Par.

Aa
Ad
Admin
ai,n
AIC
Alk
Alk
Alkd
Alki
Alke
Am
Amod
Ao
ath
Ath
Au
Aumin
b
ban
bh

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=

bhT

Bn
bn
Bo
BODvss
Bp
bp
bv
Cae
Cd
Cd1
Cda
Cdi
Cdl
Cel
Cgen

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Ch

[CH4]eq

cp

Cr
Cr
Crh
Crn
Crp
Csd

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=
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=

Cth
Cu
Dc
Dc1

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=
=
=

Dc1p

Dc1s

Dc3
Dcd
Dd
DOav
DOl
DOm
DOmt
DOs
DOs20
DOsa
DOsp
DOss
DOsT
f
f
F
F
F/P
fa(N-1)
fac
fae
faer
fai
faN
fan
fat
fav
fav1
fav2
fave
fbh
fbp
fbp
f'bp

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fbpu

fbs
f'bs
fbsh
fbsp
fbsu
fcv

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=

fd
fdn
fep

fh2s
fh2su
fi
Fl
Fm

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=

fm

fm
fmax
fmi
fn
f'np
fnp
fnpu
f'ns
fns
fnsu
fp
fpd
fpp
fpr
fpu
fr
Fs
f'sb
fsb
Fsol
Ft
Fu
fv
Fv
fve
fvp
fvu
fx
fx1
fx3
fxd
fxvd

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g
h
H1
H2
H3
H4
Hd
Hdav
Hdb
Hdf
Hdif
Hdig
Hfb
Hgb

Hgls
Hliq
Hth
Hu
i
I
Idsv
Issv
k

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=

K1

k1

k1

K2

k2

k2*

K3
Ka
kabs
Kap
Kc
Kh
kla
klaa
klas
klaT
Km
Kmp
Kms
Kn
Ko
kr
Ks
Ksp

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=

Kss

kw

kw*

Le
Li
Lu
m
mciv
MCrd
MCthdi
MDc1
MDc3
MEchem
mEd
MEd
MEmeoh
MEmep

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mEt
MEt
mEt1
MEt1
mEt2
MEt2
mEte
MEte
mEtu
MEtu
MEtx
mEv
MEv
MEv1
MEv2
mEve
MEve
MEvu
mEvxa
mExvna
mMd
MMd
MME
mme&i
MNav1
MNd
MNd1
MNd3
MNdd

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MNdp

MNds
mNl
MNl
mNld
MNld
mNle
MNle
MNlx
MNte
MNti
MOc

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MOeq

MOn
MOt
MPchem
mPel
MPl
mPl
MPl1
mPle
MPle

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=

MPlex2
MPlx
MPte
mq1
mq2
mqth

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=

mSbu

mSd
MSd
MSda
mSdu
MSdu
mSe
mSeu
MSeu
mSmb
MSmb
mSo
MSo
mSod
MSseq
mSte
MSte
MSti
MSxv

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mSxv

mSxv1

mSxv2

mSxve
MSxve
mSxvu
MSxvu
mwmeoh
mwmp
mwms
mXa
MXa
MXah
MXan
MXap
mXau
MXau
mXbpu
MXbpu
MXchem
mXe
MXe
MXen
MXep

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mXeu

mXeu

MXeu
mXi
MXi

=
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=

mXiu

MXiu

mXmu

MXmu
MXn
mXt
MXt
MXtba
MXtbr
MXtd
mXtu
MXtu
mXv
MXv
MXvh
mXvu
MXvu
n
n
n
N
N
Nad
Nae
Nav1
Nav3
Nc

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Nc/Sbi

(Nc/Sbi)l
(Nc/Sbi)o
Nd
Ndd
Nddmax

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Ndp

Nds
Nke
Nki
Nl
Nld

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=

Nle

Nlh

Nln

Nlx

NN2eq

NN2in

Nn
Nnd
Nne
Nni
Nni
Noe
Noi
Nope
Nose

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Np

Nte

Nte,max

Nte,min

Nti
(Nti/Sti)l
(Nti/Sti)o
o
Oc
Oen

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Oeq

Oex
Oex,sbp
Oex,sbs
On
Ot
OT4,5
OTa
Otd
OTs

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OUR
OURa
OURabs
OURen
OURh
OURm
p
p
P
Paer
Paerm
pch4
Pchem
pdis
Pdiss
Pel

Pel

PEres

Ph

Pl

Pld

Ple

Plx
Pmin
po2
Pope
Pose
Ppe
ps
Ptd
Pte

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Pte,max

Pte,min

Pti
pw
Q
q
q1
q2
Qair
Qch4
Qbg
Qf
Qi
Qp
Qpf
Qrec
qth
qw
r
R
ra
rd
rd
Rd
Rdi

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Rdmin

rdp
rds
Rdtot
rg
Rh
Rh1

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=

rhi
Rhth
Rhu
Rmin
rn
RN
Rrel
Rs
Rsa
rsbp
rsbs
rsbs

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=

Rsm

Rsn
rspa
Rsu
ru
rus
rv
Rw
rxa
rxe
s
Sbh
Sbi
Sbp
Sbp
Sbs

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Sbsh

S'bsi
Sbsi
SbsN
Sbsp
sc
sd
Seu
sfd
sfth
Shab
smin
Sni
Snsi
Spa
spf
Spi
Ste
Sti
Stu
SVFA
t
T

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t1

t2
t3

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=

t4

tc
TCC
tcomp
Tdig
TIC
Tin
Tmax

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=

Tmin

TOC
tp
Ts
Tsm
Tspf
Tvx
Tvxm

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u
U
Ue
Ui
v0
va
Vaer
Van
Vc
vd
Vd
Vd1
Vda
vda
Vdb
Vdi
Vhab
vl
vo
Vr
vr
Vt
vth
Vth
Vtp
Vu
vx
Vx1
Vx3
Wa
Wgb

