I.

THNG TIN QUANG

Cu 0:Laser l g ?pht x kch thch v pht x t pht ?
Tr li
Laser l tn vit tt ca cm t Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation trong
ting Anh, v c ngha l "khuch i nh sng bng pht x kch thch" l mt ngun sng pht
ra mt chm sng cng ln da trn vic ng dng hin tng pht x cm ng

c im:
-C tnh n sc.
-Tnh nh hng.
-Tnh kt hp.
-Cng ln.

Pht x t pht L hin tng nguyn t trng thi kch, sau mt khong thi gian no t pht
ra mt phtn c nng lng hf v tr v vi trng thi c nng lng thp hn, m khng cn c
s tc ng ca cc yu t bn ngoi
c im: => Khng c tnh ng b => Tnh nh hng thp
S pht x cm ng Mt nguyn t trng thi kch thch, sn sng pht ra mt photon c
nng lng l = hf , bt gp mt photon c nng lng ' = bay ngang qua n th lp tc
nguyn t ny cng pht ra photon . c cng nng lng vi ' v bay cng phng vi
' . Ngoi ra sng in t ca cng pha vi sng in t ca ' v dao ng trong mt
phng song song vi mt phng dao ng ca ' .
c im: Cng nng lng Cng phng Cng pha dao ng Dao ng trong cng mt mt
phng
Cu 1:Nguyn l pht quang ,thu quang ?
Tr li
Pht quang:

-Ngun quang (LASER/ LED): To ra sng mang quang.

-Tn s sng mang 185 - 200 THz (1520 -1620nm)
-Bng C: 1530 - 1565nm & Bng L: 1570 - 1610nm

-B iu ch to lung bt quang
-K thut iu ch trc tip (IM): dng LD c iu ch to dng bit (khng cn b iu ch
ngoi)
Thu quang:

-B tch quang (PIN/ APD): Bin i quang thnh in.

-B gii iu ch to li lung bit in
-Trong qu trnh truyn c nhiu v dn n my thu c li.
-BER yu cu <10-9
- hot ng c: tt c cc my thu cn ti thiu mt mc cng sut no ( nhy thu).
Cu 2:Diode PIN v APD ,so snh ?
Tr li
Diode quang thc (APD)
APD c cu to nh hnh

APD v phn b in trng bn trong

nh sng i vo APD qua lp p+ rt mng. Hu nh ton b hp th photon u xy ra trong vng
ngho l bn dn p pha tp nh. Cng nh trong p-i-n diode, in trng trong vng ngho ca APD
iu khin cc l trng v in t chuyn ng ngc hng vi nhau. Di tc ng ca in trng
phn cc ngc, cc l trng trong lp ny hng ti lp p+, cn cc in t hng ti lp n+.
in p phn cc ngc t ln PD gn vi mc nh thng zener to ra in trng ln (hay
min tng tc) ti tip gip p - n+. Khi cc in t v l trng qua min in trng ln ny s c
tng tc, va p mnh vo cc nguyn t ca bn dn v to ra cc cp in t - l trng th cp
thng qua qu trnh ion ho do va chm. Cc ht ti in th cp qua min in trng ln li c
tng tc v chng c ng nng to ra cc cp in t - l trng mi v.v. chnh l hiu ng
thc, hay cn gi l hiu ng nhn. Qu trnh ny lm tng dng in bn ngoi v cng chnh l
tng nhy ca APD .

Qu trnh nhn trong min tng tc.

T hnh v cho bit t mt cp in t - l trng ban u, hiu ng nhn to ra su cp khc. C th
nh ngha h s ion ho ca cc in t e v ca l trng h l xc sut ca mt va chm gia mt
ht ti in c tng tc v mt nguyn t bn dn sinh ra mt cp in t l trng. H s ion
ho tng rt nhanh khi cng in trng tng.
H s nhn M c o nh l hm ca in p nh thin V: M=1/exp[n.ln(V-(Iph.R/VB)].
Trong Iph l dng tch quang trung bnh, R= RS + Rth l tng in tr ni tip RS v in tr gia
tng do nhit Rth, VB l in p nh thng.
H s nhn M t cc i khi s dng cc vt liu c ln. Tuy nhin thit b nh vy c p ng tn
s chm. Trong thc t APD c thit k tho mn tiu chun p ng tn s. iu ny c th
thc hin nu hoc cc in t hoc cc l trng chim u th trong min tng tc. Mong mun k
0.
Diode tch quang p-i-n
Diode tch quang p-i-n da trn cu trc ca ca PD p-n bng cch xen vo gia lp p v lp
n mt lp bn dn thun i nh hnh 1.41. Vng ngho trong diode tch quang p-i-n bao gm ton b
lp i. Trong vng ngho hnh thnh mt hng ro th ngn cn cc ht ti in a s i vo vng
ngho. in trng ny c to ra nh cc khi in tch c nh nm v hai pha ca tip gip gia
lp i vi cc lp p v n. Cc l trng v cc in t trong lp i c hnh thnh khi vng ngho hp th
photon.
u im quan trng ca p-i-n diode l ci thin c p ng tn s do in dung ca
diode CD rt b . t c iu ny nh xen thm lp i. gii thch vn ny, s dng biu thc
xc nh in dung ca mt t in phng song song: C = 0 r(A/ d), trong 0 l hng s in mi
ca khng gian t do, r l hng s in mi tng i ca mi trng gia hai m t in, A l
din tch ca m t in, d l khong cch hai m t in. Mt khc p ng tn s cng ph thuc
vo thi gian chuyn dch ca cc ht ti in qua vng ngho. Vng ngho m rng ca p-i-n diode
lm chm thi gian chuyn dch. Vng ngho cng rng th thi gian chuyn dch cng di. in
trng trong vng ngho ca p-i-n diode yu hn in trng trong cu trc diode p-n. Tuy nhin
cu trc p-i-n diode c p ng nhanh nht so vi cc diode khc.

Cn c mt s u im khc ca p-i-n diode so vi diode p-n. Th nht, hu nh ton b

photon i vo vng ngho u c hp th ti v rt t photon i ti lp n. Nh vy gim c
hp th photon trong cc vng bn ngoi vng ngho v hn ch ko di sn sau ca p ng.
Lung dng trong cc vng n v p ch yu l do khuch tn, trong khi dng chnh trong vng
ngho l dng tri c iu khin bi in trng. Hu ht lung dng u di dng dng tri
nhanh, nn p ng thi gian ca p-i-n diode c ci thin hn so vi diode tch quang p-n.Mun
nhn c p ng tn s trn 50 GHz, lp i v mt ct ngang phi b. Nhng mt ct ngang hp
s gp kh khn khi a nh sng vo PD. Diode tch quang p-i-n gim c nh hng ko di
sn sau ca xung v p ng tn s tt hn so vi diode tch quang p-n nn c s dng trong thit
b thng tin quang.
i vi p-i-n diode cng c th s dng cu trc d th. Nhng khc vi cu trc d th ca
laser diode, p-i-n diode cu trc d th hot ng trong mt di rng ca bc sng. V vy vic ch
to p-i-n diode d th hot ng n mode l khng cn thit. Di cm ca lp i phi thit k sao cho
c phi ln hn bc sng ca tn hiu quang 1,55m, nh vy th diode tch quang s c s dng
cho mi trng hp.
Cu 3: Khu s ? ngha ?
Tr li:
nh ngha:
Khu s l sin ca mt na gc nh ca hnh nn ln nht cha cc tia kinh tuyn m chng c
th i vo hay i ra khi mt h thng hoc mt yu t quang hc nhn vi chit sut mi trng
truyn cha hnh nn .
Nh vy, trong si quang hc th khu s (Numerical Aperture - NA) l:
NA = n0 sinmax
ngha
-Kh nng thu nhn nh sng sng ca si quang tng theo khu s NA. khu s NA l s o
kh nng thu nhn nh sng ca si quang.
-Khu s NA l thng s quan trng n vic ghp ni gia ngun sng vi si quang. Nu bit
ng knh li, bit NA c th xc nh lng nh sng vo li si. ng knh li si quang cng
ln v NA cng ln s chu hiu xut ghp ni cao.
- Nu n0 = 1 (tc l nh sn truyn t mi trng khng kh vo si quang), th khu s n gin
l sin na gc ca hnh nn ln nht ca tia kinh tuyn (tc l tia ng din vi s quang) m n
truyn qua si quang bi mt chui phn x ton phn.

- R rng l NA khng th ln hn 1 tr phi n0 ln hn 1,gi tr ca khu s ty thuc vo loi

si quang, thng nm trong khong t 0,1 n 0,5.
Cu 4:So snh LED v LASER ?
Tr li
Ging nhau :
Led v laser diode truyn thng u c cu to c bn gm mt bn dn loi n ghp vi mt bn
dn loi p. Cu trc ci tin ca led v laser :gia 2 lp bndn p v n, ngi ta ghp thm vo mt
lp trung gian mng gi l vng hot tnh.Vng hot tnh thng c rng vng cm nh hn
vng bn dn n v bn dn p hai bn nn n ng vai tr nh mt ging lng t, lm cho cc
ht ti khi phun qua lp tip xc b vo ging ny, lm cho mt ht ti trong ging rt cao, khi
ti hp pht ra photon vi mt ln. iu ny cng lm cho nng lng kch thch gim
Ngi ta c th nng cao kh nng hot ng ca led v laser hn na bng cch lm cho chng
pht ra nh sng c b c sng nh mong mun, tc l ch c nhng photon c nng lng nht
nh nh mong mun th mi c pht ra ngoi vi mt ln, cn nhng photon c nng lng
khc th s b trit tiu trong mi trng hoc pht ra ngoi vi mt nh. t c iu ny,
ngi ta ghp thm lp cu trc tun hon vo 3 lp cu trc trn (p vng hot tnh n). Cu
trc tun hon tng ng vi mt bc sng nht nh, bc x no pht ra c bc sng bng vi
th mi c pht ra ngoi.
Khc nhau :
Led
Laser
-Photon pht ra mt cch t pht, ngu nhin,
-Do c thm hc cng hng, lm xut hin
khng c s tc ng ca mt photon khc bn trong mi trng cc photon bn ngoi, chng
ngoi.
kch thch ht ti ln mc siu bn, v ti hp
ng thi nn photon pht ra c tnh kt hp cao
v khng gian v thi gian, do c cng
ln.Ngoi ra, tp trung cc photon pht ra theo
1 hng nht nh nhm tng cng nh sng
pht ra, ngi ta ci tin cu trc ca hc cng
hng bng 2 k thut ch to: hc dn di
(Gain guided cavity) v hc dn chit sut (Index
guided cavity)
Cu 5:So snh si quang n mode v si quang a mode ?
Tr li
Si a mode (multi mode)
Si quang n mode (single mode)
-C th truyn cng lc nhiu nh sng vi gc -Ch c th truyn 1 nh sng vi 1 bc sng
anpha khc nhau.
nht nh.
- Chit sut t li ra n v s gim t t (nhng - Li c chit sut l mt hng s v chit sut
vn m bo mt t s chit sut nh sng ch ca v cng l 1 hng s. Khi nh sng s
phn x ch khng tn x), khi th nh sng s truyn i theo ng ziczac trong si quang (
i theo ng cong, lch pha s t hn nhiu lch pha ca tn hiu khi s ng k).
so vi hnh ziczac ca loi n mode (single
mode).
-Ch c mt loi duy nht
- Chia lm 2 loi : step mode v grade mode.
Step mode th chit sut t li n v gim dn,
nhng theo tng nc, cn grade mode th gim
lin tc v d nhin l grade mode s tt hn step
mode.
-Do ch truyn mt mode sng nn n mode
-B nh hng bi tn sc v tn x
(single mode) khng b nh hng bi hin tng

tn sc v thc t n mode (single mode)

thng c s dng hn so vi a mode (multi
mode).
-Ch truyn c mt mode sng
-Si a mode (multi mode) c ng knh li ln
hn n mode (single mode) (khong 6-8 ln), c
th truyn c nhiu mode sng trong li.
Cu 6 :Nguyn l truyn nh sng qua si quang ? cu to si quang ?
Tr li
Nguyn l truyn nh sng qua si quang :
Nguyn l truyn dn nh sng ch yu da vo hin tng phn x ton phn ca tia sng ti mt
phn cch hai mi trng khi n i t mi trng c ha sang mi trng long hn

Cho mt tia sng i t mi trng c chit sut n1 sang mi trng c chit sut n2 (n2<n1) ;tia ti
hp vi php tuyn P mt gc .Khi sang mi trng th hai,tia sng b khc x v hp vi php
tuyn P mt gc pht x cc i lng u tun theo nh lut khc x nh sng
n1 sin = sin
ng vi gc ti hn T th gc khc x = 900 lc ny sinT = n2 / n1.
Vy iu kin gy ra phn x ton phn l : cc tia sng phi i t mi trng chit quang hn
sang mi trng km chit quang v gc ti ca tia sng phi ln hn gc ti hn
Cu to si quang :
Thnh phn chnh ca si quang gm li (core) v cc lp bc (cladding).Trong vin thng dng
loi si c c hai lp trn bng thy tinh. Li dn nh sng v lp bc gi nh sng tp trung
trong li nh s phn x ton phn gia li v lp bc.
D bo v si quang ,trnh nhiu tc dng do iu kin bn ngoi si quang cn c bc thm
mt vi lp na :
-Lp ph hay lp v th nht (primary coating) :
+trng li s thm nhp ca hi nc
+Trnh s try st gy nn nhng vt nt
+Gim nh hng v un cong
-Lp v th hai (secondary coating)
+Tng cng sc chu ng ca si quang trc tc dng c hc
+Tng cng sc chu ng ca si quang trc tc dng ca s thay i nhit

Cu 7 :Phn bit tn sc v tn x trong si quang ?

