Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DC Machines
Structure
3.1
Introduction
Objectives
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
Basics of Electromagnetism
3.2.2
3.2.3
Construction of DC Machine
3.3.1
Field System
3.3.2
Armature
3.3.3
Commutator
3.3.4
Armature Windings
Armature Reaction
3.4.2
Commutation
Characteristics of DC Generator
3.5.1
3.5.2
DC Motor
3.6.1
Back EMF
3.6.2
Speed Regulation
3.6.3
3.6.4
3.6.5
Characteristics of DC Motors
3.7.1
DC Series Motor
3.7.2
DC Shunt Motor
3.7.3
DC Compound Motors
Starting of DC Motors
3.8.2
Speed Control
3.8.3
Applications
Summary
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Rotating electrical machines are electromechanical energy conversion devices. When these
devices change electrical energy into mechanical then the device is said to function as a
motor and when the device converts mechanical energy into electrical, it is said to act as a
generator. In this unit, we will get an understanding of construction and working of DC
machines. Further, we will discuss different excitation schemes used in DC machines.
Objectives
After studying this unit, you should be able to
51
Electrical Technology
...
(3.2)
The intensity of magnetic force H is given by
H=N.I/l =
MMF
= (AT/m)
l
...
(3.3)
where l is length of magnetic path.
This MMF sets a flux in the magnetic materials. There is a reluctance (S), which
opposes the setting of flux. The reluctance is similar to resistance in electrical circuits and
depends on the length l, area A and permeability of magnetic path, i.e.
S=
l
A
...
S=
l
o r A
...
(3.4)
or
(3.5)
where o is absolute permeability, and
r is relative permeability.
52
DC Machines
Permeability
A DC machine has magnetic circuits which are not exactly in parallel and the flux passes
through poles, air gap, armature teeth and magnetic core. The magnetic materials used for
different parts have different permeability. This type of magnetic circuit is known as
composite circuit.
So, the total MMF required to setup the flux in this magnetic circuit is
Total MMF = H p l p + H g lg + H t lt + H c lc + H y l y
. . . (3.6)
where Hp and lp are field intensity and length of path, respectively, for the poles.
Hg and lg are field intensity and length of path, respectively, for air gap.
Similarly t, c and y refer to teeth, coils and yoke or magnetic core, respectively, of
DC machine.
e = B l v sin
...
(3.7)
The direction of induced emf can be determined by Flemings right hand rule for emf.
The induced emf can also be calculated by taking statically induced emf relations like
Faradays law. The induced emf in a conductor is directly proportional to rate of change of
flux linked with conductor
e=
d
dt
...
(3.8)
Consider a DC machine having the following :
P = Number of poles,
N = Speed of rotation of armature in RPM,
Zt = Number of total conductors in armature,
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Electrical Technology
A=2
A=P
60
sec onds.
N
d P . P N
=
=
60
dt
60
N
...
(3.9)
The average emf induced in DC machine is always equal to emf across each parallel path.
So average emf across each parallel path
eav = e No. of conductors in parallel path
=
P N Zt
volts
60
A
...
(3.10)
For Wave wound armature
eav =
P N Zt
volts and
60
2
...
(3.11)
for Lap wound armature
eav =
P N Zt N Zt
=
volts
60
P
60
...
(3.12)
In case of generator the average emf is known as generated emf (eg) and in case of motor it
is known as back emf (eb).
. . . (3.13)
I
Fav = Bav a l newtons
A
...
(3.14)
where Bav is average flux density and A is number of parallel paths. For an armature of
diameter D, average torque contributed by each conductor is
I
D
Tav = Fav armature radius = Bav a l
2
A
54
(3.15)
...
DC Machines
...
(3.16)
But
Bav =
Pf
Dl
...
(3.17)
1 P
. Z t f I a Nm
T =
2 A
T = Ka f I a
...
(3.18)
P Zt
K a =
2 A
where
Field System
(b)
Armature
(c)
Commutator
(d)
Carbon Brushes
Yoke or Frame
(b)
(c)
Magnetic Coils
(a)
(b)
Material of yoke possess high permeability and it provides the path to the
flux.
(c)
It is made of forged or cast steel or iron. Cast steel has very good magnetic
properties. The yoke provides mechanical protection to the internal parts of a
DC machine.
