H Ni, thng 3 nm 2005

Mc Lc
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2
3

BI 1 Tng quan..................................................................................1
1.1
Cc ca s trong SPSS......................................................................................1
1.2
Thanh menu {Menu}.........................................................................................2
1.3
Thanh cng c {Toolbars}.................................................................................2
1.4
Thanh tnh trng {Status Bar}..........................................................................3
1.5
Hp thoi {Dialogue box}..................................................................................3
1.5.1 Tn bin v nhn bin trong cc danh sch ca hp thoi..............................4
1.5.2 Cc nt trong hp thoi..................................................................................5
1.5.3 Hp thoi ph................................................................................................. 5
1.5.4 La chn bin................................................................................................ 6
BI 2: M Cc tp tin d liu..................................................................9
2.1
Khi ng SPSS................................................................................................. 9
2.2
M mt file....................................................................................................... 10
BI 3: Ca s Data Editor.....................................................................13
3.1
Data View........................................................................................................ 13
3.2
Variable View................................................................................................... 14
3.2.1 Tn bin....................................................................................................... 15
3.2.2 Cc thang o...............................................................................................16
3.2.3 Loi bin...................................................................................................... 16
3.2.4 Nhn bin {Variable Labels}........................................................................17
3.2.5 Nhn tr s ca bin {Value Labels}............................................................17
3.2.6 Tr s khuyt thiu {Missing Value}...........................................................18
3.3
Nhp d liu................................................................................................... 19
3.4
Hiu nh d liu trong bng Data View.......................................................21
3.4.1 Ct, sao chp v dn cc tr s ca d liu...............................................22
3.4.2 Chn thm cc i tng mi...........................................................................22
3.4.3 Chn mt bin mi........................................................................................23
3.4.4 Thay i loi d liu..................................................................................24
3.5
Tnh trng lc i tng trong Data Editor........................................................24
Bi 4: Cc php bin i d liu.........................................................25
4.1
Tnh ton bin {Compute Variable}................................................................25
4.1.1 Tnh ton bin vi tu chn If Cases............................................................26
4.1.2 Type&Label {Loi v nhn bin} trong hp thoi Compute Variable............27
4.2
m s ln xy ra ca cc tr s trong cc i tng........................................27
4.3
M ho li d liu............................................................................................. 29
4.3.1 M ho li d liu ngay trong bin c sn (khng to thnh bin mi)......29
4.3.2 M ho thnh bin khc................................................................................30
Bi 5: iu khin file v bin i file...................................................33
5.1
Sp xp cc i tng......................................................................................33
5.2
Chn cc i tng {Select Cases}...................................................................34
5.2.1 Select Cases: If............................................................................................ 35
5.2.2 Select Cases: Random Sample.....................................................................36
5.2.3 Select Cases: Range....................................................................................37
Bi 6: Lm vic vi kt xut..................................................................38
6.1
Ca s Viewer................................................................................................. 38
6.1.1 Th hin v du cc kt qu......................................................................39
6.1.2 Di chuyn, sao chp v xo b cc kt qu................................................40
Bi 8: Frequencies {Tn s}.................................................................41
7.1
Kt xut mu................................................................................................... 41
7.2
thu c cc tn s v cc thng k.............................................................43
7.2.1 Frequencies Statistics..................................................................................43
7.2.2 Frequencies Charts......................................................................................44
Bi 7: Bng tr/xoay {pivot table}........................................................46
8.1
Thao tc i vi mt bng tr..........................................................................46
8.2
Lm vic vi cc trang/lp {Layer}...................................................................50

ii

BI 1 Tng quan
SPSS for Windows cung cp mt h thng qun l d liu v phn
tch thng k trong mt mi trng ho, s dng cc trnh n m
t {menu} v cc hp thoi {dialogue box} n gin thc hin
hu ht cc cng vic cho bn. Phn ln cc nhim v c th c hon
thnh ch bng cch r v nhp chut.
Bn cnh giao din r-nhp chut phn tch thng k, SPSS for
Windows cung cp:
Data Editor {Ca s Hiu nh d liu}.