Wu
Xa
Xa(N-1)
Xad

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Xae

Xah,an

Xai

XaN
Xan
Xav
Xbpu
Xc
xch4
Xd1
Xe
Xee
Xen
Xf
Xi
Xl
Xm
Xmi
Xmu
Xnae

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=

Xnai

Xr
Xrm
Xrmax
Xt
Xt1
Xt2
Xte
Xte
Xth
Xthl
Xtpf
Xtu
Xtud
Xv
Xv
Xvd
Xve
Xvi
Xvu
Xw
Yan
Yao
Yap
Y or Yh
Yn

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Yno

=
=

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Alkam
Alkd
Alkn
Alkt

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Dc1

Dc3
L
MXt
Na

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=

Nam

Nn
p
pmod
pTM
Xt
aer
ch4
COD
d
dn
dp
el
m
sb
xv
1
dn
dp
x1
'm

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m
T
T,ref

T
T,ref

Short description
projected width of a gas collection plate
mixed liquor recirculation factor
(from nitrification zone to pre-D zone)
total area occupied by apertures in a UASB reactor
surface area of final settler
minimum final settler surface area
annualisation factor
annualized investment costs
alkalinity
final alkalinity after complete decay of active sludge in aerobic digester
alkalinity consumed in the aerobic digester
initial alkalinity concentration (aerobic digestion)
final alkalinity concentration (aerobic digestion)
membrane surface area
membrane surface area in a module
overflow area in UASB reactor
specific thickener surface area
thickener surface area
surface area of UASB reactor
minimum UASB surface area
projected height of a gas collection plate
anaerobic decay rate
decay rate for heterotrophic bacteria (non bio-P)
decay rate for heterotrophic bacteria (non bio-P)
at temperature T
mass balance recovery factor for nitrogenous material
decay rate for nitrifiers
mass balance recovery factor for COD
BOD value of a unit of organic sludge (aerobic digestion)
mass balance recovery factor for phosphorus
decay rate of bio-P organisms
apparent decay constant of heterotrophic bacteria (non bio-P)
unit construction costs of aeration system
unit volume construction costs of final settler
unit volume construction costs of the primary settler
unit volume construction costs of aerobic digester
unit volume construction costs of anaerobic digester
costs of discharge to sewer (levies)
price of electricity
unit construction cost of power generation
costs of heating (e.g. with gas or oil)
equilibrium methane concentration
proportionality constant between stirred and diluted
sludge volume index
unit volume construction costs of the aeration tank
specific active biomass production per unit mass daily applied biodegradable COD
specific active biomass production of heterotrophic organisms per unit mass daily applied biodegradable COD
specific active nitrifiers production of per unit mass of daily applied nitrogen
specific active biomass production of bio-P organisms per unit mass daily applied biodegradable COD
costs of sludge disposal

unit volume construction costs of a sludge thickener

unit volume construction costs of a UASB reactor
denitrification capacity
denitrification capacity in pre-D zone
denitrification capacity from utilization of easily
biodegradable COD
denitrification capacity from utilization of slowly
biodegradable COD
denitrification capacity in post-D zone
denitrification capacity in the final settler
diameter of final settler
average oxygen concentration during OUR test
oxygen concentration in the liquid phase
oxygen concentration measured by oxygen sensor
oxygen concentration in the membrane tank
saturation concentration of dissolved oxygen in the mixed liquor at pressure p
saturation concentration of dissolved oxygen at 20C
saturation concentration of dissolved oxygen under actual conditions
saturation concentration of dissolved oxygen at standard pressure
saturation concentration of dissolved oxygen at 20C and 1 atm (9.1 mg.l-1)
saturation concentration of dissolved oxygen at temperature T
fraction of the influent flow discharged to the first reactor in step feed systems
endogenous residue
fouling factor
solids flux
feed to permeate ratio
active sludge fraction in the sludge entering the Nth digester
fraction of construction costs required for construction of additional (non-specified) units
active sludge concentration in aerobic digester
aerobic sludge mass fraction
initial active sludge concentration (aerobic digestion)
th

active sludge fraction in the sludge leaving the N aerobic digester

anaerobic sludge mass fraction
active fraction of sludge
active fraction of organic sludge
active fraction of organic sludge from primary settling
active fraction of organic sludge from activated sludge system
active fraction of organic stabilised sludge
fraction of Sbi consumed by normal heterotrophic biomass
fraction of Sbi sequestered by bio-P organisms
slowly biodegradable (particulate) COD fraction in the raw wastewater
slowly biodegradable (particulate) COD fraction in the pre-settled wastewater
biodegradable particulate fraction of organic COD
in anaerobic effluent
easily biodegradable (soluble) COD fraction in the raw wastewater
easily biodegradable (soluble) COD fraction in the pre-settled wastewater
fraction of Sbsi consumed by normal heterotrophic bacteria
fraction of Sbsi sequestered by bio-P organisms
biodegradable soluble fraction of organic COD in anaerobic effluent
proportionality constant between bacterial mass and mass of COD
activity factor for a bivalent ion
denitrification constant = (1 - fcvY)/2.86
endogenous residue of bio-P organisms

