CHAPTER 1—PROBLEM SOLUTIONS voy 1a r= Le ION 2 oma TN ere OS Bo 10. ope Re ¥= Yoke fe) V=IR= mA 10 kt 100 V ® 1 Ora Mote: Vols, milliamps, amd kilo-ohms constitute consistent set of nits Pe P= QOx 10x 110 =09W should haven 1-W rating 12 | Ths () P= PR= 40x 10? «1x10 = 1,5 W THs, the resistor should have a 2-W rating (© Pa PR=G x10} 10% 10! =9.09W Thus, te resistor should have & -W rating ) P= PR=(A 10%? 10 « 10 = 0.16 Thus, the resistor should have a {-W eating fe) P= PR = 201) x 10) =0.8W Thus, the esistorshouk! have a 1-W rating () P= R= 1A x 10})=0.121WThe, a rating of £W. should though 1 W would be prudent tote 12 (a) V=dR~10mA x14 () R=V4=10VA wa P=V1=10V (© [=PVeIW R=VA=10 YAMA (V=Pt=0.1 WAOMA R=VA= 10 NAO MA = 10 (© P=FR=> 1 =1PTR 1 {1000 wW7T Va I= 31 6mA x TKO [Note Ve mA KS and mW const 14 1010 OV=OLA 108 oan ef 2 Thus, there are 17 possible resistan theoretical allow for wv P=ER=(\OmAY x 1 A= 100 mW mA =10mW R= 31.6 ma suffice LS Stunting the 1OKAbY « resistor of value re n the combination baving & resistance i Ret 8 099 9 R=990 KO £995 > R= 10k ee 10% reduction K-90 =» R=90k0 Ret R950 > R= 10k rio Stnting te 10% a) M&zresuti 101000. 10 99 40,4166 reduction; 1000 +10 * Cor by 10K ress in 10% 100 _ 10 9.00 KA, 99.1% cotton Ra" 00107 11 OKO rest in 510 = 5 WED, 350% reduction 16 Vo =¥ou Rae, To find Ry. we short erst Vay and look back inte node X18 33(1 +0008) (1003) +6811 =005) 294 =314V alues of Re ar we 0.05) +68(1+ 00 =2.22(1 -0.05)=2.11 kQ ' i 1 yea 2s peveriiel {two wavs: (a) and (e) with (having b) (two ways (a) and (d) with ( having a lower cutpet resistance19 asy To obtain Vay= 10.00 V and Ry = 3 KO we have shunt both the 47-2 and the 1OK0 resistors a show, J | wanes a del. aoa Thus ieee 110 To mike Ro=333 weadd a seriesresstance of approx imately 200 2, 2 shown, 1st1.11 Connect a resistor Rin parol with Ry. To make (0) Connect a resistor in series with the Ind restr 4, = O2F (and thus the current through A. O81), so a8 to raise the resistance of the load brench by. 10's R should be such ereby restoring the current division tatio why O20 1k 0.818 desied value. The added series resistance must be 10% 2 R= 25002 Rie, 0.18 d aaa] 1 } or de zt ff Lf Ty make the current through K equal 40 173 we shut ® Ry a tage by a resistance A of value such that he current vou 2 ‘awl be 203) thes ” Lig i, 10% higher than in ease (a LIS R = 10.4 — 10 ¥ my RYR AR Now if Ry is 109 40 high, ie Himat the voltage LY, we Fesistor Ry across R, of valve such that R with aresstar R whose value is such thatthe par lel combiaation of R; and Ris <1 kQ. Thus, the eben cn be sed in two way sae (©) Contest RAR, RAR? Rair72 RR Lak =a: +! LRG Desi de feee me a al a) Sisko ed an? ‘Similarly, tue voltage drops seross R; and Ry add upto 10 V, thu 10= hh + 158s which yields Equations (1) and @) can be solved togedher by anu lying 2) by 6, 2h +a2h= 60 @ Now, subtracting () fromm @) yi 401, = 45 >= 1A25mA 10-7 1.125 mA = LORS mA h=4+ 0625+ 1.1950 LISTS ma Ven; 1 summarize 106 mA fy 1.13mA R= MI9mMA Vr 238V (8) A node equation tthe common node ean be vite ev 1-V_ vy & oR 5-¥,10-¥_y Ti 5 2 V=2375 V Now, f.and fy can be easily found as = 152575 0625 ma~ 105 mA 0 10 = 1.125 mA=|.13 ma t= ¥ 22378 21.1815 mA = 1.19 mA Method (5) is much prefered: fester, more insihitul and Tess. pr ore. In general one attempts 9 fy the leat possible numberof variables and write the core:ponding minimum number of equations 17 Soe diag = 4 , win) 4 2 en A a a $9800 u tL Qe gee ee1.18 From the symmetry of the ol ho current in Ay. (Otherwise the § violited) Thus cach bra and J, ile the su 2000 “22001 = W=11 4.37 Wh-1 b,= 1: the th switch is a posiion I asda current (Vna/2R) flows to the outpul. Thus fg will be ing 19 "1" bits tie su ofall the curentscomrespe (6) dyisthe LSB by isthe MSB w(t Kazi "3 = 1.96875 ma, changing from 0-0 | the 1/2" = 0.03125 mA. Corresponding the LS} rapt changes by 10) 18 There wil be 44100 samples per second wih adh ale taproncte by 16H Tete rog si or apd wil Bos, ID x 16= 2.086% 10 is po ats 129 @) 4,=" 10¥_ . 100 vw Wav Oop = 40 JB | clet/te W/O, O18 i OR TOO aA inn AA A Be Bo fom Hy a6 104) 108 WA =s0un by ‘ papas 2Y mani vv . 10 pV x, 20 19g2 x 10"= 106 8 pele tlt, W/O KD io oom 22 md 0219" 9p aia | TA ~ 00x10" 0p 426548 =2 x 10% x 2000 = 108 Wa or 10 lop Ay = 8648 ove67,20 log 1000 = 60 4B @r 10 }0g49A, = 40a 140 i =f 4 Www 67 200g 11 = 208 a be 100. cmt _2mA Tas, A 2 AA oF, Dog A, = 26.8 AB =282 Wh Supply power=2 3 V x 20mA= 120 mW (2273) Output power ae R, 1000 = U2 mW Input power mW (negligible) Amplifier dissipation ~ Supply powe: ~ Ouput powe: = 120-242-958 mW Amplifier efficiency = Quiet power. Supnly power LAL For ¥so=5V The lavgest undistorted sine-wave omput is of 3.8-V peak amplitude © 1R/J2=2 Wy Input needed is For Vop)= 10 V, the largest undistorted sine-wave out put is of 8 8°Y peak amplitude o 6.2 Vi Ip aeeded 124 mV For Voo = 15 V, the largest undistorted sine-wave utput iS Of I38-V peak amplitude