Mt h thng dng bng tnh

{worksheet} uyn chuyn nh ngha, nhp, hiu nh, v th
hin d liu.
Ca s Viewer cho php d dng duyt cc
kt qu ca bn, th hin v che giu c th chn lc cc kt xut
{output}, thay i trt t ca cc kt qu, v di chuyn cc bng v
th gia SPSS for Windows v cc trnh ng dng khc
Viewer {Ca s Viewer}.

Cc kt qu ca bn s
sinh ng vi cc bng tr a chiu. Khm ph cc bng ca bn bng
cch b tr li cc hng, cc ct, v cc trang/lp {layer}. Bc l cc
pht hin quan trng c th b mt trong cc bo co tiu chun. So
snh cc nhm d dng bng cch chia tch bng ca bn sao cho mi
ln ch c mt nhm c th hin.
Multidimemtion pivot table {Bng tr a chiu}.

High-revolution graphics { th c phn gii/ nt cao} .

Cc biu
hnh trn, th ct, biu tn sut, th phn tn c
phn gii cao, mu sc sng ng, cc th ba chiu, v hn th
na c bao gm nh l cc tnh nng chun trong SPSS.
Database access {Truy cp d liu}.

Truy cp d liu t cc c s d
liu bng cch s dng trnh ch dn Database Wizard thay v cc
truy vn SQL phc tp.
Data transformation {Bin i d liu}.

Tnh nng bin i d liu

gip bn c c d liu sn sng cho cc bc phn tch. Bn c th
d dng nhm, b sung, tng hp, trn, chia v chuyn i file, v
hn th na.

1.1 Cc ca s trong SPSS

C mt s loi ca s khc nhau trong SPSS:
Data Editor.

Ca s ny th hin ni dung ca file d liu. Bn c th

lp mt file d liu mi hoc hiu chnh thay i mt file c sn
vi ca s Data Editor. Ca s Data Editor t ng m ra khi bn kch
hot/khi ng SPSS. Bn ch c th mt file d liu ti mt thi
im m thi (khng th m hn mt file d liu vo cng mt thi
im).
Viewer.

Mi kt qu thng k, bng, biu c th hin trong ca

s Viewer. Bn c th hiu nh kt xut v lu n s dng sau
ny. Mt ca s Viewer t ng m ra khi bn chy mt th tc u
tin to nn kt xut.
Draft Viewer.

Bn c th trnh by kt xut nh l cc vn bn bnh thng (thay v cc bng tr) trong ca s Draft Viewer.
Pivot Table Editor.

Kt xut c trnh by trong cc bng tr c th c chnh sa bng nhiu cch vi ca s Pivot Table Editor. Bn c th
hiu nh on vn bn, chuyn i d liu gia hng v ct, b
sung mu, to cc bng a chiu v n hoc hin th mt cch c
chn lc cc kt qu.
Chart Editor.

Bn c th chnh sa cc th cht lng cao trong cc

ca s chart editor. Bn c th thay i mu, chn loi phng hoc
c ch, chuyn i trc tung vi trc honh, xoay cc th ba
chiu, v thm ch thay c loi th.
Text Output Editor.

Cc kt xut dng vn bn khng c th hin

trong cc bng tr c th c chnh sa vi ca s Text Output Editor.
Bn c th hiu nh kt xut v thay cc thuc tnh ca phng ch
(dng, loi, mu, c).
Syntax Editor.

Bn c th dn cc la chn trong cc hp thoi vo mt

ca s syntax, ni m cc la chn ca bn xut hin di dng cc c
php lnh. Bn c th hiu nh cc c php lnh tn dng cc
c tnh c bit ca SPSS khng c sn trong cc hp thoi. Bn
cng c th lu cc m lnh ny trong mt file s dng cho nhng
cng vic tip theo ca SPSS.

Script Editor.

K thut t ng OLE cho php bn tu bin v t ng

ho nhiu nhim v trong SPSS. S dng ca s Script Editor lp
v hiu nh cc trnh nh c bn.