Pole core has circular section and it carries the field magnets. The pole shoes are
attached to pole core and act as support to the field coils. It also spreads out the flux
uniformly over the armature periphery. Usually pole cores are made of iron and
casted with yoke. The pole shoes are formed by laminated sheets of steel and bolted
to the pole cores.
Magnetic Coils
55
Electrical Technology
Yoke
N
S
Field
Windings
Pole Shoes
S
Slotted
Armature
In series field machines, the field coil is made of thick wire of copper with less
turns. For a shunt field coil, many turns of fine wire are used. After proper winding
of coils these are dipped in insulating varnish to provide mechanical strength and
better insulating properties.
3.3.2 Armature
Armature is the drum shaped rotating part of DC machine. The armature conductors are
fixed at the upper surface of drum in slots. There is a small air gap between armature and
pole shoes of field magnets to avoid any rubbing in DC machine. This air gap should be
kept minimum. Usually armature is made of
0.3 mm to 0.6 mm thick laminated stampings of high grade steel to reduce hysteresis and
eddy current losses. On the outer periphery the slots are formed by die cut or punch as
shown in Figure 3.3. Also some air ducts are provided for proper ventilation.
Key Way
Slot
Tooth
Ventilating Ducts
The armature conductors carry the current and are insulated using several layers of paper
or mica insulation. Figure 3.4(a) depicts a slot containing two coil sides, each consisting of
a single conductor. Two sides of one coil are housed approximately one pole pitch apart.
One side occupies top layer and another side occupies the bottom layer of the respective
slots. In a multiturn coil, each coil side consists of as many conductors as the number of
turns in the coil.
56
DC Machines
Sectional View
Slot Wedge
Top
Coil Side
Overhang
Insulation
Bottom
Coil Side
Active Length
or
Length of Armature Core
Conductors
Start of Coil
Finish of Coil
3.3.3 Commutator
Commuator is an essential part of DC machines. It is placed between armature and the
external circuit. The armature coils are connected with the commutator, which in turn gets
connected to external circuit through carbon brushes sliding on commutator. Its serves the
following purpose :
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Commutator is made of wedge shaped segments of drop forged and hard drawn copper. A
thin sheet of mica is used to separate or laminate the segments from each other.
It has cylindrical shape and approximately same diameter as armature. The winding ends
of armature are directly soldered to the commulator segments.
Slotted Armature
Mica
Shaft
Segments
57
Electrical Technology
Velocity
Commutator
Slot 1
Slot 8
S-pole
Domain
When the field is energized and there is no current in armature, the flux distribution is
rectangular in space along armature periphery with axis of magnetisation through the
centre of poles.
DC Machines
When a armature carries current then there is some MMF due to number of turns in slots
and it works as an electromagnet. The axis of magnetization differs for the various coils so
the resulting axis of magnetization for the complete winding passes between active
conductors and brushes are placed in interpolar region. In generating action, when the
armature rotates in clockwise direction, the field produced by armature current acts
opposite to the direction of rotation, so, in air gap flux is weakened under leading pole tips
and strengthened under the trailing pole tips. This distorts the original rectangular flux
wave shape leading to shift in resultant axis magnetisation and hence the brushes do not
now fall on interpolar axis, thereby leading to poor commutation and speaking.
The effect of armature MMF is summarized as The cross magnetising effect of
armature reaction. Due to cross magnetizing effect DC machines have poor
commutation.
Compensating Winding
3.4.2 Commutation
In DC machines, the EMF induced in each coil of armature alternates with a frequency
NP
The contact resistance between carbon brushes and commutator is not constant but
largely depends on current density at contact surface. Also voltage drop across
brush contact varies but this variation is very small compared to resistance
variations.
Current Density under the Brush
When the brush thickness is less than one commutator segment, then reversal of
current follows the simple linear law i.e. known as straight line commutation.
A sparkles commutation is achieved by the following methods :
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
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Electrical Technology
...
(3.19)
V = Eg Ia Ra Voltage drop across Carbon brush
Power Input = Eg Ia
...
Power Output = V . Ia
...
(3.20)
(3.21)
If
A
FF
Rheostat
Ia
Load
Eg Ra
FF
Magnetizing Characteristic
Self Excited
Separately Excited
c
b
Residual
Voltage
a
If
Internal Curve
60
Internal curve gives the relation between the emf actually generated in the
armature and the armature current Ia.