inorganic H2S-COD in UASB effluent expressed as fraction of influent COD

inorganic H2S-COD fraction in anaerobic effluent
additional investment costs (non-construction related)
limiting solids flux
membrane flux
maximum anoxic sludge fraction allowed for
selected sludge age (when Nae = Nad)
activity coefficient for a monovalent ion in the mixed liquor
maximum allowed anoxic mass fraction
mineral fraction influent
nitrogen fraction in organic biomass
inert particulate COD fraction after primary settling
inert particulate influent COD fraction
inert particulate fraction of COD in anaerobic effluent
inert soluble COD fraction after primary settling
non biodegradable, soluble influent COD fraction
non biodegradable, soluble COD fraction in anaerobic effluent
phosphorus fraction in organic biomass
fraction of bio-P organisms capable of denitrification
maximum poly-P fraction of bio-P organisms
phosphorus release constant
putrescible fraction of anaerobic sludge
average frequency of exposure at the chlorine injection point
applied solids load (drying beds)
fraction of biodegradable COD that is easily biodegradable remaining after primary settling
fraction of biodegradable COD that is easily biodegradable
solids loading rate
total solids flux in final settler
solids flux due to sludge abstraction
organic sludge fraction = ratio between volatile and total sludge concentration
solids flux due to sludge settling
organic sludge fraction in stabilised sludge
organic sludge fraction of bio-P organisms
organic sludge fraction anaerobic sludge
total anoxic sludge mass fraction
pre-D anoxic sludge mass fraction
post-D anoxic sludge mass fraction
sludge mass fraction located in final settler
fraction of final settler volume filled with sludge
gravitational acceleration constant
liquid height above base of V-notch or above perforation
thickener inlet zone / thickening zone (ATV)
thickener clarification zone / sludge storage zone (ATV)
thickener compression zone / separation zone (ATV)
thickener sludge removal zone / clear water zone (ATV)
height of final settler
average depth of final settler
height of the sludge buffer zone
deflector height
level of air diffusers above reactor bottom
height of digestion zone in UASB reactor
height of freeboard of UASB reactor
liquid height of gas box

liquid GLS height

liquid height UASB reactor
height of sludge thickener
total height of UASB reactor
interest rate
investment costs
diluted sludge volume index
stirred sludge volume index
Vesilind constant
rate constant for denitrification on easily biodegradable
organic material
equilibrium constant for CO2 dissociation
real equilibrium constant for CO2 dissociation,
corrected for ionic activity
rate constant for denitrification on slowly biodegradable organic material
equilibrium constant for bicarbonate dissociation
real equilibrium constant of the bicarbonate dissociation, corrected for ionic activity
rate constant for denitrification due to endogenous respiration
adsorption rate constant
adsorption constant
adsorption saturation constant
fermentation constant
Henry constant
oxygen transfer coefficient
oxygen transfer coefficient under actual conditions
oxygen transfer constant at 20C
oxygen transfer constant at TC
specific utilisation rate constant
specific utilisation rate of slowly bio-degradable (adsorbed) organic material
specific utilisation rate of easily biodegradable organic material
saturation constant for nitrifiers
half saturation constant for aerobic processes
relaxation constant
saturation constant (Monod)
saturation constant (Monod) for growth on slowly biodegradable, adsorbed substrate
saturation constant (Monod) for growth on easily
biodegradable substrate
equilibrium constant for the dissociation of water
real equilibrium constant for the dissociation of water, corrected for ionic activity
height of water layer remaining at end of drying period
height of initial water layer applied to sludge bed
length of UASB reactor
maintenance costs
maintenance costs for civil part of plant
construction costs of aeration tank and final settler
total construction costs of thickener and anaerobic digester
total pre-D denitrification capacity
total post-D denitrification capacity
total chemical excess sludge production
specific digested sludge mass
digested sludge mass
chemical excess sludge production (metal oxides)
chemical excess sludge production (metal phosphates)

specific excess sludge production (equal to apparent yield Yap)

excess sludge production
specific primary excess sludge production
primary excess sludge production
specific secondary excess sludge production
secondary excess sludge production
specific stabilised excess sludge production
stabilised excess sludge production
specific anaerobic excess sludge production
anaerobic excess sludge production
total (secondary) excess sludge production corrected for loss of suspended solids in the effluent
specific organic sludge production (= apparent yield Yap)
volatile or organic excess sludge production
organic primary excess sludge production
organic secondary excess sludge production
specific stabilised organic excess sludge production
stabilised organic excess sludge production
organic anaerobic excess sludge production
specific active excess sludge production
specific inactive excess sludge production
specific methane production
methane production
consumption of metal salts
maintenance costs for mechanical, electrical and instrumentation part of plant
mass of nitrate available in (i.e. returned to) the pre-D zone
mass of denitrified nitrogen
mass of nitrate denitrified in the pre-D reactor
mass of nitrate denitrified in the post-D reactor
mass of nitrate denitrified in the final settler
denitrification due to consumption of slowly
biodegradable COD
denitrification due to consumption of easily biodegradable COD
specific nitrogen discharge with the excess sludge
nitrogen removal with produced excess sludge
specific nitrogen release in digester
mass of nitrogen released in digester
specific nitrogen removal due to discharge with the stabilised excess sludge
mass of nitrogen removed with stabilised excess sludge
mass of nitrogen removed with the excess sludge corrected for the loss of organic nitrogen with the effluent
nitrogen load in effluent
nitrogen load in influent
oxygen demand for COD oxidation (= MSo)
equivalent oxygen demand
(recovered oxygen from denitrification)
oxygen demand for nitrification
total oxygen demand
mass of phosphorus removed by chemical precipitation
specific power production
phosphorus removal with excess sludge production
specific phosphorus discharge with the excess sludge
mass of phosphorus removed with the primary excess sludge
specific phosphorus removal due to discharge with the stabilised excess sludge
mass of phosphorus removed with stabilised excess sludge