oF 98 Vu. The £00 = 19.6.1, input needed is 9.8 1.42 (a) For an outpur wh 1 3c of clipping, ie, an output of OV must have 9 V/1000 = 9 mV jeu paw the inp b) For an ouput that is clipping 90% of the time, = 0.1 x 90° =9° and V, sin 9° =O V =e V,=575V v6 not occur asthe output saturates tis result the inpan 75 mv. hich of cours x29 V. To produc(¢) For an output that is slipping 99% of the time, 9=0.01 90 = 08" V,sin 0.9°=9V si be $73 V/ 1000 oF 0.573 Va andthe input m 1443 When the amplifier is biased at 4 V (Le, at point Q). the maximam possible amplitude of a sine-wave axput without shipping is 4 ~ 1-5) ~2.5 View G av} AVE Thus, ain the largest undistorted sine wave output pos: sible with this amplifier, it must be biased halfway hetween the saturation levels, ie, ato = (B+ 1.5)/2= 75-V (point Q;) and the resulting ouspat will have a penk vilbe of B= 4.78 = 4.75~ 15=3.25V 14 y= 10 WASH e042, Po (@) For $2 ¥, v= 10 "The tipper limit on 1y is foand by substtating = +2, mati. v 2 in the transfer characteristic the result is vp = 10 — Su, whose solution 18 vo = 117 V and ite eoresponding vj = 3317 V. To obtain sketch of op wersus ny, we evaluase x for values of vy, Te results the following =5V webias t ¥j=3V I gain sine 20 align gin at bias point = 77) =-5«2V)-2)=-10VIV 3+ Vjcos a 10-50 + ¥,co8 ox = 29? 12.08 r+ V? cos? a) 10% 2SV2)~ 10¥, cos - 2.5Vic0s 200 _ monic distortion: 2.5V7/10¥,= 0.04 10x01 v 10 WV Be =05x10x0 vw or, 20 log 25= 8B 4 R10 K/10, o® Bre TRF, ons3vv"I 146 20 1og.4,,= 40.45 = A, = 100 V/V ron = Mao ‘ rng « ° 0% ton A, 100% 00 00+ sao vw 2010990939. ats 100 A310 83.10! Ww 71 Ni 100g (83 x 107) =79. 4, For peak output sine-wave cament of 100.0, the Peak ouput voltage will be 100 mA x 100.82 = 10 V Correspondingly », will be sine wave with » peak value of 10a, = 1/909 or an ns valus of 10/(90.9 x 3) = O48 V, on re Obey meds Qu ae 1000 x 100, 1108 10 The signal loses about 90% ofits nected to the amples input (besause th when con- i= RAO). Also the outpur signal of the amplifier loses approximately its stength wi 908 the load is connected Not a good design! Neverthe- ‘connected directly to the fond, “Teas 00k 3001 niall ay O wht oocae \at ini wa Qe fs me waive IMO 44, jog TH+ 10K “!* Too as 10a 100 _ 9 93 y i" 110 Vorage sain="!=083 V/V or 16 dB 1100.9 : Curren gain = 3x 11x 10 ® Tima = °® : 9091 AIA oF 79.248 578 WAV stakes into acct. the power dissipated in the internal resistance of the source.)180 Casa) sa AV pw we 0 sant sang om wong Op twng s 4 f hoa HO Gg A gs Ae +100"! Tos 10 100+ 10 sites or 2upt= 12548 Sua had joka | s | . k Rad 100. iwaror 7 oi =0SVV or 648 Thus, obviously case (a) ie BL is prefered, 1stRequired overall voltage gain = 2'V/10 m¥ = 200 ViV Boch stage is capable of providing a marimum voltage gain of 10 (he open-circuit gain value). Por m stages in cascade the matimum (unuttsinable) voluge gain in 10", We thus see that we need at east 3 stapes, Fo 3 sages, the overall voltage gin tained is 10 0 O 510x Ose 10% +0 +10% OT 2066 VV Ths, thee sages suffice Ligh luyer than required The eurpat voltage actualy obtain #810 mV x 205.6 = 2.07 V 133 aye an () Required voliage sy YW onv (8) The smallest R lle is obeained from 10 mV A+, = 100 42 1 pas hus R,=90 ko, For Ry =90 RO, j= 0.1 p28 peak, and (Overall current gain = 9 10° WW (This takes into acct. the poorer dissipated inthe iter ) IFA, ») has its peak value Himited to SV, te lag st valve Of Ry is Fount from K, Reve greater than this value th sor088 Ky Would be less than 3 V.) ouput votiage (d) For R= 90 KO and 8 = 667 ©, the required value 300 viv = _%0 stot +0 Tot 2 A= 558.7 VV e) R= 100K (1 10" R= 100-10 A) ©) eis wn ont = 10005G.=40mAV nce Ry in parallel withthe input and aR) R, te a 4X, = 5 Wee E Overall voltage gain = “= 19.05 W/V Dion nhs OD wil sh : . aie: ; Ai ] 1.57 A voltage amplifier require. 1009 + + ¢+ a To limit the change in v, to 10% as &, varies from | to =%9 4 = 39.248 10 K2 we select K; sufficiently large: ) Voliage gain Thus B, = 100 KO. To limi the eh nge in v, coresponiag 10 Ry vay to 10 KO, 10 109%, we select R, sufi ing in theo ently sal Resin 19 =09%908 cy 1=001 = 81.8 WW = 19.108 i+ 00 = a, =I lon ne Avy 2 Out ag ag wong, C>r205hen ani fons $i a nina) 101 webs To limit the change in resulting from &, the range 1 t9 10 KO, 10 10% we ow so thay select R, suicienlly Rpm 10 Tus, &)= 1008 "TS limit the change in fy OKA 10 10% we select sufficiently Inxge Ry changes from 1 40 RZ 1K 100 Ke TopA Ths, &% Now ford, vin = 10" Ths, to! = 91000, _ 100 Too 1001904 70 2 Ay=1L AA oy, ——».ou 1.59 Transeenducin K ryt) or R, varying inthe range | to 10k, and Ai, limited to 10% we have to select R;sufisiently large 2/2 10Rieu = 100k orf, varying in de range I 10 10 9, she change ia , canbe Lept to 10% if R, is selected suffisontly large Re? Renu Tins R, loo Ka wong Go oy S100%K 1.60 Transresitence amplifier To lat to 109% corresponding to, varying in the range 10 10KO, we select R, sufficiently low: a io Ths, = (Re while Ry varies over the range 1 ta 1 R, sufficient low: To limit Av. to Woke 1000 3210 a 1000+ 1007000. 