DC Machines
External Curve
External curve also known as load curve is plotted between terminal voltage
V and armature current Ia.
For a separately excited DC generator these curves are shown in Figure 3.9.
Eg,V
Eg
Ideal (Generated emf)
Inter
nal C
urve
Exte
rna
l Cu
rve
Ia
Figure 3.9 : Internal and External Curves for Separately Excited DC Generators
Series wound
(b)
Shunt wound
(c)
Compound wound
(i)
(ii)
To build up the voltage in self excited DC generators, following conditions should be met :
(i)
(ii)
When the armature of a self excited DC generator rotates at rated speed, the voltage across
terminals increases up to rated voltage. Initially, due to residual magnetism there is a small
flux which induces small residual voltage, which increases the field current. Finally,
terminal voltage reaches the rated value.
If the direction of rotation is reversed then induced emf due to residual magnetism
demagnetizes the residual flux so there is no voltage built up in self excited generators.
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Electrical Technology
Eg , E, V
Eg
Drops Due to Armature and Field
V
External Characteristic
Ia
O B
In series wound DC generator, the field winding is series connected with main
circuit and it delivers load current same as armature current. The equivalent circuit
of DC series generator is shown in Figure 3.11.
Rse
Ia
Ise
IL
Eg R
a
...
...
Power Input = Eg . Ia
(3.24)
...
Power Output = V . Ia
(3.25)
...
In a series wound dc generator the voltage cannot build up if the load terminals are
open. To built up voltage first connect the load across output terminals of DC
62
generator and rotate the armature in forward direction. Due to residual magnetism,
there is small voltage across armature, which results in a small current in field
winding. This small current developes a flux in field and voltage across armature
increases due to increase in flux. This loop continues till the saturation. Now,
voltage across the armature is rated. This given by magnetizing characteristic. Due
to armature reaction there is some voltage drop, by subtracting it from magnetic
characteristic, internal characteristic can be obtained.
DC Machines
If field winding of a DC generator is connected across the main circuit then its
known as DC shunt generator. The resistance of shunt field is very high as
compared to armature resistance. The equivalent circuit is shown in Figure 3.12.
IL
If
Ia
Rsh
Eg
Ra
Load
V
.
Rsh
Ia = IL + If
Eg = V + Ia Ra + voltage drop due to carbon brush.
Power Input = Eg . Ia
Power Output = V . IL
Voltage Built Up
The emf induced by the armature winding due to its rotation through the
residual magnetic flux sends a current in field winding. This current should
be in such a direction as to tend to increase the magnetic flux. With proper
connections and direction of rotation the magnetic field will be gradually
strengthened and as a result the induced emf increases. This emf increases
exciting current and so the voltage builds up until steady state conditions are
obtained. Usually, shunt wound generators are connected with load after the
rated voltage is built up. Generally the load resistance is less than field
resistance otherwise the generator may fail to build up the rated voltage.
On other land if field resistance is very high or more than critical field
resistance then a dc generator fails to build up the voltage. The critical field
resistance can be obtained by drawing the tangent at open circuit
characteristic of DC shunt generator.
Characteristics of DC Shunt Generator
Eg
Electrical Technology
pe
Slo
N3
N2
N1
B
If
Ideally, the terminal voltage of any dc shunt generator should be constant. But due
to armature reaction, load voltage decreases with increasing load current. It further
decreases due to Ia Ra drops.
Example 3.1
The emf induced in the armature of a 450 kW, 250 volt shunt generator is 258.8
volt, when the field current is 20.0 amp and the generator is supplying power to a
load at rated terminal voltage. The armature circuit resistance is 0.005 ohm.
Determine (i) load current, (ii) power generated, (iii) power output, and (iv)
electrical efficiency. Neglect brush contact drop.
Solution
Ia = I + 20
or
I =
8.7
= 1740 amp
0.005
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Electrical efficiency =
435
100 = 95.5%
455.488
SAQ 1
A 4 pole wave wound dc shunt generator delivers a load of 45 kW at a terminal
voltage of 220 volts. Its armature has 150 single turn coils and has a resistance of
0.01 ohm. The air gap flux per pole is 0.02 weber. Shunt field resistance is
50 ohm. Calculate the speed at which it is being driven. Neglect brush contact drop.