1.2 Thanh menu {Menu}

Rt nhiu nhim v bn mun tin hnh vi SPSS bt u vi vic la
chn cc menu {trnh n}. Tng ca s trong SPSS c cc menu
ring ca n vi cc la chn menu thch hp cho loi ca s .
Hai menu Analysis v Graphs l c sn i vi mi loi ca s, lm
cho vic to cc kt xut mi rt nhanh chng m khng phi chuyn
i gia cc ca s.

1.3 Thanh cng c {Toolbars}

Tng ca s SPSS c cc thanh cng c ring ca n cho php truy
cp nhanh n cc nhim v thng dng. C mt s ca s c hn
mt thanh cng c.
Hnh 1-2: Thanh cng c vi tr gip ch dn cng c {ToolTip Help}

1.4 Thanh tnh trng {Status Bar}

Thanh tnh trng {status bar} nm y ca tng ca s SPSS cung
cp cc thng tin di y:
Command status {Tnh trng lnh}.

i vi tng lnh hoc th tc m

bn chy, mt s m cc i tng/trng hp {case} ch ra s lng cc
i tng c x l. i vi cc th tc i hi phi x l lp, s ln lp
c th hin.
Filter status {Tnh trng lc} .

Nu bn chn mt mu ngu nhin hoc

mt tp hp ph cc i tng phn tch, thng tin Filter on ch ra
rng mt vi nhm i tng no ang c lc v khng phi mi
i tng trong tp tin d liu c a vo phn tch.

Weight status {Tnh trng gia quyn}.

Thng tin Weight on ch ra rng

mt bin gia quyn ang c s dng gia quyn cc i tng cho
phn tch.
Split status {Tnh trng chia tch} .

Thng tin Split on ch ra rng file d

liu ang c chia tch thnh mt s nhm phn tch, c da
vo cc tr s ca mt hoc mt s bin lp nhm/phn t.

1.5 Hp thoi {Dialogue box}

Hu ht cc la chn menu m ra cc hp thoi. Bn s dng hp thoi
la chn cc bin v cc tu chn cho phn tch
Tng hp thoi chnh cho cc th tc thng k v th c mt s cc
b phn c bn
Danh sch bin ngun.

Mt danh sch cc bin trong file d liu lm

vic. Ch c cc loi bin c php bi cc th tc c chn mi c
th hin trong danh sch ngun. Vic ding cc bin chui dng ngn
hay di b hn ch bi rt nhiu th tc.
Danh sch (hoc cc danh sch) bin ch.

Mt hoc mt vi danh sch

th hin cc bin bn va chn cho phn tch, chng hn nh danh
sch bin c lp v ph thuc.
Nt n iu khin {Command pushbutton}.

Cc nt ch dn chng
trnh thc hin mt tc v, chng hn nh chy mt th tc, th hin
phn thng tin Tr gip, hoc m ra mt hp thoi con tin hnh
cc la chn c th b sung.
c c thng tin v cc nt iu khin trong mt hp thoi, nhp
chut phi ln nt .
Hnh 1-5: Cc b phn iu khin hp thoi
Danh sch
bin
ch

Danh sch
bin ngun

Cc nm
nhn cu
lnh

Cc nm
nhn hp
thoi ph

1.5.1

Tn bin v nhn bin trong cc danh sch ca hp thoi

Bn c th th hin hoc l tn bin hoc l nhn bin trong danh
sch ca hp thoi. Do tn bin b hn ch bi 8 k t, nhn bin th ng cung cp nhiu thng tin m t bin hn.

iu khin s th hin tn bin hay nhn bin trong danh sch

ca hp thoi, trong Options trong menu Edit bt k loi ca s
no ca SPSS.

nh ngha hoc chnh sa nhn bin, hy nhp p tn

bin trong ca s Data Editor v sau nhp Labels.

i vi d liu nhp t cc ngun c s d liu, tn cc trng c

s dng lm nhn bin.

i vi nhn bin qu di, ch con tr ln nhn trong danh sch

xem ton b nhn bin .

Nu khng c nhn bin no c xc nh th tn bin s c th

hin.

Hnh 1-6: Cc nhn bin c th hin trong mt hp thoi

1.5.2

Cc nt trong hp thoi
C 5 nt nhn tiu chun trong hu ht cc hp thoi:

OK.

