Symbolic Interactionism and Ethnomethodology: A Proposed Synthesis
Norman K. Denzin
American Sociological Review, Vol. 34, No. 6 (Dec., 1969), 922-934,
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Wed Mar 17 12:10:22 2004SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM AND ETHNOMETHODOLOGY:
A PROPOSED SYNTHESIS *
Norway K. Dens
University of Californie, Berkley
The baic theortcat axd methodotogcal assumptions of symbolic ixteracionism ond ethno
imethodslogy wre compared and priuie of sYnthets are proposed. Simdavce between the
uo cvitantons ove noted, and these are setn v4 cavelve the problens of socal orgaeaton,
smathedelory, covializston, Bovlance, socal cote, jae-to-face interaction, and the analse
Of sceucs us soul enerpvse. Wig sucgssied that ahese porspectives ofr 2 ouch meoded
Siew of hos fxdeiduate ae shaped by and, ik tur, eeate elements of secil siracture. Be
aise of their emphasis on the subjective sie of social lf, nievactionism and cimamet hod
log) suertant serious considertion for et contribulions (ag aleruaive we of the
tadivsteal and his sociel arongements. Areas of empiicah inguir9 relevent to batk points
Of lew are siersd and a number of hypotheses are ofed jor future research. Suck
esearch, it $0 proposed, vill Shed light oi what ace mow takin by many ae ireconciable
frances betseen these pesspacics
iz development of a theoretical per-
spective appropriate for the joint analy-
sis of social psychological and socfo-
logica) problems has lang. canceraed the
sociologist. The methodology that would
permit such an analysis has also remained
an issue, Although various alternatives have
been offered, ranging from the use of madels
taken from’ economics and psychology to
stcuctural-funetionatism, one has proven
completely satisfactory. My intent is to
take two perspectives in contemporary s0-
cialogy, one old and one relatively new, and
to examine thelr potential for meeting, the
above issues. Specifically, E shall examine
symbolic interactionism and ethnomethod-
logy. Because both focas in some way on
the individual, they provide a view of social
organization that may be termed subjective
‘and soclal psychological in nature. Analysis,
of the degree of convergence hetween the
two should permit an expanded treatment
‘of how individuals are linked to, shaped by,
and in tun create social structure. These
two perspectives are especially relevant wo
1 am indebced to 2 number af ealesgues and
students for their evlea renctione to earlier ver
slons ofthis way, and expecially vo Herbert Blumer
for bis critical remarks. am ako grateful forthe
comments aud cists of Howard 8. Becker, Cash
4. Couch, Harclt Mare and the students tny 26
Seminas on deviance at the University of Uknois
‘What follows 3: m9) peeposed syncheste ot inter
adioalsey atd)ethnamabiodology. Ts le not i=
tended a 4 stay expreing widespread eonsensts
5 consensus is prebatly not possible at this time
92
the above problems hecause they alsa pro-
pose special views of methodclogy.
‘Tete PERSPECTIVES DEFINED
‘The ethnomethadology of Garfinkel (1967)
and Cieoarel (1968) proposes an analysis of
the routine, takensior-granted expectations
that members of any social order regelarly
accept. Basic 0 this perspective is the at-
tempt sharply cistingaish scientifc feor
everyday atcivity, The problems af penetrat-
ing everyday perspectives and giving them
sociological explanations are repeatedly ad-