mass of phosphorus removed with the secondary excess sludge, corrected for the loss of organic nitrogen with the effluent
mass of phosphorus removed with the excess sludge, corrected for loss of organic phosphorus in the effluent
phosphorus load in the effluent
specific primary excess sludge flow rate
specific secondary excess sludge flow rate
specific thickened sludge production
fraction of total COD present as biodegradable COD
in UASB effluent
fraction of influent COD that is digested
mass of COD digested in the system
COD mass digested in UASB and emitted to atmosphere
fraction of influent COD digested in UASB
COD mass digested in UASB
fraction of influent COD leaving the system with the effluent (soluble COD only)
fraction of influent COD ending up as non-settleable COD in the UASB effluent
non settleable COD load in UASB effluent
fraction of influent COD metabolized
metabolized sludge mass
fraction of influent COD that is oxidized
mass of COD oxidized in the system (= MOc)
fraction of influent COD oxidized in aerobic digester
mass of COD sequestered by bio-P organisms
fraction of influent COD leaving the system with the effluent (includes particulate COD)
COD load in the effluent
applied COD load
mass of COD discharged from the system in the excess sludge
fraction of influent COD discharged from the system
in the excess sludge
fraction of influent COD leaving the system in the primary excess sludge
fraction of influent COD discharged from the system
in the secondary excess sludge
fraction of influent COD leaving the system with stabilised excess sludge
mass of COD discharged from the system in the stabilised excess sludge
influent COD fraction converted into anaerobic excess sludge
COD mass discharged as anaerobic excess sludge from UASB
mole weight metal hydroxide
mole weight metal phosphate
mole weight metal salt
active sludge mass per unit mass daily applied COD
total active sludge mass in system
total active heterotrophic sludge mass in system
total active nitrifier sludge mass in system
total mass of active bio-P organisms in system
active anaerobic sludge mass per unit mass daily applied COD
total active anaerobic sludge mass in system
non-degraded biodegradable sludge mass per unit mass daily applied COD
total mass of non-degraded biodegradable sludge mass in system
total mass of chemical sludge in system
endogenous sludge mass per unit mass daily applied COD
total mass of endogenous sludge in system
total mass of endogenous nitrifier sludge in system
total mass of endogenous bio-P sludge in system
endogenous anaerobic sludge mass per unit mass

daily applied COD

total mass of endogenous anaerobic sludge
inert sludge mass per unit mass daily applied COD
total mass of inert sludge in system
non-biodegradable particulate anaerobic sludge mass
per unit mass daily applied COD
total mass of non-biodegradable particulate anaerobic
sludge in system
inorganic anaerobic sludge mass per unit mass
daily applied COD
total mass of inorganic anaerobic sludge in system
total nitrifier mass in system
total sludge mass per unit mass daily applied COD
total sludge mass in system
available sludge mass storage capacity in final settler
required sludge mass storage capacity in final settler
total sludge mass in final settler
anaerobic sludge mass per unit mass daily applied COD
total mas of anaerobic sludge in system
volatile sludge mass per unit mass daily applied COD
total volatile sludge mass in system
total organic heterotrophic biomass in system
anaerobic organic sludge per unit mass daily applied COD
total anaerobic organic sludge mass in system
economical lifetime
number of gas boxes
insurance costs
number of UASB reactors
number of aerobic digesters
desired/required effluent ammonium concentration
ammonium effluent concentration
nitrate available in pre-D zone
nitrate available in post-D zone
nitrification capacity (= nitrified ammonium concentration)
ratio between nitrification capacity and biodegradable
influent COD
limiting ratio between nitrification capacity and biodegradable influent COD for the applicability of the Bardenpho process
maximum ratio between nitrification capacity and biodegradable influent COD allowing full nitrogen removal
denitrified nitrogen concentration
concentration of nitrate that will be denitrified in the return sludge stream per passage through the final settler
maximum allowable production of nitrogen gas in the return sludge flow during its passage through the final settler to the abstraction point
denitrification due to consumption of slowly
biodegradable COD
denitrification due to consumption of easily biodegradable COD
effluent Kjeldahl nitrogen concentration
influent Kjeldahl nitrogen concentration
nitrogen concentration removed with the excess sludge
nitrogen concentration released in digester
nitrogen concentration removed with the stabilised
excess sludge
nitrogen concentration removed with the heterotrophic
excess sludge
nitrogen concentration removed with the nitrifier
excess sludge

nitrogen concentration discharged with excess sludge

(corrected for loss of organic nitrogen in the effluent)
equilibrium dissolved nitrogen gas concentration at the maximum liquid depth of the final settler, assuming an atmosphere of 100% nitrogen
dissolved nitrogen gas concentration in the incoming
mixed liquor flow
nitrate concentration when decay of active sludge is complete (aerobic digestion)
nitrate production in the aerobic digester
nitrate/nitrate effluent concentration
initial nitrate concentration (aerobic digestion)
influent nitrate/nitrite concentration
organic nitrogen in effluent
influent organic nitrogen concentration
particulate organic nitrogen in effluent
soluble organic nitrogen in effluent
nitrification potential
(= maximum ammonium concentration that can be nitrified)
effluent total nitrogen concentration
maximum nitrogen effluent concentration
(all released nitrogen recycled to aeration tank)
minimum nitrogen effluent concentration
(no recycle of released nitrogen to aeration tank)
influent Kjeldahl nitrogen concentration
limiting ratio between influent TKN and total influent COD for the applicability of the Bardenpho process
maximum ratio between influent TKN and total influent COD allowing full nitrogen removal
operational costs
oxygen uptake rate (respiration) for COD oxidation
endogenous respiration rate
oxygen recovery rate (equivalent oxygen uptake rate)
due to denitrification
exogenous respiration rate
exogenous respiration rate due to consumption of slowly biodegradable (adsorbed) substrate
exogenous respiration rate due to consumption of easily biodegradable substrate
oxygen uptake rate for nitrification
total oxygen uptake rate
oxygen transfer efficiency at 4.5 m submergence
actual oxygen transfer efficiency
total oxygen uptake rate (aerobic digester)
standard oxygen transfer efficiency
oxygen uptake rate
apparent OUR
rate of change of oxygen concentration in reactor due to hydraulic effects
endogenous respiration rate
rate of change of oxygen concentration in reactor due to adsorption of atmospheric oxygen
maximum oxygen uptake rate due to nitrification
personnel costs
atmospheric pressure
static point
required aeration power
installed aeration power
partial methane pressure
concentration of phosphorus to be chemically removed
discharge pressure
dissipated power
power production