Chy th tc. Sau khi bn chn cc bin nghin cu v chn bt

k cc tu chn b sung no, nhp OK chy th tc. iu ny

cng ng thi ng hp thoi li.

Paste.

To c php cu lnh t cc la chn trong hp thoi v dn

c php vo mt ca s c php. Sau bn c tu bin cc cu

lnh vi cc c tnh b sung khng c sn trong hp thoi.

Reset.

B chn bt k bin no trong danh sch cc bin c chn

v thit lp mc nh cho mi tu chn trong hp thoi v bt

k hp thoi ph no.

Cancel.

Xo b bt k thay i no trong thit lp hp thoi k t

ln cui n c m ra v ng hp thoi li. Trong mi ln lm vic

vi SPSS cc thit lp trong hp thoi l lun tn ti cho n khi bn
thot khi SPSS. Mt hp thoi duy tr mi thit lp m bn chn
cho n khi bn thit lp li. .

Help.

Nm ny cho bn ca s tr gip dng chun ca hng

Microsoft bao gm cc thng tin v hp thoi hin ti. Bn cng c

th nhn c cc tr gip trong cc nm iu khin ring trong
tng hp thoi bng cch nhp chut phi ln n.

1.5.3

Hp thoi ph
Do hu ht cc th tc u cung cp mt s uyn chuyn ln, khng
phi mi la chn u c th c bao hm ch trong mt hp thoi.
Hp thoi chnh bao gm cc thng tin ti thiu i hi chy mt
th tc. Cc thit lp b sung c thc hin trong cc hp thoi ph.
Trong hp thoi chnh, nm nhn vi ba du chm () ng sau tn
ca n ch ra rng mt hp thoi ph s c xut hin nu bn nhn
chut vo n.

1.5.4

La chn bin
la chn mt bin, bn ch n gin nhp chut vo n trong
danh sch cc bin ngun v nhp nm mi tn phi nm bn cnh
danh sch cc bin ngun. Nu ch c mt danh sch cc bin ngun,
bn c th nhp p cc bin n chuyn chng t danh sch
ngun sang danh sch ti.
Bn c th chn nhiu bin mt lc:

chn nhiu bin nm k nhau lin tc trong danh sch cc bin

ngun, nhp vo bin u tin v gi phm Shift v nhp vo
bin cui cng.

chn cc bin khng nm k nhau lin tc (nm cch qung)

trong danh sch cc bin ngun, hy s dng phng php
nhp+Ctrl. Chn bin u tin, sau gi phm Ctrl v nhp
bin tip theo, v c th tip tc cho n bin cui cng.

chn mi bin trong danh sch, nhn Ctrl+A

Hnh 1-7: La chn nhiu bin vi k thut Shif t cng vi nhp chut

Hnh 1-8: Chn nhiu bin k tip nhau vi k thut Ctrl cng vi nhp
chut

c c thng tin v mt bin trong mt danh sch trong mt hp thoi

Nhp chut tri ln mt bin trong mt danh sch chn n

Nhp chut phi bt k ni no trong danh sch
Chn Variable Information trong menu pop-up
Hnh 1-9: Xem thng tin v bin dng phm chut phi

 nhn c thng tin v nm iu khin trong hp thoi

Nhp chut tri ln nm bn mun bit
Chn Whats This? Trong menu pop-up.
Mt ca s pop-up th hin thng tin v nm iu khin.
Hnh 1-10: Tr gip dng Whats This?pop-up
phm phi chut

bng cch nhp

BI 2: M Cc tp tin d liu
Cc file d liu c cc nh dng khc nhau, v phn mm ny c
thit k qun l chng, bao gm:

Cc bng tnh worksheet c lp trong Execl hoc Lotus

C s d liu c lp di nh dng dBASE v SQL
Cc file dng text ASCII vi kiu Tab-deliminated
Cc file trong nh dng SPSS c lp trong cc h iu hnh khc
Cc file d liu SYSTAT
2.1 Khi ng SPSS
Trn

mn

hnh

desktop

ca

Widows

nhp

vop

biu

tng

Hoc m phm Start, All programs, SPSS for WIndows, SPSS 12.0.1 for Windows
S xut hin ca s SPSS Data Editor v mt hp thoi nh sau:

