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    Facies Models RESPONSE TO SEA LEVEL CHANGE Edited by Roger G. Walker and Noel P. James Geological Association of Canada L’Association géologique du Canada ‘Cansclan Cataloguing in Pubtcation Data Main enity undertie: Faces models: response t sea letel change Incides bstogaphica ferences. (sonosrecreo8 1, Facies (ology), Web, Roger 1. lames, NO@IP, I. Goslogicl Assocation of Canada eesires wie S617 ozone lusttion Concept: Peer Rute, Wateroo -Adional copies maybe obined by tng to ‘Oelogel Assocation of Canaca Pustestone Deparment of Ear Sciences Memoral Univers of Neweundand ‘St Jobe, Newourland AB 3X8 Ganade ‘Typedeting ana Printing lve Ping Service Li ‘Autroraaton to phetooopy ems for Item or persona ‘tee, or hs lama or personal ose of epaibe ces, ranted by the Goolosical Associaton of Canada for Fovores ahd einer users regletered withthe Cooyeaht Clearance Cars’ (CCC) Transactions! Reporing Serve, provides hal he base fo! $300 por copy is pad ety {b.oce, 21 Congress Stet, Salem, Maseaetusets 01970, Usa o9r92te498 3.09 + 0.00, ‘Tho ove pamision oss not extend o ther nds of toying ich ae opyig for General arbuton fade ‘Snp ot promatonal purposes, for eresing New eaectve ‘wo, of or ose. For such cxpying aangerants must DDomace wih the publisher avanco of pubteaton. LUnesoiationplolopque dy Carada accord faucrsaton ‘e prolocopier da coeurente pour ur Usage ene a Dersonel, 0 pout Tuigaton item ou pereonnatl 3o ‘lone pericle's, aux pbloteques et aus ussteus iscits au Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Trane ltovoral Reporting Senioe, In condton gue lott de ace de 0$ par copie st soll peye recon au Cen, 2 Gongree See. Selon, Mazeachusets 01970, USA Osteaieae-sss00 000 Le presente pomision ne sapptique pas a autres genes de reproaicon,notanmart a reprositon on sce Zune Sutiouon gel, des fe de pubiate au oo pore Ie event, Oana ens eas faut prone lea dapoatore fu sinposent on commurigant en ackonce avec oateut de Asocteon, CONTENTS PAAT L- PRINCIPLES, TOOLS AND CONCEPTS. J/1. Facies, facies models and modem stratigraphic concent Roger @. Waker 2 Control f sea level change ‘A Guy Pit, Nicholas Eyes, Gaoim H. Eyles and Roger G. Walker 9, Subsudace facies analysis Douglas J. Cant 4. Trave fos facies modes: environmental and alostratigraphic significance SS. George Pemberton, James A. MacEachem and Robert W. Frey PART I~ TERRIGENOUS CLASTIC FACIES MODELS 5, Glacial depostiora systems Nicholas Eves and Carolyn H. Eyles 6. Voleaniciastic rocks Jean Lajos and John Sic 7. Alia! deposits ‘new D. Mia 8 Eolan eystoms Michao!€ Brookiid 8. Dakias sJeook P. Bhattacharya and Roger G. Walker 10. Transgreesive bar island and estuarine systems : Gerald. ernson 41, Tidal depositonal systems Robert W. Dalrymple 12, Wave- and torn dominated shallow marin systems Fogor G. Walker and A. Guy Pint 13, Tutistes and submarine fans Roger @. Walker PART Il - CARBONATE AND EVAPORITE FACIES MODELS “4. ntocution to carbonate and evaporie faces models Noe! P. James and Alan C: Kendal 15,_ Shallow plasorm carbonates {ran Jones and Ancré Desrochers 16, Portal carbonates Bran Fi Prat, Noel P. James and Chaton A. Cowan 17. Roots ans mounds Noel P. vames and Pore André Bourque 18, Carbonate slopes ‘Mario Conig and George ®. Dx 49, Evap00t0§ on ‘lan ©. Kendall 2 a 101 19 cry 17 179 195 ae 29 265 arr Preface tn the summer of 1989, te Geologic Association of Cena asked us whether t was wot f epithe Second edit ot Face Modo Mast oft aus fe that ne word of sedmerisry golgy had changed dar cally since the second oditon was publshd in 1984 Fewating rater tan rprting was saceseary. Thar new much rere nfornabon o spate aces. Soe fund Imontl eancop Have changed and, most important, atraphy nas reemerged a8 a primary enayice! 10! Dynami conls on sedmentation mth form fs level change, econés, climate and bite ovluton, rust Be raxported te contemporary tases modeling, Ts value ls notated eben nore pt of he Gooscionce Canada repit series Depositonal envio ‘ments hve Ben eubced i erent way, shore Mave ‘he vue gore beyond being a mer revision. When pre Eminay pane for tus voume eveulated “tough the ‘rapevme, Ban Ft wes on of the fs 0 voltae pant is chapter We cscused plane for thon ey bore hs tpt Zambian 1900, where ho coiacted & rowedge, Wo wl as ras, he ltivo, Pe contour fens of Bo Frey, who ded Janay. 1962 snow ‘ge has enhanced te chapter on Tce Fossis, bom in the sscend eaten andin ebook, ‘of te new concep incrpoated nti book, perhaps the meet imporant concerns tha dynam conl of £68 level charge. Eustate cls orm te bass of sequence satan nd te Bounding Gazonnules ne gecko ‘eood al ered as a osporse to oa lve change alow [loaratgrahie subdivision othe atatiraphe clan, ‘These fundamontal concep, reviewed in capi 1, frm tne unering theme of he bok authors have ie ‘enphasze not only the indiadual cepostional environ mers, but whee eproprate the esperse to fuetatons ‘sea level another ayumi actors Modeling, however. femaine an mporart focus. Models are but onthe compatcon of modern ana are! ena ‘es. Inthe secord ection seamed posable, when de ‘Sedimentlogcal synthesis which served 66 @ Norm, ule fox obseraions, a prodior,anm ass ore ‘soba run of exarpos tat are homogenous ard can be combined i @ made Fr exampe you mah Be ee {0 combine the sedmenilogial features of ton wave dominated doe Ino ne model. s6m lve! change ded as an important descptive parameter, here may be {veo dias hat have respons oa reaver, fou toa {a0 and tre in whch soa level has not furtated The fre now ieuie!exampis to make power naga medelotecnic parametr, and he eng loreal Boa ae ince, the proiem Docormee mc wore. In {> expla row the various deposi! eytems werk, an how they respond n rer! os fo son level Ratton fand where appropri, ear dynam cor. AI the sae Uime we have sil emphasized as much general a= possble(macelig) The mado wo do prsort are Mote mex. and harder oils n block diagrams. The bak a sired a genera usr re at tient rina, acd we nave ot necessary Cid the su ot ‘very idea prosenoc. The reeronos at he end of each fhapter begin wih base sources of ilormation, where ‘ror deta onthe suber can be loud those reteroncos te anotsted The cher relerences are simpy alpeabe ‘al ora, and are on eccasenalyanotatoa ‘ner conto around the ee ot sackmenttn ya ‘en prs he rsprae to sa level henge. Alou ‘he conor ar aglaw, ere ie Bt feral receaeh naaporated inte. Ove th yar, mucho ths feceaen as been supped by he Nasal Sones ond Enginoesag Reseach Counel of Canada, an by vareus Unories and gavenmant agencies where the sure work Editors and authors grtetuly acknowledge this ‘Bob Baregar (Geological Associaton of Canada) was ‘temety mip geting the Sook moving, and Monica Eston tock aver toward the eden has head wi the technical do of communicating cur wishas tothe pt. However, there ae many ater lige stop 10 be fake betweonwitngamaruscpl ein fr techie! ean, Sn acing It appear betwen he covers ok, We ‘ary haut Jame or ing a rinaean chasers Sra ening at rey al folow the same overs ey, She baston as conaset ard eatabie as pres, ceepe the (itoring steno the sur. Krsion, Ontario FogerG. Waker Hemiton, Ona ‘OBJECTIVES OF FACIES MODELLING Features of recent sediments and Snclant secirantary rocks ean be Combined and condonsed to ea {fans or medals thet characterize faricuor seaertary eminent. mnocem and ancient stuations hae boon emphasized Yom the carst Gays; in 1899 Johannes Walther {coated by Midst, 975, 0. 