64
DC Machines
DC Compound Generator
...
(3.26)
If =
V
Rsh
...
(3.27)
V = E g I a ( Ra + Rse ) voltage drop due to carbon brush
...
(3.28)
Input Power = Eg . Ia
...
(3.29)
Output Power = V . IL
...
(3.30)
IL
If
Rse
Ia
Rsh
Eg R
a
Load
...
(3.31)
If =
V + I se Rse
Rsh
...
(3.32)
V = Eg Ia Ra IL Rse voltage drop due to carbon brush
(3.33)
Power Input = Eg Ia
...
...
(3.34)
65
Electrical Technology
Power Output = V . IL
...
(3.35)
Ise
Rse
If
IL
Ia
Rsh
Eg R
b
Load
SAQ 2
(a)
(b)
A 4 pole, lap wound, 11.5 kW, 230 volts, dc shunt generator has armature
resistance of 0.2 ohm and field resistance of 100 ohms. Calculate (i) emf
generated if the brush contact drop is one volt per brush, and (ii) flux per pole
if the machine is driven at 1000 rpm and 1200 conductors are in the armature
slots with generator supply rated load at rated voltage.
Usually the series winding is arranged to assist the shunt winding and the terminal
voltage variation with increasing load is determined by the relative strengths of two
windings. Under suitable conditions terminal voltage may remain constant from no
load to full load. By using relatively strong series windings the terminals voltage
may increase with load. Its known as over compounded generator. If the shunt
winding is strong then terminal voltage decreases with rise in load. It is under
compound generator. If two fluxes are subtracting then the external curve goes
down sharply, as shown in Figure 3.16.
66
DC Machines
V
Over Compounded
Flat Compounded
Under Compounded
Differential
Compounded
IL
3.6 DC MOTOR
DC motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. When a current carrying
conductor is placed in a magnetic field, a force acts on the conductor and conductor moves
in the direction of force. When the DC machine is connected to DC supply a current
passes through the armature winding. When conductors of armature winding carry
outward current under north and incoming current under south pole then those conductors
experience a force in clockwise direction according to flemings left hand rule. Due to this
force, conductors move in clockwise direction. The direction of current is reversed by
commutator, which causes the moving conductor coming under different pole to carry
reverse current. This causes the force on the conductor to be again in the same direction as
flux and current both change direction simultaneously. Thus armature conductors always
experience force in same direction.
ZNP
volts
60 A
...
(3.36)
If Ra is armature resistance then
V = Eb + I a Ra
...
(3.37)
here Ia is armature current and V is applied voltage
so
Ia =
V Eb
Ra
...
(3.38)
Back emf makes a dc motor self regulating. When speed is low then back emf will less and
armature current will be large.
P Z N
60 A
...
(3.39)
67
Electrical Technology
N =
so
Eb 60 A
PZ
...
(3.40)
since P, Z and A are constant for a machine then
or
Eb
V I a Ra
...
(3.41)
For a shunt motor is constant then
N Eb or N V I a Ra
...
(3.42)
For a series motor is proportional to Ia
so
Eb
Ia
...
(3.43)
percentage speed regulation =
No N f
Nf
100
...
(3.44)
here No is speed at no load in RPM and Nf is speed at full load in RPM.
Example 3.2
A shunt generator delivers 50 kW at 250 volts and 400 rpm. The armature and field
resistances are 0.02 and 50 ohms respectively. Calculate the speed of the machine
running as a shunt motor and taking 50 kW input at 250 volts. Allow one volt per
brush for contact drop.
Solution
As Generator :
Line current I =
50 103
= 200 amp
250
250
= 5 amp
50
= 256.1 volts
As Motor :
68
DC Machines
or
where N1 and N2 are respectively the speeds of the machine as a generator and
as a motor.
Eg
Eb
E N
N1
244.1 400
or N 2 = b 1 =
= 381.257 rpm
N2
Eg
256.1
SAQ 3
A shunt wound motor runs at 500 rpm from a 200 volt supply. Its armature
resistance is 0.5 ohm and the shunt field resistance is 100 ohms and takes
32 amperes line current from the supply. What resistance must be reduced to 300
rpm, the armature and field currents remaining the same? Neglect brush drop.