Tr li
Tn sc :
Tn sc l s gin rng xung tn hiu khi truyn dn trn si quang gy mo dng tn hiu lm bn
thu kh khi phc tn hiu ( c th dn n sai lch thng tin ) .
Tn sc bao gm :
Tn sc mode : Ch ph thuc vo kch thc ca si , c bit l ng knh li si . Tn sc
mode tn ti cc si a mode v cc mode trong si ny lan truyn theo cc ng i khc nhau
==> c c ly ng truyn khc nhau v do thi gian lan truyn gia cc mode l khc nhau
==> gy ra rn rng xung khi tn hiu n bn thu . Loi tn sc ny ch tn ti si a mode , m
loi ny ko c s dng trong cc tuyn ng trc , nn cng ko cn quan tm nhiu
Tn sc vt liu : Ch s chit sut trong si quang thay i theo bc sng gy ra tn sc
vt liu.Vn tc nhm Vnhom ca mode l 1 hm s ca ch s chit sut => cc thnh phn ph (cc
tn s) khc nhau ca ngun quang pht ra s lan truyn i cc tc khc nhau( ph thuc vo
bc sng ) => v th tn sc vt liu l 1 hiu ng tn sc bn trong mode . Loi tn sc ny quan
trong khi s dng ngun pht quang l led v led c rng ph ln
Tn sc dn sng : Do si quang n mode ch gi c khong 80% nng lng trong li ,
cn 20% nng lng nh sng truyn trong v si nhanh hn nng lng truyn trong li . Tn sc
dn sng ph thuc vo hng s lan truyn B_ta ;( B_ta l hm ca a/Lam_da , vi a l bn knh
li v Lam_da l bc sng cng tc ) .Tn sc ng dn sng thng c b qua trong si a
mode nhng li cn c quan tm trong si n mode
Tn x:
- B mt g gh,thm ch ti mc phn ttia sng b phn x theo cc hng ngu nhin
khc nhau hin tng phn x khuch tn hay tn x
- Tn x ph thuc vo bc sng ca nh sng b tn x
Cu 8 :So snh si quang loi SI v si quang loi GI :
Tr li :
-Multimode stepped index (chit xut bc): Li ln (100 micron), cc tia to xung nh sng c th
i theo nhiu ng khc nhau trong li: thng, zig-zag ti im n s nhn cc chm tia ring
l, v vy xung d b mo dng.
-Multimode graded index (chit xut lin tc): Li c ch s khc x gim dn t trong ra ngoi
cladding. Cc tia gn trc truyn chm hn cc tia gn cladding. Cc tia theo ng cong thay v
zig-zag. Cc chm tia ti im hi t, v vy xung t b mo dng.
-Step index: dng cho khong cch ngn, ph bin trong cc n soi trong
-Graded index: thng dng trong cc mng LAN
Cu 9 S khi h thng thng tin si quang ?
Tr li:
S khi thng tin si quang:

Si quang

Thng tin

Phn in
t

Bin i
EO

Trm lp

Trm xen
k

Bin i
OE

Trm lp

Phn in
t

PTX

PRX

-Ngun tn hiu thng tin l nh nhau,u l dng thng tin thng thng hin nay nh ting ni
,hnh nh ,s liu,vn bn...
-Phn in t:l phn x l ngun tin to ra cc tn hiu in a vo cc h thng truyn dn c
th l tn hiu analog hoc digital
-Tram lp c th :
+Chuyn tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu in,khuch i x l ,sa dng xung ri li chuyn v
dng tn hiu quang.
+C th nguyn tn hiu quang x l
-Pht quang:
+To lung quang a vo si quang
+B chuyn i in quang ( dng diode LED hoc diode LASER)
-Thu quang:
+Chuyn i t tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu in
+B chuyn i quang in (dng diode PIN hoc diode APD)
-Si quang:nh sng truyn trong si quang theo nguyn l ca phn x v khc x.
Cc thnh phn chnh ca tuyn thng tin si quang:

Cu 10:c im ca h thng thng tin si quang ?

Tr li

Thng tin

Trc ht, v c bng thng ln nn n c th truyn mt khi lng thng tin ln nh cc tn

hiu m thanh, d liu, v cc tn hiu hn hp thng qua mt h thng c c ly n 100 GHz-km.
Tng ng, bng cch s dng si quang, mt khi lng ln cc tn hiu m thanh v hnh nhc
th c truyn n nhng a im cch xa hng 100 km m khng cn n cc b ti to.
Th hai, si quang nh nh v khng c xuyn m. Do vy, chng c th c lp t d dng
cc thnh ph, tu thu, my bay v cc to nh cao tng khng cn phi lp thm cc ng ng
v cng cp.
Th ba, v si quang c ch to t cc cht in mi phi dn nn chng khng chu nh hng
bi can nhiu ca sng in t v ca xung in t. V vy, chng c th s dng truyn dn m
khng c ting n.iu c ngha l n c th lp t cng vi cp in lc v c th s dng
trong mi trng phn ng ht nhn.
Th t, do nguyn liu ch yu sn xut si quang l ct v cht do -l nhng th r hn
ng nhiu - nn n kinh t hn cp ng trc nhiu.Gi thnh ca si quang s gim nhanh mt
khi cng ngh mi c ara. Ngoi ra, nh cp trn, do c trng l c tn tht thp
gi thnh lp t ban u cng nh gi thnh bo dng v sa cha thp bi v chng cn t cc b
ti to hn.
Ngoi ra ,si quang c an ton, bo mt cao,tui th di v c kh nng khng mi trng
ln. N cng d bo dng, sa cha v c tin cy cao. Hn na, n khng b r r tn hiu v d
ko di khi cn v c th ch to vi gi thnh thp
II.THNG TIN VIBA
Cu 1:Phn tch cc u nhc im ca thng tin viba ?
Tr li
u im
-Di tn 300 MHz - 30 GHz => truyn c dng s tc cao
-Sng siu cao tn truyn thng: Line of Sight ->H trm LOS.
-Nng lng sng i tp trung, nn cng sut yu cu nh (200mW n 5 W), thitb gn nh.
-Hu ht cc thit b vi ba s nhp v Vitnam c tn s lm vic t 1GHz n 15GHz. Cas v
tuyn (1GHz-10GHz), tp m thp
-Khng cn pht qung b gia hai trm l thu pht point-to-point,anten c tnh nh hng rt cao
cng sut pht thp (200mW,800mW,1W,2W,5W,8W) gi thnh gim t nh hng ti sc khe
-S dng sng siu cao tn ,tn s ln di tn ln bng thng ln
o a dch v
o Song cng
o Dng nhiu phng thc iu ch khc nhau
o Tp m tng kBT tng -> nhy thu gim
-Kch thc thit b gn nh gi thnh gim
-Tn s tng,anten nh hng ->multipath v doppler gim knh truyn gn nh tnh do trm pht
v trm thu c nh anten nh hng
-Trin khai h thng viba linh hot thch hp vi nhiu a hnh gi thnh gim
Nhc im
-C ly thng tin cc i b gii hn bi cong ca mt t chiu cao ca an ten ,a hnh nh tng
ni ...
-Chu nh hng nhiu ca mit rng : s thay i ca chit sut kh quyn theo cao, nh
hng ca ma, nh hng ca hin tng fading, suy hao do hp th bi kh quyn.
-Tn s tng ->suy hao truyn sng tng,trong thng tin viba do LOS ->suy hao truyn sng tnh
trong khng gian t do

->tn hao ph (do ma,sng m ...)tng ->thng tin viba bao gi cng phi c d tr fading P~
vi chc deciben
-Vn bo mt km hn hu tuyn chu nh hng ca nhiu (t cc h thng khc)
Cu 2:Mi trng truyn sng trong thng tin viba ?
Tr li
Phng thc truyn (pht-thu):
Truyn sng qua khng gian
S dng cc ng truyn nh hng
Viba: truyn sng qua khng gian => chu nh hng ca
mi trng truyn sng
Cc nh hng chnh:
thay i chit sut kh quyn theo cao=>tia sng b un cong
nh hng ca cong mt t lm gii hn c ly truyn sng
nh hng hp th sng ca kh quyn
nh hng ca ma
nh hng ca fading
S thay i chit sut kh quyn theo cao lm tia sng b un cong (allez d?cthm)
- Mt khng kh gim theo cao => thay i chit sut kh quyn
- f>30 MHz: nc trong khng kh ng vai tr ch yu
- cong ca tia sng ph thuc s thay i v nhit , p sut v m. Trong iu kin truyn
lan bnh thng, ng un cong xa dn b mt tri t.
- N = (n -1).106 vi: n-chit sut kh quyn, N-ch s chit sut
- r: bn knh cong ca tia sng, n: chit sut kh quyn n

S thay i chit sut kh quyn theo cao lm tia sng b un cong

- dn/dh: bin thin ca chit sut kh quyn theo cao.
- Khi dn/dh > 0 (chit sut kh quyn tng theo cao)=>khc x m=>tia sng b un cong ln
bu tri- quay b lm ln trn
- Khi dn/dh < 0 =>khc x dng=>quay b lm xung di
- iu kin kh quyn thng: dn/dh = - 4.108 1/m (khc x dng)=> di ng truyn
tng15% so ving truyn thng khi tia sng khng b un cong. Tng ng vi trng hp ny
bn knh cong ca tia sng l R= 25000 km

nh hng ca cong mt t lm gii hn c ly truyn sng

- Tri t: a = 6378 km; h1, h2 => c ly thng tin trong tm nhn thng AB:
- Cng thc gn ng:
Xt n nh hng ca s thay i chit sut kh quyn theo cao:

nh hng hp th sng ca kh quyn, ca ma, fading

Suy hao: khng gian t do:

tn s cng cao suy hao cng ln

- Ma: <10 cm, khc x, hp th. Mc suy hao ca sng ph thuc vo cng ma
vtnssng.
suy hao (0.2- 0,8) dB/km
Hin tng Faing:
- Gi tr trng nhn c a im thu thay i theo thi gian.
- Do bin ng ng truyn, giao thoa ca cc tia sng (fading nhiu tia), nh hng ca cc i
ln cn (fading la chn)
Cu 3:Phn b tn s trong h thng viba mt t ?
Tr li
Ph vi ba thng c xc nh l nng lng in t c tn s khong t 1 GHz n 1000 GHz,
nhng trc y cng bao gm c nhng tn s thp hn. Nhng ng dng vi ba ph bin nht
khong 1 n 40 GHz.
S phn phi cc ng truyn v tuyn c nh trong khong 1 n 57Ghz. Mc ch s dng
v tnh cht ca cc di tn khc nhau c ch ra y:
1-3Ghz di ph c dng cho in thoi di ng v dch v d liu. N c u im l
ng truyn di v qu trnh truyn dn khng b nh hng ca thi tit. Anten dng
trong nhng h thng dung lng thp thng c kch thc nh v gi thnh hp l.
3-10Ghz di ph ny thch hp cho a knh s c dung lng trung bnh v cao hay cc
ng truyn tng t, cung cp dch v c tin cy cao vi cc khong cch trn 70km.
Cc tn hiu ny khng b nh hng ca ma dc theo ng truyn, nhng nhiu lan
khng kh c th to ra fading (s thay i t t cng tn hiu thu) v mo.
10-22Ghz di ph ny thch hp cho cc ng truyn tng t v s c dung lng trung
bnh v cao, khi tng tn s hot ng tc ng ca ma trn ng truyn v tuyn cng
tng ln. Do , kh nng thu ca ng truyn hot ng trong di bng ny b nh hng
bi lng ma nhiu hn l s nhiu lon khng kh. di ng truyn chun c th t
40km i vi ng truyn lu lng thp tn s 10Ghz cho n 3 hay 4km cho ng
truyn dung lng cao tn s 22Ghz, nhng c 2 ng truyn trn l c lp, ty thuc
vo yu cu v mt kinh t.
22-57Ghz Di ph ny c s dng rng ri trong cc khong cch ngn, ng truyn s
n knh c dung lng thp, trung bnh, cao. di ca ng truyn c th xc nh da
vo suy hao lng ma v suy hao do mi kh quyn.
Hin nay, nhiu dy tn ch dnh ring cho ng truyn s. Mc d c s ch nh di tn trn
23Ghz l dnh cho cc ng truyn thoi tng t, nhng c rt t thit b pht hot ng tn s
ny. iu l do nhu cu thp v gi thnh phn cng thch hp cc c tnh k thut tn s cao
ny l rt mc.
Bng tn vi ba c xc nh theo bng sau:

Cu 4:So snh viba tng t v viba s ?