981) explained tht the trast easing genetic explanations of ancient pe ‘emena ware by anlogy wih mad (eslageal procases A good mesa bodes large amount ef Irma ttn tor diferent examples ofthe ‘ance, meendomng er channels ie theelore an extort poo reer feo forte interpretation of new framales ofthe same systom, 25d let emeunts of data. Te prove Capabilities of odes have largely beam sen te exgloraton oo and (es (en, Chapters 3 12,13, 18, 17) att lesoe exten expert ot nes hosed by sadrereny 00s. Flowover, tne broad undertanng ot Aepostonal syetons is becoming I crensrgly important oselieg the ‘ovement of ground wate and pal Sr uy Sra eens party 2 tinction of the geometry oF Bermeabie and inpermeatie yore {Cnaptr 5). This geometry rg ‘depends on the dopostional pro {eases operating in the oral ee mentary envroment Face modes ‘kp entody ous about how rata edimontary systome work and te ‘aha exon they can be manages” For exarel, a general understanding ‘ot beaches and barre (Chaps 10) ‘ontbutes 19 the souten of coastal ‘rosin probes. In he Missop Data, hoe alge annua and oss 1. Facies, Facies Models and Modern Stratigraphic Concepts ge, Walker, Deparment af Geog, MedaterUnverty, ue we regonal subsidence ard det Imundaten these pects of dota be Iavour ate aa othe gerade faces redo (Chao). inthe fet two edltone of Facies Models. wo‘ to synthesize and toms erinangy deta n Table) and show how Bai depts coud be ‘Sania inthe oologea recor The models we Dull tendea 1 be snap hats ef speae syste at one time (cate bie cagrams) They oera Sed he sedentary procosias op tig vetin the systors rather tan poedsen eal ota aro "Ine mar conootal change ice tne second elton (1908) has beer the recognition ote empotancs of relative sea fevel hutuation (Chap ter 2) The concept nom permeates ftrageapty ard eodimerlogy. 2nd Bangs @ dynare quay to models °F depostional envtorments, Space Srvionments must be modaled 26 Videos rather than snapshots. The ‘ynasos prosoned inthis Book i tomato convey how the erin rant repend to ta vel ctu A SEDMENTOLOGICAL ve he years, many diferent met fod and concep have been soa in the stay of sedimentary rocks. The ‘moaus operand ot way of working co Sedimentary root, depends onthe ‘bjechves. Sues of anit copes {onal ervrnments common bog win sae easement ‘ypes preset har tee-dmensina ‘geometry, and tor ineralsoamer {ory ances. ‘Overview o terminology 2K gossay of terminology usd inthis Caples Brought the book, i Sven n Table 1. The measurement 2 vertical satrap secon mols {hat fl be subavided to a oars of diferent ote, ech with tferort ‘fret aspect ofeach measomert tau i summanzed bythe tor facie {trom the Unin word for aepec, oF ‘copearance of something). rary descriptive characteristics clude Rhelogy, sedmersary structures and Delogeal enue. Durng an neva! study, feces fan commony be roused io fie sonore Fig, On @ boder ‘Say commeniy sought te a base archtectra slemonts of apa ‘isar depostional enveonment For ‘example, ataralaceretion deposi frm an ateecurleloment itn ‘meandering er envrenmonts, 35 Ssoussed in Chaper 7. Facies 30 font occur spi fase succes: Sons (p ), whos one of meet ‘how caracterstos shenges pogrer ‘Sloly upsecton. Thus a succession mont be tered oorseng upward {hore sa pogessve change tan 220, hickningpwara hei 8 change ie tneos of ad! Bads. Propfessvo changos In rock proper ‘bevare also shown up in down Eurvays oto! and gas wos (Chap ter3) Progressive lass sueossions fre commeniy terminated by abrust anges in sology across asconiny fer wren 9 2) en Mt be erosion eutaces, oF suraces of ondepostion. Suen surfaces com: Imonly nave a ditine! trace Foss nature (Chap “Tho traditional doscriptive sate saps scheme for subsiding a st sodrrartary rocks ison tho Getntion of tthologiealy nomoge sous unts (ormatens hat can be Fier eutaidod (members) or com> 2 WAKER ned pops (a. 2) Fema ete et al 1880) eo ecognzes ute ace geomsties inh gece ce and ree are given inthe Nor dened by econnulies and wncan- ‘wooed eppant ee chassis ot ‘eran Segre Com ACS taming hanes en ogee ananeaeeeeues 1389)"Atemotve stratarapn Sealer canon Sons ace Seam aebeaonal nwa Zions dincweanginyorrcon: eage'cerineermonnan soitesaon and anonts Fase he sony dconmues fishin’ ene Nocera te aes nena, fanerinan te mara incages! Sepia gene sera onsen etatendme’uccnns nd rere Theype st seamen atone seule oe mettre Somcte ig wnine eens Daoby Pi & RACSN, 1060, ienal environments canbe equ bag aga par oi to geal er, Te Table Gssyottome usin i chap ad roughout be bok soos ge ne eo a emcees soi Ean "nigh te aye managements sootene ‘acl, facies geometries, and deposiional processes, ™ 7 “ snot" yon nen rnetaran ore ore a Siti ee Ss yy es eno nnn Seaman 7 ea rn co a enna setemamare tna Gane ener canes rma oma acess corp eda ap at oan ec tasensgne seve (atveon, 69,9 207 Face Suction — rca casino oes arctan a egmsve change hone om arms 9, aur ‘etn Mel a grr sunary park poston lan, inelg many indie ear am eats nate Stairagc Seance ~ escent dpe pnt (Glony, Sth. 2) wee «de ses esi erancy sta stan at wt map ogni nao ccph arenes (aon 269, 128, Thes Saat suraces a manu fog sacs, et uncontested soaps Limeabtranhy —"s crac toy saat whom i singh nd dete on he al of charac ant Smear poste? HACSH, 06) snamatytotpealy Morons = oa Sei" ce ging yr tom oo tos Wh Dr eh lon gt "aximam Fleoing Surtees sparing a karegesse stam 9 (eo) fom igh sare be) & commen hase by u conte hereon retleang rey sow dapston, mares is ocing ers ast ons sso he rs ‘hak Wer“ ily ozo Stu ngs at ast an tay ene sures” Och 197,» 57. 2. Pererenee —"s ety coro sist ey ln oo nt ob ymin sng cs ih ene ten? (onmari cat eee 1 ° {uvineent uca~ an nce core pot! agri anagetn aor ee onto groban son he cro ‘Saquatee Saray "es of oct stoop thin vrei evar wu tun kee pec Spon l ntl ed an ts nonce st Satay Pocenrke os 08 a SEER Tad sinter crmpene stirs’ samme et on p, es Pomerat, 30] ow soma "ens neyvolnenee ct natant 1. FACIES MODELS: ‘compatson of modem and ance de- any ferent ways since 1838, wih Bosttional environments, and the arguments cesng cr) whet: he earch tor the processes tel conta! tam mpl an aba ae ot charac ‘hal fadles sueoeerione and goore- _feratcn. ax oppose fo the rock body toss now termed fies modeting sel 2) whthe te tr shoud eer ‘Theae tome and concepts are =. ony Yo “areal rested pars of @ Cues inne fling txt, begaring esigated statgraphie unt (Moors, te smal cae (ses) and working 1949) or also Wo straigraphically pine wre save (ostomstracts). confined rock bodies (as origina Implied by Gressy, and'3) whether FACIES the tm should be purely doscrpave ‘Tha moder geological usage ofthe fmudane ais) or ae napree term face was feasced by Gessly Mul aces). Suede discussions In 188, who sod fo mye sum of hos potas have boon ge Oy tot af he Iologlal and pleonto- Mien (1978), Andenon (185) ard logeal aspects of a saigrapic unt Read (1986). ‘Translations of Gresiye extended detiniton are given by Micalaton Working dentin of facies (1973). The term has been uted in Tho most ual mogem working de FACIES + can be combined into + FACIES ASSOCIATIONS FACIES SUCCESSIONS. ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS ‘comparison of modem ‘and ancient example (Cdistilation’) + FACIES MODELS ‘DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS (GEOGRAPHIC) these models ‘combined with processes ‘characterize DEPOSITIONAL SYSTEMS. linkages of contemporaneous depositional systems + ‘SYSTEMS TRACTS - HIGHSTAND LOWSTAND AND TRANSGAESSIVE. ‘yum bate una Sven taboo rion of faces was given by Milton (4979), who notes a “po mare common (ede) usape if exemplified by do aa! ot 3 (1065) wo aubdied «group of ‘epaton ofa nanber faces cs- tinglsned by “tocogial, sve ‘ual ena organ aspects dete ‘il nthe fel Te faci may be piven informal designations (Faces A a) or tr oseroo Sesgratone (amraio ettone {ass and # ls understood that ‘hey ares at leat be (Quen an erionmantl intro {aton; butte faces detntion 6 ol que objective ar based on ‘he tol eld aspect ofthe rocks Tales. Thay t Bo rit pretaton ef taaas let combine ‘Sbeenatins made on hi spa ‘ators and interalcareces- ties (thology and socimontary rice) wi compere nee tration from other wel-etusieg ‘ratigaphic unis, and periy ‘fom stuces of madam aecmen tay onion DeFINNG FACIES Paces sa be deine on many di ron sales na dy apoctoaly etd to the meretton ot Soe Stina svtomer ter eealy 4 tore atone fo subcide & ‘ook boy oeonsvet aes urs { simsa spec The ea dates {Ga procediro and be dagoe ob Ciisen & governed byte objocves pw sd. ttne Sescrption and interpretation on 8 itge sei, oat toad tse sb Clon ay it, Fe eject ‘ror detated,prnags vowing he {sinomest ofa easing dal {ation ofa new one ‘Sbshcon to rove dl “he aa of sebdwson dope tar not yon the ccives, Bon thous avatabe nthe fl, the yoo prsarnon, athe su. ‘oe ot pyscal ane bloga snc {Seen he ose, Ae sears ot {pistes (Pig. 3) wi boat fo subvde,bu atar ekness ot ‘Mebeddad sandstones and sheloa {cin sburert and vated evanploa ‘ron kesis) niguoe serve waxen 1. FACIES MODELS 5 Faure 2. ps dapan on thesis nc wie Xone oe) large rumbor of distinct tales. | convent of gem aces (200 Chap- A the sxe farcical laments SE teoemeny aera fala ‘ould advsata ering on th side of ters 3 ang) 1 Boreele deta are ut nt on bal, ema srl faces Gotaled subdivision in the eld —- valade he electron and geopys. level, ts besomig doar alm some Set HST es Tete wo rate’ Mus Mine [to 7 ittescen smaye be reconbinadin (cl wel oge also have dierent Soponiona syns, cotan seme Reap oes cece gies | Ean tr lcortay bata cuss fata” aape and may sow te Sevion Sona ervey ect ard ancet Gent andopor anew raeas | ove Venowa betanes ntelab.lface an ince sucess based sadera andin many ere! geo Sewiee Seodeg Serene | Sine SAS ‘bavicen fz bodyo rox nto pone og charectonsice (hep. aetige snd wort The Stombyocseatomgerantamen | oe a facies teaty sd nt be aterted 6) i unbee las unone nas po {Unconieomhony the Maas ad ors Sa Untt ene a taroughly ary wih Ne posed for turictes (Mut and Pel ‘Stem ov ae bang ran ae ‘eet tay Ony Ren wie agpeent FACIES ASSOCIATIONS AND {een tres see Chapter 13) and ‘etageconend rs sep Be | aerprron Gone vray betes craton AROMTECTURAL ELEMENTS Wal (977, 10s) has suggasied @ seen rom the ofatore i ots raed tron set aces mst e deloed Inimanysudiae, tecies have bean Scheme fr Hal Sopot (oe Stang bacesmy hegre 3 Cueerbe ne ust edequeh nite dotnet ona ara sous ~ihounts Chaptor 7). For example, Mill's tert (St) cations Ourng SL the Sut phar sacar cl, ment faces sates Nave reed are only @ few mates in thekness, (1968) channalweovecualsiement fn Gualtatvely assessed combina: and diferences betweon facies are (CH) cosets of any corbnaton of & fone ot isintve sedentary and subte,nwolng (0: example) minor Serbs of defined Ithoacies which ‘rg stctes fg, do Ras! eal, changasin poporien of stand mud, communally have a distinctive elo $365; Willams and Rush, 1969; tevelaive abundance and aversty of gato channel geometry. ks par o he Wisor, 1975 Gan and Wass, 1976, les, end mnorsfereness nthe architecture of almost all modern Scholle ef ay 1983, Waker, 1983). ste of lamination (Walker. 1963). mers, and car be ecngrized m most States methods can aio be used ‘This detalad subdivision commonly alent fi posts, te define lacen cepecaly whee ere tess in a aces scheme where tne Tnddual aces ar tl to be i Star pears roy eco ee rns tsi be moor are Sbiy oie fe Sfroors sacra, exam, he met surace (ate) toeeetacioce | "Beatie Bae O. {he deseipive perancters (eg, tho oreo usetul fo combine closely exad aspect ot a loeal Gepost may be Sa Srarotcteafcon you's ate’ Wee ces noises asnaors Sree he sca ta maa SE Frewborate rece; Imire and Purcy, (Fg. 1), of “foups of faces genet~ der xp ad the erty ot he bank 1962; Klovan, 964; Harbaugh and cay elle to one anahor ard whien citer elements ae lager scale Demirnen, 1964, seo alo Chapter? ave. some anvironmntalsignli-componant ofa depos Ort Bock by Harbaugh and Mariam, ance (Sakon, 186) Then argerfe.gr a er channel T {oe} Urlorunely, sass met Sone facies areocations have alzo more genera in nar bs fluenced ce we ursuted to tergenaus Gaaie been termed eichtactual elements by lea scar, and nance axe ‘Dass where the mos! porn ifr- (Alen, 1989), empying that hey are veaalln te appicaton ration (sedimentary and Biological the bling bike of the varous co Srostures)camot easy be quated. postion systems, Tha cones ol ar FACIES SUCCESSIONS Tn the subsurace, rock bodes can ehtscta elements ako emphases In stabraphc sles, the tem se be Ustned velsmiealy. and diferent the te cmeneanl geomety ofthe quoncehas eco ben gvan a very prof be sotmic rocord may have faces associnvone. Good examples specie cofniton (Tate 1). The tm Sievert aapects bie ghee fon othe sega Chapter. {Boer succession now prlerabe fo the older faces saquerce, The cn Sept of sucoesson mpi thet oo ‘yossvly na epee arecton (et fall o ateraihy, these properies might nuda the proporton of sand (Ganaier-upward sucossion. 9.8), the amountetbetubaton, ere gah tiv of tho sae fares cansenrg: example, altiough the processes forming ied umseale cose bedcing (Pag are essere arse nat fettnge, a crost bedded sanastone facies coud be lormed ina moan fering or tated rr, fal i, Shovetace dominated by slongeho Figure 4. Upper Cronous cose based sandstones ot Bory Gch, Crate. Bod eure ota shot domnald By Hal 1 Recut 1mm Sumer, Dame faces (Chapter 5) Sco, usu Satgape ip te sartcualy acu ive una Figuais ensranmentalinteretaton, Indeed, many tases deine dozer. ‘voy no eld may et fat suggest ro pclear interpretation at al Tee Seyi mteprotaton to ena a the faces communally. contest Thus tne succession in when they cou conus import interme {on hat hs face, coreired dd Uy, canes conte ‘The rlatonehn beeen depos: ‘onal sya In space. and he sultry sratigrapie suzossions do eloped tough ure wes fet eet {ized by Jonanees Wathor (1894, n Iuigtoton, 1979) ints Law of te Consiaion of Facies Walther sated What tis base statement off reaching sguleance Wat on tee ‘ete and facies aos an be super snposed primary which ean be ob served beside tach other at the Sh ew suggest hat navel suc ecben, @ gradsiona anion fom ne adie fancier ipl tate Wo aie oprecent ernment at wore ane ace ataraly, fhe ‘Scions me sharp endo sess there & ro way of krowing whadret tne wetcaly json hoe rapresort ‘ruronmente tet ware once ea adjacent, Indeed, sharp