electrical power consumption (pumps)

residual pollution load in wastewater after treatment
required heating power
influent phosphorus concentration removed with
the excess sludge
influent phosphorus concentration in digested sludge
(i.e. released to liquid phase)
influent phosphorus concentration removed with
the stabilised excess sludge
phosphorus concentration discharged with excess sludge (corrected for loss of organic phosphorus with the effluent)
minimum required energy required to keep sludge in suspension
partial oxygen pressure
particulate organic phosphorus in effluent
soluble organic phosphorus in effluent
phosphate concentration in effluent
standard pressure
desired/required total phosphorus concentration in the effluent
effluent total phosphorus concentration
maximum phosphorus effluent concentration
(all released phosphorus recycled to aeration tank)
minimum phosphorus effluent concentration
(no recycle of released phosphorus to aeration tank)
influent phosphorus concentration
water vapor pressure
flow rate
excess sludge flow
primary excess sludge flow
secondary excess sludge flow
air flow
methane gas flow rate
biogas flow rate
module feed flow (cross-flow membranes)
influent flow rate
permeate flow rate
influent peak flow rate
recirculation flow (cross-flow MBR)
thickened excess sludge flow
excess sludge flow
recirculation factor from pre-D zone to anaerobic zone
gas constant
adsorption rate of slowly biodegradable material
decay rate
denitrification rate
retention time in aerobic digester
retention time in anaerobic digester
theoretical minimum total aerobic digestion
retention time for N
denitrification rate on slowly biodegradable COD
denitrification rate on easily biodegradable COD
minimum total aerobic digestion retention time
growth rate
hydraulic retention time
hydraulic retention time in pre-D reactor

hydrolysis rate of stored slowly biodegradable material

thickening time final settler (ATV)
hydraulic retention time UASB
minimum retention time for complete utilisation of the Sbs present in the influent in the pre-D reactor
nitrification rate
th

retention time in N aerobic digester

relative evaporation rate of water in the exposed sludge batch
sludge age
true sludge age (including sludge mass present in final settler)
net production of slowly biodegradable material
net production of easily biodegradable material
feeding rate of easily biodegradable material to the pre-D reactor
minimum sludge age required to achieve desired
effluent ammonium concentration
minimum sludge age required for nitrification
net production of adsorbed biodegradable material
anaerobic sludge age
utilisation rate of organic material
utilisation rate of easily biodegradable influent organic material
decay rate of volatile solids
water evaporation rate
net production of active sludge
production rate of endogenous residue
sludge recycle factor
biodegradable COD consumed by normal heterotrophic biomass
biodegradable influent COD concentration
biodegradable COD sequestered by bio-organisms
slowly biodegradable COD concentration (reactor)
easily biodegradable COD concentration (reactor)
easily biodegradable COD consumed by normal
heterotrophic biomass
influent concentration of easily biodegradable material after correction for denitrification in the anaerobic zone
easily biodegradable influent COD concentration
residual concentration of the easily biodegradable material in the effluent of the Nth reactor of a series
easily biodegradable COD sequestered by bio-P organisms
critical sludge recirculation factor
safety factor used to allow for locally increased dissolved nitrogen gas concentrations
soluble (non settleable) COD concentration in UASB effluent
safety factor used in design final settler
safety factor used in design sludge thickener
COD discharge per capita
minimum value of sludge recirculation flow (MBR)
non biodegradable influent COD concentration
non biodegradable soluble influent COD concentration
concentration of absorbed slowly biodegradable material (reactor)
return sludge ratio during peak flow (ATV)
particulate influent COD concentration
total effluent COD concentration
total influent COD concentration
total UASB effluent COD concentration
VFA concentration
aerobic digestion time
sewage temperature

time required for preparation of the sludge bed and

application onto the bed of the sludge to be dried
time required for percolation
time required for evaporation
time required for removal of the dried sludge and
cleaning of the bed for the next batch
total drying cycle time
total construction costs
compression time (thickener)
temperature in the anaerobic digester
total investment costs
blower inlet temperature
maximum reactor temperature
minimum reactor temperature
(often equal to design temperature)
total operational costs
duration of primary phase (denitrification)
hydraulic loading rate
maximum allowable hydraulic loading rate
hydraulic loading rate during peak flow (ATV)
sludge volume loading rate
maximum sludge volume loading rate
downward liquid velocity in settler
humidity
final humidity
initial humidity
Vesilind constant
liquid velocity in UASB apertures
volume aerobic zone
volume of anaerobic zone (bio-P removal)
volume of settler cone
hydraulic retention time in final settler
volume of final settler
volume of primary settler
aerobic digestion volume
specific aerobic digestion volume
available volume for sludge buffering in the final settler
anaerobic digester volume
reactor volume required per capita
liquid upflow velocity in UASB reactor
liquid overflow velocity in UASB reactor
volume of aeration tank
biological reactor volume
total volume
specific thickener volume
thickener volume
molar gas volume at actual temperature and pressure
UASB volume
sludge volume
volume pre-D zone
volume post-D zone
width of single aperture in UASB reactor
outer width of gas box