Run the tutorial:

Chy chng

trnh tr gip
Type in data:

Nhp d liu mi

Chy mt
truy vn d liu c sn
Run an existing query:

Create

new

query

using

Lp mt truy
vn d liu s dng Database
Wizard
Database Wizard:

10

 Open an existing data source:

M file d liu c sn

(Ch : Hp thoi ny ch xut hin mt ln khi bn khi ng SPSS)

2.2 M mt file
Nu c sn mt file d liu, bn c th m n bng la chn
Open an existing data source

v nhp vo More Files;

Nu ang trong ca s SPSS Data Editor:

T thanh menu chn
File
Open

Data

Trong hp thoi Open File, chn file m bn mun m

Nhp Open
Bn cnh cc file c lu di nh dng ca SPSS, bn c th m cc file
c nh dng ca Excel, Lotus, dBASE, tab-deliminated m khng cn
phi chuyn i chng sang mt nh dng trung gian hoc nhp
cc thng tin nh ngha d liu
m mt tp tin {file} Excel

Ti ca s SPSS Data Editor, t thanh menu chn

File
Open
Data

Trong hp thoi Open File, chn file m bn mun m

Nhp Open
Trong hp thoi Open File, chn nni lu gi file (Look in); chn loi file (Files
of type) v sau chn tn file (File name)

11

Hp thoi Opening Excel Data Source xut hin

Hy chn Worksheet m bn nh m (i vi file c nhiu hn mt

worksheet).

12

13

BI 3: Ca s Data Editor
Ca s Data Editor cung cp mt phng php ging nh bng tnh,
thun tin lp v hiu nh cc file d liu. Ca s Data Editor
t ng m khi bn bt u khi ng SPSS.
Ca s Data Editor cung cp hai loi bng xem d liu:
Data view.

Th hin tr s d liu thc hoc cc nhn tr s c xc

nh
Variable view.

Th hin cc thng tin nh ngha v bin, bao gm

cc nhn bin v nhn tr s bin c xc nh, loi d liu (v d nh
dng chui, dng ngy thng, v dng s), thang o (nh danh,
nh hng, hoc t l), v cc tr s khuyt thiu do ngi
Trong c hai bng, bn c th b sung, v xo cc thng tin c lu
cha trong file d liu.

3.1 Data View

Hnh 5-1: Data view

14

Rt nhiu thuc tnh ca Data View cng ging nh nhng g c

tm thy trong cc phn mm s dng bng tnh, (v d nh Excel).
Tuy nhin cng c mt s s khc bit quan trng:

Cc hng l cc bn ghi/i tng/trng hp {case}. Tng hng a

din cho mt i tng hoc mt quan st. V d tng ngi tr li
i vi mt bng hi/phiu iu tra l mt i tng.

Cc ct l cc bin. Tng ct i din cho mt bin hoc thuc

tnh c o c. V d tng mc trong mt bng hi l mt bin.

Cc cha cc tr s. Tng cha mt tr s ca mt bin cho mt

i tng. l s kt hp ca i tng v bin. Cc ch cha cc
tr s bin. Khng ging nh cc phn mm s dng bng tnh, cc
trong Data Editor khng th cha ng cc cng thc.

File d liu c hnh ch nht. Hai hng ca file d liu c xc

nh bi s lng cc i tng v s lng cc bin. Bn c th nhp
d liu trong bt k no. Nu bn nhp d liu vo mt nm
bn ngoi cc ng bin ca file d liu c xc nh, hnh ch
nht d liu s c m rng bao gm bt k mi hng v mi
ct nm gia v cc ng bin ca file. Khng c cc trng
rng trong cc ng bin ca file d liu. i vi cc bin dng s,
cc rng c chuyn thnh tr s khuyt thiu h thng. i vi
cc bin dng chui, mt du cch vn c coi l mt tr s.