105 = 121 x08 =121K went nf OrinLs Quel nk Gn Opea-ctcvit output volte | IOV 1 yy Shovt-cineuit output current 10 mA ox BY 107% (1007 888VV or 58.948 220. NA or 68.808 or @29uB Gveral current gain = = Jk, _ 8 1 =2000 /A, 3S Using the voltage divider rule ansfer function is of the STC lowpass type with a de gain K=RAR,+R,) and a SAB fre quency @ = 1/C (RR, 20 KA f= SOKO ond Cy 5 pk 1.25% 10 radi CR RD wie fiom Table 12s of the bigh-pass type with k, aeAs a further veriicaion that this isa highpas and 716) isa high-pass uranser function we observe as 3 0, Tis)=0; and that a8. + o, Tis) = R/C, +) Ao, fecen the circit observe as at 99 (VAC) > and V,/V,=RyAR, +R). Now, for Ry = 10 kO, Ry = §OKO, and C= 0.1 a a fe S-— 2x” Fen 04 €10*110-440) 10 31.8 ie Ira) 01 J ostviv Bw p 1.67 Using the woe divider rat pe ws hatka = s RAR i R, Rak, Forfis 10 te 1 TCR FR, <10 2c — Ix 10(20+ 5) x10 Thus, the salle val 0.66 ut 1.68 The given measured data indicate that this ampli= fier has a low-pass STC frequency response w fequency gain of 40 JB, and a 3-48 trequency 10" Ha. From our knowledge of the Bode plots for Jowepass STC networks (Figure -..) we can complete ‘of C that will do the job is C= the Table enties and sketch the amplifier frequene, response 20d/decde nZnnmnaReHRAaA Fm. 0 “WA 1 Fate ihe) maa Tidegrees) Wot 0 w 2» 1.69 From our knowledge of the Bode plots of STC Jow-pass and high-pass networks we see that this amplifier has a mid-band gan of 40 dB, + lowfrequency esponse ofthe high-pass STC type with ug = 10? He, and a high-frequency response of the low-pass STC type with fgg= 10° Hl, We thus can sketch the ampli fier frequency response and complete the table entries 2 folow map i #20¢8Mecate ~20.anfGeeade 17 a) fa) 10 10 10° 10 10° 108 107 10" mide) 0 20 37 40 40 40 37 20 0N72 Since the overal transfer fonction is that of three identical STC LP circuits in eascade (out with no lod. ing effects since the buffer amplifiers have input asd eto ontpnt resistances) the overall pain will drop bs 3 UB below the value at de at the frequency for which the guin of each STC circuit is 1 dB down, This fre quency is found as follows: The transfer function of tach STC circuits Ira) 20 tog — 1 14 (ue an = 051/ LBB R, = 100k, since by a vty high raust be much i find C, from 36 3B frequency is reduced factor (from 6 MHz to 120 tz) C, per than C). Thus, neglecting C, we 120 ket 7 (1 | 1f the original 3B frequency (6 MITz) is ateibutable to Gen Since when C is conaested the 3418 frequency is reduced by lage factr, the value of € must be much larger than whatever parasitic capacitance oniginally existed at nad A (ie >and), Further ‘itmust be tha Cis wow the dovainant deer o lifer 3-4 frequency (i. itis dominat over whatever may be happening at node B or any whete ele in the arsplifier). Thus, we ean wete between A ard H IeC(R, TR) 150 kita = 2 (Rus OR Now Ry 100 ko, Tous Ry; = 107 kA Similarly, for node 8, kee = Bmxisxi0x 1x10" 196k Ra=NIkQ™] She should connect a capacitor of value C10 nde B where C, can be fou from, 10 ki 2, = ”* Faxon lO eI0b eH Sor Note thee sh chases to use none A she woukl need foeonnect a capacitor 10 time large Ls Saf Boll ys ited RR, Por Jy $100 — 100 2a\(104+ 100)» 10 + C\2= 1s gato Dex 110% 1% 10 Thus we selest C= 1x 107 F=0.1 WF. The seruat corner frequency resulting fram C, will be 1S Hi 2ax lO * 110% 10 Forthe outpu circuit, 18> ERR) For foo $100 Hz, nx Dx 10 10 10 = gt This wil place 1.76 The LP tastor 1/(1 + Jf plot like that in F 10" Ha, The high-pass fa results in a Bode plot like that he 3 dB frequency f 1 The Rode plot for the overall tained by sutnming the dB Vaal plots and then rising the cally by 40 6B (corresponding mamerato), The teal isa fall AL 4 di comer frequency at 10°) resuls ina Bde h the 3 dB feequency oe CLE 10) fn Fig, 12M) with transfer function ean alucs ofthe two ind resulting plot ver fo the factor 100 in the . or a, ester agprovimatonRARE YetbO® 107 30% 10" 70) = THOT) Sie 178 Ou ta 4 = eae. va vc RP For T,(e). the fallowing equivalent circuit ean be Bisnis = 16 KHe ~ 53 He ~ 16 ke Arh, 1 Le im £51. )--@ i which can be capes a! 06 z, 106 n2e(a ay The 3.4B fequensy is determined by the peal RC circuit athe ouput eal St fo" Fe" 3 ERR) Ths Lyd Jo~ Tacha, "Rd To obtain a value for yee hana species vale Frnwe select Rs ta 14 tz2ec Re eeul on 228Ci foun R.s— 2 2 2mfuaCe “To sitisfycomstaint 3), we frst dstermine the de gain a GAR, BR ain be rates tha a specified value Ay Ee Gal Rol RYE Ay RR, fest fcror on the LHS is (Irom constraint (1))proater or equal x/100}. Thus Wey Substituting R, = 10 102 end = 208% in (1) resol in 1) = 4010 Subsitting fags = 3 MHz, C in Ey, (2) eval in 1OpP and a, = 102 Rs a = 113K A H amr 10°10 Substitting Ap = 804 10 ko, and TAREQ. 04. (3) ests i 1%, 80 (1 B)nornay«! 