Tr li
1. Khi p dng h thng truyn dn s, ph tn tn hiu thoi rng hn so vi h
thng tng t.
2. Khi cc thng s ng truyn dn nh tr s BER, S/N thay i khng t gi tr
cho php th thng tin s gin on, khc vi h thng tng t thng tin vn tn ti
tuy cht lng km
3. H thng ny d b nh hng ca mo phi tuyn do cc c tnh bo ho, do cc
linh kin bn dn gy nn, c tnh ny khng xy ra cho h thng tng t FM
Cc vn trn c khc phc nh p dng cc tin b k thut mi nh
iu ch s nhiu mc, dng thit b d phng (1+n) v s dng cc mch bo v.\
4. Nh cc phng thc m ho v ghp knh theo thi gian dng cc vi mch tch
hp c ln nn thng tin xut pht t cc ngun khc nhau nh in thoi, my tnh,
facsimile, telex,video... c tng hp thnh lung bit s liu tc cao truyn
trn cng mt sng mang v tuyn.
5. Nh s dng cc b lp ti sinh lung s liu nn trnh c nhiu tch lu trong
h thng s. Vic ti sinh ny c th c tin hnh tc bit cao nht ca bng
tn gc m khng cn a xung tc bit ban u.
6. Nh c tnh chng nhiu tt, cc h thng vi ba s c th hot ng tt vi t s
sng mang / nhiu (C/N)>15dB. Trong khi h thng vi ba tng t yu cu (C/N)
ln hn nhiu (>30dB, theo khuyn ngh ca CCIR). iu ny cho php s dng li
tn s bng phng php phn cc trc giao, tng ph hiu dng v dung lng
knh.
7. Cng mt dung lng truyn dn, cng sut pht cn thit nh hn so vi h thng
tng t lm gim chi ph thit b, tng tin cy, tit kim ngun. Ngoi ra, cng
sut pht nh t gy nhiu cho cc h thng khc.
Cu 5:Phn tch cc phng php chuyn tip tn hiu trong h thng viba ?

Tr li
Chuyn tip sng v tuyn.

ng chuyn tip sng vi ba c ng dng trong ngnh truyn hnh (xem hnh 1), thng
thng gm thit b khung c nh v chia lm 2 loi sau:
ng truyn phn tn, trong truyn tn hiu hnh nh v m thanh t cc phng sn xut
chng trnh n my pht, hoc gia cc my pht vi nhau. Trong trng hp tn hiu b mo
cc phn khc nhau ca chui tn hiu t camera n ngi xem, on phn tn chng trnh c
cho php rt t, do gim thiu suy gim l rt quan trng. Trong mt s trng hp s phn phi
chng trnh n mt s hay tt c my pht hnh chnh trong mng s c pht i thng qua PTO
(t chc iu hnh vin thng cng cng) cung cp mch thng trc, m trong cp quang
chim u th hay bng v tinh. Trong mt s trng hp cc ng truyn v tuyn s c thu
bao gia tng vng dch v m cc mch c nh s rt kh tip cn hay chi ph qu cao
cung cp. Trong mt s trng hp c bit, cc thit b c th i hi nhiu ng truyn tn
hiu khc nhau, s dng lin kt v tuyn nh ng truyn th 2 s l gii php kinh t hn so vi
l xy dng ng cp th 2.
ng truyn tng hp, c s dng truyn chng trnh th t cc phng dng bn ngoi
hay ENG (thu thp tin tc in t) hay im tip nhn OB n phng sn xut chng trnh. Trong
nhiu trng hp cc ng truyn ny s i theo cng mt tuyn vi ng truyn phn phi
nhng theo hng ngc li. Trong qu kh ch c s khc bit duy nht gia ng truyn phn
phi v ng truyn tng hp l yu cu v tnh kh dng, nhng vi cc phng dng s, nh
dng tn hiu truyn i c th khc nhau.
Cu 6:S khi trm u cui v trm chuyn tip trong h thng thng tin viba ?
Tr li
C 2 loi chnh trong thit k my pht viba:
iu ch trc tip.
Hin nay s thit k ny ch c dng trong my pht tn s cc cao (22Ghz hoc trn na),
ng truyn s dung lng thp v dng trong truyn hnh. Sau khi x l, tn hiu u vo c

truyn trc tip n b iu tn to sng mang RF. Tn s ny s mc thp v sau c

khuych i, bng cc diod Gun, hay cc linh kin khuych i ng ra c cng sut l 100ml
Watt .

B to phch (hnh 3).

Tn hiu vo c iu ch bi b dao ng trung tn, sau ng ra s c nng tn s (1 hoc 2
ln) v c lc ri khuych i ln mc cng sut chun. Tn s trung tn u tin thng dng
nht l 70Mhz, nhng hin nay di tn thng c s dng l 200-400Mhz. Trung tn th 2
thng nm trong khang 800Mhz-2Ghz.
Cc my thu vi ba trong cc trm pht li truyn thng thng dng bin i tn s 1 ln, nhng
vi s ra i b dao ng ni vi ba nhiu thp lp trnh c cho php thit k cc thit b c kh
nng iu chnh trong phm vi 500Mhz, ngy nay h thng to phch bin i tn s 2 ln chim
u th.
Tn hiu RF(Frx) i vo h thng thng qua b lc thng di, thng l 1 phn ca nhnh r RF. Tn
hiu sau c cho qua b khuych i nhiu thp (LNA) v 1 b lc thng di loi b nhiu
sinh ra ti LNA, ti b thu tn s nh (Frx-2xIF1) trc khi i vo b trn SHF vi tn s dao ng
ni (F0). Kt qu l trung tn th nht tn s Frx-F0
Trong my thu tng t tn hiu s c ct ngn loi b bt c iu ch bin no sn sinh
bi nhiu v mo trong tng IF v RF. Sau tng gii iu ch, tn hiu tng hp (bao gm hnh nh
v sng mang ph) s c chia lm 2 ng. ng th 1, c dnh cho cc tn hiu hnh nh,
s c cho qua lc thng thp (ct ra thnh phn 5.5Mhz i vi h thng PAL 625 dng) loi b
nhiu tn s cao v sng mang con, tn hiu sau c gii tin nhn v khuych i ln mc
1 Vp-p . ng th 2 dnh cho vic gii iu ch cc sng mang con.
Trong my thu s c nhiu k thut gii iu ch c s dng, sp xp mch vng kha pha
chuyn i tn hiu trung tn sang dng d liu my tnh v x l bng phn mm. Hu ht cc u
thu s u c b p ng tn s v cn bng min thi gian gim tc ng ca mo a ng.
Cu 7:Cc phng php nng cao tin cy trong thng tin viba ?
Tr li
1.Ch sao lu (bo v):Thit b c th nhn i trnh vic mt tn hiu truyn dn khi xut hin
li. Vic s dng 2 my pht v 2 b thu cng lc, khi xut hin li th b chuyn mch t ng s
chn la thit b hot ng. C nhiu cch khc nhau thit k h thng my pht v thu; v iu
dn n s b tr thit b c m t di y:
D phng nng.

Nh c ch ra hnh trn tn hiu iu ch c chia ra 2 my pht hot ng cng tn s v ng

ra RF c kt ni vi cng tc hay b ghp (coupler) c th chn la my pht c kt ni
n h thng anten. Nu s dng h thng cng tc, c 2 my pht u phi chy ng cng sut
thit k, nu s dng coupler th my khng c chn s c tt.
ng chuyn tip ng trc v cng tc chuyn ng dn sng c suy hao chn thp (<0.5db) nhng
thi gian hot ng kh chm (thi gian chuyn khong 20-30ms). Khi s dng b ghp th suy
hao thuc h s ghp ca thit b.
Cng tc chuyn c th c 3 hay 4 cng. Kha chuyn c 3 cng, phn x cng sut t my pht
khng dng s i vo b cch ly c lp ti ng ra ca n. Trong khi cng tc 4 cng cng sut
ca my pht khng dng n s a vo ti hay b suy hao.
Cc mch gim st trong my pht s kim tra qu trnh hot ng ca cc khi khc nhau, cng
sut ng ra v s lin tc ca tn hiu, v s pht ra tn hiu cnh bo nu pht hin li, khi ng
b chn la chuyn sang my pht khc.
Ti b phn thu, tn hiu RF s c chia vo ng dn sng hay mch lai (hybrid) ng trc v sau
truyn n c 2 u thu. Vic chuyn mch hot ng di gc khi mch kim tra pht hin li
trong hot ng thu.
B chia cn bng tn s RF gia 2 b thu s lm mt i 3 dB trn c 2 ng tn hiu. B chia
khng cn bng, 4:1 hay 10:1 (6 hay 10dB), gim s suy hao vo 1 u thu ng thi gia tng suy
hao ti cc u thu khc. Vic chn u thu theo hng knh c s suy hao thp hn (knh chnh v
ph).
ng truyn song hnh.

H thng dy song hnh th khng s dng kha chuyn my pht. C 2 my pht hot ng lin
tc trn 2 tn s khc nhau, v ng ra ca chng c kt hp vi r nhnh RF v dn n anten
chung. S sp xp ny tng t nh h thng ch ra hnh , nhng c cng tn hiu c dn n 2
my pht, ging trng hp d phng nng. Ti u thu c 2 ng ra c kt hp vi kha chuyn
c th chn la knh tt hn.
Mt hng tip cn khc ca k thut ny l s dng ng truyn s dung lng cao trong
knh th 2 c cng tn s knh th 1 nhng c truyn i trn anten phn cc trc giao.
Bo v N+1.
Cc cu hnh d phng nng v ng truyn song hnh ch ph hp cho vic bo v cc knh vi
ba n. Trong h thng truyn dn nhiu knh c lp, vic nhn i mi knh s tr nn tn km
v khng cn thit. Thay th vo , gii php c a ra l thm vo 1 knh bo v cc knh
cn li (N knh).

Vic d ra li b thu lm cho kha chuyn mch logic b thu gi tn hiu cnh bo n my pht
cui ca ng truyn theo knh hi tip. Tn hiu cnh bo ny s lm cho kha chuyn mch
logic my pht s chuyn tn hiu b nh hng t knh li sang knh bo v.
Thng tin iu khin hi tip trong ch N+1 c th c thm vo ng truyn viba bng rng
theo hng ngc li hay c truyn i trong cc ng truyn v tuyn UHF/VHF bng hp
hoc ng in thoi. S xc nhn vic chuyn mch my pht s c gi n b thu cui v
kha chuyn kt hp knh li chn ra knh bo v u thu.
2.Tng cng kh nng thu.
Kh nng thu tn hiu c th gia tng khi s dng phn tp (diversity) khng gian v phn tp tn s
ti u thu
Phn tp khng gian.
Phn tp (phng php trch tn hiu nh rt ra tn hiu kt qu ti u t mt t hp nhiu
ng truyn) khng gian cn phi c 2 anten i vi mi u thu. Nh ch ra hnh 9, tn hiu c
th c cng trc khi a vo b gii iu ch trnh xi kha chuyn. Khong khng gian l
tng gia 2 anten c xc nh theo vi thng s sau: cao anten, di ng truyn, tn s,
iu kin kh hu v a cht ti v tr t trm thu.
Phn x t mt nc.
Khi tn hiu viba truyn trn mt nc, vo thi im m chm tia trc tip v phn x kh nhau ti
u thu. Nu t thm 1 anten th 2 ti v tr trn hay di anten gc sao cho khong cch ng
truyn s tng hay gim 1 na bc sng, chm tia s c tng cng thay v trit tiu.
Mch kim tra ti u thu s d s thay i ti u thu v chuyn t u thu ny n u thu khc
khi tn hiu gia tng hay suy gim.
Phn tp tn s.
S bt tin ca phng php phn tp khng gian l vic tng gp i gi thnh ca anten v h
thng feeder ti cc trm thu v phi xy dng thp chu lc cao.
Phn tp tn s c cu hnh tng t dy song hnh c cp phn trc, nhng c 2 knh
mang thng tin ging nhau v tn s hot ng c th c phn chia rng hn c th l xp x 5
n 10%. Hin nay hu ht cc nc di ph c cung cp kh ngn, vic thm vo cc tn s cho
vic phn tp l kh c th thc hin.

Cu 8:Phading trong h thng thng tin viba ?

Tr li
Pha dinh l s bin i cng tn hiu sng mang cao tn ti anten thu do c s thay i khng
ng u v ch s khc x ca kh quyn, cc phn x ca t v nc trn ng truyn sng v
tuyn i qua. S bin i ny l yu t xu i vi thng thng tin vi ba.
-Pha inh phng: lm thay i u tn hiu sng mang trong mt di tn s (thay i ging nhau i
vi cc tn s trong di).
-Pha inh la chn tn s: lm thay i tn hiu sng mang vi mc thay i ph thuc vo tn s,
pha inh ny nh hng ln n tuyn vi ba s dung lng cao.
Hai loi pha inh ny c th xut hin c lp hoc ng thi v vy dn n lm gin on thng
tin. S thay i tn hiu ti anten thu do phn x nhiu tia gi l pha inh nhiu tia.
1. Pha inh phn x t
Nu ng truyn v tuyn i qua mt t hoc mt nc c phn x cao th pha inh do phn x
mt t l pha inh ch yu so vi pha inh do phn x t tng i lu. c bit vi cc ng truyn
ngn th phn x mt t lm cho cc tn hiu thu thng ging ngu nhin do cc iu kin kh tng
gy ra lm bin i cc tham s truyn dn.
Nu ng truyn v tuyn i qua cc vng nh bin, h, cc vng bng phng v m t, m ly,...
th cc mc tn hiu phn x nh hn 10dB so vi mc tn hiu ca ng truyn trc tip. Nu
trong trng hp tuyn v tuyn i qua a hnh c sng m bao ph c th c s phn x ton
phn.
2.Multi-path Fading (s thay i cng tn hiu do nhiu ng v tuyn cng n im thu)
trn ng truyn vi ba ph thuc tn hiu n u thu anten t nhiu ng khc nhau, chng hn:
ng truyn trc tip gia cc anten.
Sng phn x t mt t hay cc ta nh.
Phn x trong kh quyn.
Thnh thong cc tn hiu c cng pha v tn hiu tng s mnh hn mc bnh thng.Vo thi
im khc tn hiu s kh nhau v tn hiu tng s yu i.

