + 1) + j sin( n + 1) cos j sin

=
=
s + jt = z
z 1
z 1
cos + j sin 1
[cos( n + 1) cos ] + j[sin(n + 1) sin ]
=
(cos 1) + j sin
[cos( n + 1) cos ] + j[sin(n + 1) sin ] (cos 1) j sin
=
.
(cos 1) + j sin
(cos 1) j sin

Nh vy:
cos(n + 1). cos cos 2 cos(n + 1) + cos + sin(n + 1). sin sin 2
s = Re(s + jt ) =
(cos 1) 2 + sin 2
cos(n + 1). cos + sin(n + 1). sin cos(n + 1) + cos 1
=
2 2 cos
cos cos(n + 1) + cos n 1
=
2(1 cos )
5

Tng t ta tnh c
t = Im(s+jt)
Khi biu din s phc di dng lng gic ta cng d tnh c cn bc n ca n.
Cho s phc z = r(cos + jsin) ta cn tm cn bc n ca z, ngha l tm s phc sao
cho:
n = z
trong n l s nguyn dng cho trc.
Ta t = (cos + jsin) th vn l phi tm v sao cho:
n(cosn + jsinn) = r(cos + jsin)
Ngha l
n = r
v
n =
+ 2 k
Kt qu l: = n r ; =
n
C th, cn bc n ca z l s phc:

o = n r cos + j sin
n
n

+ 2
+ 2

1 = n r cos
+ j sin

n
n

. . . . . .
+ 2(n 1)
+ 2(n 1)

n 1 = n r cos
+ j sin

n
n

vi k l s nguyn v ch cn ly n s nguyn lin tip (k = 0, 1, 2,...,n-1) v nu k ly

hai s nguyn hn km nhau n th ta c cng mt s phc.
7. To v ca s phc tng, hiu, tch v thng hai s phc:
a. To v ca tng v hiu: To v ca tng hai s
phc l tng hay hiu 2 vec t biu din s phc .
b. To v ca tch hai s phc: Ta c th tm to v
ca tch hai s phc bng phng php dng hnh. Cho hai
s phc z1 v z2 nh hnh v. Ta dng trn cnh Oz1 tam
gic Oz1z ng dng vi tam gic O1z2. Nh vy Oz l tch
ca hai s phc z1 v z2.
Tht vy, do tam gic Oz1z ng dng vi tam gic
O1z2 nn ta c:

z2z1=z
z2

z1

z z2
=
hay z = z1.z2
z1
1

c. To v ca thng hai s phc: Vic tm thng hai s phc a v tm tch

1
1
z1. . V vy ta ch cn tm w = . Trc ht ta gi thit | z | < 1(hnh a)
z2
z
Ta tm w theo cc bc sau:
- v ng trn n v v z
6

- dng ti z ng vung vi Oz v ct ng trn n v ti s

- v tip tuyn vi ng trn ti s v ct Oz ti t.
1
- do Ozs & Ost ng dng nn ta c | t |=
|z|
- ly w i xng vi t.
Trng hp | z | > 1 ta v nh hnh b:
- v ng trn n v v z
- t z v tip tuyn vi ng trn ti s
- dng ti s ng vung vi Oz ct Oz ti t
1
- do Ozs v Ost ng dng nn ta c | t | =
|z|
- ly w i xng vi t.

w
w

8. Dng m ca s phc: Nh cng thc Euler e j = cos + j sin ta c th biu

din s phc di dng s m:
z = rej = | z |ejArgz
j

3
4

V d z = 1 j = 2e
Biu din s phc di dng m rt tin li khi cn nhn hay chia cc s phc:
z1 = r1e j

z 2 = r2 e j

z1z 2 = r1r2 e j( + )
z1 r1 j( )
= e
z 2 r2
9. Mt cu Rieman: Ta xt mt mt cu S tm (0, 0, 0.5), bn knh 0.5 (tip xc vi
mt phng xOy ti O). Mt phng xOy l mt phng phc z vi Ox l trc thc v Oy
l trc o. on thng ni im z = x + jy c to v l N ca mt phng phc vi
im P(0, 0, 1) ca mt cu ct mt cu ti im M(a, b, c). Ta gi M l hnh chiu
7

ni ca im z ln mt cu S vi cc P. Php nh x ny lp nn mt tng ng mt mt gia tt c cc im ca mt phng z v ca mt cu S thng ti P. V cc im P,

