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Chapt22 Krugman 46657 09 IE C22 F
Chapt22 Krugman 46657 09 IE C22 F
Developing
Countries:
Growth, Crisis,
and Reform
Preview
Snapshots of rich and poor countries
Characteristics of poor countries
Borrowing and debt in poor and middle-income
economies
The problem of original sin
Types of financial assets
Latin American, East Asian, and Russian crises
Currency boards and dollarization
Lessons from crises and potential reforms
Geographys and human capitals role in poverty
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Restrictions on trade
Direct control of production in industries and a high level
of government purchases relative to GNP
Direct control of financial transactions
Reduced competition reduces innovation; lack of market
prices prevents efficient allocation of resources
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High inflation reduces the real cost of debt that the government
has to repay and reduces the real value of repayments for
lenders.
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Lessons of Crises
1. Fixing the exchange rate has risks: governments
desire to fix exchange rates to provide stability in
the export and import sectors, but the price to pay
may be high interest rates or high unemployment.
High inflation (caused by government deficits or increases
in the money supply) or a drop in demand of domestic
exports leads to an overvalued currency and pressure for
devaluation.
Given pressure for devaluation, commitment to a fixed
exchange rate usually means high interest rates (a
reduction in the money supply) and a reduction in
domestic prices.
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Potential Reforms
Preventative measures:
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2.
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Chinas Currency
China has tried to maintain a fixed exchange rate to promote
its exports.
The value of its renminbi has been kept low relative to the U.S.
dollar so that its goods are not expensive in U.S. markets.
Exports have surged and imports have been low because of an
undervalued renminbi and because Chinese citizens save a lot.
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Summary
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Summary (cont.)
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Original sin refers to the fact that poor and middleincome countries often cannot borrow in their domestic
currencies.
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Summary (cont.)
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Summary (cont.)
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