Trong mt s thi im, hu ht cc tn hiu u kh nhau, mc tn hiu s xung thp hn ngng

thu v ng truyn s b rt. May thay s thay i cng tn hiu ch xy ra trong thi gian
ngn.
Multi-path Fading ph thuc cc nhn t sau:
g gh ca mt t (b mt phng d phn x hn).
Hon cnh thi tit (thay i h s khc x ca kh quyn, to ra nhiu chm tia khc x
khc nhau n u thu).
di ng truyn (ng truyn cng di th cng d xy ra cc hin tng trn).
Tn s.
Mt s cng thc rt kt t thc tin c th d an tc ng ca multi-path Fading trn kh nng
thu ca ng truyn vi ba. Phng php Vigants tin on kh nng thu theo cng thc sau:
Trong :
d = di ng truyn(km)
A= h s xc nh g gh ca ng truyn.
B= h s iu kin kh hu
f= tn s(Ghz)
F= fade margin(dB).
H s A=4 i vi vng c b mt phng (mt nc), 1 vng t thng thng, 0.125 i vi vng
ni hay cc vng t rt kh cn.
H s B=0.5 cho vng kh hu nng, m t,0.25 cho vng ng bng rng ln, 0.125 cho cc vng
kh cn.
3 Cc k thut gim nh hng ca pha dinh nhiu tia
Cc k thut c s dng gim cc nh hng ca pha dinh phng v pha inh la chn tn s
nhiu tia l dng phn tp khng gian v phn tp tn s nng cao cht lng ca tn hiu thu.
Phn tp theo khng gian cng vi cc anten t cch nhau theo chiu dc kt hp cc b kh giao
thoa phn cc giao nhau. Hiu qu ca k thut ny m bo khng lm gin on thng tin, thng
c biu th bng mt h s nng cao. Nh p dng k thut phn tp khng gian v phn tp tn s
thi gian gin on thng tin gim nh so vi thi gian yu cu h thng t c ch tiu cht
lng ra.
3.1 Phn tp theo khng gian
nh ngha: Phn tp theo khng gian l k thut thu hoc pht mt tn hiu trn 2 anten (hoc
nhiu hn 2 anten) vi cng mt tn s v tuyn f.
Khong cch cc anten ca my pht v my thu c chn sao cho cc tn hiu ring bit c thu
khng tng quan nhau tng ng vi h s tng quan bng 0.
Trong thc t khng bao gi t c gi tr bng 0 ny. Trong h thng thng tin tm nhn thng
ngi ta a ra mt cng thc bn kinh nghim biu th h s tng quan khng gian theo khong cch
trc ng:
Vi

s: khong cch gia 2 tm ca an ten [m]

f: Tn s sng v tuyn [GHz]
d: khong cch truyn dn [km]
Trong biu thc ny, ta b qua sng phn x t.
Theo khuyn ngh 376-4 ca CCIR, ngi ta chn khong cch gia cc an ten sao cho h s tng
quan khng gian khng vt qu 0,6. Do c th s dng h s ny lm ngng cho vic s dng
phn tp.
Kh nng ci thin tn hiu thu do s dng mt cp anten c xc nh bng li phn tp Ios

trong

s: khong cch gia 2 tm ca 2 anten [m]

f: Tn s sng mang v tuyn [GHz]
ar: H s khuch i tng i ca anten phn tp so vi anten chnh:
ar = 10[(Ad-Am)/20]
Ad: l h s khuch i anten phn tp [dB]
Am: l h s khuch i anten chnh [dB]
d: di ca tuyn truyn dn [Km]
Fm: d tr pha dinh phng
Bng s m phng nhiu ln tm c v tr tt nht cho hai anten, khi khng th tnh c v tr, th
khong cch hai anten phi ln hn 150. Thng thng cng thc trn tnh gn ng cho mt tuyn
c chiu di (20-70)Km v tn s (2-11)GHz

3.2 Phn tp theo tn s

nh ngha: phn tp theo tn s l k thut thu hoc pht mt tn hiu trn hai knh (hoc nhiu
hn hai knh) tn s sng v tuyn. H s ci thin phn tp tn s c th tnh:

Trong : f : l tn s trung tm ca bng tn [GHz]

d: di ca ng truyn
[km]
f/f: l khong cch tn s tng i biu th bng %
Fm: l d tr pha inh [dB]
Phng trnh trn ng vi cc gi tr tham s sau:
Mc d cc h thng thng tin v tuyn s phn tp theo tn s c th cho cc h s ci thin tt
hn nhng vic s dng ph tn khng t hiu qu cao.Ngoi ra tng hiu qu chng pha inh
ngi ta s dng kt hp phn tp khng gian v tn s.

Cu 9:V tr vai tr ca truyn dn viba trong mng vin thng ?

Tr li
Thng tin vi ba s l mt trong 3 phng tin thng tin ph bin hin nay (bn
cnh thng tin v tin v thng tin quang). H thng Vi ba s l h thng thng tin v tuyn s c
s dng trong cc ng truyn dn s gia cc phn t khc nhau ca mng v tuyn. H thng Vi
ba s c th c s dng lm:
+ Cc ng trung k s ni gia cc tng i s.
+ Cc ng truyn dn ni tng i chnh n cc tng i v tinh.
+ Cc ng truyn dn ni cc thu bao vi cc tng i chnh hoc cc tng i v
tinh.
+ Cc b tp trung thu bao v tuyn.
+ Cc ng truyn dn trong cc h thng thng tin di ng kt ni cc my di
ng vi mng vin thng.
Cc h thng truyn dn Viba s l cc phn t quan trng ca mng vin
thng, tm quan trng ny ngy cng c khng nh khi cc cng ngh thng tin v tuyn mi
nh thng tin di ng c a vo s dng rng ri trong mng vin
thng.
III.H THNG THNG TIN V TINH
Cu 1:Phn tch u nhc im ca h thng thng tin v tinh ?
Tr li
u im:
-V tinh v tr rt xa so vi tri t ->ph sng rng c th ph sng tt c cc loi a hnh :i
ni ,hi o ,vng su vng xa ->Suy hao truyn sng ln ->cng sut trm mt t hng trm W
cng sut v tinh cao (vi trc W) chi ph thit b u cui t.
Vng ph sng ca v tinh rt ln vt qu mt h thng trn mt t.
-Chi ph truyn dn v tinh c lp vi khong cch t trung tm ca vng ph sng
-Truyn hnh v tinh truyn hnh v tinh truyn thng l rt chnh xc.
-a bng :
+Bng C (4-8 GHz)
+Bng Ku (12-18 GHz)
+Bng Ka (26,6 - 40 GHz)
=>tn s tng ->suy hao tng ->tng ch v nh hng ca anten rt ln
Bng thng cao hn c sn s dng.
-Cung cp a dch v bng rng :Thoi truyn hnh,internet
Nhc im

-C ch pht t mt t ln v t v tinh xung l trong tm nhn thng nh hng ln ->p

dng suy hao t do tia sng b un cong nhiu
-Chi ph lp t rt ln khng phi nc no cng c th ch to.
-C li xa ->Tr lan truyn sng ln ,thit b u cui phc tp
-Ngun nng lng :acquy d tr ,pin mt tri khng th bo tr sa cha
-Bng thng ca v tinh dn b s dng ht
-C mt tr ln hn ca thng tin v tinh so vi thng tin mt t.
Cu 2:ng dng ca thng tin v tinh ?
Tr li
ng dng ca v tinh:
-Cc lnh vc truyn thng qung b, nh pht thanh, pht hnh,
-Cc lnh vc thng tin, vin thng: thng tin di ng ton cu ...
-Lnh vc qun s, do thm, nh v dn ng vv..
-D bo thi tit, vv
- Vin thng (Telecommunication)
+ Ktni telephone ton cu
+ ng trc (backbone) cho cc mng ton cu
+ Ktni thng tin cc vng xa
+ Thng tin di ng ton cu
Dch v Internet qua v tinh:

Hnh 1. M hnh cung cp dch v Internet qua v tinh cho nhng khu vc nh.
Dch v Internet qua v tinh c chia lm hai mng chnh: cc dch v trung k (tng t nh
trung k trong h thng in thoi), v truy nhp trc tip nh vic ci t VSAT hai chiu. Cc
dch v trung k c cung cp cho cc nh cung cp dch v Internet v cc nh khai thc mng
Internet bao gm:
- ng b, cn ng b, song cng
- Chia s bng tn gia cc khu vc
- Truyn qua sng mang s v bng tn Video s
- Kh nng tch hp cc dch v thu ring/mng hin c bi cc thit b u cui mt t IP
Trong khi dch v truy nhp trc tip c cung cp ch yu cho cc doanh nghip, cc
khch hng s dng trc tip dch v Internet. Cc ng dng ni chung c chia lm nhm: thi
gian thc v thi gian khng thc. Nhm ng dng tng tc thi gian thc nh: truy nhp Web,
hi ngh truyn hnh, o to t xa, tr chi trc tuyn,... v cp nhp c s d liu, nh x Server
Web, truyn cc file c dung lng ln. Video qung b mt chiu thuc nhm cc ng dng thi

gian khng thc. Hin nay cc ng dng ny khng cn ph thuc vo mt cng ngh duy nht,
chng hn nh m thoi khng ch c thc hin qua mng in thoi truyn thng m cn c
th c thc hin trc tip qua mng Internet (VoIP) v cng khng ch gii hn phm vi di
mt t. Khi i trn my bay cng c th s dng Internet.
Lnh vc dch v Internet qua v tinh thc s c pht trin vo gia nhng nm 90. Nm 1996
h thng mng Huges cung cp dch v truy nhp trc tip Internet t my tnh c nhn tc
400 kbit/s (tc lung thng tin gia my tnh c nhn v v tinh). Tc ny ln hn 14 ln tc
truy nhp Internet thng qua Modem thng thng c tc quy c l 28,8 kbit/s trc y v
by gi l tc 56 kbit/s v nhanh gp 3 ln tc truy nhp qua ng mng tch hp s ISDN
(144 kbit/s). V tinh cung cp dch v Internet ny hot ng trong bng tn Ku (14/11GHz) vi 8
b pht p 54MHz v 16 b pht p 27MHz. Tuy nhin vi cc dch v yu cu bng thng rng
nh a phng tin, hi ngh truyn hnh, truyn file ln th bng thng ca bng tn Ku cha th
p ng y . Chnh v l do m cn phi pht trin thng tin v tinh trn c s s dng bng
tn cao hn nh bng tn K (18-27GHz), Ka (27-40GHz) vi bng thng tng ng l 9 GHz v 13
GHz.
Cc dch v truy nhp trc tip c hiu qu kinh t cao: c thit k cung cp dch v cho
nhng a im nh nh vn phng, cng ty nh, ngi s dng n l.
Theo nh d on ca cc nh nghin cu th trng th ti nm 2010 s c khong 250 triu gia
nh v 38 triu doanh nghip s dng dch v bng thng rng nh cc tuyn kt ni 2 Mbit/s hoc
cao hn.
Bng rng:

Hnh 2. T l s dng bng thng v tinh trong khu vc chu nm 2000 v d bo nm 2009
Cc nh cung cp vin thng bn cnh vic s dng h thng thng tin v tinh lm mi trng
truyn dn, cn cung cp cc dch v bao ph ton cu bi vic s dng cc bng tn c nh
bng C, bng Ku v tip theo l bng Ka. Thng tin v tinh khc phc c mt nhc im nt
c chai trong cc h thng mng mt t bng vic ng vai tr nh l mt mng chuyn tip cung
cp dch v trc tip ti khch hng.
K thut nn tng cho dch v qung b ca thng tin v tinh l da trn nn tng giao thc
Internet (IP) cho vic thit lp cc mng a phng tin bng rng. Lu lng IP bng n mnh m
k t nm 1997, v cng l mt trong nhng xu hng pht trin c mc tng trng cao i vi
cc nh khai thc v tinh. Truy nhp bng rng qua Internet l truy nhp hai chiu ging nh truy
nhp trc tip ng dy thu bao s (DSL), cc gii php tch hp, cc lp dch v v kch thc
mng c thit k ph hp vi nhu cu, khch hng ch cn mua lu lng m h cn, tin cy v
ton cu.
Cho n nay vic s dng cc b pht p cho cc tuyn trung k Internet tng ng k. V tinh
c th truyn ti lu lng ln ti 1300Mbit/s cho mng ng trc Internet. i vi cc nh khai
thc v tinh th li nhun ca h ch yu nm khu vc pht thanh, truyn hnh qung b (chim
ti 70% li nhun t vic cho thu cc b pht p). Tuy nhin con s ny s gim do nhu cu s
dng cc b pht p cho cc kt ni Internet trung k, trc tip hay cc mng doanh nghip tng
cao. Trong thi gian 1998-2000, s tng trng ca cc dch v Internet qua v tinh rt ng kinh