3.2 Variable View

Hnh 5-2: Ca s Variable View

15

Bng Variable View cha ng cc thng tin v cc thuc tnh ca

tng bin trong file d liu. Trong mt bng Data view:

Cc hng l cc bin.
Cc ct l cc thuc tnh ca bin
Bn c th b sung hoc xo cc bin v thay i thuc tnh ca
cc bin, bao gm:

Tn bin {Name}
Loi d liu {Type}
S lng con s hoc ch {With}
S lng ch s thp phn {Decimals}
M t bin/nhn bin {Lable} v nhn tr s bin {Values}
Cc tr s khuyt thiu do ngi s dng thit lp {Missing}
rng ca ct {Width}
Cn l {Align}
Thang o {Measure}
th hin hoc nh ngha cc thuc tnh ca bin

Lm cho ca s Data Editor tr thnh ca s hot ng

16

 Nhp p mt tn bin nh ca ct trong bng Data View,

hoc nhp bng Variable View.
nh ngha mt bin mi, nhp mt tn bin trong bt k hng
rng no
Chn thuc tnh m bn mun nh ngha hoc hiu chnh.
3.2.1

Tn bin
Cc qui tc di y c p dng cho tn bin:

Tn phi bt u bng mt ch. Cc k t cn li c th l bt k

ch no, bt k s no, hoc cc biu tng nh @, #, _, hoc $.

Tn bin khng c kt thc bng mt du chm.

Trnh dng cc tn bin m kt thc vi mt du gch di cn (
trnh xung t vi cc bin c t ng lp bi mt vi th tc)

di ca tn bin khng vt qu 8 k t.
Du cch v cc k t c bit (v d nh !, ?, , v *) khng c s
dng

Tng tn bin phi n chic/duy nht; khng c php trng lp.

Khng c dng ch hoa t tn bin. Cc tn NEWVAR,
NewVar, v newvar c xem l ging nhau.
3.2.2

Cc thang o

Bn c th xc nh thang o di dng t l (d liu dng s trn

mt thang khong hoc thang o t l), th bc hoc nh
danh. D liu nh danh hoc th bc c th c dng chui (ch
a, b, c) hoc dng s.
3.2.3

Loi bin
Variable Type xc nh loi d liu i vi tng bin. Theo mc
nh, mi bin mi c gi s l dng s. Bn s dng Define Variable
thay i loi d liu. Ni dung ca hp thoi Variable Type ph
thuc vo loi d liu c thu thp. i vi mt s loi d liu, c
nhng cho rng v s thp phn (Xem v d Hnh 5-4); i vi

17

loi khc bn ch n gin chn mt nh dng t mt danh sch

cun (xem v d hnh 5.4b) cc loi d liu cho trc.
Hnh 5-4: Hp thoi Variable Type

Cc loi d liu l dng s {numeric}, du phi {comma}, du chm.

{dot}, ghi ch khoa hc {Scientific notation}, ngy thng {Date}, la {Dollar}, tin tu bin {custom currency} v chui {string}.
Hnh 5-4: Hp thoi Variable Type vi dng d liu l ngy thng

nh ngha loi d liu

Nhp nm trong Type i vi bin bn mun nh ngha

Chn loi d liu trong hp thoi Data Type.
3.2.4

Nhn bin {Variable Labels}

Do tn bin ch c th di 8 k t, cc nhn bin c th di n 256
k t, v nhng nhn m t ny c th hin trong cc kt xut.

18

3.2.5

Nhn tr s ca bin {Value Labels}

Bn c th ch nh cc nhn m t i vi tng tr s ca bin. iu
ny cc k hu ch nu d liu ca bn s dng cc m dng s
i din cho cc nhm/t khng phi dng s (v d m 1 v 2 cho
nam v n). Nh tr s ca bin c th di n 60 k t. Nhn tr s
ca bin khng c sn i vi cc bin dng chui di (cc bin dng
chui di hn 8 k t).
Hnh 5-5: Hp thoi Value Labels

nh ngha nhn tr s ca d liu

Nhp nm trong Values i vi bin bn mun nh ngha

i vi tng tr s, nhp tr s v nhp mt nhn
Nhp Add nhp nhn tr s.
3.2.6

Tr s khuyt thiu {Missing Value}

Missng Value nh ngha cc tr s nh l khuyt thiu ca ngi
s dng. Thng thng chng ta mun bit ti sao thng tin li b
khuyt thiu. V d bn c th phn bit gia tr s khuyt thiu do
mt i tng iu tra t chi tr li mt cu hi v tr s khuyt
thiu do cu hi khng p dng i vi ngi ny. Cc tr s c
ch nh l khuyt thiu ca ngi s dng c nh du c
SPSS i x c bit trong hu ht cc tnh ton.