1885 AV Ifthe more practical value of R, = 10 Kis used then G2 = 20 maw (1-2 )noaioyx 1.79 Using the voluge-divider rule we obtain Y % vi 242, where Z=R WL aod 2=R, G ° 11 is obviously more convenient to werk in terms of admitances, Therefore we express V/V, in the ate nate fon v = (UR) 450 “TY, and substitute ? and % = (17% sC3t0 obtain “This wansfer function will be independent of frequency (9) if the second factor redhices to unity, This in tum wil bappen i GR Gra hR wich ean te simplified as olow - 0 1% When his condition applies. the stendator is said vb oaypensate, ad is taster futon i given by ¥ Gi which, using Eq (1) above can be expressed ia the sherate form ae ae! Vm mae z Thus when the atienuator is compensated (C\Ri, = CR.) its transmission can be determined either hy its Iworesistors 2, ad ansinission is nota function of frequency, Ry or by is two capacitors. Cy 1.80 The HP STC circuit whose response datermines of the amplifier ia the low: f= 100 He Using the equation for 27( ja) from Table 1.2 we the freq equency range has 2 phase angle af 1 fo = 2016 He Lp ste amplife sponse determines the Jnfrequeney end has a atf= 1 kita Using the relation ZT jw) given in Table 1.2 we obtain for tne -114? > fo = 49504 theAL f= 100 Hz the drop in gain is due to rnecwork, and thus te val i 183 NMyy=Von~Vin=08 Yoo ~ 06 Voo= ot ae NAM, = Vg ~ Veg = (0.8 —0.1)Vpg = 0.3Vpp 00. width of transition region = Vip Vze=02V 0 Fora minimum WM Of | ¥ = 0:2¥0 Similarly atf= | Az the dop in ain iseaused by they LP STC network. The drop in gain is 1st 201 — s -O7 th mr ) Wore case NMy = Vin ia Vp =24-2= 08 ¥ me Were case Nip 2 Vins Vg 2804 @ OAV The gxin drops by 3 4B atthe corner equencies of ap ltsuae the two STC networks, thar is, at f= 20,16 Hz and (©? Po, = 345% 345% 11 = lO mW Paso (@ Dynamic pover tsipnon = /2Vis LS NMy=Voy V2 33-1716 : ; Yoh e453 10° 28 = 13 mW edovricad = trating) =ACT 11) = 08 1 1s ; 2a am 1 tow ne aii igs (b) Tn the transition region a) Vor= 5%! = 024010545 ¥ Yort—3507/-15) eax aly Vou p23 N= Ve Von 208850 (b) Voy=5—N (02x 10\R=5—0.4¥ OMW=0455 2 N26 (6) Stop(©) 0) Pry soy = (S=0199/22 KO = 10.9 mW GI) PD, ug = S*CO2*E) = EW 7 186 (0) Vow geen 7 i. 0=25 i 2 Nin = Vy ~ Vyp=5—25=2.5 V " 1-3 108 x 10 107! «as w For trem Vol = Se 4 Nes) = 25 tone = 005000") ns \ ss ‘ a0 Por try, Volt) = Sen asy ; A=OD1ne Volt) = See" nosy i i bu = 069 ns =wv Vowe iatis “heak G26 O35CR, for RetR QED. (u) Static power is dissipated only when dhe output is low. in which eae for Rea # R, zg and assuming that Vines € Veo: Thus if the inverter spends only half ihe tie fa this Jon-output state, (e) Large & results in low P bu For Vag =$'V ard €= 10 oF S10ns = 0. a Resa + Pstomw = } R210 Tavs, 10s RS 2875.0 Selecting R=2k0, 039% 10x10? x 2x10 =T os 25 625 mW Yn cas 2 = 100 ea a va oT 26 10x19 2909 ; i 19 < o909 nit a, = 8263 % = 4101 10 asx too. wel? = 450 ii = 05 W = a/R, oy = 055100 ~ 707V Unoumbered 1.50 Required overall voluge gain = 7.07/0.03 =235.7 = 235 ViV inorder to avoid the loss of more than 2/3 of the signal strength in coupling the source tothe first stage of the amplifier, we have use the type (1). high-input resistance amplifier asthe input stage. Both type 2 and type 3 do not satisfy this requirement, The type (1) sin of 10 and wus amplifier hasan open-circuit wokage satis the overall gain requirement cannect by is-o My —o—p—08 ain rox ° 0 Fume fesace 200, fie ies lowe than the 10082 fd ver vole The overall anplifer when ak follow Libel widgnaatth Tras"! ier 10" Toe 1003 Ove voltage gin oaviv « D100 10 nl Thus, this cascade amplifier does not meet specs. The Wee +t 100420 testes, |KO is 0 fh for fe n0F235 VIV and indeed results in Joss of gain by a fator of 11 bs Ma ww 8 ww} —~w—4— a oy rin y pio bias & Ow ben © © onda, "Chapter 2-Prebtems appresimelely joo Yip. The wissing entry fer aaperimenk #3 canbe predicted oS, Follows: soar Pa =) pe0- ool = 099 Bye Bao The minimum bm ber of pins requiredlly doalop-amp iS 8. Fock op-amp haa Zigat erminaly (pins) and one ouk pul termbal Lapins) Another 2 pins are required For Power All the esVIES seemto be reasonalele Similarly tht osininwinn nomber of pins required by quad-opame (14 — “ And 4g DIM Las I pad pe gee Refer to Fig. P22. ; ey KR oon On abe T [may toot : B Agar Ae Ht soo! Yoo! (00 10% 10x 100, 000 Ret ibe % a3 The velkage at the positive wput haste wa 2 WSin (ANGE — LOH) be -3.0007 Oh = o.01Sin (Rt ie00)6 = iyo A Gay, tly = Snunotl ie“ 0.025 Sin Zeoont (-G) “30m Ged, eGfy + 5in (Rome p0.0055in aovort 5,6 Show that the gain is MRR 2 20 faajfd | end experiments 4,2olog A, = Sodd Aa = "a A Ad MRR 220g Gos. » 2olep 1 [as =100 4 =r Ay aie! tole od 210 Son OW) Rin (ay vittoal gromd ro currentin oka Cosad loop gain 4 W7y for Y <5Vam Bes Wold inthe rou OE 30.14 6 Loy wee kG Lat For aS In C55 y Ll There are four pes sibilities toe ¢ of =o! Ver re lok. os -a\s es S05i Rea Of Rb OC Nipe-Be my R= b. Ge-ay mr Raion, Rar0ke ‘ & Gen5ih «FE ay R 220K Aatoen ae Reh Rati ease oS =r R= SR, A Rye 12.dtn R, = RoKD amr Ry inet” SR +R =1OKR ay lookn a doles 2698, Owtaacy, SRIF IER Conn For largest possible input resister ex,sdeg- Ry = OWL Rw Soonn Rina Soemn,“This additional current coms from tha output othe op.omP. [Goie) Ra «Ra Ur %ioo! ~ Ra (ie 28) RR Hio0) 80 for Small & cp DAY is the talvence on HA Closed oof pee) (oy, .