ngc, phm vi ton th gii vi tc tng trng ny l 958 %. Theo d on vic s dng cc
b pht p cho cc tuyn ISP s tng 17% vo nm 2009.
VoIP
VoIP l mt phn ca thoi c truyn qua giao thc Internet theo hai kiu: in thoi Internet
v thoi c truyn bng giao thc Internet. in thoi Internet l mt dch v khng qun l
qua mng Internet cng cng. Thoi c truyn bng giao thc Internet l mt dch v c qun
l s dng giao thc Internet. Cc gi thoi c qun l cung cc mc cht lng khc
nhau. VoIP c cung cp bi cc nh khai thc mng theo cc tuyn ring. VoIP truyn qua v
tinh c mt s thun li nh: trin khai nhanh, lun sn sng v ng tin cy, vng ph ton cu, d
m rng, c th truy nhp t mi a hnh khc nhau: t lin, bin, hi o, rng, ni,... Ch vi
mt (hoc vi) nt mng c th truy nhp ti cc im truy nhp mng chnh khc trnh c tnh
trng tc nghn mch so vi cc mng IP khc. Vi nhng thun li ca mnh dch v VoIP qua v
tinh c k vng s c s tng trng cao. Nm 2001, lu lng thoi quc t VoIP tng 47% t
5,2 t pht, tng ng vi 3% lu lng thoi quc t. Ti nm 2007, s pht gi quc t bi
VoIP c d on l 100 t pht. Mt s tng trng ng k vng.
PSTN
Mng PSTN l ngun kt ni ch yu cho hu ht cc nh khai thc mng. Cht lng cc tuyn
thoi khc nhau c thit k p ng nhu cu thc t ph thuc vo hiu chnh li theo yu cu
v phng php iu ch. Trc y truyn dn thoi qua v tinh chim mt t l ln ca cc b
pht p v tinh, tuy nhin con s ny ngy cng nh do vic pht trin cc dch v mi nhiu trin
vng.
Mng doanh nghip:
Cc doanh nghip c th s dng dch v ny nh: ngn hng, cc t chc ti chnh, du la,
khch sn, hng khng, gio dc, vin thng. Cc dch v m cc t chc ny c th s dng nh:
truy nhp Internet, thoi, hi ngh truyn hnh, kim tra th tn dng, o to t xa, pht hin thm
ho, h tr cc trng hp khn cp.
M hnh o to t xa qua h thng thng tin v tinh ang c ng dng ht sc c hiu qu
i vi nhng nc c a hnh phc tp (nhiu qun o, i ni,..). Vit Nam l mt nc c ti
80% dn c sng khu vc nng thn v c nhiu a hnh him tr th y l mt m hnh o to
ht sc c hiu qu v em li li ch nhiu mt cho nn gio dc quc gia cng nh nng cao trnh
dn tr ca i b phn nhn dn.
Video
Hin nay, dch v video qua v tinh c phn b ton cu vi cc dch v truyn trc tip ti
nh (DTH), th thao, tin tc, s kin, HDTV...
Thng tin di ng qua v tinh:

Hnh 3. Cc thnh phn chnh cho c s h tng mng di ng qua v tinh

Thng tin di ng qua v tinh c nhiu u im nh: c th pht trin mng ton cu, d dng
phn b v cn bng li lu lng mng, chi ph h tng c s thp, c nhiu kh nng gia tng li
nhun cc dch v mi.
Trong mt vi nm qua, th trng thng tin v tinh ton cu c phn chng li. Tuy nhin vi
nhng u im ni bt ca mnh v kh nng truyn dn, kh nng cung cp dch v bng rng, cc
dch v truy nhp Internet bng rng v cng vi s phc hi, pht trin ca cc nn kinh t khu
vc chu - Thi Bnh Dng th th trng thng tin v tinh ca khu vc ny s tip tc pht trin
mnh m, ha hn mt vin cnh tt p i vi cc nh khai thc v tinh chu .
Cu 3:Qu o v tinh ?(Khi nim,phn loi )
Tr li
Qu o v tinh :l hnh trnh ca v tinh trong khng gian m v tinh quay ht mt vng quanh
tri t
-Qy o v tinh hnh elip, Tu thuc vo cao so vi mt t cc qu o ca v tinh trong h
thng thng tin v tinh c chia thnh :
* HEO (Highly Elpitical Orbit): qu o elip cao
* GSO (Geostationary Orbit) hay GEO (Geostatinary Earth Orbit): qu o a tnh
* MEO (Medium Earth Orbit): qu o trung
* LEO (Low Earth Orbit): qu o thp.
-V tinh bay vng quanh tri t tun theo 3 nh lut Kepler:
nh lut 1. Qu o cu mt hnh tinh c dng elip vi mt tri nm ti tiu im
nh lut 2. Bn knh ca vect ni hnh tinh v mt tri qut cc din tch bng nhau trong khong
thi gian bng nhau
nh lut 3. Bnh phng chu k quay quanh qu o ca hnh tinh t l vi lp phng bn trc
chnh ca elip
Cu 4:Chu k bay ca v tinh ?
Tr li
Chu k bay ca v tinh l thi gian l thi gian v tinh bay ht mt vng quanh tri t
nh lut Kepler th ba pht biu rng bnh phng chu k qu o t l m ba vi
khong cch trung bnh gia hai vt th. Khong cch trung bnh bng bn trc chnh a. i vi cc
v tinh nhn to bay quanh qu t, ta c th trnh by nh lut Kepler th ba nh sau:
T=(RE+h)3/2/100
Vi RE l bn knh tri t
H l khong cch t tri t n vt th
Cu 5:S khi h thng thng tin v tinh.

r li

Cu 6:Cu trc trm mt t ca h thng thng tin v tinh ?

Tr li

Cu 7:Cu trc v tinh ?

Tr li

khng chnh/phn x
LNA:( Low-noise amplifier)b khuch i tp m thp
Down convtr:Khi h tn
Filter:b lc
Limiter:b gii hn tn s
A(amplifier):b khuch i
Cu 8:Kt ni phng thc truyn dn v tinh vi cc mng vin thng ?
Tr li

Cu 9:Cc thut ng lin quan n qu o v tinh ?

Tr li
Cc thut ng:

-Vin im (Apogee). im xa qu t nht.

-Cn im (Perigee). im gn qu t nht.
-ng ni cc im cc (Line of apsides). ng ni vin im v cn im qua tm tri t
-Nt ln (Ascending). im ct gia mt phng qu o v xch o ni m v tinh chuyn t Nam
sang Bc.
-Nt xung (Descending). im ct gia mt phng qu o v xch o ni m v tinh chuyn
ng t Bc sang Nam.
-ng cc nt (Line of nodes). ng ni cc nt ln v nt xung qua tm qu t.
-Gc nghing (Inclination). Gc gia mt phng qu o v mt phng xich o. Gc c o ti
im tng t xch o n qu o khi v tinh chuyn ng t Nam sang Bc. . y s l v Bc
hoc Nam ln nht.
-Qu o ng hng (Prograde Orbit)). Qu o m v tinh chuyn ng cng vi chiu
quay ca qu t .Qu o ng hng cn c gi l qu o trc tip (Direct
Orbit). Gc nghing ca qu o ng hng nm trong di t 00 n 900. Hu ht cc v tinh u
c phng vo qu o ng hng v tc quay ca qu t s cung cp mt phn tc qu
o v nh vy tit kim c nng lng phng.
-Qu o ngc hng (Retrograde Orbit). Qu o m v tinh chuyn ng ngc vi chiu
quay ca qu t . Gc nghing ca qu o ngc hng nm trong di t 90 0
n 1800.
-Agumen cn im (Argument of Perigee). Gc t nt xung n cn im c o trong mt
phng qu o ti tm qu t theo hng chuyn ng ca v tinh. K hiu l .
-Gc ln ng ca nt ln (Right Ascension of Ascending Node). nh ngha y v tr ca
qu o trong khng gian, v tr ca nt ln c c t. Tuy nhin do s quay spin ca qu t,
trong khi mt phng qu o hu nh c nh (nu b qua s tri ca v tinh), nn kinh ca nt
ln khng c nh v v th khng th s dng n lm im chun tuyt i. xc nh mt qu
o trong thc tin, ngi ta thng s dng kinh v thi gian v tinh chuyn ng qua nt ln.
Tuy nhin o tuyt i ta cn c mt tham chun c nh trong khng gian. Tham chun c
chn l im u tin ca cung Bch dng hay im xun phn. im xun phn xy ra khi mt
tri ct xch o t Nam qua Bc v mt ng o c v t im ct xch o xuyn tm ca
mt tri hng n im th nht ca chm Bch dng (k hiu l Y). y l ng ca cung

Bch dng. Gc ln ng ca nt ln khi ny l gc c o trong mt phng xich o quay theo

hng ng t ng Y sang nt ln .
- d thng trung bnh (Mean anomaly). d thng trung bnh M cho thy gi tr trung bnh v
tr gc ca v tinh vi tham chun l cn im. i vi qu o trn M cho thy v tr gc ca v
tinh trn qu o. i vi qu o elip, tnh ton v tr ny kh hn nhiu v M c s dng lm
bc trung gian trong qu trnh tnh ton.
- d thng tht s (True anomaly). d thng thc s l gc t cn im n v tinh c o
ti tm tri t. N cho thy v tr gc ca anten trn qu o ph thuc vo thi gian.
Cu 10:Khi nim v tinh a tnh khng a tnh ?
Tr li
Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO)
-Nhng v tinh nm trong qu o 35.863 km trn b mt tri t dc theo ng xch o.
-Cc i tng trong qu o a tnh xoay quanh tri t vi tc tng t nh quay tri t.
iu ny c ngha v tinh GEO c cng mt v tr tng i so vi b mt ca tri t.
- u im
Mt v tinh GEO khong cch t tri t mang li cho n mt vng ph sng ln, gn mt phn t
b mt tri t ca cc
V tinh GEO c tmi nhn 24h mt khu vc c th.
Cc yu t ny lm cho n l tng cho cc v tinh broadcast v nhiu ng dng khc.
-Nhc im:
+Khong cch ca v tinh GEO cng gy ra n c mt tn hiu tng i yu v mt thi gian tr
trong cc tn hiu, m c hi cho giao tip point to point
+V tinh GEO, trung tm trn ng xch o, c cc tn hiu pht sng kh khn gn cc vng
cc
Non-Geostationary Satellite Orbit
-Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
+ v tinh LEO gn tri t hn nhiu so vi cc v tinh GEO, khong cch t 500 n 1.500 km so
vi b mt tri t.
+ v tinh LEO khng v tr c nh tng i so vi b mt tri t, v ch c r rng sau 15-20
pht.
+ Mt mng li cc v tinh LEO l cn thit cc v tinh LEO tr ln hu ch
+ u im
V tinh LEO gn tri t hn so vi mt v tinh GEO cho n mt cng sut tn hiu tt hn v t tr
thi gian hn, m lm cho n tt hn cho giao tip point to point.
Din tch nh hn mt v tinh ca LEO lm cho s lng ph bng thng t hn.
+Nhc im:
Mt mng li cc v tinh LEO l cn thit, m c th tn km
V tinh LEO phi b tr thay i Doppler gy ra bi chuyn ng tng i ca chng.
nh hng ca kh quyn gy suy gim dn dn qu o.
-Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)
+ Mt v tinh trn qu o MEO trn qu o no nm gia gia 8.000 km v 18.000 km so
vi b mt tri t.
+V tinh MEO tng t nh v tinh LEO v mt chc nng.
+Thi gian nhn thy v tinh MEO c th lu hn rt nhiu so vi v tinh LEO
+MEO c phm vi ph sng rng hn so vi v tinh LEO
+u im

Khong thi gian xut hin di hn cng c ngha l s v tinh cn thit to thanh mt mng ca
MEO l t hn ca LEO.
+Nhc im
MEO cung cp mt tn hiu yu hn v thi gian tr ln hn ca LEO tuy khng bng GEO
IV.THNG TIN DI NG T BO
Cu 1:Nhiu ng knh trong h thng thng tin di ng t bo ?
Tr li
Nhiu ng knh- Co-channel interference (CCI)- l nhiu t 2 trm pht sng khc nhau trn cng
tn s.Do cc iu kin thi tit cc h thng truyn thng khng dy (radio, TV) nhng khu
vc khc nhau dng chung 1 knh tn s c th gp phi nhiu ng knh .
Nhiu ng knh thng gp trong h thng thng tin s cellular, trong tng hiu sut s
dng ph bng cch s dng li tn s. Nh vy c th coi nhiu ng knh trong h thng cellular
l nhiu gy nn do cc cell s dng cng 1 knh tn s.
c trng cho loi nhiu ny l t s sng mang trn nhiu (C/I). T s ny c nh ngha l
cng tn hiu mong mun trn cng tn hiu nhiu sau lc cao tn v n th hin mi quan
h gia cng tn hiu mong mun so vi nhiu ng knh t cc BTS khc.
C/I = 10log (Pc/Pi)
Yu cu l C/I <=12dB.
Trong :
Pc l cng sut tn hiu thu mong mun.
Pi l cng sut nhiu thu c.
Mt s gii php hn ch loi nhiu ng knh trong cc h thng cellular nh sau:
Khng th dng b lc loi b giao thoa ny do cc my pht s dng cng mt tn s.
Ch c th ti thiu ha nhiu ng knh bng cch thit k mng cellular ph hp.
Tc l thit k sao cho cc cell trong mng c s dng cng nhm tn s khng nh hng
ti nhau=>khong cch cc cell cng tn s phi ln.
Cu 2:H s s dng li tn s l g ? Cch tnh ?
Tr li
H s s dng li tn s l i lng dc tnh bng nghch o ca s cell trong mt cluster tc l
t l ngch vi s cell m cc knh khng c ti s dng li tn s trong
Cng thc tnh:Gi N l s cell trong mt cluster khi h s s dng li tn s c tnh bng:
1/N
Nhn xt: h s s dng li tn s tng th tng s knh trong h thng tng.
Cu 3:Vai tr ca sector ha ?
Tr li
Trong h thng thng tin di ng chng ta thng phi gii quyt cc vn lin quan n :
-Cng sut ca thit b u cui
-Tn dng qu tn s do di tn s c hn
-Nng lc ca trm x l
d dng hn trong vic gii quyt cc vn trn gi php t ra l chia h thn thnh cc
cell(sector ha):
+tn dng qu tn s :ti mi cell ti mt thi im ch phc v cho mt s thu bao nht nh
+Bn knh mt cell thay i ty theo mt user.
Tr li:
Trong thong tin di ng t bo(c th nh GSM)nh cung cp mng phi la chn gia hai ch tiu
v dung lng h thng (ng vi bn knh ca mt cell R)v cht lng ng truyn (tn hiu trn
nhiu SIR). c th khng nht thit gim R m vn c th tng SIR ngi ta s dng phng
php sector ha