...
(3.45)
By multiplying Ia in this equation by Ia we get
V I a = Eb I a + I a2 Ra
...
(3.46)
It is a power equation, V Ia is input power, Eb I is power developed in armature and Ia2 Ra
represents power losses in armature. So mechanical power developed by the motor is
Pm = Eb I a = V I a I a2 Ra
...
(3.47)
or
...
(3.48)
For max power output
dPm
= 0.
dI a
or
V = 2 I a Ra
but
(3.49)
I a Ra = V Eb
so
V = 2 (V Eb )
...
69
Electrical Technology
or
Eb =
V
2
...
(3.50)
In any motor mechanical power developed in armature is maximum when back emf is half
of applied voltage.
In the iron part of machine some electrical losses occur in the form of hysteresis
and eddy current losses.
Hysteresis losses occur due to magnetic reversals caused by the rotating armature.
Hysteresis losses are directly proportional to the number of magnetic reversal per
second.
hysteresis loss Pn = n (Bmax)x f V watts
these losses occur in armature core and teeth of the dc machine. To reduce the
hysteresis loss armature core is made of silicon steel.
When armature core rotates in magnetic fields of poles which induce emf in
armature core and yoke. Due to this induced emf eddy currents circulate in
armature core, the eddy current losses mainly depend on thickness of material.
Pe = K Bmax f 2 V t2 watt
...
(3.51)
To minimize eddy current losses the armature core is made of laminated
stampings. Hysteresis and eddy current losses are known as core losses and are
about 20% to 30% of full load losses.
Mechanical Losses
In electrical machines, the efficiency is always less then one. It means that the
output is less than the input.
For any machine, efficiency =
Output
Input
...
(3.52)
In electrical machine input power is sum of output power and power loss i.e.
Power (Input) = Power (Output) + Power loss
So,
efficiency =
Output Power
Input Power
=1
Power loss
Input Power
...
(3.53)
70
The various machine losses may be classified as electrical losses and mechanical
losses.
DC Machines
Electrical Losses
Total Losses
Useful Output
Copper Losses
Armature
losses
Iron Losses
Mechanical Losses
Hysterisis
Loss
Friction
Loss
Windage
Loss
DC Generator
Mechanical Power
Input from Turbine, Engine etc.
Mechanical
Power Loss and Hystirisis
and Eddy Current Loss
Output Power
Power Lost
in Shunt Field
Electrical
Power Input
Loss in Shunt
Field Winding
Power Converted In
Mechanical Power
Copper Losses
in Armature
Output
Core and
Mechanical Losses
Torque
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Electrical Technology
Torque T = F . r
...
(3.54)
work done per revolution = F . 2 r joules
work done per second = F . 2 r . n
(3.55)
here, n =
...
N
and N is speed of rotation in RPM.
60
Figure 3.20
P = F r. 2 n
or
(3.56)
P=T.
where,
T = Torque, and
...
= angular velocity.
here
= 2 n =
2 N
60
...
(3.57)
Power developed in armature is Eb . Ia
So,
(3.58)
Eb Ia = T .
...
T=
Eb I a
or
T =
PZ N
Ia
60 A
or
T =
PZ
I
. I a = 0.159 Z P a
2 A
A
or
...
(3.59)
2 N
60
...
(3.60)
or
T = 9.55
Eb I a
N
...
(3.61)
Since Z, P and A are constant so
T Ia
. . (3.62)
72
DC Machines
A 125 V, dc shunt motor at its rated conditions develops 1 kW at 1800 rpm. Its line
current is 10.67 A. The motor has a field resistance of 110 ohms and armature
circuit resistance of 1.23 ohms. If the motor torque is increased by 20% determine
(i) its probable new speed, and (ii) line current.
Solution
125
V
=
= 1.136 amp
Rsh 110
(3.63)
T Ia
...
When the motor torque is increased by 20%, the new value of torque becomes 1.2 T
and let the new value of armature current be Ia2. We have,
1.2 T Ia2
...
(3.64)
Dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i), we have
I
1 .2 T
= a 2 or I a 2 = 9.534 1.2 = 11.44 amp
T
9.534
or
(3.65)
E b1 N1
...
or
Eb 2 = 110.93
...