M, v N cng nm trn mt ng thng nn ta c:
OT a b PM 1 c
= = =
=
P
ON x y PN
1
a b 1 c
hay
= =
c
x y
1
M
a
b
a + jb
hay:
x=
;y =
;z =
1 c
1 c
1 c
2
2
(a + b )
2
O
y
b
T :
z =
a
2
(1 c)
T
2
2
2
x
v do :
a +b +c -c=0
N
c
2
suy ra:
z =
1 c
2
z
x
y
c=
;a=
;b=
hay:
2
2
2
1+ z
1+ z
1+ z
Hnh chiu ni c tnh cht ng lu sau: mi ng trn ca mt phng z(ng
thng cng c coi l ng trn c bn knh ) chuyn thnh mt ng trn trn
z+z
z+z
mt cu v ngc li. Tht vy x =
ta thy mi ng trn ca
;y =
2
2j
mt phng z tho mn mt phng trnh dng:
1
j
Azz + B( z + z ) C( z z ) + D = 0
2
2
Trong A, B, C, D l cc s thc tha mn A 0, B2 + C2 > 4AD, c bit i vsi
ng thng A = 0. p dng cc gi tr ca z, x, y ta c:
(A - D)c +Ba +Cb + D = 0
y l mt ng trn trn mt cu S.
2. HM MT BIN PHC
1. Khi nim v min v bin ca min:
a. im trong ca mt tp: Gi s E l tp hp im trong mt phng phc z
v zo l mt im thuc E. Nu tn ti mt s ln cn ca zo nm hon ton trong E
th zo c gi l im trong ca tp E.
b. Bin ca mt tp: im thuc E hay khng thuc E c gi l im bin
ca tp E nu mi hnh trn tm u cha c nhng im thuc E v khng thuc E.
Tp hp cc im bin ca tp E c gi l bin ca tp E. Nu im khng thuc
E v tn ti hnh trn tm khng cha im no ca E th c gi l im ngoi
ca tp E.
8

V d: Xt tp E l hnh trn | z | < 1. Mi im ca E u l im trong. Bin ca E

l ng trn | z | = 1. Mi im | | > 1 l im ngoi ca E.
c. Min: Ta gi min trn mt phng phc l tp hp G c cc tnh cht sau:
- G l tp m, ngha l ch c cc im trong.
- G l tp lin thng, ngha l qua hai im tu thuc G, bao gi cng c th
ni chng bng mt ng cong lin tc nm gn trong G.
Tp G, thm nhng im bin gi l tp kn v k hiu l G . Min G gi l b
chn nu tn ti mt hnh trong bn knh R cha G bn trong.

Trn hnh a l min n lin, hnh b l min nh lin v hnh c l min tam lin.
Hng dng trn bin L ca min l hng m khi i trn L theo hng th phn
ca min G k vi ngi lun nm bn tri.

V d 1: V min < arg z <

6
3

Ta v tia Ou1 sao cho ( Ox, Ou1 ) = . Sau v tia Ou2 sao cho ( Ox , Ou 2 ) = .
6
3
Mi im z nm trong u1Ou 2 u c argumen tho mn iu kin bi ton. Ngc li

cc im c argumen nm gia v u trong gc u 1Ou 2

6
3

Vy min < arg z < l phn mt phng gii hn bi hai cnh Ou1 v Ou2
6
3
y
y
u2
u1
O

-1

V d 2: V min Rez > -1

Mi im nm bn phi ng thng x = -1 u tho mn Rez > -1. Ngc li mi
im z c phn thc ln hn -1 u nm bn phi ng thng x = -1. Vy min Rez
> -1 l na mt phng phc gch cho trn hnh v.
9

2. nh ngha hm bin phc:

a. nh ngha: Gi s E l mt tp hp im trn mt phng phc. Nu c mt
quy lut cho ng vi mi s phc zE mt s phc xc nh w th ta ni rng w l
mt hm s n tr ca bin phc z xc nh trn E v k hiu:
w = f(z), zE
(1)
Tp E c gi l min xc nh ca hm s. Nu ng vi mt gi tr zE ta c nhiu
gi tr ca w th ta ni w l mt hm a tr. Sau ny khi ni n hm s m khng ni
g thm th l mt hm n tr.
1
V d: Hm w = xc nh trong ton b mt phng phc tr im z = 0
z
z
Hm w = 2
xc nh trong ton b mt phng phc tr im z = j v z2+1
z +1
= 0 khi z = j
Hm w = z + z + 1 xc nh trong ton b mt phng phc. y l mt hm
a tr. Chng hn, vi z = 0 ta c w = 1 . V 1 = cos0 + j sin0 nn w c hai gi tr:
0
0
w 1 = cos + j sin = 1
2
2
0 + 2
0 + 2
+ j sin
w 2 = cos
= cos + j sin = 1
2
2
nn ng vi z = 0 ta c hai gi tr w1 = 1 v w1 = -1
b. Phn thc v phn o ca hm phc: Cho hm w = f(z) ngha l cho phn
thc u v phn o v ca n. Ni khc i u v v cng l hai hm ca z. Nu z= x+jy th
c th thy u v v l hai hm thc ca cc bin thc c lp x v y. Tm li. cho hm
phc w = f(z) tng ng vi vic cho hai hm bin thc u = u(x, y) v v = v(x, y)
v c th vit w = f(z) di dng:
w = u(x, y) + jv(x, y)
(2)
Ta c th chuyn v dng (2) hm phc cho di dng (1).
1
V d 1: Tch phn thc v phn o ca hm phc w =
z
Ta c:
1
1
x jy
x jy
x
jy
=
w= =
=