Bn c th nhp n 3 tr s khuyt thiu ring bit, mt phm vi

khong cch tr s khuyt thiu hoc mt phm vi cng vi mt tr
s khuyt thiu ring bit.

Cc phm vi c th c ch nh cho cc bin dng s

19

 Bn khng th nh ngha tr s khuyt thiu cho cc bin dng

chui di (hn 8 k t)
Cc tr s khuyt thiu i vi bin dng chui .

Mi d liu dng chui,

bao gm c tr s rng, c chuyn i thnh cc tr s bnh thng
(khng phi l khuyt thiu) tr phi bn nh ngha chng mt cch
trc tip nh l cc tr s khuyt thiu. nh ngha tr s rng nh
l tr s khuyt thiu i vi bin dng chui, hy nhp mt du cch
vo mt trong nhng trng i vi Discrete missing values.
Hnh 5-6: Hp thoi Missing Values

nh ngha cc tr s khuyt thiu cho mt bin

Nhp nm trong Missing i vi bin bn mun nh ngha

Nhp cc tr s hay cc phm vi/khong i din cho tr s khuyt
thiu.
p dng cc thuc tnh nh ngha bin cho cc bin khc

Mt khi bn nh ngha cc thuc tnh cho mt bin, bn c th

sao chp mt hoc mt s thuc tnh v p dng chng cho mt
hoc mt s bin khc.
p dng cc thuc tnh nh ngha bin cho cc bin khc

Trong bng Variable View, chn hoc cc c thuc tnh c

nh ngha m bn mun p dng cho cc bin khc
T thanh menu chn
Edit
Copy

20

 Chn (hoc cc ) m bn mun p dng thuc tnh. Bn c th

chn nhiu bin.
T thanh menu chn
Edit
Paste

Nu bn sao chp thuc tnh cho cc hng rng, cc bin mi c lp vi vi

cc thuc tnh mc nh cho tt c nhng khng phi mc nh cho
nhng thuc tnh c chn.

3.3 Nhp d liu

Bn c th nhp d liu trc tip t bng Data View trong ca s Data
Editor. Bn c th nhp d liu theo bt k trt t no. Bn c th nhp d
liu theo i tng hoc theo bin, hoc theo khu vc c chn, hoc theo
tng

hot ng ( con tr) lun c lm sng

Tn bin v s ca hng ca hot ng c th hin gc cao
bn tri ca ca s Data Editor.

Khi bn chn mt v nhp mt tr s th n s c th hin

khoang hiu nh d liu nm trn ca Data Editor

Cc tr s khng c ghi cho n khi bn nhn Enter hoc chn

khc

nhp bt k g khc mt d liu dng s, trc ht phi nh

ngha loi d liu.
S ca hng

Tn bin

Khoang hiu nh d

hot ng

Nu bn nhp mt tr s vo mt
liu ct rng, Data Editor t ng to ra
mt bin mi v ch nh mt tn bin.
Hnh 5-7: File d liu lm vic trong Data View

21

 nhp d liu dng s

Chn mt trong bng DataView

Nhp tr s. Tr s ny c th hin trong khoang hiu nh d liu
nh ca Data Editor
Nhn Enter hoc chn mt khc ghi tr s ny.
nhp d liu khng phi dng s
Nhp p mt tn bin nh ca ct trong bng Data View hoc
nhp bng Variable View
Nhp nm trong Type i vi bin ny
Chn loi d liu trong hp thoi Variable Type.
Nhp OK
Nhp p s ca hng hoc nhp bng Data View
Nhp d liu trong hng i vi bin va mi c nh ngha.
s dng nhn ca tr s khi nhp d liu
Nu nhn tr s khng xut hin trong bng Data View, t thanh menu
chn
View
Value Labels

Nhp ln m trong bn mun nhp tr s

Chn mt nhn tr s t danh sch m xung

22

Tr s c nhp vo v nhn tr s c th hin trong .