£45 c > le LG £80 or wore pretigaly: —10nlOD ¢ 4-100 15 Prectenty BE OE WoT g OLn90.F ie Seooren a ay Sa AS (U, (15 5.05. A, 1555 1455 al> ap HV £% CSI fr vo: => 4 PSV RG, £ SIS Ios V htse48S 4 Iss “ : = EY amet wep Rx looks Bab GnR " 30) shunt Resistor Ras Ay [fAKM a 1, 4ak WH my Ra = 9.544 Raed Rath Zits Oe 2 Ba ay 1007 «Re, wR, < ORR Vey Mu ee oe tellin Re FiRe 2 Rx Rak +R ar Re = BAK ves RO TY 2.31 Voltage of inverting input Corminal uge of the np inp Cont.wit from xloY to tow Thus the errr on tie deneminator. Te cathere He the virtbal ground '2h depak From the del a te its rominal value of Raja we use eltage ©F Bere bya marimum of tiem Bn the 2 HR = (ook 3 Ba ee ee CS eo, ", wl Ra | loco 1008, lok, a Coat oe ez eek, i LeRoy, Ce A Tn ordtt for GaG > Ge Ra RR wy Rew Re (ve tp Re RR : Beha = AR thet Gene = 8- ER, , RA eR. + ER HGR 4 R= (AYE Ow tha (ra Now 4 he TaiR + Ry Bie R + fa © Tea a4 Ge Rafe Goin Grrore = (t+ Ray 1100. ice enkney | oth, ” 12, wher con Berane to yild | 000 (1 he jotta) toe Re ty sled ar As (eRe )(b-t) Vem) oti 48) feasted OBE & or Aaa EA) Gade wth Ras For Gia eave Ye and €n (ef =0) & ania Ge Bot Re) As (tri00) (L_ =i) 2 OT YY t+ Le Rath oF This 34 He wininsine oepuined value he A, where we have magiected abe effeck oF 20mAa tte Cr Ri) «(Be aL) (17 Ba) fogs feo ie Fe Bp moo Ke50 Kewer As Brill ‘Lo! Ae rKot yy, Ths for Aezaio' Ye ya Medvtkion oF Sey resolts in only 0.57, duction oF the ossed Ae gow wine nmninal value is $2 (92) From the results of exmapie 2.2 the guceF te aranih a fy 28 gine ey 22 $ Boo Bus Be eBay For! Rote R, sin mete an(itled) eens me 8) Beno y, ar ler ee y= soovf eo itos tee mi eennettl = iat Fein R, = 100. tooo , Rg xiorK mr Ayk,= joo ) Rin 2 R= + Bi RE) = 1000 a | 3 LE Ry =R ye Rye 00K my B= 82K ta lo By, = R= looks. aor =—— 8 uy Be GR 2 Ue Ue Bilbao Rais Riillty-+8y “Rat BARR _ Ry Rot Rahn t hu 2 tp Baa Bt We 2 Beat fu Va Ras eat yes) = RV/Re Cont.x100n,Teto 3 lai is n | Ue Mom Ano AN 1 RI ; by) BARU | LAT, Lotte (Ue Reloaded Reb oy Ro te Vamnin 14 as ieee a ais © WAR Elen J, shays Bined aE tote po te ay BG aR a to my QOS 20} % 2 Hg 2 412" a Gide daglo™) 4 ieee 410) a 30K, % R, 20 Gre |B p04 geet t 3e 3e hareaer( feo" Ym 1% a5 aT - we choose tae weighted Sommer Confguraliag 2 z o ard L ye [H Os ey re Res = Rey SK ie NR ae iB con mat for Pg? gros é yh 10KS Thorder te have 5, connect « ay = 4 28, 34) cofeieat=o 5, 4 = (Y +20, 2 b Z ae ent of te tat esisb's Ae | 3 tot, nos fthe oatpuk signal shew be = 3a vps -Ssinwt 5 (Roe assomes Viz SSmwt 544353) wea Ta @ weighted summer Conf iquredaes Be sat Be. 2.5 Rg Ry 5, VK ay Reeds aR, | ¥ f ram 5 g fet f * bat Ad 2.41 | — 20, ~ FU, 4+ Consider fiy 21 feceeting to 04 Oat ee ee Af For a weighted Sy-oniee Re oy Rey fe CE SEE 3 Re oh R ie » Rye Rea Py ton ee vent Co have: Ub = lou i Fy. lou, yi 2101005 5 1000.8 Sra Arte oot olga gor” G «0:9 Sin Anajoooty Re > Mea, usa, . O-Pnay geste, xy - Re (Bite 50,4 Ba, + Fw) POL ae ad Bh GE ge ta rae) : > yo Re (1a, 42a +370, Uj 23 Sin (anes0t) + 0.015in (An rwset) Gh -3Su eanecoe)—2.01Sin (20 xieoot)©) 2 oa ate R2 oy FR aid No all Spe G+ Oy Re=F yy I Roa Me- Rog when all inputs are oe Byotet ‘shor t-xireu ne yr, = - (REG Hem, ER = Mou rtap = (RE ae ae aes It + Rey( Ree + Re, OR ae) by ee ye 6 Baw A” Agen mr Rex Roe at (ey fee | ar Bftaray Roa» Mee (ir By BB vi 3d. oan? R= Be a shire iy bat, bing fig = Re Rp. WAV Rake 2100KA ion VE” Note Ht iF the results From Uae Louk 2 a7 Ret = look constraints dither, wa woull use au addi benth wale Teicher conaseted Prom tit paste input te As indicatia, 4 only depends on Rand Veard gerd Rpg) Fede the meter resistames docs nck afteck 4 Sy dene 4K ms ray pN Reler te the cra ie P2UT 49 ong. Sepepaition 3 Hash Sab Gata one The oxtput thee “tt culls we rebpansete Gu 434, ROY, + 3) Ws ae Refer to P24% has Sha Rig ae Bee te Then oe aah ge gyee ee then = Ry MB NB ll Whey The Grose siepties to (re ) Re Bap 1.06 86 Serf 3% ka Fe $3, 225K» Mp = 2.95% [i MDo cs Apr If Re:295 Reg Rpy = 225 my FR cea me, =IBK A f= 9el0k =40 kA. Rope Batok a B0KA, 33K. Ree tok aA ot 5 eh a op] tk B® From. the Luo above Roy, «36650 1B An \oo then Grcampensetaas = At Nae ~ ft stot, 222 ally vee Gompensated & 100 Sela 2100 yt 14 Se x gis <0 ey x & mr AGF chee Fosse Aes © opal 8 Ae El te 10 has fer a geo GUE 1 yo Io be ie Ay ot oh if rod 2Cal%,) 119, 18 AW) € ie le OW i or wo Veg) © te ie 8 s oo © oe ° (yo yo" sa xsi0 GW) ) wih io te AY) 1 wr eo ihr [ese Sor non-inuerting amplifrery £4.21 Soo bs Sel yi00 tr ; : ca CMRR = 10 bys ASI, 50 lets coyauale n, for inverting amplifier Eq 25 (Ar) @ ie 2G EPP ra Aya 2 if we apply Superposition T+ Oe apply Superpe: ! Gh) Al “1 10 \ 0 ' nee 0 0 - Joo A 0 Ry ‘ “2 1900 AIS = jy — Pf 99), 09. 