breaks bo {oon facies (mated fr example by Charm sour by fin boturted Firs inpiing nondopoation) may gis imental changes depo: tonal enwoneert a the bear ings of row yas of sedimentation (Go Raa et af 1968). These sharp breats, of ounding asconsnuti, f19 now wed separate stsgraphe Sequences and alosiairepie ots es icused bolo. “Tho relalonshipe between facies posses quantitatively in facies roa fionship diagram (e Hast ef af 1965) 0¢ lbs fos tanation ppobablites. These mabe of faces nase aro not as popular as they wore a fow yeats ago, but the toch "ques romain eters oad (5 ae volared tthe second eaten of Facioe Models (Walker, 1968 Harper 196) (Over the yoars, it has became ap- paren nat carta facies sveemasone fs:0u" repestoly In the gesiogial record, n rocks of a ‘itarent geoiogical these mucsesione ae conbined wih fm depostonal systoms, a sunary Sr symecte ofthat syste emerge, ‘a vonica! successions ae soelted laterally, cevelopng a thee-dimen- sional icure of epastiona sytem, ‘ne ae in etic formulating oneral ‘Statements about tnat system facie mode, be studi in cores. encugh modern fans studied on a largr solo with fname proee, and snough ancient {Writes studied intr Tid, we Salomonts about fane and tutes rater han atoents stout one pa. tealar expt (Coate 13). “The process of extracting the ‘genera normatien Is shown in Fig ‘2 ree wor te local example rer {0 suds of modem tae and snort rocks, This ore wos! wformaton IE ton dtr, bling sway the loca Sota but conconateg to important features at ey al have in commen Into general summary of tan. But Wat orate focal etal, and what Ie general? Which aspects do we aes, and which oo we ett ore Facies MODELS ‘A facies mode! can be defines a a Ieneral summary ofa gen deast Hnal system, written in terms that make the surenary seat nt las four aterent aye, The phiosophes assupton made here ie at oto Selo and err Nature, and that onsider sport? seoegste can centy src ages ont Answering eos questo ales Imited number of depositional yep ludgement,knowiedge toms. ina wel-argued alterative and ergumen among sedimentoe- em, Aneron (1085, 9.3) suggests gts, Models are constantly being {hat“it ke me. you have amore rained as mote foraton Decomes isi vow of te. me unverse ard alae, ana xe the signeanoe ot ‘renting then you have to aman the various conti Inite rumor of envtenmer ais For those who sek ase in Nate, facies modeling sie sown in Figure 6, using tubices and submarine fone san example Webegn by assuming {hat irenaugh modem uate can fama were scarcaly mentioned nthe second eon ot Facies Modes but {Mose depos feature prominent ‘his enon (Craps 1,18) Some of ‘he acute of medaling, imposes flare sander apuard aces cnn aro tm he Ue ase Som, Te cnn dst by mae os tae eS) ‘Sy usc none Foreon ig nse 1. FAGIES MODELS . ies ana unconformies, Atos Iratto an Sian aighsand pro: mphyi eee doscosvo, ana (Gadirg stomaominated shoreface formal pat of tre North American ggeste he possiblity of agpracng Sratranic Code (NACSN. 1982) Sorm-dominated shel! sediments, AlNough pars oe code news caf us lacie modale are concerned cation, tho scheme \s “up and With prodictonwihinspeciied cepost Renin’ Saquence sarap et Mona systema, an systems facts “sludy ol genetically rlated facies ‘Slo predcinn fom one cntenpora- within s kamowork of ehronesa toous dopostona’ satan fo anoint grepsiclysgnicatsuraces” (Van Systeme tacts now for an istgral Wagoner oa, 190) ts Moora potol sequence sistyaphy, and are and mieprewerether an csc, ‘Sscusced n more deta blow. tnd the intepetatons ae couces In “Thee conmaris en Ngfsand lw: tes bal estate ea lve Mk stand and Vensgrassive sysiems lon (bt gee to ciique by Mil tots nooestary ad ito a dicks: 1986), Noe fat ho pase tod tore Son of statgrapne schemes basod_ cons words of dabalble mesing ‘pty or explo on sa love tue: suchas genet ae sifcart ‘SEDIMENT INPUT mississiep! Loves & MODERN $ 4 ST. BERNARD 5 LAFOURCHE 4 FLUVIAL es) s/s C Nite Nig wave DOMINATED Rhone & $ © L500 Francisco Wave ENERGY FLUX ‘Gatonay (1875). The mero dese (usp bo, o) of Gaboway ave Nt ‘Scovindaedinsuecqntvrsonat tinge are eng at Cay Sore ‘S"catarm’ pes hv bon steruny cdo dongs. tor {iyo ar trwo ces weentny Waabssnd rege oe cee se caecsen nan a e ter p, oge ALLosTRATIGRAPHY ‘Aostargaphy Yomi rcogtzad ty he Nort Aerean Commiseen Shavgrgne Nomenclature (NACSN, 1222, p. B68), The sragaphie coo States at "an sostragrann ont Simagye stator bao seer tary rock hate deinwd and dered tte bao is bounding conta Ines (ry engi beeve atte (etiam anoud be extended 0 reed Bounding decontruties ard a? orelatve comes Many oie fen types of bounding dsconteutes fre deeuesos in be varus chaos ls boot Between these Boundig ‘Secon fe aostatigapc it ‘an be (ord ys) et atria ap 2.9, Te any Sazgragnc uns, ard te ode recon. izes alomerroars,ekonatons ard logue ‘Alloetragraphy ie nt intended t replace lincstatgaphy, Aiea paral cham that emprasizes Sounding Stein paceies era mento rate ican of lestraigrapry ae to wnat tose temal processes might be, Examples th alstratigraphic subsvsion and facies modeling wihin tro dscont ‘ay ound une eve in ha fe 9, 1,71, 12, 15, 16a 17. A ‘tough the dene embodied inal ‘Satay have beon wily Usd, ® surprising that the forma tem nology nae sso boon adored Bounding discotinuiti Bounaeg discontnuties ca be oo- Sonal or nonresonl(conoerabe). Erosion Szontinuties clue both fngular uncentormites (wien eos bused to detne very xg seal ab Ieerasgranhic unt) and subtle eo fen sraces. Th lator may have 2 {ota erosive eae ofa Yow tors mete, bt exter over 25,000 oF ‘rosie reel maybe endlocab,a ‘ough the erosion surace may be Inatkea by 2 soarve-grined lag ot Karst Roliet can be dotected by fare colton of wal ge the fubeurtace, and supere examples beeur in the Cardium Formation ef 0 Alberta, 28 discussed in detll in restr 12 Neoersional igcontnutias com- mony occur a oY ot os ar Borat and sandiorapwars taige- ous ase taonssuncossors (F, 5 ‘howe a marine Noodng sufacs). The inplod Secon fein depostiona onions, and maybe rl 10 ae Ot subsidance, seuimont producton ana supoy, and eusiaic fie of $03 fvel or tome combinton of nese ‘eabtos Even more sible Secon. je may oceur wth negra ete cessiont, and may be exress0d a ‘mevaton a ata minima, and hee fonds fo be arate conoertraion of Drganie materia (e.g, is scales, Torame and oer fost) ana comes deposts (9. phosphate matoral and jaunt) n ober eaves, depen tna dicannaty may shew up as ‘mound er nsgrurd, ware ere has boon indurson and some was coving # change in the gan ‘hat colonise tho eubstrate {Chap {or but no concentaton of organic {or emia opens it must Su et Dhaszed that ste wesionsraces Dethaps marked by gravel lags, can Pass basrward no corals or ‘Beuedng catts highight portant crarges mn depestonal cond {ons Thus hey dete sloth Units n when depostonal cantons were ether conta. or were pro- Sressvely charging bu wiht breaks fash the sancirupward scceeslon of gros). For reason, lose rapt ont are more nature sud Sons ofthe geloiea recor or ir Bret purposes than converitona Fenosratigrapri ants SEISWIC AND SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY Te concepts of ism staoyaphy wore ivoduced ane promoted inthe erature by geologins and geophy Sc rom he Bron Production Re ear Company i Houston (Payton, ‘977, Spesticaly. Val and Micra (1977, p31) dscns ame ea. "apy a gos eproaey he Stratgraphic mepretaton of elem fa" [as decteand bray Chast 5). Dboominvies in be etatraphe WALKER record canbe en sical as cone ‘orgonoes or munca of smc tietors (Chapter 3: similar conver- sonal wuncaten (an, some seas, (once downlgs sn cla] ae shown sorlave svemasine erosion), sub ‘Sth aroma in Fre 2. eval exposure, with a igniesnt ‘By incorporating tinlogical deta Natus melcated Posamentor ef and facies successions, solsmic 1908, 9110). R Sabgrapty ns gen ie fot more ratioe that tne Seoloaically eriontee concept of celrten (as etatadin tephra ev Sequence sratgraphy (Table 1: Van ence of siaoral erosional once Wagoner ef 21,1988, 1990). The ton), when ques far lag Hexy base unt in oquance sratgraphy than ihe Bouncing iscontnitie oF ‘he sequence whichis "a staigrpnie allostatigraphy. Moreover, during ‘mnt composed of velavaly con- marine tranegression of subeera! lormabie succession ! genetigily surtace, sviance ot suber expo ‘slats srata bounced atts lop and ire nirrganaus Garo sederens Bate by unconfermites and their nemaly removed by wave econ at ‘corelatve conormites” (Mitchum ote shorine, The dager rly es 41,1977, No scala was gvenInis __cales exon between pois A and 8 Gsintion, nor wore the fore “tla: In Figure 8, forming @ ravinement te contomabie" and “genetically surface or transgrossive surface of Falated" explained or delines. By eoaan. Possmerter (personal com efning packages of stala Bounded muneaton, 100) now recagraze hs bby urconformites, sequence stage fact and apes tnt the Fos, "ve ‘Rony empnasizes the extemal son dace for eva eyponie may be {ros on edmonton, tered ahora es ‘Dung a eatve fl of sen level Uncontormities erosion sutlacoe aro out svoaeraly Inte Exton sehome, sequences are behind the shoreine, They seo Tort Bounded by urcorfvmaes (Pg. 8), sabaqueoi nfo of te sterene, which ave Gufaces "separatag youn’ whore omer dup areas of he ah Oa iS Figure 8. Oetnin of xx ssuene und (yoo) copied wi the (Gtonyosat nhs eqs teraasfrnmur sang sean Me) Te angen son suns te ens, ghr strane cee ey Sow fmageason, tremor pe taregsncr Duo ey oom Peeyeton GLI [512th trace odes nomd (Ao Bway cane He agonal eed Scones Aan Nom a a oun 3 sal exon ee, Salo ‘eves conan) rred Dung rps arranon wave Sao fee Hon WHS WED rin top ote ome nach sy Sed oes SL The ge a {fe conopt ol ena vos sufaces mesa won i ages a ess ‘Taregeason On as art hcsod pve tan Sm (SE 9 cba pasos ‘ac inert tant eh sprue hs ph fo So i ‘tet aawe ave bse, Note vr ohana iy Sng sane come win to rach of wave Sou wa" The euvaquoous srtace To {eied reson surtace 9 er. Sion In many eave, i'w be de Stoyed by sobeorl eroson atthe ‘atte oveang of tea tava oo in crac soar of oto Sng sueace cn be pene mo STitm o: rar gourd, Aromat. ‘lowland soreace ay rooase tnt ne gress sauce aon (Grvoutondin Chanter 1). Tegeosve ao tarcgesshe st tose of eon can berthed Oy ther orpotgy ane by me feces {at verte and nga tor. They te feat ounaeg Socrates, Sc seal rapes a ron is ok: Try nm because ore trove oe an a 0a, 01 ‘ray by estate cargo fst ‘er sovted van age fa (oy erase o he pbs fing and cages scoot, oh fo npieton at ny ws osaly ‘Sra wo spe ha oer Sounding aocrentes asta ‘ey one mete ing ‘Sergey mero pats Socsnugnac vom Parasoquences end farie flooding surtaces Rparasequence ta’ relay con {ormable succession of genetcaly fasted bods of beaaes Doses by Imrie fading suacs or hte Faatwe surfaces [a marine food Sivtace le a suslaco} separating {oungor om ede saa aor wich {e's evidence of an abt eens fwetr gop (6, Van Wagener ta. 1950p. 8) Paravequenoes ard fries sucess (as denies eater Inthe caste) are essary the {Stee surcessone i browoer For Champ, a huvl pint bar post (Che 7) amma const bis B nota peresequeoo beast [snot detnes by 2 marine loodns face fs dened by erosion su faces wth shane! lg Gepost. to ecience aeagrghic hry, pare. ‘Sarees canbe sraned Sand favo clannctve siacng pattems However, Psa and Vet (288) tro Posimeraar 3 (1560) v0 ro 1. FACIES MODELS tel exams, and Van Wagoner ot Sr 1990) avers few examotes of Semi patra, ano Toto ace cons ae Pon {eat ana eral stackng pers? ty aor the pom cari ren na 1). iexsmum foongsurtaces tron tory, ncofomites ae of onal even 2 iy during fling ‘save sea lovel, anda ows I ay, ing arg nae up the poot of eainum anegeesen those mame foodng of te oe Subactal surface. Tegenaue desc Sepositon common very iow Ghrng sng stage bocause rat of ihe conee secon conrad the tv Noogain ant various or Ine. Alter cea level siabilzation seSmomny ag begin ond Ut ito te sea gvarating eto" ha ons that cowriap ono the elder {igs 2 ©), Th oaer surface, of {eperal or terror eda i 2 ‘mosenumn foodingrorace (SX. Fig), ara tseparaos rocks below ‘epee’ deg tarerese cor {She trom thot above depentes during te nox overal regression. “Tor no dod atte Man € Tey erarepiesotece, 800 marine tnd astm Doogng sures rere Stet onoponng bt MaxFSe normaly sve smh greiner! ext tmonyeave we cul nt be gushed ta sng ct, are tis Ihe olen appebiy tht si fustes ine ax, Te surace Is Emon a condensed! Porzon. wth Sr unsuny tin sonora ocd tepeserting arate tong peed of {ie Font may be concord at {ho waco, lng wh ater evidence ti very cow sudemetaton, uch 38 shout or gicote rate Sequence boundaries ‘Thre le some controversy roguting tho placing of Boundaries between genetically related successions of fits. The Ensan group has chosen lunconlormites to sali s0quences (Pig 8). using tho Tusiicetion rosamenter, personel communica {en 1090) at botweonwrcaiom ten, tore i event corns opoaton, an tat he map bese ‘presented by the unconformity. SSonovr Galiay (1995) pes 1 Geline'a generic strangrapic se Sanco (666) based on he enum fang suraces (Fa 8) Tho ge then torigrnus cate snes “Socause seh dopo ae dred irom oworhedtaagressed or con tomporry rvogedatons!sapost {fn clonbaton common rhe be pasogesray ote pesu¥o! do feta epuede Tras sponte Rlerincoced n and mapped 25 2 facies element ofthe wnderyng genet orangraptie sequence 09 Sones (Calon, 199.132)? Sant agree wih alow tat he {arate yao ct (Figs. 2.8) iSaceeany Gres fom eh tens vt endanger (water, 1980; e0e Caper 12 and theteteio emphasize te flowing prin un seoueree ar Gala jenete stratigraphic seqverces Shy gene m he sense ha ey SOLE ng one compat oe of ‘Saino sea eval hocuten hoy are wor sedmentsiopealy genet, ao ow fot ofthe seer. ‘Saea! paramotre change when \Soontrmiy ova Mane crossed hove parenotore reuse Soph ot voter nave, be, bonn poomely Taiyo teodinert opp gfan San The ony soameriaialy ‘utd packages tw 1) between wx (Sotomey ands, 2) bone Me tarts andthe non unser. oF ‘naan a eben een sce (Gein Fa bse of an nosed ve fey tn the overying uncontorm ty vansyessne auaee of wor. These sucimentlogiely elated packages te tno systems tacts fon 20. Systeme ses Enver in te paper, systems tracts Were dod ieagee of eortemgo ‘cue epetom sates We an {io defined by uncoetormites and Iran Se (Fes. 2 8), ving vee at fore types; ranegrosone, Might tn lowstandTraogrossve systems tres ave floored by ueanarites oe oundng saconteues, ad a te: rato by MaxFSé (Figs 2.8) gh Stand systems Wats ae Tiocoa ay WaxFSe and trans by uncenforn She or tung Soconttos (Fas. 2, {5} Lowstana gjteme wocts commen ‘age, commonly ap submaine fans {Chapter 13). The base of the lowe ‘Sand systems tact may te eosona (eyes and hanno ut by ity uranis) and tho top is cowalave with @ MaxFS. Lowstara systoms ‘ret may ale ince sel ede Gute ta tne shall Brack (Fig, 25 0 Caper 12). A his me, ve alge Sand eystoms tract doposts (Muviah [ernatvery, the vaiys romain 02 Senay amoty uni the next rane ‘curie daoste othe tenegressve Stor rat (Chagtors 10,11) The Sete voce in carbonate ard evap. fmt sytem are gonealy quite ci ‘ent (Chapter 14) bute same basic prncpes ay. ‘systems rac ana {he aural aa evel curve (ne example wil etice 0 snow tha ‘staat are reed the bal ‘tate sa lool cv ony a thao Fecal soe. Real rormason ther lackng, Pas boon avefcoko nto incon ol syste Yate Mogae Inthe most recon work, Hag (1991, 7) nates tats nectveFof fow te evalu of «compete eye teal fab fom 2 tlie highland po ‘on olowod by 3 tom an 9 ube ‘quent a Te proposed sratgrephic tonats are shown in Figure ©. Note that sequence boundary 1 (S81) tomes ding ling tage, ar tm Ie epocten of basin Hor fn ‘lh ie overlain by the levaed cham at complex (LCC). The lowstans ‘tedg0 (SW) ls otmed at Di ie. ‘Sesoquont san iv ie ct of sh ‘mont supply the lowstand wedge, {a gave vse tte transgressive Sims act 1S) af shalowranine ‘Stermess (Chapt 12) At ight, as luctatad n Figure 9, tere or Iriton of ily agradstional an Tater inereesingly progradational parasemvancss" Hag, 169%, p12, ween are clay shown fo Bul oxt WALKER ‘over the enti leveed channe com pl snd lowstend wadge, However, {hs corinly dose rot happen srr tne eye af sea lovel fluctuation ‘most or all modern fane. The Po. Prastecona Missi Fan has been subjecea fo over 80 yes of glace ‘usta ton level tton (Cpe 2.13}, but the hgnstand paraco ‘onces have not prograded over te bya Bin yer of hompslagi dopost Sequences (Chanter 13). Hompslge Separate datinct channel cvee com Bloxes in the Rhone and Amazon Fara (Chapter 13, with ro inden ‘of complete fn bural by prograding Fighatand systome act dopost, 2 shown inthe model ropraduced in ‘Although there ace many usetu ‘model such ab tat gue 9 must be regarded as preliminary, and in roger examples. Unti some of he Problens have been worked out are {rao enpnesis on corto Dy gota most, tie lero subd the (rota! record by Bouncing sco huis of al ypes aosvatgrapy) “The pifosohy is Book ea safer ty To constuct models tom observed facies clationships, and ‘tom ebservec relationships between the larger scale statigraahie unt (epostionalsysema and systems at), than to propose hypotnetial ‘model that lack a publishes data {aso (Fg 9), aed that co nt appear to conform Io observed suatone in recat sedmenis. Sequance stratigraphy and see level change Solsmicard sequence statoraphy ae scmiques for auaiing to 90809 iEal record ina related packages of ‘ook bese onthe toundng dco ‘anles and unconormaes Th aspect fas been emphasized in ths chapter Hmover. bo ectriques offer Som rl way of erating he goog ‘cord i terme of ea lve changes (tiag ot a1, 1980). This aspect of seam and eqns ei ‘CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Gesgraphe enurenmerts shit raccly sn ange a om ci te Nedoling te environments and tha secon and empha, those ct tans. Contorporaneous ankages of ‘epostlonal syst can be weld 3S yt apie rc deloent ring ghana tegiig alg ‘he a cao. Nae at re sao he har ey te orn have te hve twa hata oor an ace, mar nese (SW) and eed hart ange LCG). Tha hope wih oman gon nGape Yan see roan epono o slo ergs Fron Hag tat) HST, ghana tac TT ‘Pagunare syne tac seer tury prs acts, and eytos ct are ‘etna by contort ard max imu foodng srtacon (rt broader toma, bounding siecontnutes). Scartontsloptaly ried rocks are octagon bowen tess Doundina frodels ané the understanding ot ‘hte epeitond Sse. “he fects odes te carcize ine socount te exter eons on esate precy tne sea foal changes and tectonics. Ths Seat darwin the neste tal Sranrety, ntead of te rater to- ‘rtea and more agree Fame Mtr of seqerensrataraciy. [ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ‘he oe frat te chapter. and Trany he eas and emphases, ook Shape dung a necting in October, “oa0, and | pacity thank Maso Conigio, Bb Cant, Noo! James Sn Andrew mal for ha help. MY {Gees nave ao been sarponed By the comments of Jeno Berra, Date Leckie, Gerry Widdeton, Gy Pint and Henry Potamerti. have fou fo comoie these Ideas ino a lowony nat a fe autor an fe win, bat tam reponse fo the alo te chapter, ena hope hat Ihave ot misrepresented enyone ‘The concep have evolved ducing Tocearch supported bythe Natural ‘SSenoos and Engnesing Reseach ounce Canc. REFERENCES ale sources of information tony. WE, 268, Geet stage cps inbon aaa oe Seed Gaon ats ranean rears, on, 1, FACIES MODELS sian Sa ct osoutee geo any et foam ing, of oon. See ir cures id Sc nsraogen, Specs Puseaton ‘om anatase emits wt ned eno tine nn soto saves rN 190, Pepace: oar “Sout Searetay Pare 28 ome cues of sequen sai ‘omy song resorb ca wu Tess Sh. ana nena dane, Spel pteten Soest of pers ening con ‘pun sash sons Sy ‘crane cose bes fear! ‘argent eo ‘None sheote fw unos braided Srecoe) I the Srownstonee (c ‘vcr, Wash Bae: Saran, ecg 98 25728 TE ais sna, nero ‘Selene Pusteations 8. 31-47. Dik ade, Seqvensen,aaieapy. sowea Ri tees, Sedimoniny of fa ee. ya etiam ne gr Segment 8.8.3 ‘per gs te feral {he dagen fo aus ac 2 ‘ro ready ne ante gb et, Sitrcesuabray ‘Sree rae: od inset co ar Siena sau ops ‘elaionoao ony ae (rarer knee a . ‘SoeciDater bla 5 o “Sona sceanens naan scm nS ‘rie ee a ‘Gosia, woman’, p 250278. Reaasise heat songs Alba, tes ance Eo Seangaphy s enue tthe aa “Sun 77 saamicerag ‘ro ste ret Ss ee tt Pon Se ate Soon cena eat hacen oe snowing of doperiora sgteroee reac Mond sop oe watxen Si ithe Staten 0. ‘ie Soon Goatees ato 1 ein nr tio, in op. ‘Foc con ere aeraaey s ‘Sate on rte ve. Payton Oh 197, Saami aap. hy — alton he ‘ante eres on ested scien cane oto | ne Benatar te pape ee you ae ‘orgy fami we crept of Eoouonee statiraphy (read Var Ignore a 198 Posamerr soni i. epson —Sresoastanec ‘coo cus of eum ac ‘amg so pena ey eugire Stra, nv als, ‘Speou Putten fa, SE N02 i Sor ts ange of sn eve Par Oro, inryion, C20, Selle sab any akon can War, 983, Cara Fomaton 3 ‘Sedmerugy and Sraoapry he Saree Enclea te uin 4 good Raton oo oad st orate rg amet re Sip aman gan san sone {ay srr, are of ag or waltee 304 Gomes Tove, Bra editor: elope J crue fe of onept a ‘ion airy and gare 9 deat ty ow Ye Spr inragoucTIon ne theme tat runs thoughost his Bookie tne recognition of uneonot= fries and bouneng cecontioues ‘lused by enanges iv sea lave. At fens some of th uncer ard ‘ered bea lvel charges might bo ‘eau for gobel cola: hs pot iy rset ea mh Stratigraphic discontinuities sow subdivision of the geoogieal record ino purely deserve atosrabgaenec (hs ard alo oo mor te {ro saquonoe and paraseavences ot semen sty (Care icant sbangrapive ocorranioe 6 1) regres sulacos of eresion, 2) Panogresive suas of oon, 2d 5) maximum fooang sutaces. Re fiwesee Towel changes afect many Inuing and coastal sepostonal em torments, th lye beng most Shvious in shorline and shallow EUSTASY, RELATIVE SEA LEVEL [AND WATER DEPTH Changes nate pth in a parce Soe aepand on tat global end fea owole (i. 1, Table). Te gla! {or eustate aspect depends onthe (rotor othe sea surtoce relate © {Po coe of ho