width of UASB reactor

active sludge concentration in reactor
th

active sludge concentration in (N-1) digester and its effluent (aerobic digestion)
digested active sludge concentration (aerobic digestion)
active sludge concentration in digester and its effluent
(aerobic digestion)
active heterotrophic sludge concentration in anaerobic zone
initial or incoming active sludge concentration
(aerobic digestion)
active sludge concentration in N-th digester and its effluent (aerobic digestion)
active nitrifier concentration
average concentration at which sludge will accumulate in the final settler
non degraded biodegradable solids concentration
critical sludge concentration
mole fraction of dissolved methane gas in water
primary sludge concentration
concentration of endogenous residue in reactor
endogenous sludge concentration formed in aerobic digester
concentration of endogenous residue from nitrifiers
average sludge concentration on settler bottom (ATV)
inert organic sludge concentration in reactor
limiting sludge concentration
minimum sludge concentration
concentration of inorganic solids in influent
inorganic sludge concentration in reactor
inactive sludge concentration in digester (aerobic digestion)
initial or incoming inactive sludge concentration
(aerobic digestion)
return sludge concentration
maximum return sludge concentration
maximum allowed sludge concentration in membrane tank
total sludge concentration in reactor
sludge concentration in first reactor (step feed systems)
sludge concentration in second reactor (step feed systems)
total stabilised sludge concentration
effluent total solids concentration
thickened excess sludge concentration
limiting thickening sludge concentration
sludge concentration in the reactor during peak flow
average UASB sludge concentration in reactor
average UASB sludge concentration in digestion zone
volatile sludge concentration in reactor
final volatile sludge concentration when decay of active sludge is complete (aerobic digestion)
digested organic sludge concentration
stabilised organic sludge concentration
initial volatile sludge concentration (aerobic digestion)
organic anaerobic sludge concentration
waste sludge concentration
anaerobic yield
yield of ammonia oxidisers
apparent yield
heterotrophic yield
nitrifier yield

yield of nitrite oxidisers

inclination
ratio of the oxygen transfer rate in mixed liquor and
in pure water
plate inclination
angle of base of V-notch
ratio of the saturation concentration of DO in mixed liquor
and in pure water
alkalinity change from ammonification
alkalinity change from denitrification
alkalinity change from nitrification
total alkalinity change
reduction in pre-D denitrification capacity due to
recycle of oxygen to pre-D zone
reduction in post-D denitrification capacity due to influx of oxygen in post-D zone
height of water layer removed during drying period
mass of sludge transferred from the reactor to the final settler during peak flow
variation of ammonium concentration
ammonified nitrogen concentration in the
activated sludge process
variation of nitrate concentration
differential pressure
differential pressure over a membrane module
trans membrane pressure
change in reactor sludge concentration during peak flow
efficiency of blower
methane fraction in biogas
COD removal efficiency
efficiency factor to account for short circuiting between inlet- and outlet of final settler (ATV)
maximum solids removal efficiency of inactive sludge fraction
maximum solids removal efficiency of active sludge fraction
electrical efficiency of pump, biogas engine and gas motor
ratio between net and gross membrane flux
sludge drying bed productivity
fraction of solids converted in digester
COD removal efficiency of primary settler
degree of solids conversion inert and endogenous sludge
degree of solids conversion active sludge
solids removal efficiency of primary settler
(apparent) maximum specific nitrifier growth rate in systems with non aerated zones
specific growth rate of nitrifiers
maximum specific nitrifier growth rate
sweet water viscosity at process temperature
sweet water viscosity at reference temperature (1.288 at T = 15)
density
membrane permeability
membrane permeability at process temperature
membrane permeability at T = 15C
temperature dependency coefficient (Arrhenius)
contraction coefficient

UoM
m
(-)
2

m
2
m
m2
(-)
-1

US$.yr
-1
mg CaCO3.l
-1
mg CaCO3.l
mg CaCO3.l-1
mg CaCO3.l-1
-1
mg CaCO3.l
2

m
m2
m2
2
-1
m .d.kg COD
2
m
m2
m2
m
d-1
-1
d
d-1
(-)
-1

d
(-)

mg BOD.mg-1 VSS
(-)
-1

d
d-1
US$.kW-1
-3
US$.m
US$.m-3
US$.m-3
US$.m-3
US$.PE-1
US$.kWh-1
US$.kW-1
US$.m-3 gas or
-1
US$.kg fuel
mg CH4.l-1
(-)
US$.m-3
mg VSS.d.mg-1 COD
mg VSS.d.mg-1 COD
mg VSS.d.mg-1 N
mg VSS.d.mg-1 COD
US$.ton-1 TSS

-3

US$.m
-3
US$.m
-1
mg N.l influent
mg N.l-1 influent
mg N.l-1 influent
-1

mg N.l influent
mg N.l-1 influent
mg N.l-1 influent
m
-1
mg O2.l
mg O2.l-1
-1
mg O2.l
-1
mg O2.l
-1
mg O2.l
mg O2.l-1
-1
mg O2.l
mg O2.l-1
-1
mg O2.l
mg O2.l-1
(-)
mg VSS.mg-1 VSS
(-)
kg TSS.m-2.d-1
(-)
mg VSS.mg-1 VSS
mg VSS.mg-1 VSS
-1
mg VSS.mg VSS
-1
kg TSS.kg TSS
mg VSS.mg-1 VSS
-1
mg VSS.mg VSS
-1
kg TSS.kg TSS
mg VSS.mg-1 TSS
mg VSS.mg-1 VSS
mg VSS.mg-1 VSS
mg VSS.mg-1 VSS
mg VSS.mg-1 VSS
mg COD.mg-1 COD
mg COD.mg-1 COD
mg COD.mg-1 COD
mg COD.mg-1 COD
mg COD.mg-1 COD
mg COD.mg-1 COD
mg COD.mg-1 COD
mg COD.mg-1 COD
mg COD.mg-1 COD
mg COD.mg-1 COD
mg COD.mg-1 VSS
(-)
(-)
mg VSS.mg-1 VSS