905,08) at 2 061 33 the & % 2A a Ay my CMRR: 20l09 44 ———— Ee 3 Dra) M * bat es Las] CMRR« 60.8 Refer bo Fig. PSA y When gatentiometber ——— See ee (Pa 1s SAF Ce the enttonn 20, = 154 30420 pau Se ent Th te assomt Ry Re Ryn Ry then, chen a bo the, bop i= 4 a0 28 mp 8,22 see mr 8214 Ly; gro —_ DeHHerlo = pot han tobovn senth Earns ME Be. 997 een. [aT Reber be Fig 26 . Netica that Simla bog 215 wehore: Ra a Be 2180 Ate according to Bg. 1° aa 20S, a> Ras SKB 2A Uy =pAne 210 Y, Rageous, sisal to 2.20, Byr2R = 20rn : _ rr Rae were de Berek by ye: oF Re Os, ip a% a 2 treminals ee) The worst cane is When Ken hao (he paginas voile = itt her Ra yy Mas A. <> RB has To be ab ite minim value and alse Ra, has to be vaininalen _ gO R } 2K) AHR) fe aot +—l— «= fr Rhea Ry Je replace with Bas (Ra - he iP we reph e a & 264 Tn oder to out Omideal differential amp Wooce (Bag leon i mj Rad bee Teorn Ry Worm ® 4 fe * & A co ox ee & rr “gr Jem Soa: er ere ee res 2k ek — N8O¢x SD x pe 1 5 Remrajlosee oat on CHRR= 2oley [AA | noose have tocala N bated on vebus wie chase for R-Ry thak gev8 UF Ansty stgavies g Usa by apply ing, super posites ee ee Us &) cop. cera bas. (Hh loose ap Dies Uo Ye ol Fd CantCHR 2 x \ 5 Hen Bude 2a ba Reber be Fly. 24g ond eg. 2.18 Pew = So (1 Be BE) Rak ORR ta orlerte taludale Ay we ube siperpenitton teiociple Bw: 4 Ba oe Oy 05, Wen = REG 4 BR Ue 5, 28a ae) ren Pept Oe ia eee ceae 5.7 Yom fa Ups Bit Ua, Ba lyr Sag SAME gu 2 Re a Ng Sag A 2, 2 ; : , Pie Baty, Riertty ® pte fe te ke) Ra Seb) he Reape sina) : Bi CHRR = okey) 4 5-85 +h | e- ter canrtt case jor natn int OM EMRE We have a te snawindte dha dtmominabor riche 8 5=Ryq CI-E) Raye Ri ee) RHR Cees Rue Ren tee) ase Bia = Bin = k Rn CHRRe 20 tog | k eng Booal K Ci al for hei PheA yy =r > CHRR = 20 og 2h 2.67 2 ar bal\reat INE OSSUmed Ba ctoo apif Ryateh ot Ly é ar omnee eoaler A, »Ba was Roe a0 ee bb) Smee AL 20, chen 16 oe apply Chute apply the ‘SoptrPestion ae erat paceis the oulput vhitage SNR UL caluiale Vay Gis me subg aeigs kin pce pale v, Be% - Q 22 Mor + Yor = lec, teelbioe pi tae =) (cox (hiek + 106 Rep Ré Rig= 2 AMA ay Re 4 Ree Re 4 a> Bonk co fica atten av b= Bagel Loot 110K, ize peor | 0K -+ (ook = Yer = Ua ore Bey - looks, and 8, wo = look +105, oh eo ‘ ry e > en Ra Gay th + el av lig ra smell “rem ypo'sod Now we coleulale gin, rage Bay $25 = AK Mseyy 9 tosellio® — dS (Bo rE y ¥ igs, 25 304 Gay & 30 eat [Sos SA pte ed ey 224] = Se EME ee BA Refer to ig P2EV; we Hoe Superposition: Uy 2%, +05, talewtal ye oe Be ue Refer to bp. 1.18 R=) Comet C axd0 Faget cnr.iy 2 ton Tego sbthe Fier stage ists Salmi TE the opamps oF tie firshstage slurs at Sy Ore KO HA ny I feat OE galt out ¢ gon As explored in the Lent tht Aisadtembage OF ctrudk ia Cig. aasa is thek ois Bins @ Je PS wy a Goh equal ee wy) in she First Stage. and therefore a ‘Ver Senell Yam range is acceprable to avéid satumTion tem | Jnr The crak onshe let ‘aly haa nnche opts by Em Figs 2.286 hem EL fe aplieds 9 for bath AEA, tat sana Oind Hardin he Garren Flot ire sgh ZR, This mutans Uattage ax the output of Apand Ma isthe Some OS Veen 19% C4 my HS, ha This eel atlas or bigger Anny By ane ile Gy aa + Refer be ig. 220.00 oukpat of the Birch erg es (ie Raye ty ge Oe Seen) Ba % Soe Gnwt V o.0%, B-D.0USia0Tt) 5 6.0Snwst ml a |Ad! oo a stage) Ene Aa 20 (First stage) © DeoaySnuot 4 SoKeLe 34 4.045 ne Vy 3.0.04 Sindt Bbc = 3-H.045in ead = bys = LS 20aSnwer 3 Yew uy =-F.08 inves? Conthaving relatively Large Agia the Fist stage ze] Af the Second stage is fa Second stag Rorieee , Ryx DEKH We ae a series Cab igralion oF Ryeind cars aoloy|AL | = 11d sa) R Gory: BR, ztoek ter (red) Hinman gam = 05 (1 Be) 2059017 Ti tbo jae taanen cle wy EAH Aehaueer Vecree@—y * ompibled and iF is only propagated to te my Rp olooe2es @ siyPees outpets of tle First stage Mavinndas guivm 190.2 05 (1+ Bi-)ay 2, athe @ OO =r k, soresea cosen Ry = Soar Kae SOR Refer to ep, 2.22 iy Be) © let Cr fy Re Lie Be) «Bee Cor ab) oY Ane? cre aolenthd | = % TF ait rssrors are tif Ay 2! te order to toleulel Aan, eipply%en be woth inguks ond nett that vy ait appear at woth Output terninnl of the fistshge Nea we Can evaLUAlE O by analy Bing the stond sage as nn dant in preliten 265% Te P16 we Sheed that EC each vot rasuby has Ex] tolerance, Ay,, of the dferankial €) Up and ve com bet” or UU PP “4.3%, 498 0” SEP; a8 Brms = cMRR = netey 2 2 60db Sk. TE aR eR Ay, = 9:0% CURR «Oo leg 2el = Ged Conclosion: Large EHR Com , be achitved by ©a] Refer to Fig. P2-Fae Since the inpubt ofthat op 0M) dorat cleus ony tierenk \, Appters across a Ys fo Sk, & 2 =, fh soso y £195 nic ‘=n FoR a1 895x10': S0ln Gna ne IONE cone WL UDt Superpesition Ue FM, ee Yonlys vye es ya Balen % area aeeel Now iFouly U5) is applied “Yat dulon = lorxiRe2) ie Tht Eetal curiae Lie to both Sour ds ia. bos tose baa @ BR = Oe ty sg ee We circuit in Figure P27 %(@) hes ideally input eesishance,and it requires that bath termi Zrbeamilake while the other circuit has Finite A, iodbe h, Robb = 2olegiony As 1oAA inged raster Unik ore wide oF By qrvucten Ni gir A 3 aud? y lox3xto? = Suiot ! y, Ar s molly, | Ae ote my Sate og sp <8 e ee: olne Oye ae, of = 31060-32894 MAE maak ar Ne len Sent eSonte SARA of a1 He af €) AatB20 Mir ay Ay a 15000 ContBae 1 JF my & atone +8 " =/ooeHe Ne SE tt JAF my 0 tr Be etooYir — fuyy*! [Baoe ste aisomte wag, U4 Rey 2 18 HH ©) le Bee Dy foqbe tonne VoMHax 2= 25 ME fo Raat 900 sane 2OEHA oh --1090Y,, tyay= 2088 Fyn Bde Cin tons) = ae.e anna = Frayer Hue Ra = =o wey ahaa Sens Bente Me toy, ah . 