Phng php sector ha thc hin thay th mt anten ng hng ca BS bi mt s anten c gc

m 1200 . Nh gi thit rng mi t bo c kch thc bng nhau v c dng lc gic th xung
quanh mi t bo c tn ti 6 ngun gy nhiu ng knh gn vi n nht .Nu dung anten c gc
m 1200 th theo hng bc x ca anten y s ngun gy nhiu gim i 3 ln ng vi nhiu ng
knh cng gim i 3 ln
Cu 4:Cu trc h thng thng tin di ng GSM ?
Tr li
Cu trc tng th:

Cc thnh phn

Chc nng ca MSC L:iu phi vic thit lp cuc gi n nhng ngi s dng mng GSM
.Mt mt MSC giao tip vi phn h BSS mt khc n giao tip vi mng ngoi .MSC lm nhim
v giao tip vi mng ngoi c gi l MSC cng(Gateway MSC)
Chc nng ca HLR l c s d liu tham chiu lu gi lu di cc thng tin lin quan n cc thu
bao.Cc thng tin ny mang tnh c nh
Chc nng ca VLC l c s d liu trung gian lu tr cc thng tin v thu bao trong vng phc
v MSC/VLR c tham chiu t c s d liu HLR.Cc thng tin ny mang tnh tm thi
AC c tch hp trn HLR nhn thc cho SIM card cho php thu bao kt ni vi mng thng
tin qua IMSI cung cp thng tin v m ha thng tin nh s KI ,Id, RAND

Chc nng ca EIR l mt c s d liu thng tin v tnh hp l ca thit b ME qua s IMEI.

BSC thc hin cc chc nng sau:

-iu khin mt s trm v tuyn BTS :x l cc bn tin bo hiu iu khin ,vn hnh ,bo dng
i /n BTS
-Khi to kt ni
-iu khin chuyn giao intra v inter BTS HO
-Kt ni cc MSC,BTS ,OMC
BTS thc hin cc chc nng sau :
-Thu pht v tuyn
-nh x knh logic vo knh vt l
-M ha v gii m ha
-Mt m ha v gii mt m ha
-iu ch v gii iu ch
TRAU thc hin cc chc nng sau:
-Trau chuyn i tc thoi 13Kbps hoc d liu tc thp thnh tc 64Kbps.

ME:L thit b di ng l phn cng v phn mm ca in thoi di ng .Mi mt in thoi di

ng phn bit nhau bi s nhn dng in thoi di ng IMEI (international mobile equipment
indentity)

SIM:L thit b lu tr cc thng tin s thu bao v mt m th thng minh xc thc

Mi SIM phn bit nhau bi s nhn dng thu bao IMSI(international mobile subcriber
indentity) chng s dng tri php s thu bao bng mt khu hay s nhn dng c nhn.

Cu 5:Kt ni h thng GSM vi cc mng khc (PSTN ,ISDN,PLM)

Tr li
Cc th tc c bn:
Thit b s t ng thc hin quy trnh cn thit m khng cn n s quan tm hay iu khin ca
ngi dng.
1.ng nhp thit b vo mng:
Khi thit b (in thoi di ng) trng thi tt, n c tch ra khi mng. Khi bt ln, thit b d
tn s GSM tm knh iu khin. Sau , thit b o cng ca tn hiu t cc knh v ghi li.
Cui cng th chuyn sang kt ni vi knh c tn hiu mnh nht.
2. Chuyn vng:
V GSM l mt chun chung nn thu bao c th dng in thoi h GSM ti hu ht cc mng
GSM trn th gii. Trong khi di chuyn, thit b lin tc d knh lun duy tr tn hiu vi trm l
mnh nht. Khi tm thy trm c tn hiu mnh hn, thit b s t ng chuyn sang mng mi; nu
trm mi nm trong LA khc, thit b s bo cho mng bit v tr mi ca mnh.
Ring vi ch chuyn vng quc t hoc chuyn vng gia mng ca hai nh khai thc dch v
khc nhau th qa trnh cp nht v tr i hi phi c s chp thun v h tr t cp nh khai thc
dch v.
*Thc hin cuc gi t thit b di ng vo in thoi c nh:
1. Thit b kiu yu cu mt knh bo hiu.
2. BSC/TRC s ch nh knh bo hiu.
3. Thit b gi yu cu thit lp cuc gi cho MSC/VLR. Thao tc ng k trng thi tch cc cho
thit b vo VLR, xc thc, m ha, nhn dng thit b, gi s c gi cho mng, kim tra xem
thu bao c ng k dch v cm gi ra u c thc hin trong bc ny.
- Nu hp l, MSC/VLR bo cho BSC/TRC mt knh ang ri.
- MSC/VLR chuyn tip s c gi cho mng PSTN.
- Nu my c gi tr li, kt ni s c thit lp.
*Thc hin cuc gi t in thoi c nh n thit b di ng:
im khc bit quan trng so vi gi t thit b di ng l v tr ca thit b khng c bit chnh
xc. Chnh v th trc khi kt ni, mng phi thc hin cng vic xc nh v tr ca thit b di
ng.
1. T in thai c nh, s in thoi di ng c gi n mng PSTN. Mng s phn tch, v
nu pht hin ra t kha gi ra mng di ng, mng PSTN s kt ni vi trung tm GMSC ca nh
khai thc thch hp.
2. GMSC phn tch s in thoi di ng tm ra v tr ng k gc trong HLR ca thit b v
cch thc ni n MSC/VLR phc v.
3. HLR phn tch s in thoi di ng tm ra MSC/VLR ang phc v cho thit b. Nu c ng

k dch v chuyn tip cuc gi n, cuc gi s c tr v GMSC vi s in thoi c yu cu

chuyn n.
4. HLR lin lc vi MSC/VLR ang phc v.
5. MSC/VLR gi thng ip tr li qua HLR n GMSC.
6. GMSC phn tch thng ip ri thit lp cuc gi n MSC/VLR
7. MSC/VLR bit a ch LA ca thit b nn gi thng ip n BSC qun l LA ny.
8. BSC pht thng ip ra ton b cc thuc LA.
9. Khi nhn c thng ip, thit b s gi yu cu ngc li.
10. BSC cung cp mt khung thng ip cha thng tin.
11. Phn tch thng ip ca BSC gi n tin hnh th tc bt trng thi ca thit b ln tch
cc, xc nhn, m ha, nhn din thit b.
12. MSC/VLR iu khin BSC xc lp mt knh ri, chung. Nu thit b di ng chp nhn tr
li, kt ni c thit lp.
Trong trng hp thc hin cuc gi t thit b di ng n thit b di ng, qa trnh cng din ra
tng t nhng im giao tip vi mng PSTN ca in thoi c nh s c thay th bng
MSC/VLR khc.
DROPBACK gia hai nh khai thc dch v. y l mt u im m cc nh khai thc dch v
thng ng dng tit kim chi ph cho truyn pht v x l.
V d trong vng chuyn vng quc t, thu bao ng k ti Vit Nam thc hin cuc gi ti
Singapore cho mt thit b di ng ti Singapore. Thng thng tuyn kt ni s i ngc v Vit
Nam; nu ng dng tnh nng dropback, tuyn kt ni s c ti u trong vng ca Singapore.
* Gi tin nhn
1. Thit b di ng kt ni vo mng. Nu kt ni ang c sn, qu trnh ny c b qua.
2. Sau khi hon tt thnh cng qa trnh xc thc, ni dung thng ip s c chuyn n Trung
Tm Dch V Tin Nhn (SMS-C Short Message Service Center).
Cu 6:Phn bit VLR v HLD
Tr li
HLR l c s d liu tham chiu lu tr lu di cc thng tin lin quan n cc thu bao.Cc thng
tin ny mang tn c nh
VLR l c s d liu trung gian lu gi cc thng tin v thu bao trong vng phc v MSC/VLR
c tham chiu t c s d liu HLR .Cc thng tin ny mang tnh cht tm thi
Tr li
Mt VLR(visitor location register)l mt c s d liu phc v cc thu bao tm thi trong mt khu
vc MSC. Mt MSC trong mng c mt VLR kt hp nhng mt VLR li c th phc v ng thi
nhiu MSC. Mt trm di ng chuyn vng trong mt khu vc MSC c iu khin bi VLR kt
hp vi MSC
Khi mt MS di chuyn sang mt khu vc mi n thc hin mt th tc ng k . MSC qun l khu
vc nhn ng k v chuyn s liu nhn dng sang khu vc VLR .Nu MS cha c ng k
VLR v HLR s trao i thong tin v nhng dch v m MS c cung cp
VLR cha cc thong tin cn thit x l vic thit lp cuc gi hoc nhn gi ca cc MS ng k
trong c s d liu ca n. N cha cc thong tin sau:
+s liu nhn dng thu bao di ng quc t IMSI
+s ISDN quc t ca trm di ng MSISDN
+s chuyn vng trm di ng MSRN
+S liu nhn dng trm di ng tm thi IMSI
+s liu trm di dng khu vc LMSI
+khu vc m MS ang ng k .
Cu 7:Phn bit chuyn giao v chuyn vng ?
Tr li
1.Chuyn giao:

Trong thng tin di ng, chuyn giao l qu trnh chuyn mt kt ni thoi (cuc gi) hoc kt ni
d liu t knh ny sang knh khc. Cell l vng ph sng ca mt trm pht sng hay mt sector
ca mt trm pht sng.
Chuyn giao xy ra trong nhiu trng hp, sau y l mt s trng hp:
Thu bao di chuyn t cell ny sang cell khc. Khi chuyn giao c thc hin th kt ni
khng b kt thc khi thu bao di chuyn ra khi mt cell no y.
Dung lng kt ni ca mt cell (A) dng ht, th kt ni ca nhng thu bao no nm
trong vng giao nhau ca cell ny vi mt cell khc (B) s c chuyn sang cell (B)
nhm gim bt kt ni cell A cc thu bao khc c th thc hin cuc gi.
Chuyn giao intra-cell l khi kt ni c chuyn t knh ny (c th b nhiu,...) sang knh khc
trong cng mt cell. Inter-cell l chuyn giao gia cc cell.
Hai loi chuyn giao c bn l:
Chuyn giao cng: knh ca mt kt ni b ngt trc khi knh mi c thit lp.
Chuyn giao mm: knh mi c thit lp trc khi knh c b ngt.
2. Chuyn vng.
Chuyn vng l thut ng dng trong mng thng tin di ng nhm ch kh nng mt ngi dng
c th kt ni vi mt mng khc vi mng m ngi dng ng k thu bao v vn s dng c
cc dch v ng k. Ngi dng ch c th kt ni vi cc mng ca cc nh cung cp dch v
khc nu tn ti mt s tha thun (chuyn vng agreement) gia cc nh cung cp dch v vi
nh cung cp dch v m ngi dng ng k thu bao.
Chuyn vng trong mng TD
Nhiu trng hp, chuyn vng xy ra trong khu vc ng k ban u ca chic in thoi khi n
truyn thng tin qua mt thp thu pht sng ca Nh cung cp dch v khc - khi tn hiu ca Nh
cung cp dch v ban u qu yu hoc s lng ngi gi qu nhiu.
Trong mi mng TD khc nhau, qu trnh chuyn vng s khc nhau, nhng v c bn nh sau:
- Khi thit b di ng c bt ln hoc truyn qua mt trm chuyn tip (handover) ti mng, th
mng c "gh thm" ny "nhn thy" thit b v xc nh xem n c nm trong danh sch ng k
hay khng v c gng xc nh mng "nh" ca n. Nu hai mng trc khng c tha thun
"thng nhau" th dch v khng duy tr c v mng khch s t chi.
- Trong tnh hung chp nhn, mng khch s lin h vi mng nh v yu cu thng tin dch v v
thit b chuyn vng ang dng s IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) ca n, trong
c vic thit b c c cho php chuyn vng hay khng.
- Nu thnh cng, mng khch bt u duy tr lu thu bao tm thi cho thit b. ng thi, mng
nh cp nht thng tin xc nh thit b ang c qun l trn my ch v nhng thng tin gi
ti thit b cng m bo c truyn i chnh xc.
Nu c mt cuc gi ti chic in thoi ang chuyn vng, mng in thoi cng cng s hng
n n nh cung cp dch v m n ng k. Sau , Nh cung cp dch v ny phi hng n ti
mng khch ( tha thun dch v). Mng khch s cung cp mt s in thoi ni b tm thi cho
chic mobile. Khi s ny c xc nh, mng nh s chuyn tip cuc gi n vo s tm thi v
chuyn ti chic in thoi.
Cc loi chuyn vng:
- Chuyn vng theo vng a l
Kiu chuyn vng ny ch kh nng chuyn dch v t vng ny n vng khc trong bin gii
quc gia ca mt nh iu hnh mng di ng. Ban u, cc nh iu hnh thng hn ch dch v
cc vng nh (nh mt thnh ph). Nhng sau ny, vi s pht trin ca cng ngh mng di ng
ton cu GSM v gi thnh gim, chuyn vng theo vng t khi c trin khai, tr trng hp
cc quc gia c vng a l rng nh M, Nga, n ... m trong c rt nhiu nh iu hnh
mng ca tng vng.
- Chuyn vng sng gia cc nh cung cp