Earth, weir tum ‘Sorted by to actors. The fre cor fms changes he volume of water inte cosa these are lapey Om {rotod by te volume of reste (ctactoeustatie change), ad 10 8 fezeer ent bythe volume ot wee trapped in terrae! aqui. The ‘une conc changes nthe vO larly veto ieroasos ot decreases Inthe volume of oceanic spreesing gee tatoro-eustae change 2. Control of Sea Level Change Cendon, Onan NEA 587 'A Guy Pe, Deparment of Geom, Unversy of Wester on Nichols Eyles, oparment of Gelagy, Unieaty of Torri, eee Campus, 1265 Wty Trl, Seareoroug, Oiao MIC TAK ‘Carolyn H. Eyes, Department of Geography, Master Unie, amit, Omaro LBS aks Reger G. Wake, Dearnant ot Geology MeMaser Unversity, amon, Ontario 8S 4 Local conte of water opt noe recite and sedeneriation. Telonc movements of the basin 0° (UP ‘Sy can amity ify reverse he (ode of ousiane changes. Soainon Fetatve changes of sea love! ia @ {er ara ereore deperd onthe {briny ot usa, led Tectonics and fee of senenaten. As an example, Wo may posate a basin that 8 86- Tely boing for tetonl reasons. {ston resus n agenda of he ea Simotancously, sustaosea level io anda aon wate 360, MecHANsM Time Seale Order of - Gears) | Magatude(m) 1) sa (matin Yoine ora Sep teseaoee m —re-t9,000 8.81 2) onc ent sn aoe aa rm 1 cn eae igen Fern snd sedan ye) a a a a ame oa cage Bae Pee (0 16 PUNT, EYLES, EVLES, WALKER, fing In came amas fe basi, sb dence sn eustasy wll combine 6 Produce alate oe lve se How ve local (petaps ine vein of fn active da) orate of sient Son may xen h combined tates ot verses ofthe Ensen ea eel cure Fg 2 Hag ot {ho exon fo wri the curve pays ay slbalfeusati), more, Subsdence ana aust ie, reutng ‘a mtv So evel a itis anletunsta that a change in water doth ete oy parame a Wwe can infer fom facies analyst, caus inorder ta laste th afc (eustay, cores, ecmeraton Se foc to mate assumpuons about the magnaido and rato of te otter ‘wo vaabes (Buon al, 1887 ‘he mechanisa, tne sales and rates of ea lov change (Fg. 1) a0 marty the subject of vigorous fe- rch ara debato, particularly wih respect to pose srtwopopanie cf matic enanges (69. aoa warring) Carent tnamtosge of be subject 5 fumattzed in 2 narbor of good r- Siews, including Devoy (19676), Nusnmeda tat (1s67, Wigue et [100e), Lanibeck (990) and Revels (1980, REVOLUTION STRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS Tha carton igh eve ol terest athe Imectanies and ofecte of eoa eve Change na ben sisted a oe exter, by the publeaton of various Srl 0 508) nop 0m 2) leat eeiton nd Wate 2) i toro Land 4) Crust Deformation Lear Faron an bin as been the focus of 9 much ate Del ts bacagroun, servation ad 220 ove changes have fg boon 2c ‘tralgraghic record. For example, ‘Sloss (963) defined si contort wide, uncotormay-tounded sir hc sequences the Phaneroroe foots of Neh Amaia (Fg. 3). These sequences wore subsoquerty core {orm (Sse, 1072). The dea of Sloss Research who developed tne loch fue trmed!sesmi satiny Va fal, 1977) Toy recone uncom Tomiy-bowndes nts im sasmic ose ‘eats (Cheptr 3), end dovloped (On he bass of 1) te recor, cor 2} ne pales of enap, downs and toni (Fig, 19°» Chapier 3), ad 3) Dosage cata tem outrop anc Darel, the Exxon grovo was able Tate} Nachanans fees wel chrga Pom va 65) “Time Seale (yrs) 1) dean Str thamchain) Vote Changes 400 =100a00| to et0- 108 sonar =" ‘ogeto— 19" to generate a cune of coast onlay forthe Phanorozoe (Pg). Eusaie ‘changes were feed rom ts con. (Good rviows of the melnosoogy ur ‘ering seemiceatarapy are pe ‘od by Cross and Lessengr (1865) Und Ca ck ot at (190) \ aSeavence statgapty, which isan ‘Sigrown of sesme sengrasty more multiiscplinary approach to Statigaphe analysis. tis based on vwlliog, coe ard otrop dain a thon else profes The ences Soctgeund o sequence satgyeny phos snow and move deed soa ore (hat wes poses iva sees o ay oper n SEPM Memor 42 (Wig ot 1 1900), and by Van Wagooer eta (1990) ana ag (1907). This work nas incl’ an earns amour ot esearch and dette. The aplcaon OF coos ar sxquonce-ragraphic ‘Sena reviaizad saiggapi ana ‘si: sed:mentaryerronments ane lacie are now Being dacussed as ‘comporants of dopostional sysions lard systems acts which iu or ‘he baling blocs of parstequoncos ‘and soqunces (Chapter Derivation of he ‘Aporteno! he Exar se ove cone (tag ofa, 1960) reproduced In Figute 2. The chan show both ra te changes n costal onap and an infor eusiti cue The reltive Sitges cams on te Sore fen aay of si ator al ‘Wa: toro inf arom ‘tesa onlonogiy date Tze bo hay sia nd dow ltaputt an crcrtomsy. rome Bend Cero how no oe stn ‘olay tease te ant bo cepa ston ero ses ‘roube cm a an poston aa ed soar or ‘COASTAL ONLAP {30 ORDER SEAAEVEL creues ‘CRETACEOUS en ALBAN FROM Wag eta. 198 ‘CONTROL OF SEA LEVEL CHANGE ” tocar oroken avon D). A cond ico of sous enap agi tis mt nw) The ae che (9-2) [camel rom mescuremers of su ‘naive onapatap event, pote in Steal tine Fie 4 shows now the triapottap cele are compld. Foe 78 Me) Inthe lowe pst of Foe row 0 fs opresantod bya vera ‘amponent ene) as haz om onan! (lative cous crap), 1 Srorasied at the cha shows is ineoastal ono, whieh ae due 108 ‘Seiten eel ch, ramps arow Bonne cross secon tectonic, ad acne zp Impose emt ot coast om Uap treasured by the twoway ave tine.o signe gna, conrad trees cn messi vera) ug {eerainamovel of gologe te (8 Limitations ofthe seiamie strabgrepne approach Because the coneots ane methods Uinryng the Eason sea level cure AGE EUSTATIC CURVE GEOLOGY MLLONS REGRESSIVE AND LOWSTAND RISE FAL pees ‘Grunge River Wr, on siyank 6 Bad Hear Fr] part of Cart Fn ETS] SSuncinca nang tm ha Gtesue aie town nue 2 Aft Val (1977, within and between continents, De {blog sagan wore ine Orta ‘ous of tna Alora Sosin (vamos it'Chopirs 8 30 and 12) shows at tho etmonostatigraphle poston of Inany sequence boundaries and ow Stand coposts (Fi. 2) corresponds ‘ih those pasted bythe tre-oraer Sol chart of Hag oa (1988) Possible contlson Girsorder eye Sirah Ha ta (198) a Val ot ar tr) ny cons wr cles bythe mang and waning Cuore aes, a 9003 fen og, ray fa. 1970) at {he pews aid dey a ie seeks {Geet pce onr gun so poss hime (010 yor getseue te'nn ee changes ve Seco trove dt blo) Katina (1988) ata tht hea ordor mar ‘Fesstora Crescent ine cao Uoed Ste coveporce 0 tovod acre Covderan mcr, She solsanem, wharoaslowstands ove ated by wate toc and Vacate quesceree, Thee vlan Shs soouste «cause nko INE) seSoeted eoan ngs sree inp (caving aceoratic ee). upload oeieon {bremotng isting ad volcanism Song convergent narra). Hartson {1090}. agred tnat variations SSreodeg ates on seaan os (oF Somers of gen cou acer fr Senge nner en ba at tre amaunt &ouite charge woud Soomro’ ot aguas sant Stopstes by the rock ror. AP {Slo by tectoni ubeonee wou feo nie ar war Sot 3 Sted he ners In contaatoexparaton atad 6 sgioatig and eobicton, Costing {Toeey hypotnesizod nat epeoote Shanges fe honoree els ns pates gh nveres tare Srdor Selly Tho sess ehanges trove pecuated to rst Wo the Joti of ples ard ware called ‘Since tre of mes of scence {upton atmo seal of S00 10 fours, Tha tu wou veal anes taregeasons sn re ‘lone witin el bose. These Scxcsona have, bower, been Se seted by Gnae-bick ota 900, ‘ho ew tat hr ned be et 2, CONTROL OF SEA LEVEL CHANGE ster de 19, Nunersseneonn a pc ttn ever sts nn airport stem, Foutanditharteekety