9) Bp wt fy a2 S435 5 Oye Siar a2 ne fouy @ 426 ene Eq. 2.94 [nae Ot Fa, ; = L+ Be ato, faye? Fo iota |Ye| = oat, fp =Briee . FroeHE bor toy, -2oEM 20 Uo ¥ or fay DOME / Gye Baa 20 YY, [eee] = [23 Eat Sie are 16) 0.99

Ruan For Vomeny +10” by Reise SF owpak & aK Den Saisie ested loneapstosia Wo amet ge Os WS to” Th order te reat avyih hanes o1sps = (5A ps A015; 5 ie 72 Tore He winimatna pulse idle is 156) oy |_. \L}—, aa 2s pat, coc waniips vape a0, 08x10 tla trie vis 20. Si Slops of gle wanes 220 4 SR 15; Sie nt x2sond kD Lm (e Qrnssonuts 58 ve 2 100 “a haghath Greg utr af Hie Ths “wore the bg s La thek Pee One output in posite . ae .SKNEDutpat distortion wil be due ty sled Ral Uemitedion cmd will ousne ak Uae Fragitnty, For whith lve! SR oF aes Sueag tS = Nag = Bn cody ash = BB wp The outpat weil) distort ab tha value of We thot esol in din) Use 16, Sin Barons corn Te 25k Wop 920 Dour? O% 2 FOV UV, eScomi cosy Sled cole wegins ok the frequimey Fer hich nose Se heh gives wo = Vis a cal paale or Fe 383 or we Maowlr she kent Spach Prgoons 22 = Bae ts 200k? Thus the vat Ol Prequaniy, range iS Iuected of aoc 8) bor baste , the sted Ral Umitalinn odors at the vebwe of Ye given by wre =S@ at ste" lave Mie * Pan T xeric Sock am inp voltage hesevers woe uld idely fewit in am output of ShEV which exceeds Vig The Vie, = Mase e IV pear Ts << ots, cB) oy Mh. e4) Sint x 200 41%, « 200° 2Sinwt 0.4 e pa Ourput De offset Uys = ImViio0a = 3V Therefore the maximum amplibicle oF us ipa Ssisal Ts anaconda FER EH RScelag Roe chet ii eee hton a UENRANS, Nace ih el [L803 ] 7 [ aioe | _ = wen spec pik ee Boe + Bea Ys 35-7 Fo Tay Ry Far aSet) = Sect BAR, Ty, e920) 16000'ts, oO. On OO, HO22 ay 1h, aD Ail be) Vag 2 22 ol €) Inthe case ,Snca a Yes K Rog p Aso Ey, 246 holds 4 Py =2,lIRa, Lob, 0. therefore From &q. 247: I< Type BonKa Ips Leoos A thy no tg, - 1 F005 La jem Bq nH Taahy 4 AU, For fy, eL05M, Tp, 2095 pA Fron tie discasion inthe Aene we nova tat to minim’ be de output voltage resulting From the input vias curren, we holld waaite the tata DE resistance inthe iapube ot th opnomp emUeL Corea ste negative input Stes etinlana of RMR, = 8 [602106 hile The peSTHVE inpak cermbaal Sees Ska. Seren redaranee Therefore we ehasld ald Seres resistor bo the positiveinpnk terra to make the ableclive Resistance IASI” he resulting Vo tan be found as Fellow: Th 3 Ne be found lows \ TggelP atoely Be 12 a0 Te gl OR Ngo Tygaibd'e ROllzws.e trom! \, rom te signal Soorce resistance is Sen, thn the Pesisrantes addi SKA res! The outer component dus to ves is Uy vag cte tty %, Halim — The satpnteonponacl Hy dus €0 Tg or apa bias eument® is ty- goles, Tyyeh Jas Fe032Sua — Tas2 2S MA a notin) » ae aw A (8) eee 0 ma re The worst can eclargest) DC ofFsut Pakage aL He cubpak je 40H S0= 4st”r for Capouthively coupled inputs Via¥. Yas Ver Yos Yona Im ee, ool gation for capatibively coupled HesNos eBoy 23), tant micelle 70 i>. Show Capa Covad Pie tase [ae Ne ig aig in ssi ll Ae Te, oe expect tions cose 2 S00my We expect Mase quadehes te have apport Poleaurves. re j at 87] Won tt BR ay R= Ste AY) Yc teon rete 1s ihe oY > by Largest output offset if Vo ei", ‘e100 +01 4 2opeats ©) For bias eurr@ul Compactalren we towns BFS Ry te series wile the positive dapat” terninad of theopanp with: Ry Ry es 218 c1008 Ryciah nl isk Th oftser warrant alone eeculte mon arte eat voltage AF Tage R eioniate ine ate dy oom + Lan fonb strom Rye RURaakh Refer to24g) mr Tys WF we app WH Foe Gurew OS Ty the other end of Ry tit iF lh Lome uk the CRSA current eftech one outputs, Fo Neu (Fue use XISV Sopplies capably e ary instead by wath the cul Wovi in create by aac Contdp The Phase dosenct Change and fe oubpet Sat fends He pul by 90 t ws 23 wivk Vy, =2Sin 1ove e applied ok Me apt, Ub) 2s, Sint ooot 48) Rims =/00KR. CR als axce 1 pF Ut) = 9 Sia Ctvoat 9d) cas ive. aopich ppd cies abel? = Churrges with = constant Luerenk | Tee eolmh cand se unhage ober ual i "dt e40 ser) uf belo gern aed the vpltage reaches ard it reeches (0M ak eussiva ia page ito and the faite de gos is There fore Foy Hod dow uk have! or equiva Cater) The emer Frequency ye) as ise Re= 1 wr anaieteo b) with Res etd (Refer 60 pg. a) Wye) 2 Tey 2 OM a BNL des oahe Bet)a-vs0-2 5) oatput falls wnanly oki) a hd Ce Menkes Kt! Ze VA05). osy Ba) 9 \ | ye Pica hems fagedl nt) Bor goaey for 95466 108) Bede ost, Yas 0.6 2.6.6 Mrcther