= 2
z x + jy ( x + jy)( x jy) x + y 2 x 2 + y 2 x 2 + y 2
Vy:
x
y
u= 2
v= 2
2
x +y
x + y2
V d 2: Tch phn thc v phn o ca hm w = z3
Ta c: w = z 3 = ( x + jy) 3 = x 3 + 3 jx 2 y + 3 j2 xy 2 + j3 y 3 = ( x 3 3xy 2 ) + j(3x 2 y y 3 )
Vy: u = x 3 3xy 2
v = 3x 2 y y 3

10

V d 3: Cho hm w = x 2 y + j( x + y 2 ) . Hy biu din w theo z = x + jy v z = x jy

zz
z+z
nn:
v y =
V
x=
2
2j
2
z + z z z 2
j
z+ z
w =
+

(z z ) + j
2
2
2 2

Rt gn ta c:
1
1
w = (1 j)(z 2 + z 2 ) + (1 + j) zz + jz
4
2
V d 4: Cho w = x2 - y2 + 2jxy. Hy biu din w theo z
2
2
z+z
z + z z z
2 z z

Ta c: w =
+j
+ 2 j

2
2
2
2
j

2
z z2
z + z z z z + z
z + z z z
Hay: w =
2
=
+
= z2
+

2
2
2 2
2 2

3. Php bin hnh thc hin bi hm bin phc: biu din hnh hc mt hm
bin s thc ta v th ca hm s . m t hnh hc mt hm bin s phc ta
khng th dng phng php th na m phi lm nh sau:
Cho hm bin phc w = f(z), zE. Ly hai mt phng phc xOy (mt phng z)
v uOv (mt phng w). V mi im z0E ta c mt im w0 = f(z0) trong mt phng
w. Cho nn v mt hnh hc, hm w = f(z0 xc nh mt php bin hnh t mt phng
z sang mt phng w. im w0 c gi l nh ca z0 v z0 l nghch nh ca w0.
Cho ng cong L c phng trnh tham s x = x(t), y = y(t). nh ca L qua php
bin hnh w = f(z) = u(x, y) + jv(x, y) l tp hp cc im trong mt phng w c to
:
u = u[x(t), y(t)]
(3)
v = v[x(t), y(t)]
Thng thng th nh ca ng cong L l ng cong c phng trnh tham s (3)
Mun c phng trnh quan h trc tip gia u v v ta kh t trong (3). Mun tm
nh ca mt min G ta coi n c qut bi h ng cong L.Ta tm nh ca L.
Khi L qut nn min G th qut nn min l nh ca G.
4. Cc hm bin phc thng gp:
a. V d 1: Hm w = kz (k > 0)
t z = rej , w = ej = krej . Ta c = kr, = + 2k . Vy y l mt php co
dn hay php ng dng vi h s k

11

v
z

w
x

b. V d 2: w = zej ( R)
t z = rej , w = ej = rejej = rej(+). Ta c = r, = + + 2k. Nh vy y l
php quay mt phng z mt gc .
y

c. V d 3: w = z + b vi b = b1 + jb2
t z = x + jy w = u + jv, ta c:
u = x + b1 ; v = y + b 2
Vy y l mt php tnh tin
y

z
b

b
x

d. V d 4: w = az + b vi a = kej l php bin hnh tuyn tnh nguyn. N l

hp ca ba php bin hnh:
- php co dn s = kz
- php quay t = sj
- php tnh tin w = t + b
e. V d 5: w = z2
t z = rej , w = ej ta c: = r2 ; = 2 + 2k. Mi tia z = o bin thnh tia argw
= 2o, mi ng trn | z | = ro bin thnh ng trn | w | = ro2 . Nu D = {z: 0 < <
2 } th f(D) = {-w: 0 < < 2 } ngha l na mt phng phc c Imz > 0 bin thnh
ton b mt phng phc w.
12

f. V d 6: w = | z |. z
t z = rej , w = ej ta c: = r2 ; = + 2k. Min D = {z: 0 < < } c bin
n dip ln chnh n, ngha l na mt phng phc Imz > 0 c bin thnh na mt
phng phc Imw > 0.
g. V d 7: w = 3 z
Vi z 0 th w c 3 gi tr khc nhau. t z = rej , w = ej ta c: = 3 r ;