Loi chuyn vng ny ni n kh nng chuyn vng bt sng ca mt nh iu hnh di ng n

mt vng sng ca nh iu hnh khc trong bin gii ca mt quc gia. V d: thu bao mng
Mobifone c php chuyn sang Vinaphone khi hai nh cung cp dch v ny c tha thun
chuyn vng vi nhau. iu ny thng xy ra khi mt cng ty mi tham gia vo lnh vc ny v
cn c cng tng thch vi h tng ca cc nh iu hnh trc . H phi ngh cc nh iu
hnh ny cho php chuyn vng trong khi dnh thi gian xy dng mng ca ring mnh.
Hin ti, Vit Nam, cc mng h tr chuyn vng lin thng vi nhau l Vinaphone v Mobifone
trn nn cng ngh GSM. Tuy nhin, B Bu chnh Vin thng vn cha cho php cc mng trn
ca VNPT chuyn vng vi mng dng cng ngh CDMA, c th l S-Fone v gn y l E-phone.
- Chuyn vng quc t
Dch v ny c kh nng chuyn vng sng sang mt mng ca nh cung cp dch v vin thng
nc ngoi. y l li ch dnh cho khch du lch v nhng ngi hay i nhiu ni trn th gii.
Tuy nhin, loi hnh ny c th gp nhiu trc trc v cc nc c di bng tn khc nhau, v d hu
ht u dng bng tn 900/1800 MHz, cn M v mt s nc chu M dng di 850/1900 MHz.
V vy, khi mua in thoi i nhiu nc khc nhau, bn cn ch chn loi c 3 - 4 di
tn.
Khi mun dng dch v chuyn vng, khch hng phi l thu bao tr sau v ti cc trung tm
ng k. Ton b cc ph s c ghi vo ha n thanh ton cui thng. Mt s mng c th yu
cu khch hng n l t cc trc mt s tin, cn nhng i tng nh doanh nghip, thu bao
VIP... s c min.
Chuyn vng trong mng Internet
Hnh thc ny p dng vi cc account ng k s dng Internet. y l kh nng truy cp mng
ton cu khi i xa nh m ch vi mc gi ni ht hoc r hn so vi chi ph gi ng di. V d:
bn ng k ti khon s dng Internet ca mt nh cung cp dch v ti H Ni v du lch ti
Hong Kong. Thay v tr tin kt ni ng di v H Ni, bn ch cn tr chi ph kt ni Hong
Kong v mt t tin dch v chuyn vng.
Chuyn vng cho Internet c thc hin khi cc nh cung cp dch v Internet (ISP) c tha
thun h tr khch hng truy cp Internet theo gi ni vng. Mt phn mm chuyn bit s cho
php cc ISP tnh ton c chi ph ca ngi s dng.
- Ngi dng phi thu dch v ca mt ISP c tha thun chuyn vng quc t ti nc mnh.
- Vi tha thun ny, bn s xc nh c mt ISP thnh ph mnh ang ti.
- im n ny, ngi dng c th gi theo s in thoi c ch nh ca ISP thng qua
modem ca my tnh, in thng tin login mng xc nh ISP "nh" ca bn.
- ISP "ngoi" s lin h vi ISP "ni" kim tra tnh xc thc ca thng tin.
- ISP "ngoi" s cho php ngi s dng truy cp Internet, truy cp hm th t my ch mail
"qu nh".
- Ngi s dng s c tnh ph theo gi in thoi ni ht, ngoi ra, ty vo mc gi dch v m
hai nh cung cp tha thun, ISP c th tnh thm mt khon theo gi hoc theo thng.
Cu 8:Qu trnh pht trin t GSM ln 3G,4G ?
Tr li
T GSM LN 3G
Con ng tin ti 3G duy nht ca GSM l CDMA bng thng rng. Trn th trng chu u,
WCDMA c gi l H thng vin thng di ng ton cu (UMTS). Trong cu trc dch v 3G,
cn c bng thng rt ln v nh th cn nhiu ph tn hn. Cc nh cung cp dch v chu u
dng hn 100 t USD mua ph tn cho cc dch v 3G; cc nh cung cp dch v khc trn th
gii cng phn b ph 3G. Hoa K, FCC cha th nhanh chng phn b bt c ph no cho
cc dch v 3G. Hoa K c khong 190MHz ph tn phn b cho cc dch v v tuyn di ng
trong khi phn cn li ca th gii ch c phn b 400 MHz. V th c th tin rng s pht trin
ln 3G Hoa K s rt khc vi phn cn li ca th gii.

 n 3G c l cn phi i qua giai on 2,5G. Ni chung, 2.5 G bao gm mt hoc tt c cc

cng ngh sau: D liu chuyn mch gi tc cao (HSCSD), Dch v v tuyn gi chung
(GPRS), Tc d liu nng cao cho s pht trin GSM hay ton cu (EDGE).
HSCSD l phng thc n gin nht nng cao tc . Thay v mt khe thi gian, mt trm di
ng c th s dng mt s khe thi gian kt ni d liu. Trong cc ng dng thng mi hin
nay, thng thng s dng ti a 4 khe thi gian, mt khe thi gian c th s dng hoc tc
9,6kbit/s hoc 14,4kbit/s. y l cch khng tn km nhm tng dung lng d liu ch bng cch
nng cp phn mm ca mng (d nhin l c cc my tng thch HSCSD). Nhng nhc im
ln nht ca n l cch s dng ti nguyn v tuyn. Bi y l hnh thc chuyn mch knh,
HSCSD ch nh vic s dng cc khe thi gian mt cch lin tc, thm ch ngay c khi khng c
tn hiu trn ng truyn.
Gii php tip theo l GPRS v dng nh l gii php c nhiu nh cung cp la chn. Tc
d liu ca n c th ln ti 115,2kbit/s bng vic dng 8 khe thi gian. N c quan tm v l h
thng chuyn mch gi, do n khng s dng ti nguyn v tuyn mt cch lin tc m ch thc
hin khi c mt ci g gi i. GPRS c bit thch hp vi cc ng dng phi thi gian thc
nh email, lt Web. Trin khai h thng GPRS th tn km hn h thng HSCSD. Mng ny cn
cc thnh phn mi, cng nh cn sa i cc thnh phn hin c nhng n c xem l bc i
cn thit tin ti tng dung lng, dch v. Mt mng GSM m khng c kh nng GPRS s
khng tn ti lu trong tng lai. Vit Nam, qu IV nm nay, Vinaphone v MobiFone cng
trin khai GPRS.
Bc tip theo l ci tin GSM thnh Tc d liu nng cao cho s pht trin GSM hay ton cu
(EDGE), tng tc d liu ln ti 384kbit/s vi 8 khe thi gian. Thay v 14,4kbit/s cho mi khe
thi gian, EDGE t ti 48kbit/s cho mt khe thi gian. tng ca EDGE l s dng mt phng
php iu ch mi c gi l 8PSK. EDGE l mt phng thc nng cp hp dn i vi cc
mng GSM v n ch yu cu mt phn mm nng cp trm gc. N khng thay th hay ni ng
hn cng tn ti vi phng php iu ch kha dch ti thiu Gaussian (GMSK), c s dng
trong GSM, nn cc thu bao c th tip tc s dng my di ng c ca mnh nu khng cn c
cung cp cht lng dch v tt hn. Xt trn kha cnh k thut, cng cn gi li GMSK c v
8PSK ch c hiu qu vng hp, vi vng rng vn cn GMSK. Nu EDGE c s dng cng
vi GPRS th s kt hp ny c gi l GPRS nng cp (EGPRS), cn s kt hp ca EDGE v
HSCSD c gi l ECSD.
Cu 9:a truy nhp trong h thng GSM ?
Tr li
K thut a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA)
H thng t bo s Bc M ( NADC) c gi l DAMPS v TDMA. Bi v h thng AMPS c
trc h thng t ong s, DAMPS s dng cc giao thc thit lp ging nh h thng AMPS tng
t .K thut a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian TDMA c cc thuc tnh sau :
1. Tiu chun IS-54 ch nh lu lng trn cc knh thoi s ho.
2. Qu trnh thc hin ban u tng gp ba ln dung lng cuc gi ca h thng AMPS
3. Dung lng c tng ln t 6 n 15 ln so vi h thng AMPS
4. S dng nhiu khi ph tn s di tn s 800 MHz v 1900 MHz.
5. Mi tn hiu truyn dn l tn hiu s
6. ng dng TDMA/FDMA cho php 3 ngi gi trn mt sng mang v tuyn (sau ny l 6
ngi gi ch Half Rate : tc bit gim i mt na so vi trc ) gp ba ln so vi h
thng AMPS.
TDMA l mt trong s cc k thut c s dng trong thng tin lin lc v tuyn. K thut
TDMA cung cp mi khe thi gian gn cho mt cuc thoi nn nhiu cuc thoi c th chim cng
mt bng thng. Mi cuc gi c gn vi mt khe thi gian nht nh. Trong mt s h thng t
bo, cc gi thng tin c m ho c gi trong mi khe thi gian v c lp rp li ti thit b
nhn thnh cc thnh phn thoi ban u.

TDMA s dng cc di tn v s phn knh ging nh h thng AMPS. Ging nh h thng

NAMPS, TDMA cung cp nhiu hn t ba cho n su ln s knh trong cng mt bng thng so
vi mt knh n l trong h thng AMPS. Khng ging nh NAMPS, cc h thng s c bin
php nn ph tn s s dng truyn thng tin thoi bng cch nn cc khong thi gian trng v
d tha trong mt cuc thoi thng thng. TDMA l mt tiu chun s v c rng bng thng
l 30KHz. Bng cch s dng b m ho thoi s ho, h thng TDMA c th s dng ln n 6
knh trong cng mt bng thng trong khi h thng AMPS ch s dng c 1 knh.
K thut a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian m rng ( E-TDMA)
Tiu chun TDMA m rng c th tng dung lng ln gp 15 ln so vi h thng t bo s.
iu ny c c bng cch nn thi gian lng ting trong cuc thoi. E-TDMA phn chia mt s
lng hu hn tn s sang nhiu khe thi gian hn h thng TDMA, nh m c th phc v
ng thi nhiu cuc thoi hn.
K thut truy nhp v tuyn c nh ( Fixed Wireless Access : FWA)
K thut truy nhp v tuyn c nh l mt dch v chuyn mch a phng trn nn v tuyn
trong cc sng mang dng chung cung cp dch v in thoi. Xut pht t mt ng dng cho
cc vng nng thn, k thut ny lm gim ng k chi ph cho mng hu tuyn thng thng.
Cng ngh FWA m rng dch v thoi cc vng nng thn bng cch thay th cc mch vng
hu tuyn a phng bng thng tin v tuyn. Cc tn gi khc cho truy nhp v tuyn gm c
mch vng c nh, truy nhp v tuyn c nh , thoi v tuyn, vng v tuyn, v tuyn c nh,
truy nhp v tuyn, v Ionica. Cc h thng FWA trin khai cc k thut truy nhp TDMA hoc
CDMA.
K thut a truy nhp phn chia theo m (Code Division Multiple Access : CDMA)
K thut truy nhp phn chia theo m CDMA l mt chun giao din s, dung lng h thng
c th t gp t 8 cho n 15 ln so vi h thng tng t. K thut tri ph n bng c s
dng trong qun s c thng mi ho. Da trn nn tng ca l thuyt tri ph, CDMA cng
cung cp cc dch v nh dch v thoi hu tuyn nhng khc bit cn bn l cch thc truy nhp
n cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng ni vng l qua thoi v tuyn. Nhng ngi s dng
c tch bit bi cc m, nn thc t h c th chia s cng mt tn s sng mang v nh gii
quyt c trit vn ti s dng tn s nh trong h thng AMPS v NAMPS. Tt c cc cell
CDMA c th s dng cng mt di tn 1.25 MHz nh vn quy hoch tn s trong mi
trng CDMA s n gin i rt nhiu.
Cu 10:Phn tch cc thng s k thut c bn lp vt l trong h thng WCDMA
Tr li
Cc knh truyn ti c x l tip theo bng cch ghp vo cc knh vt l. Knh vt l c
qun l v x l ti lp vt l. Vic x l y thc hin nhng k thut bin i cn thit nhm
tng thch c tnh truyn dn v tuyn v m bo cht lng tn hiu cao nht.
Knh ng ln:Hai knh dnh ring:
- DPDCH (truyn d liu) :
- DPCCH (truyn bo hiu)
- Mt knh truy cp chung RACH.
Hu ht cc trng hp mi cuc gi ch c cp mt knh DPDCH cho cc dch v chia s thi
gian. Cng c th cp nhiu knh, chng hn c h s tri ph ln khi truyn d liu tc cao.