(3.66)
Dividing Eqs. (3.66) by Eq. (3.65), we have
110.93
N
110.93 1800
= 2 or N 2 =
= 1762.8 rpm
113.27 1800
113.27
New speed = 1762.8 rpm and
New line current = Ia2 + Ish
73
Electrical Technology
= 11.44 + 1.136
= 12.576 amp
Example 3.4
The flux per pole of a 4 pole, 220 volt dc series motor is 0.025 weber for a load
current of 52 amperes. The armature is wave wound with 500 conductors. Calculate
: (i) the gross torque, (ii) the speed, (iii) the output torque, and
(iv) the efficiency.
The corresponding iron, friction and windage losses total 860 watt. The armature
and field resistances are 0.21 ohm and 0.15 ohm respectively.
Solution
(a)
P
Gross torque T = 0.159 Z IA
A
4
T = 0.159 0.025 500 52
2
or
= 206.7 N-m
(b)
Back emf
Eb = V I a ( Ra + Rse )
Eb = 220 52 (0.21 + 0.15) = 201.28 volts
But
or
Eb =
(c)
0.025 500 N 4
60
2
201.28 =
or
ZN P
60
A
N = 483.072 rpm
860
2 N
60
860 60
= 17 N-m
2 483.072
(d)
Efficiency =
Output Eb I a 860
=
Input
V Ia
201.28 52 860
= 83.97%
220 52
SAQ 4
A dc series motor develops 30 kW and takes a current of 80 amp when running at
1200 rpm. Find the starting torque if at starting armature current is 120 Amperes.
Magnetic circuit remains unsaturated.
74
DC Machines
...
(3.67)
Ia = IL,
If =
E
Rf
P = V IL
(3.68)
Mechanical power developed
Pm = Eb Ia = Ia (V Ia Ra)
...
(3.69)
= V Ia Ia2 Ra
= V I L I L2 Ra = Powers drawn from supply
I2 R losses in armature
...
(3.70)
IL
If
Ia
A
Eb
Ra
Rf
Battery
AA
FF
...
(3.71)
Power drawn from supply
P = V Ia
...
Pm = V I a I a2 Ra I a2 Rse
...
Pm = I a (V I a ( Ra + Rse ) )
...
Pm = I a Eb
...
(3.72)
(3.73)
or
(3.74)
(3.75)
75
Electrical Technology
FF
+
IL
RSE
Ia
A
Eb
Ra
AA
...
I L = I a + I sh
(3.76)
V
Rsh
...
Eb = V I a Ra
...
I sh =
(3.77)
(3.78)
P = V . IL
Pm = V . I L V I sh I a2 Ra
...
(3.79)
= V ( I L I sh ) I a2 Ra = V I a I a2 Ra
= I a (V I a Ra )
...
(3.80)
...
Pm = I a Eb
(3.81)
IL
Ish
Ia
F
A
Eb
Rsh
Ra
AA
FF
e
Figure 3.23 : Shunt Wound DC Motor
(a)
(b)
(c)
DC Machines
Eb
V I a ( Ra + Rse )
=
. . . (3.82)
T Ia
T I a2
N
N
and
V
( Ra + Rse )
Ia
V
k T
T Ia
N
V I a ( Ra + Rse )
k2
V T ( Ra + Rse )
(in saturated region)
k2
A curve between armature current and speed will be rectangular hyperbola before
saturation. Series DC motor have variable speed but on no load speed is dangerously high.
To start a series DC motor, first we must put a mechanical loading on it.
Torque
N
N
T
Ia
(a)
(b)
It is suitable for gear drive because gear provides some load on account of frictional
resistances. Before saturation, flux () is proportional to Ia, so torque (T) is proportional
to Ia2 but after saturation flux is constant so torque is directly proportional to armature
current.
From torque current characteristic (Figure 3.24(a)) we see that the series motor develops
high starting torque for heavy loads. So these are used for electric traction. From speed
torque characteristic (Figure 3.24(b)) we see that the speed are sharply falls with increase
in torque. So another application of DC series is in fans whose speed falls with load.