-1

mg COD.mg COD
-1
mg COD.mg COD
(-)
kg TSS.m-2.d-1
l.m-2.h1
3

-3

m .m
(-)
3

-3

m .m
mg ISS.mg-1 COD
-1
mg N.mg VSS
-1
mg COD.mg COD
-1
mg COD.mg COD
-1
mg COD.mg COD
mg COD.mg-1 COD
mg COD.mg-1 COD
-1
mg COD.mg COD
-1
mg P.mg VSS
(-)
mg P.mg-1 VSS
mg P.mg-1 COD
-1
mg VSS.mg VSS
-1
d
-2
kg TSS.m
-1
mg COD.mg BCOD
-1
mg COD.mg BCOD
2 -1
kg TSS.m .d
kg TSS.m2.d-1
kg TSS.m2.d-1
-1
mg VSS.mg TSS
kg TSS.m2.d-1
mg VSS.mg-1 TSS
-1
mg VSS.mg TSS
mg VSS.mg-1 TSS
-1
kg TSS.kg TSS
kg TSS.kg-1 TSS
-1
kg TSS.kg TSS
kg TSS.kg-1 TSS
m3.m-3
m.s-2
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m

m
m
m
m
%
US$
-1

ml.g TSS
-1
ml.g TSS
-1
l.g TSS
-1

mg N.g Xa-VSS.d

-1

mol.l-1
-1

mol.l
-1

mg N.g Xa-VSS.d

-1

-1

mol.l

-1

mol.l

mg N.g-1 Xa-VSS.d-1
-1
-1
litre.mg Xa.d
h-1
-1
mg COD.mg Xa
-1
l.mg Xa-VSS.d-1
-1

-1

atm or mg.l .atm

h-1
-1
h
h-1
h-1
mg COD.mg-1 Xa.d-1
-1
-1
mg COD.mg Xa.d
-1
-1
mg COD.mg Xa.d
-1

mg N.l
-1
mg O2.l
h-1
mg COD.l-1
-1
mg COD-.mg Xa
-1

mg COD.l
mol2.l-2

mol2.l-2
mm
mm
m
% of TIC per year
% of TIC per year
US$
US$
kg N.d-1
kg N.d-1
kg TSS.d-1
kg VSS.kg-1 COD
kg VSS.d-1
kg TSS.d-1
kg TSS.d-1

-1

mg TSS.mg COD
-1
kg TSS.d
-1
mg TSS.mg COD
kg TSS.d-1
mg TSS.mg-1 COD
-1
kg TSS.d
-1
mg TSS.mg COD
kg TSS.d-1
-1
mg TSS.mg COD
kg TSS.d-1
-1
kg TSS.d
-1
mg VSS.mg COD
-1
kg VSS.d
-1
kg VSS.d
kg VSS.d-1
mg VSS.mg-1 COD
kg VSS.d-1
kg VSS.d-1
-1
mg VSS.mg COD
mg VSS.mg-1 COD
kg CH4.kg-1 COD
kg CH4.d-1
kg.d-1
% of TIC
kg N.d-1
kg N.d-1
-1
kg N.d
kg N.d-1
-1
kg N.d
-1

kg N.d

-1

kg N.d
mg N.mg-1 COD
kg N.d-1
mg N.mg-1 COD
kg N.d-1
mg N.mg-1 COD
kg N.d-1
kg N.d-1
kg N.d-1
kg N.d-1
kg O2.d-1
kg O2.d-1
kg O2.d-1
kg O2.d-1
kg P.d-1
kWh.kg-1 COD
kg P.d-1
mg P.mg-1 COD
kg P.d-1
mg P.mg-1 COD
kg P.d-1

-1

kg P.d
-1
kg P.d
-1
kg P.d
3
-1
m .kg COD
m3.kg-1 COD
3
-1
m .kg COD
-1

mg COD.mg COD
-1

mg COD.mg COD
kg COD.d-1
-1
kg COD.d
-1
mg COD.mg COD
-1
kg COD.d
-1
mg COD.mg COD
mg COD.mg-1 COD
kg COD.d-1
-1
mg COD.mg COD
-1
kg COD.d
-1
mg COD.mg COD
kg COD.d-1
-1
mg COD.mg COD
-1
kg COD.d
-1
mg COD.mg COD
kg COD.d-1
kg COD.d-1
-1
kg COD.d
mg COD.mg-1 COD
kg COD.d-1
-1

kg COD.d

mg COD.mg-1 COD
-1
kg COD.d
-1
mg COD.mg COD
-1
kg COD.d
-1
g.mol
-1
g.mol
g.mol-1
mg VSS.d.mg-1 COD
kg VSS
kg VSS
kg VSS
kg VSS
mg VSS.d.mg-1 COD
kg VSS
mg VSS.d.mg-1 COD
kg VSS
kg TSS
mg VSS.mg-1 COD.d-1
kg VSS
kg VSS
kg VSS
mg VSS.d.mg-1 COD

-1

mg VSS.d.mg COD
kg VSS
mg VSS.d.mg-1 COD
kg VSS
mg VSS.d.mg-1 COD
kg VSS
-1

mg ISS.d.mg COD
kg VSS
kg VSS
-1

mg TSS.d.mg COD
kg TSS
kg TSS
kg TSS
kg TSS
-1

-1

mg TSS.mg COD.d
kg TSS

mg VSS.mg-1 COD.d-1
kg VSS
kg VSS
mg VSS.mg-1 COD.d-1
kg VSS
years
(-)
% of TIC per year
(-)
(-)
mg N.l-1
mg N.l-1
-1
mg N.l influent
mg N.l-1 influent
mg N.l-1 influent
mg N/mg COD
-1

mg N.mg COD
mg N.mg-1 COD
mg N.l-1 influent
mg N.l-1
mg N.l-1
mg N.l-1 influent
mg N.l-1 influent
mg N.l-1
mg N.l-1
mg N.l-1 influent
mg N.l-1 influent
mg N.l-1 influent
mg N.l-1 influent
mg N.l-1 influent