2k

k = +
. Min D = {z: 0 < < } c nh l ba min: B1 = w : 0 < < ;
3
3
3

<<
B2 = w :
< < ; B3 = w :
3
3
3

3. O HM CA HM PHC
1. Gii hn ca hm bin phc: nh ngha gii hn v lin tc ca hm bin phc
cng tng t nh hm bin thc.
a. nh ngha 1: Gi s f(z) l hm xc nh trong ln cn ca zo(c th tr zo). Ta
ni s phc A l gii hn ca f(z) khi z dn ti zo nu khi | z - zo | 0 th | f(z)-A0.
Ni khc i, vi mi > 0 cho trc, lun lun tn ti > 0 khi | z - zo | < th
|f(z)-A| < .
Ta k hiu: lim f( z) = A
z z o

D dng thy rng nu f(z) = u(x,y) +jv( x,y) ; zo = xo + jyo; A = + j th:

lim f( z) = A lim u( x , y) =

zzo

x xo
y yo

lim v( x , y) =

xxo
y yo

Trong mt phng phc, khi z dn ti zo n c th tin theo nhiu ng khc

nhau. iu khc vi trong hm bin thc, khi x dn ti xo, n tin theo trc Ox.
b. nh ngha 2: Ta ni s phc A l gii hn ca hm w = f(z) khi z dn ra v
cng, nu khi | z | + th | f(z) - A | 0. Ni khc i, vi mi > 0 cho trc, lun
lun tn ti R > 0 khi | z | > R th | f(z) - A | < .
Ta k hiu: lim f( z) = A
z

c. nh ngha 3: Ta ni hm w = f(z) dn ra v cng khi z dn ti zo, nu khi |

z - zo | 0 th | f(z) | +. Ni khc i, vi mi M > 0 cho trc ln tu , lun
lun tn ti > 0 khi | z - zo | < th | f(z) | > M.
Ta k hiu: lim f( z) =
zzo

d. nh ngha 4: Ta ni hm w = f(z) dn ra v cng khi z dn ra v cng, nu

khi | z | + th | f(z) | +. Ni khc i, vi mi M > 0 cho trc ln tu , lun
lun tn ti R > 0 khi | z | > R th | f(z) | > M.
Ta k hiu: lim f( z) =
z

13

2. Hm lin tc: Ta nh ngha hm lin tc nh sau:

nh ngha: Gi s w = f(z) l mt hm s xc nh trong mt min cha im
zo. Hm c gi l lin tc ti zo nu lim f( z) = f( z o )
z zo

D thy rng nu f(z ) = u(x, y) + jv(x, y) lin tc ti zo = xo + jyo th u(x, y) v

v(x, y) l nhng hm thc hai bin, lin tc ti (xo, yo) v ngc li. Hm w = f(z) lin
tc ti mi im trong min G th c gi l lin tc trong min G.
V d: Hm w = z2 lin tc trong ton b mt phng phc v phn thc u = x2 - y2 v
phn o v = 2xy lun lun lin tc.
3. nh ngha o hm: Cho hm w = f(z) xc nh trong mt min cha im
z = x + jy. Cho z mt s gia z = x + jy. Gi w l s gia tng ng ca hm:
w = f(z + z) - f(z)
w
dn ti mt gii hn xc nh th gii hn c gi l
Nu khi z 0 t s
z
dw
. Ta c:
o hm ca hm w ti z v k hiu l f(z) hay w( z ) hay
dz
w
f ( z + z ) f ( z )
(4)
f ' ( z) = lim
= lim
z 0 z
z 0
z
V mt hnh thc, nh ngha ny ging nh ngha o hm ca hm bin s thc.
w
phi c cng gii hn khi z 0 theo mi cch.
Tuy nhin y i hi
z
V d 1: Tnh o hm ca w = z2 ti z.
Ta c : w = (z + z)2 - z2 = 2z.z + z2
w
= 2z + z
z
w
Khi z 0 th
2z. Do vy o hm ca hm l 2z.
z
V d 2: Hm w = z = x jy c o hm ti z khng
Cho z mt s gia z = x + jy. S gia tng ng ca w l:
w = z + z z = z + z z = z = x j y
w
w w
=1
Nu y = 0 th z = x khi w = x ;
=
= 1 nn lim
y0 x
z x
x 0

x = 0 th z = -jy khi w = -jy ;

w
w w
= 1
=
= 1 nn lim
y0 x
z jy
x 0

Nh vy khi cho z 0 theo hai ng khc nhau t s

w
c nhng gii hn khc
z

nhau. Vy hm cho khng c o hm ti mi z.

3. iu kin kh vi: Nh th ta phi tm iu kin hm c o hm ti z. Ta c
nh l sau:
14