vay of Hinting shout thi cicauik fs 3 Patlows for ogt yas Ui & current 1 * Haigh Roud Cinta direlion ‘mdicatid oi Hs diagram. AL Lat 4 We wre kan Qebar yureLe hide indicales Hat dba Stpak voltage ce % | linanly deasecl, aang PSU ab bx0Sms, Then For 05.44 C1 the ase Me opposite dinclienend 1 wiser lintarly Mating aT ak balms : Bie gato: | ik ona Follows’ 4 reves) "yore Gano coer TERE is also doubled, Hea shy winut finn Bekomes the Saul as the is Mest ond Reams test cane Where, eh bse towers the output tltage by Oe (PY ae poms ge | vate oh Than ere a tokal oF oe puldes are required $e tauas odhange a& Win ey I a S 7 | Refer be fey. P2.Wa Ye e-Bue K. Ref o Ya T45eR, sie is an STE LP eireult with «de goin °F of td 6 le aqua oo TH. infak retichance equal toh So Poe Rie > Raika amd For degainat J0ibe the oily Gow Frqusmiy (3 Lod) te Mo UMA Ysa ‘ BOK foneANTS compencushe tor the elect of de current Tp, we can consider the bul aN ea e Similar to He discus Re Needing 40 09 IPR ps onnifiern pe: we haves (b) As disensved in Section 2.2 the de output voltage of the integrator when the input is Vos (14+ BE) oles Re Vy Bro y UM) 4 to WAI PEA a 803 "00H ed ist greunded Vou O.BI3¥ [ae Yoige - By — BRC 2-54 0.01410 410n 10%, 8 jy)» ja Wh} ct when ard! Oly oe Fan.suma Vo for au input Io kines this Prequanncy tha outpak i oe Wo Rimes as large os He input 10 peatateapeak. The cp indicalea that the oubpel Lage the capa by a8 That Ut = Sin kee A) vous aida Vee-cR de tareteaes fer ogtgos Gein ores oud U3 0 otturwice eek, Thus the pint value of the oukpel Squareuiant Maa heca 1 Graqunany et Han eepet He OlmAwioH HY The Graquhaay ob toa ovtp Ib the Senne OF the, tn pik (Kite) “The overage valut of tha oukpakis 0: & enh fia valut of the oakpub be ol Rtas be be remand to abs 95, ce 2K Wun a Lake, (V peak Gnpat cine wave i appl = Siw arcrcoot) ak the output by ane ot He allows ae sieusai dal sigue a cco fee dakar mined “6 bie Sioned ae 162s an 200 » Coo (324,100 063 =a Gos Canasooot) Thus tie peak anpitede 6 Gant ond + sats occural Ceo, at he magalinve peaks ccural Cxo, at cati J Bo Uw) we jORO ny US? -jrdRC Ot? Wa 0) jh ay Biju ‘ths eutpub is Unverted ond has QF phasasiit, tu te Gj) factor Vplty «= GARG) at Sin Ara fo00e 488) UU) «6.28 Sin C2 ttaaot « 22) Wet) «~ 6.28 Coo (an stosoe) Same as before OT pears of tie outpat awe Form ant equal Ls Rew(maninam slope oF inpok sav) Smee Ure mnorimon slope ocens ak tH Ye Crossings its Valu is Zrteooo Thut the peak culpol < Axweon Re « 6.280 The ntgyLve pink OceveS ak wtes, any. 2.4 Reloone Roe 163 when Bea-sRe Leg) he UB.) f2-% ay ; ahaays UByet mregseatfentnrs tines te nity he Jenin s when the brepusnty ib (0 Limes the nity fe Frepacey Siler for DIY, . (for watokredis ,gnin toy.) Foc high frauencies Cis shork-ciruited, & oo guia. aR eR & ches OF Reser Fer unity gainhio Weha'S-+1 Bust0. Kos + [Sal 210, te Ive AEE ay ogg = 1O0KRA/C orf ec te or abel tthe won oF om STC HP Filter with. & high Frequency gain Ke Ba ond ay B-Ab Frequiney oh ot ‘ The igh Prequaacy input” cmpelante apprnches Ry cas fa becenes raghibiiaty tonal), So Reich oy gs oF Hal wk tam saleck Yo Veta a ligh leigh Fra Cit 100) + BE 00 ® + By eI, Foro Sede triyvency et Tea te abe + 2ewteos ay Ce 15.40 fe EN Fran He Bade diagronn below Be see Phy Bede diag > that ous te unity ak Fro) fy slots ~— mek wre ede afr a Ke (jee Ble, “Res a Cle By Ho “by foro, <60 ho Ya gee Be C) for Byres ond wy >is rom the eesulty of of} aed ©) wit Lo dred the Gade pit Nath ane . — sale T+ a, Le ste C608 gal in eu wt feegainy (A my Ry ait Selena ar Wari boo «1 > Re § toni motige tNrloriPe a wy ga APF = saleye ee ay = The dyed can ba rieverse-biaced and thys ae current would Flow, or Forward ~ biased where. current would Flow OA VorlSY (0) Reverse biased (6) Forward biased I = SR Vp: OV z Diode is condveting and thus has % OV drop across it Gonseguretly ® Dede is cut off Ve gy D2 OA (©) Dede is conducting Ve kD Cuaprer 3 - Pronrems @) Diode is cvt off. (e) &) . conducting Vo. + +3V S De estos= So < i Gp ey [Yee SSE Eos Vpt= IOV Vp-7 ON Fetkity Both Ds and Da condvet when ve 70 Cy PES ei oy Ver =10V Vp- = 71! f= Veh, D conducts when Jer and Da conducts eukpot when U2 ° when (ey Uhl SY “When Jzpo, Di is or cutis anl ve followsr shen Ue <0, Di te conducting and the cirevit voltage divider becomes a where the nagatwe peak 's te + lov -5V Wear ikon ®) Vpr 12 Vee “SM f= this, “When Uz >0, the ovtpot Foilows the pot as Di is conducting, =When Je <0, Deis cot aly a the crevit becomeg a voltage divider. (pop Way “10 Vp =v Mp “AX, Fe Thi, twhen vr>0, Die extol) and Dae conducting, The ootpot becomes WW. > When Uz G0, Di ie conducting and De is cote. The ouput becomes Chmeter 3 Proaums ~When Ge < 43V Di conducts and Da is igeOA. For Ur >u-6V Da conducts and Di We cuboyy thos dis connecting the Input Ge. All af the corcent Then Flows through the battery» cubes 10Sin B= 4S = sm? So) conduchon angle = 1-26 Frachon of cycle that La = l00mh is geen bys ws Tere