-1

mg N.l influent
-1

mg N.l

-1

mg N.l

-1

mg N.l
-1
mg N.l
-1
mg N.l
mg N.l-1
mg N.l-1
-1
mg N.l
-1
mg N.l
mg N.l-1
-1
mg N.l
mg N.l-1 influent
-1

mg N.l

mg N.l-1
mg N.l-1
mg N.l-1
mg N.mg-1 COD
mg N.mg-1 COD
% of TIC per year
mg O2.l-1.d-1
-1 -1
mg O2.l .d
mg O2.l-1.d-1
mg O2.l-1.d-1
-1 -1
mg O2.l .d
mg O2.l-1.d-1
-1 -1
mg O2.l .d
-1 -1
mg O2.l .d
%
kg O2.kWh-1 or %
mg O2.l-1.d-1
-1
kg O2.kWh or %
-1 -1
mg O2.l .h
mg O2.l-1.h-1
mg O2.l-1.h-1
mg O2.l-1.h-1
mg O2.l-1.h-1
mg O2.l-1.h-1
% of TIC per year
bar
(-)
kW
kW
atm
mg P.l-1 influent
bar or m liquid
W.m-3
kW

kW
US$.PE

-1

m gas or kg fuel.d
mg P.l-1 influent
mg P.l-1 influent
-1

mg P.l influent
-1

mg P.l influent
W.m-3
atm
mg P.l-1
-1
mg P.l
-1
mg P.l
bar
mg P.l-1
-1
mg P.l
mg P.l-1
mg P.l-1
-1

mg P.l
bar
3

-1

3 -1

m .h or m .s
m3.d-1
3 -1
m .d
m3.d-1
-1
kg.h or Nm3.h-1
Nm3.h-1
3 -1
Nm .h
3 -1
m .h
3 -1
3 -1
m .d or m .h
3 -1
m .h
m3.h-1
m3.h-1
m3.d-1
3 -1
m .d
(-)
kJ.mol-1.K-1
mg COD.l-1.d-1
mg VSS.l-1.d-1
mg N.l-1.d-1
days
days
days
mg N.l-1.d-1
mg N.l-1.d-1
days
mg VSS.l-1.d-1
days
days

-1

-1

-1

mg COD.l .d
days
hr
days
mg N.l-1.d-1
days
(-)
days
days

mg COD.l-1.d-1
-1 -1
mg COD.l .d
mg COD.l-1.d-1
days
days
mg COD.l-1.d-1
days
-1

-1

mg COD.l .d
-1 -1
mg COD.l .d
-1 -1
mg VSS.l .d
-1
mm.day
-1 -1
mg VSS.l .d
mg VSS.l-1.d-1
(-)
mg COD.l-1 influent
mg COD.l-1 influent
-1
mg COD.l influent
mg COD.l-1 influent
-1
mg COD.l influent
mg COD.l-1 influent
-1

mg COD.l influent
mg COD.l-1 influent
mg COD.l-1
-1
mg COD.l influent
(-)
(-)
mg COD.l-1 influent
(-)
(-)
g COD.inhab-1
(-)
mg COD.l-1 influent
mg COD.l-1 influent
mg COD.l-1 influent
(-)
mg COD.l-1 influent
mg COD.l-1
mg COD.l-1 influent
mg COD.l-1
mg COD.l-1 influent
days
C

days
days
days
days
days
US$
days
C
US$
C
C
C
US$
d
-1

m.h
-1
m.h
m.h-1
l.m-2.h1
-2 1
l.m .h
m.h-1
%
%
%
-1

m.d or m.h
m.h-1
3
m
m3
m3
days

-1

m3
m3
3
m
3
-1
m .d.kg COD
m3
3
m
3
m .inhab-1
m.h-1
m.h-1
m3
3.
m d.kg-1 COD
m3
3
m .d.kg-1 COD
m3
liter.mol-1
m3
ml.l-1
m3
m3
m
m

m
-3

kg VSS.m
-3
kg VSS.m
kg VSS.m-3
kg VSS.m-3
-3

kg VSS.m

-3

kg VSS.m

kg VSS.m-3
-3
kg VSS.m
-3
kg TSS.m
kg VSS.m-3
-3
kg TSS.m
mole.mole-1
-3
kg TSS.m
-3
kg VSS.m
kg VSS.m-3
-3
kg VSS.m
-3
kg TSS.m
kg VSS.m-3
-3
kg TSS.m
kg TSS.m-3
-1
mg ISS.l
kg ISS.m-3
-3
kg VSS.m
-3

kg VSS.m

kg TSS.m-3
-3
kg TSS.m
kg TSS.m-3
kg TSS.m-3
-3
kg TSS.m
kg TSS.m-3
-3
kg TSS.m
-1
mg TSS.l
-3
kg TSS.m
kg TSS.m-3
kg TSS.m-3
kg TSS.m-3
kg TSS.m-3
kg VSS.m-3
kg VSS.m-3
kg VSS.m-3
kg VSS.m-3
kg VSS.m-3
kg VSS.m-3
kg TSS.m-3
mg VSS.mg-1 COD
mg VSS.mg-1 N
-1
mg VSS.mg COD or mg TSS.mg-1 COD
mg VSS.mg-1 COD
mg VSS.mg-1 N

-1

mg VSS.mg N
-1
mm.m
(-)

(-)
-1

mg CaCO3.l influent
-1
mg CaCO3.l influent
mg CaCO3.l-1 influent
-1
mg CaCO3.l influent
-1

mg N.l

mg N.l-1
mm
kg TSS
-1

mg N.l influent
mg N.l-1 influent
mg N.l-1 influent
bar
bar
bar
g TSS.l-1
%
%
%
(-)
%
%
%
(-)
kg TSS.m-2.d-1
%
%
(-)
(-)
%
d-1
d-1
d-1
cP
cP
kg.m-3
litre.m-2.h-1.bar-1
litre.m-2.h-1.bar-1
litre.m-2.h-1.bar-1
(-)
(-)