nyt (pad ann rch) cs tsi eto is nas teenm SScrorasorangbetomutonel Fat” SOOSORSSaES SS am. tm arete en baht Cieyaam toc om is ae en arenes ease vn men rr Wooton yh'gcaeae etn Coan eee Biaimoyawmtme Weer tearen FES eye ya Tasting Depa Nuredm With Scrmecedgmetesne Larios eee sea eat ens "Ge a 0g you ginal sea vol estitons of op 2 Phanoocoa: beh shalowcmaree Sienoce ec ane ea 2) \ oxygen ncopes unterary arg sew Sgt nam oyna ocred by chara "ais nye at abot 100 00 501m in loss than one milion yess, and peage rocks (ove Fiacher, 1968 wih respect fo te plein which hosts and ee vel chan trinity rire Sots ope en Scan tte Pe Cathie ana Haan (1991) suggested snd Kaufman, 1968 for reviews), wile Meson er ateecee Seer opants ecrnshany maomaDy anim yu Beas Ono, e, mat horizontal stress changes within These cycles are most easily explained wobble (precession) due to the bit axs ation (terme ey formar ‘60 spikes, produced when isotopl+ frequency cyces (eh ‘ming of the Fate cud case mp pcieseie tycumesncammecaar yr eree ey Tecan) dfn Ut ax ey orate Query One wares sear 6 Tre te angie steamy These Chapman cite cawree Teeeaeel a ce 21260 yar, fete woes Sees ona stan pie ee archon) putt _| pvt ay a, 9 Gotere Dotson se Kens tone nln cea (eeeresnat ee Sommer sen ame would eouln isostatic changes mand obit (Fig. 8). These asororscal yell varaions hte hers and 1800 ras fom bone ‘eboard of a fon et "366 tet ‘en he moan, es mk Mckee Soca, Sega elit of ise ‘Sores, no Chg etn dd enol eet can te cause ol Fequentcharges alien who st calented thor site fe yenmear cree os sea Saclton, 380) Os oe Seen Terese a, web aen rl heomectas Patwsens ta eae Te hare pte Set 9 nc naa Sree ocmin ce mse Sea Totes Te mee ag et ne Theis pci woaoy ona Sehtemonsrmiuaanennts | Ses eal es ei somos ems st) ae te Ce snd Yom cnn nat water ther ist tatiana Satter steer inat AP ee Peer Siti enn SSeS Nain cy canes ih pea, SSesovine suc ug clacton Ste pect oon be coach neat anges Wis mee tnce emer Sasha 1m) te Seg alee cage, a gone Sse) este cetnsutocnras Goward Seep crouse ee sana ar met Seve ce rays iden wos nary fe Sent wh Pad © Stra nao wen amps SroneLmune'wsa upne ora, amgmeanau San WSiscweamemedmaw Tenn gent tm wnmey ees cp woo ns whee’ Riana soe serene Spar We naa Tseres nts yet ai TOE Rectan ibe Tetae SEALEVEL CHANGES ELATED ———— can hora sued vat mee! es sce aes eel Spon RS ED oon ration of these oceanic sags and changes at ho faurhy and fvorder CYCLES ulnes would rosin dachronous szalo's by he atwmatesocumaton ‘The entence of Rlankovich ys ape 8a oval changes. However thas and rating of conprtal ea zaps nor holes? my (user) an bo aa bron pote out (Davey, 1997) that response to Mlankovich cytes, THs Gernonstrated by oxygen Teotope Changes inte grestaral fll pee- Gan be convnsnay domerotaed lor stay eo ‘2 retect ante convection, which He hala, as aborted below. tythms have song ioerced 8 extremely dow Concomtant tet (owt ek cay fre ceteris 1. ‘ts scoan arace opera rt bo eycies ‘oo, osung Scien oon ee, ‘espandingy son ona te coe ee principal orital The betamate late arg ard rls of oar, not rowsands years as infeed by Momer (19670). [~€CSBRTRET More iportanty semape, Chviete: | Ceveter! 35K) 20} Oct a(n) Sree goal ange ee eon Per atate etn 2 eee ee nae Seca aay Scena Seer ie saa irene See nat vas ean aetna Seumoceten re Sewer moray same SSoeneraeran er cetera: anaes cee ee car setae ani at Sears Sih ay en ety Seana raion Gib ures Sepa Ces resem a re Pm (eer on rot nagn- fais Sa tet e e ne oa era MaMeoveatiteienyen) Score unnieecrcetape tie aineneterre swan ny amg erat a as action aera S38: ae 6100097 BPD sabe e ay "3 NORTH ATLANTIC (NORTH ATLANTIC: LAST GLACIAL CYCLE it NORE a cae fet at rarer stg es ec le en Fe a ena ets smn 9 290 ye! vaio 2 10% km, was aocompaniod by 8 Glaiousinte wong ots evel of Gaders were 1 mot ea ve wold Fiso about 70 m, giving a maximum Bost sa lve ctstin of var 200 m tom to Quatemary lal onions an tose tah in an Ieetrac Earth, the oceans would Bose uotaply ite by aaa (ose fom kt gual ieee core tors of rout 25m. Nathows (198) suggests a calbraton of 80 varabon about 001% per m of soa love change. Preciacaloaters are it ‘ito rae becausa of uroonaas Fepardng the enoumt 3 “cepted ‘waar in eating pack ce rather an ornonialioe shots, crag ocean ‘Wat lorperatn ane posal gen ‘aol the braid tess Nove fess lace eva vaeton memes the roar ig 6h shows apo (ress terete sea level fal ovr the 100.000 year gail cyso a8 ce sheets grow onthe continents The manimum rate ot sea love! fal wes ‘ea!5 000 yaar aca sea love aca ate ec ofa lao eye von (r9 Dyting te peck of he lat deci ton (ebet 12,000 years ao), aout 14.000 hn? of melvater Gecharged nruatly trom the North american (Laure) ana Eupean ce shes to he Noth Alane Osean “Tis ap proximately 25 umes the procant mua cacharge of te Misi. River At tis te, global sea level rose 20 min oes than 1000 years nd, for short tne pera, a much 554m in 10 yer (Fabani 1989), Complete soa level recovery from dlaca fovea oer gfe Hands takes about 15,000 years oars). Esimats of rien se mag ides of gleciooustatc oa vel change ovr tekst gaa o73e (9. 6) ave provided by stugy of rosea Marie Werces, ad erownad coral 25 (Chappell ard Shacketon, 1806 Faroane, 1909; Bard of 160). The growin of coral rect farcry reporsive fo changes i Sea ve (26 Craptr 1 ‘Stab of te AMilantovit myths The stabity of the Milarkoviten PLINT,EYLES, EYLES, WALKER, ‘yrs is open 0 question. Mae Inner planets of the Solar Syatom (Caskar, 1089) suggests tat the Miankovitch myths can be acou have been cola tom continent 0 continent (Eabector, 1885). Sea level ‘changes have been Hered ate ‘rcovilen and sary Shura sata, and rave been attrbuted to glace: ‘ae clelatd ony for ho last 10_/ ustsy road to contnaral aie: NAL Over longer pends ana, ota thal noir empicaton Steven vory small porurbations in ar asa wae, wi le 0 chacke, “npreaiabe planetary moons. Ths thot view of he Solar Systm ie feumtres by cleatons by Borger ot 1 (1980), wo suggest that te Mignkovtch tytn ave lately tial. For examse ne Late Cr {acces he tole wuld have Been Sorened by ony about 4 pa cont tte precteson oe shortened Oy about 2 por cont. The eecennciy {jcte wot be untkely to change However Borger et (190) supgest ‘aby te Procarban. tay be Bosse fo cninguah he precession tn thojees TUmust be omphasied tat models tc saa en tee aren | dep sea vocorde cannot be apoied Inateriminentiy tothe roek recor Pre-Gutternary glecations were taraconzed by aay re se troutone of land and ace she shortened or less ttecve ban: sowton ao ‘PRE QUATERNARY SGLAGIO-EUSTATIC CHANGES. INSEA LEVEL “The Ear has ong gaia recon ard the datbéon of glacopers rst dex posted i tb past 2700 my, 2 show In Fgwe 1 of Chapter §. Honover, he ages of moe pro Guster gl Ge post arena wl extlehed in en itis meretore shout 1 determine what se lovel changes reer ‘he tock rors may bo atrbted to 8 pactte episode of glaciation The common occurence of glaciation in anh nisorysupgest ba glace 0 stale changes in ton lvel shoud be ‘represented in th rock record, tome ‘rai ate gen bem Late Proterozole deep t0 shallow waie laces siccessone, up 101 {tick nave been attmutes Yo aco. ‘ustatle changes of sea level, and fon ofthe West arsean Craton fog,

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