MATEMATIKA TEKNIK

Integration
Estimate area with finite sum
o Dividing interval [a,b] of graph by n subintervals of equal width
o Width of each subintervals: x = (b-a)/n
o Sum of estimate area: A f(c1) x + f(c2) x + f(c3) x + ... + f(cn)
n

x = x(f(c1) + f(c2) + f(c3) + ... + f(cn)) = x f(ci ) , where for:

i1

1. Upper sum: f(ci) is the maximal value on each interval

2. Lower sum: f(ci) is the minimal value on each interval
3. Middle sum: f(ci) is the middle value on each interval
Definite integral
n

o Limits of x f(ci ) when n ->

i1

f(x)dx limx f(c)

a

i1

o Theorem of integral:
1. Existence of definite integral: if a function f is continuous on an
interval [a, b], then its definite integral over [a, b] exists.
2. Mean value theorem: if f(x) is integrable then at some point c on
this interval f(c)

1
f(x)dx
b a a

3. Fundamental theorem of Calculus: If f is continuous on [a, b]

b

then F(x) = f(x)dxis continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on

a

f(x)dx= F(b) F(a)

and its derivative is f(x), and

Indefinite integration
o Definite integral applied for all intervals
o Symbol: f(x)dx
o Substitution rule: If u=g(x) is a differentiable function whose range
is an interval I and is continuous on I, then
b

g(b)

g(a)

(x)dx f(u)du
(x)dx f(u)du
, and f(g(x))g'
f(g(x))g'

Application
o Volume of slicing area:
1. Sketch the solid and a typical cross-section.
2. Find a formula for A(x), the area of a typical cross-section.
3. Find the limits of integration.
4. Integrate A(x) using the Fundamental Theorem.
o Volume by cylindrical shells

1. Draw the region and sketch a line segment across it parallel to

the axis of revolution. Label the segments height or length (shell
height) and distance from the axis of revolution (shell radius).
2. Find the limits of integration for the thickness variable.
3. Integrate the product 2(shell radius) (shell height) with respect
to the thickness variable (x or y) to find the volume.
o Length of plane:
b

1. Parametric curve:

f'(t)

g'(t) dt
2

2. f(x) curve:

1 f'(t) dt

o Area of revolution surface

b

2
1. f(x) curve: 2f(x) 1 f'(t) dt , f(y) curve:
a

2f(y) 1 f'(t)

dt

2
2
2. Parametric curve: 2g(x) f'(t) g'(t) dt (about x-axis),
a

2f(x) f'(t)

g'(t) dt (about y axis)

2

3. Pappus Theorem: If an arc of a smooth plane curve is revolved

once about a line in the plane that does not cut through the arcs
interior, then the area of the surface generated by the arc equals
the length of the arc times the distance traveled by the arcs
centroid during the revolution. If is the distance from the axis of
revolution to the centroid, then S = 2L
o Workdone: The work done by a variable force F(x) directed along the
b

x-axis from x=a to x=b is

F(x)dx
a

First-Order Differential Equation

dy
F(x,y)
dx

Standard form:

There are two solution:

o General solution: ... + C
o Particular solution: ... + 5, ... + 3, etc.
Standard form of first-order linear differential equation:

dy
P(x)y Q(x)
dx

Solution:
o Set V(x) = e P(x)dx
o Multiply both side with V(x)
o Then we get y

Trancendental Function

V(x)Q(x)dx
V(x)

Invers function
o f-1(x) = y if f(y) = x
1
o Derivatives of inverse: (f )'(x)

Natural logarithm
o if ex = y then x = ln y
d(lnx) 1
1
o
, then dx lnx c
dx
x
x
o

1
f'(f'(x))

d(lnu(x)) 1
1

u'(x),then
u'(x)
dx ln u(x) c
dx
u(x)
u(x)

Exponential function:
o ex = ln-1 x
o ax = ex ln a
o
o
o
o

d x
e ex , exdx ex C
dx
d u
du
e eu
, eudu eu C
dx
dx
d u
du
au
a au lna
, audx
C
dx
dx
lna
da
1
du
logu

dx
u lna dx

o Exponential growth and decay: y=y0ekt, k is rate constant

Inverse trigonometric function
o Derivatives:

d(sin1u)

dx

d(tan1u)
1
du d(cot1u)
1
du
,

2
2
dx
dx
1 u dx
1 u dx

1
1 u2

1
d(sec
u)

dx
u

1
du d(cos
u)
1
du

,
, |u| < 1
dx
dx
1 u2 dx

1
du d(csc
u)

,
2
dx
u 1 dx
u

du
, |u| > 1
u 1 dx
2

o Integration:

a u
2

du sin1

1
1
u
du tan1 C
2
a
a
u
1

u
C, for a 0 and u2 < a2
a

u a
2

du

1
u
sec1
C,
a
a

Hyperbolic function
o Basic

sinhx

ex e x
ex e x
, coshx
2
2

ex e x
ex e x
,
coth
x

ex ex
ex ex
2
2
sechx x
, cschx x
x
e e
e ex
tanhx

for |u|> a > 0

 cosh2 x sinh2 x = 1
sinh 2x = 2.sinh x.cosh x
cosh 2x = cosh2x + sinh2x
o Derivatives

d
d
sinhx coshx,
coshx sinhx
dx
dx
d
d
2
2
tanhx sech
x,
cothx csch
x
dx
dx
d
d
sechx sechx tanhx ,
cschx cschx cothx
dx
dx

o Inverse

1
csch
x sinh1

1
1
1
, sech1x cosh1 , coth1x tanh1
x
x
x

Series and sequences

Converges and diverges
an1
o Ratio test: nlim
a
n
n a
o Root test: nlim
n

o >1 dinverges, <1 converges, =1 inconclusive

Taylor-Maclaurin Series

f (k)(a)
(x a)k for any a in the interval
o Taylor series generated by
k!
k 0

f (k)(0) k
x
o Maclaurin series generated at a=0
k!
k0

f (k)(a)
(x a)k
o Taylor polynomial of order n: Pn(x) =
k!
k 0
i
o Euler identity: e = cos - i sin
Fourrier Series
o

a0 (akcoskx bksinkx)

o a0 =

k1

1
2

f(x)dx, ak =
0

kxdx, bk =
f(x)cos
0

Complex Number
i = 1 (can also denotate by j)
Complex number: z = a + bi
o if b=0, z is real number
o if a=0, z is pure imaginary number
Complex conjugate: if z = a + bi, then z* = a- bi
Rectangular form: a + bi
Polar form: r(cos + i sin ) = rej
o r = magnitude = a2 b2 z z*
o = argument = tan1

b
a

kxdx
f(x)sin
0

Operation
o z1 + z2 = (a1 + a2) + j(b1 + b2), z1 - z2 = (a1 + a2) - j(b1 + b2)
o z1z2 = (r1r2)ej(1+2)
z1
r
o
= 1 ej(1-2)
z2
r2
N
N jN
o z =r e
o

1
N

2n
j(
)
N

zr e