77
Electrical Technology
N Eb = V I a Ra
T Ia Ia
N V R3 Ra T
No Load Speed
N
Torque
Speed
N
Ia
(a)
(b)
Speed
Shunt
Co
mm
ula
tive
Com
mula
tive
Torque
Differential
Ia
PZ N
Eb =
. If a dc motor is connected directly to the supply then a heavy current
60 A
V Eb
because Ra is very small
will flow through armature conductors I a =
Ra
(i.e. less than 1 ). This heavy current may damage the armature windings. Thus, for the
protection of the motor against the flow of large current during starting period starters are
used. Starter provides high resistance at the time of starting and removes this additional
resistance when motor attains its normal speed. Starters are :
78
DC Machines
(a)
(b)
(c)
Four point starter for DC shunt and compound motors when speed
variation is achieved by flux control method.
Holding Coil or
No Volt Release
ON
OFF
Brass Arc
Soft Iron
Starter Arm
Spring
Overload Release
L
F
+
220 VDC
FF
AA
No Volt Release
No volt release coil is an electromagnet which is series connected with the
field winding. In the abnormal position (i.e. supply failure and field winding
open) the holding coil is demagnetized and starter arm goes back to OFF
position due to spring force.
Over Load Release Coil
To provide overload protection to motors overload release is used. This coil is
connected in series with armature winding when motor draws heavy currents
79
Electrical Technology
then coil magnetises it to such an extent that it pulls lever and closes contact
L of overload release coil. This short circuits the No volt release coil. The No
volt release coil is demagnetized and releases the starting arm which goes
back to OFF position.
i.e.
Eb = V I a Ra
so
V I a Ra
...
(3.83)
Thus the speed of any DC motor can be controlled by adjusting the following :
(a)
(b)
(c)
Ia
A
V
Eb
AA
FF
(ii)
Top speeds are only obtained at reduced torque due to very weak field.
(iii)
SAQ 5
The speed of a 500 V shunt motor is raised from 700 rpm to 1000 rpm by field
weakening, the total torque remaining unchanged. The armature and field resistance
are 0.8 and 750 respectively, and the line current at lower speed is 12 amps.
Calculate the additional shunt field resistance required, assuming the magnetic
circuit to be unsaturated and neglecting all losses.
80
DC Machines
(b)
(c)
Ish
+
V
A
Eb
FF
AA
Ish
+
Series
Resistance
Ia
A
Divider
FF
Eb
AA
81
Electrical Technology
SAQ 6
The load torque and the loss torque of a dc shunt motor are constant and
independent of speed. When the motor is connected directly to the 440 V supply and
the speed is steady, the armature current is 20 A. The resistance of the armature is
1.5 . Find the resistance of a starter to limit the armature starting current to 40 A.
The starter contact is to be held on the first active stud until the motor acquires a
steady speed. The contact is then to be moved to the second stud and the initial
current is to be limited to 40 A. Find the resistance between the first and second
studs of the starter. Assume that the field flux is constant.
M1
G1
R
M2
A
S
RS
G2
B
Rheostat
Advantage
82
(a)
Very fine speed control over whole range from zero to normal speed
in both directions.
(b)
(c)
DC Machines
Disadvantage
(a)
(b)
FF
Control
Resistance
Eb
AA
FF
I
+
R1
A
Eb
V
R2
AA
83
Electrical Technology
FF
+
Eb
Diverter
AA
FF
A
Eb
Diverter
AA
3.8.3 Applications
DC Series Motors
(a)
Electric Traction
Power
ratio Motors robust in construction.
High , large
Weight
(b)
(c)
(d)
DC Shunt Motors
84
(a)
(b)
(c)
DC Machines
DC Compound Motors
(a)
(b)
Punching Press.
(c)
Milling Machine.
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
Example 3.5
A DC generator has the following magnetization characteristics at 800 rpm.
Generated emf (V)
27.5
53
75
88
95
106
112
If the machine is shunt excited, determine the induced emf for a field circuit
resistance of 19 ohm. Calculate the load current for a terminal voltage of
76 volts. The armature resistance in 0.1 ohm. Neglect the armature reaction.
Solution
The magnetization characteristic at 800 rpm is plotted in Figure 3.36, the field
resistance line OA for 19 is drawn as follow :
Take any current say 3 amp, multiply it by 19 , we get 57 V. Locate
point B (3 amp, 57 volts) and draw a line joining the origin (0, 0), and the point B.
This gives 19 , resistance line. It cuts the induced emf corresponding to this point
C is 100 volts. Hence the generator will develop 100 volts corresponding to field
circuit resistance of 19 .