Tc truyn WCDMA ng ln
- Knh DPDCH dng :
+ Truyn pilot cho thu tng can.
+ Truyn bit iu khin cng sut.
+ Truyn tin tc v tc .
Knh ng xung
- Knh vt l iu khin chung (s cp v th cp) CCPCH mang: BCCH, PCH, PACH.
- Knh SCH cung cp nh thi v MS o lng SCH phc v chuyn giao.
- Knh dnh ring (DPDCH v DPCCH) ghp knh theo thi gian. K hiu pilot c ghp
knh trn BCCH(theo thi gian) phc v thu tng quan. V cc k hiu pilot l dnh ring cho
mi kt ni nn n c dng nh gi s hot ng thch ng ca anten, h tr iu khin cng
sut nhanh hng xung. CCPCH s cp mang BCCH v knh pilot chung c ghp knh theo
thi gian. CCPCH c m nh nhau trong tt c cc cell.

Cu trc ca knh dnh ring

- CCPCH th cp ghp knh theo thi gian PCH vi PACH trong cu trc siu khung. Tc
bn tin CCPCH l kh bin t cell ny sang cell khc.

Cu trc knh CCPCH

- Knh SCH- knh ng b, s dng cho th tc ng b mng. Dng khi thc hin th tc nh v
v ng b mng.

Cu trc ca knh ng b SCH

- SCH s cp khng iu ch cung cp nh thi xc nh SCH th cp m SCH th cp c
iu ch cung cp tin tc xc m PN ca BS. SCH s cp s dng m 256 bits khng iu ch, pht
mi ln 1 khe. SCH th cp m 256 bits c iu ch, pht song song vi SCH s cp. SCH th cp
c iu ch vi chui nh phn 16 bits (c lp cho mi khung). Chui iu ch ging nhau vi tt
c BS c t tng quan tt.

- Knh PRACH Knh vt l truy xut ngu nhin, c s dng hng ln mang thng
tin truy xut mng. Trong mt vi trng hp dng pht thng tin s liu gi. Hnh 9 cho ta ci
nhn s b v cht lng khe thi gian truy cp ca knh RACH.

Cht lng khe thi gian truy cp ca knh RACH

V.RADAR V H THNG NH V TON CU
Cu 1:Radar l g v ng dng ca radar
Tr li
nh ngha
Radar, hay ra a, l thut ng vit tt ca RAdio Detection and Ranging (d tm v nh
v bng sng v tuyn) hay ca Radio Angle Detection and Ranging (d tm v nh v gc
bng sng v tuyn) trong ting Anh
Radar l thit b pht, thu v phn tch sng v tuyn phn x li nhm pht hin, phn bit,
thu thp nhng tin tc v nhng mc tiu cn phi nm bt
ng dng
Radar pht hin ra v tr ,vn tc ca vt th .Trong 1 s h thng tin tin cn xc nh
c hnh dng ca chng .
ng dng Radar o khong cch , din tch a l ,tm v nh v ngoi khi.
Radar cng c s dng nghin cu cc hnh tnh v tng in ly thuc h mt tri ,
pht hin cc tia sng v cc vt th di chuyn ngoi khng gian.
Trong hng khng dn dng
My bay dn dng c trang b cc thit b Radar cnh bo chng ngi vt , thm
d ng i v a ra cao chnh xc.
My bay c th h cnh trong sng m ti cc sn bay c trang b h thng iu
khin mt t c h tr bi Radar.Trong ng bay c theo di trn mn hnh
Radar
H thng Radar dn ng iu khin t xa cho my bay c pht trin vo nm
1960.
ng dng trong qun s
Radar c s dng pht hin my bay v tu ca i phng.
Radar iu khin ho lc tiu dit mc tiu.
Radar dn ng cho khng qun tim kch , oanh tc cc mc tiu khng nhn thy
c

Cc h thng gim st v dn ng Radar c s dng cho nghin cu khoa hc v

phng th.
Cho h thng phng th pha Bc nc M chnh ph pht trin (c.1950-63) 1 h thng
Radar c xem nh h thng cnh bo sm tn la n o-BMEWS(Ballistic Missile
Early Warning System ) , c lp t Thule, Greenland; Clear, Alaska; and
Yorkshire, England .
Mt h thng Radar c xem nh h thng dn ng v kim sot khng gian Space Detention and Tracking System (SPADATS), hot ng cng tc gia Canada
v M , dn ng v tinh nhn to quan st tri t.
ng dng trong kh tng
Ma l mc tiu l tng cho S-Band Radar (~10cm)
n v Radar thi tit c thnh lp M vo thp k 60.(WSR-57)
Cu 2:Phn bit radar CW v radar xung
Tr li
Radar CW:

Range =

c*t
8 2

c = 3 x 10 m/sec
t : thi gian t lc tn hiu pht cho n lc tn hiu thu.Chia 2 bi v sng i c qung ng l
2 ln khong cch t Radar n mc tiu
Pulse Width (PW)Chiu di hoc thi gian ca mt xung
Pulse Repetition Time (PRT = 1/PRF)PRT l thi gian t u ca mt xung vo u tip theo
PRF l tn s m ti cc xung lin tip c truyn i.
PW c th xc nh phm vi pht hin ca radar ti thiu; PW c th xc nh ti a tm pht hin
ca radar.
PRF c th xc nh phm vi ti a m radar pht hin c

Continuous Wave Radar

Truyn pht sng radar lin tc.

ng thi truyn tn hiu v thu tn hiu
S dng hiu ng Dopple.(Hiu ng dch tn s)

Cu 3:Nguyn l lm vic ca radar Doppler

Tr li
Radar Doppler cho php tc ca mc tiu c o bng hiu ng Doppler. Khi mt tn hiu t
mt radar c phn tn bng cch nhm mc tiu mt, tn s ca n l thay i tng ng vi tc
ca mc tiu. Bng cch o s thay i trong tn s, mt radar Doppler c th suy ra tc ca
mc tiu.
s dng PRF cao tc trnh m
tm ngn r rng, m phm vi m rng hn
s truy cp nhiu hn cho mi mc tiu tng nhy cm
Cu 4:Phn tch s nhp nhng hay khng r rng trong radar xung
Tr li
Xung ngn(xung chiu di ~ 1s) ca bc x RF c truyn vi cc khong tng i di (T
(PRF)) ~ ms) gia chng. PRF l s lp li xung tn s

Thi gian tr gia tn hiu v phn nh cho T truyn nhiu n mc tiu

 S tr thi gian ca 1s tng ng vi mt gia tng trong phm vi 150m

mt t bo T / R c kt ni gia cc b truyn v nhn bo v my thu nhy cm t cc xung
in cao t my pht. iu ny v hiu ha cc my thu
Phm vi ti a ca radar l khi TR =T(PRF) . i vi phm vi cn l echo tr v sau khi s truyn
giao ca xung tip theo.
Phm vi m ca radar echo xy ra khi tn hiu tr li khi n xung tip theo ang c truyn v
nhn b v hiu ha - tc l TR =T(PRF) .iu ny tng t nh phm vi r rng ti a.
trnh phm vi m v phn bit cc mc tiu l vt ra ngoi phm vi r rng ti a mt
bin PRF nn c s dng.
Nu chng ta kt hp cc phn nh t cc xung mt s, mc tiu vi R < R(unambiguous) tt c s
c s chm tr thi i vi cc tn hiu truyn qua ng, nhng nhng ngi s xut hin c
mt s chm tr binbi v h thc s c ngun gc t mt xung truyn trc .

phn gii khong radar l kh nng ca radar phn bit hai mc tiu vi phm vi tng t.
Ngh quyt ny c xc nh bi thi gian xung. Khong thi gian nh nht m cc radar c th
gii quyt c cung cp cho mt lot cc phn gii c 2. Nu = 1s phn gii phm vi
l 150m.

phn gii gc ca radar c xc nh bi cc rng bp sng ca anten, l ln lt c

thit lp bi cc tn s hot ng v ng knh ng ten (radian) / D.
Tr li
max l tr truyn sng ln nht tc l tr so vi mc tiu xa nht
2.d max
max=
c
khi tha mn iu kin T > max khng cn hin tng nhp nhng lc tr cc mc tiu nm
trong ca s quan st

1 d1=
2d2=

1.c
2

2.c
2

Cu 5:Phng trnh radar

Tr li
Radar cross-section(RCS)tit din ca Radar
Do ,tn hiu phn x c th c xc nh bng mt nng lng ti mc tiu nhn vi RCS

Mt nng lng ti my thu t tn hiu phn x l:

Khi nhn vi vng chu nh hng ca ngten Radar Ta c :

Phng trnh radar

Cu 6:Nguyn l o khong cch dng radar
Tr li
Nguyn l
Sng c pht i v sau my thu s thu tn hiu tr v.
Radar xc nh c vt th nh vo sng phn x li. V RADAR cng xc nh tnh cht
ca vt th nh vo sng phn x li.

H thng Radar in hnh bao gm :1 my pht v thu sng v tuyn t cng v tr ,thng
s dng chung 1 ngten.

Cu 7:Vai tr v ng dng ca h thng nh v v tinh

Tr li
Vai tr:
GPS l h thng xc nh v tr da trn cc v tinh nhn to. Trong cng mt thi im, mt v
tr trn mt t nu xc nh c khong cch n ba v tinh (ti thiu) th s tnh c ta ca
v tr .
ng dng:
H thng nh v v tinh (GPS) Taxi ton cu: H thng nh v taxi da trn nn tng cng ngh
nh v GPS v cng ngh GPRS gip cho Qu khch hng c th nh v c v tr,tc xe ang
di chuyn,...Ngoi ra qua cn cho thy cc thng tin sau y:
- S xe ang c khch
- S xe ang ch n khch
- S xe ang trn ng n khch ( Optional khi dng thm phn mm G. Operate)
- S xe ang gp s c Emergency
- V tr chnh xc ca bt k xe no
- Gim st hng di chuyn ca mt xe bt k
- Danh sch cc xe vt qu tc
- Danh sch cc xe chy ngoi phm vi cho php
- ............
ng dng cng ngh nh v ton cu GPS trong bi ton qun l xe bu chnh: cc thng tin
v phng tin vn chuyn bu chnh nh: Ta hin ti, Tc vn chuyn, Tuyn ng di
chuyn, nhin liu tiu hao s c cp nht v trung tm iu khin, lu tr theo c s d liu
(CSDL) v da trn CSDL ny trung tm c th tnh ton v nhin liu ca tng phng tin vn
chuyn bu chnh, kim tra c s c khi vn chuyn, ti u ho iu hnh cc tuyn bu chnh.
Nghin cu ng dng h nh v ton cu (GPS) v cng ngh thng tin: thu thp, cp nht v
qun l d liu c s h tng
ng dng GPS trong lnh vc Gio dc: Chng trnh thit b Bn & GIS Gio dc (Mapping
& GIS Educator) gii thiu nhng gii php n gin v a dng, to iu kin thun li nht cho
cc t chc gio dc, thc hin vic ging dy v cng ngh GPS v
GIS cho hc vin
ng dng GPS trong lnh vc Ti nguyn thin nhin: Cc lnh vc m cng ngh GPS v GIS
c nhng nh hng mnh m phi k n l qun l mi trng, qun l rng, quy hoch v
pht trin nng nghip, iu tra v khai thc m. Mi ngy, cng ngh GIS li h tr c lc hn
cho con ngi trong vic gii quyt cc vn phc tp nh bo tn ng vt hoang d, qun l
nng sut nng nghip, kim sot cht lng ngun nc v khng kh, dch bnh v s di chuyn
cng nh pht trin ca cc thm ho tim tng.
ng dng GPS trong lnh vc Du & Kh t: thnh lp cc bn , thu thp gim st v phn
tch s liu thc a. Cc gii php cng ngh khng gian c th lm n gin i tt c t vic thnh
lp bn cc ti sn c nh nh h thng ng ng v cc u ni ng ng n vic s dng
chng cho duy tu bo dng, m rng hay trin khai cc chng trnh khc phc khi c s c
xy ra.
ng dng GPS trong C quan chnh ph: cung cp gii php hon chnh cho cc c quan thnh
ph, cc n v qun s, cc cc bo v ti nguyn thin nhin v bt k c quan chnh ph no c
nhu cu qun l s liu nhm mc ch h tr vic ra cc quyt nh nhanh chnh xc nht.
Cu 8:GPS v ng dung ?
Tr li
Khi nim
H thng nh v v tinh (Ting Anh: Global Positioning System - GPS) l h thng xc nh v tr
da trn v tr ca cc v tinh nhn to. Trong cng mt thi im, mt v tr trn mt t nu xc
nh c khong cch n ba v tinh (ti thiu) th s tnh c ta ca v tr .
ng dng:

- ng dng sn trong my nh v : Hay dng chm im-gip xc nh v tr ca bn, tc

v hng di chuyn cng vi cao hin thi .
- o tc : Tnh nng ny hot ng nh ng h o tc , qung ng. y l tnh khong
cch, qung ng bn i c, thi gian, vn tc trung bnh.
-ng dng trong o c trong nng nghip ,lm nghip
-ng dng trong giao thng cnh bo cho ngi li xe bit khu vc tc ng ,tai nan...hay khi c
xe khc n gn
-Thnh lp bn s gip nh v tra cu qun l ti nguyn,qun l h tng cng cng.