85
Electrical Technology
112
106
100
95
88
75
B
53
52
I
If
Ia
Rse
27
E
Rsh
20
Ra
10
1
2 3
Figure 3.36
Field current I f =
or
I a Ra = 88 76 = 12 volts
Ia =
Load current I = Ia If
12 12
=
= 120 amp
Ra 0.1
= 120 4
= 116 amp.
3.9 SUMMARY
You learnt about principles of electromechanical energy conversion and calculations of
emf and force or torque experienced by current carrying conductor. After a brief
introduction to the constructional features of dc machine in Section 3.3, you learnt the
calculations of emf for generators, torque and speed regulation for motor. After study of
characteristics of generator and motors you were able to decide the applications of DC
machines. You also learnt the starting and different speed control schemes for DC motors
which are used for industrial purpose in Section 3.8.
86
W 45 103 2250
=
=
= 204.55 amp
V
220
11
Field current I sh =
DC Machines
V
220
=
= 4.4 amp
Rsh
50
E=
or
N =
Z N P
60
A
E 60 A
222.0895 60 2
=
Z P
0.02 (150 2) 4
= 1110.45 rpm
SAQ 2
The circuit diagram for the given system is shown in Figure 3.37.
A
120
110
100
Generated e.m.f. (V)
(a)
90
80
70
60
If
Ia
50
40
30
Ra
Rf
20
10
1
Figure 3.37
500
= 2 amp
250
Armature current = I a = I + I sh
or
I a = 50 + 2 = 52 amp
+ I a ( Ra + Rse )
+ brush drop
87
E = 500 + 4.16 + 2
Electrical Technology
= 506.16 volts
(b)
Load current I =
P 11.5 1000
=
= 50 amp
V
230
Field current I sh =
V
230
=
= 2.3 amp
Rsh 100
Armature current I a = I + I sh
or
E=
Z N P
60
A
E=
Z N
60 E
or =
60
ZN
or
60 242.46
= 0.012123 webers/pole
1200 1000
SAQ 3
Line current I = 32 amp
Field current I sh =
V
200
=
= 2 amp
Rsh 100
Eb1 N1
. . . (i)
Let R ohm be the external resistance to be added in the armature circuit to reduce
the speed to N2 = 300 rmp. At this speed let the back emf be Eb2.
E b2 N 2
88
Eb 2 = V I a ( Ra + R)
or
or
R = 2.467
. . . (ii)
DC Machines
SAQ 4
Output of dc series motor = Eb I a = 30 103 watts
Output is also equal to
2 NT
1200
= 2
T
60
60
1200
T = 30 103
60
or
T=
750
N-m
. . . (i)
. . . (ii)
750 80
750
120
Ts =
80
750
3
Ts =
2
Ts =
9 750
Ts = 537.15 N-m.
SAQ 5
In the first case :
I f1 =
500 2
= amp
750 3
I a1 = 12
2 34
=
amp
3
3
Eb1 = V I a Ra = 500
or
Eb1 = 500
34
0.8
3
27.2
= 490.93 volts
3
89
Ish
Electrical Technology
IL
+
Ia
0.03
Eb
750
0.8
500 V
Let the new shunt field resistance be R. Hence in the second case,
If2 =
V
500
=
R
R
Eb 2 = V I a 2 Ra = 500 I a 2 0.8
. . . (i)
T 1 I a1 2 I a 2 or 1 I a1 = 2 I a 2
1 I f 1
2
500
and 2 I f 2
3
R
2 34 500
=
Ia2
3 3
R
or
I a2 =
2 34 R
= 15.1 R 10 3
3 3 500
= 500 0.01208 R
Using the relation
N 2 Eb 2 1
=
, we get
N1
Eb1 2
2
1000 500 0.01208 R
=
3
500
700
490.93
R
or
10 (500 0.01208 R) 2
R
=
7
490.93
3 500
or
or
90
. . . (ii)
= 330.18
DC Machines
SAQ 6
Let the total resistance required (including armature resistance) in the armature
circuit to limit armature current to 40 A be R
R=
440
= 11 [as Eb = 0 at starting, i.e. N = 0]
40
V Eb
440 220
= 40 amp (given ) or ( R r) =
= 5.5
Rr
40
91