Ch : iu ny ch lm vic nu bn nh ngha nhn tr s ca
bin.
Cc gii hn v tr s ca d liu

Loi bin v rng ca d liu c thit lp s qui nh loi d liu

c th nhp vo trong Data View.

Nu bn g mt k t khng c chp nhn bi loi bin, Data

Editor s pht ra ting ku bp v khng nhp k t vo.

Vi cc bin dng chui, cc k t nm ngoi rng c nh

ngha s khng c chp nhn.

Vi cc bin dng s, cc tr s nguyn vt qu rng vn c th

c nhp vo, nhng Data Editor th hin hoc l ch gii khoa hc
hoc l cc du hoa th trong ch ra rng tr s ny rng
hn rng c nh ngha. th hin tr s trong , thay
i rng ca bin. (Ch : Thay i rang ca ct khng
nh hng n rng ca bin.)

3.4 Hiu nh d liu trong bng Data View

Vi Data Editor, bn c th hiu nh tr s ca d liu trong bng
Data View theo nhiu cch. Bn c th:

Thay i tr s ca d liu

Ct, sao chp, v dn cc tr s ca d liu

Thm vo hoc xo cc i tng
Thm vo hoc xo cc bin
Thay i trt t ca cc bin
thay th hoc hiu nh mt tr s ca d liu

xo tr s c v nhp mt tr s mi:
Trong bng Data View, nhp p vo . Tr s c th hin trong
khoang hiu nh d liu.

23

 Hiu nh tr s trc tip t hoc trong khoang hiu nh d

liu.
Nhn Enter (hoc chuyn sang khc) ghi tr s mi.
3.4.1

Ct, sao chp v dn cc tr s ca d liu

Bn c th ct, sao chp v dn cc tr s ca tng hoc mt nhm
cc tr s trong Data Editor. Bn c th:

Chuyn hoc sao chp tr s ca mt sang mt khc.

Chuyn hoc sao chp tr s ca mt sang mt nhm cc .
Chuyn hoc sao chp tr s ca mt i tng sang cho mt
nhm cc i tng.

Chuyn hoc sao chp tr s ca mt bin sang cho mt nhm

cc bin.

Chuyn hoc sao chp tr s ca mt nhm cc sang cho mt

nhm cc khc.
3.4.2

Chn thm cc i tng mi

Nhp d liu vo mt trong mt hng rng s t ng to ra mt
i tng mi. Data Editor s chn cc tr s khuyt thiu i vi mi
bin khc cho i tng . Nu c bt k hng rng no nm gia
i tng mi v cc i tng c sn, cc hng rng cng tr
thnh cc i tng mi vi cc tr s khuyt thiu h thng i vi mi
bin.
Bn c th chn cc i tng mi vo gia cc i tng c sn.

chn mt i tng mi gia cc i tng c sn

Trong Data View, chn bt k no trong i tng (hng) nm di v

tr ni m bn mun chn i tng mi.
T thanh menu chn
Data
Insert Case

24

Mt hng mi c chn vo v mi mi bin ca i tng mi ny u

nhn c tr s khuyt thiu h thng.
3.4.3

Chn mt bin mi
Nhp d liu vo mt ct rng trong bng Data View hoc trong mt
hng rng trong bng Variable View s t ng to ra mt bin mi vi
mt tn bin mc nh (tin t var v mt chui s tun t) v mt
nh dng d liu mc nh (dng s). Data Editor chn tr s
khuyt thiu h thng cho mi i tng i vi bin mi ny. Nu c
bt k ct rng no trong bng Data View hoc hng rng no trong
bng Variable View gia bin mi v cc bin c sn, th nhng
ct ny (trong bng Data View) hoc hng ny (trong bng Variable
View) cng tr thnh bin mi vi tr s khuyt thiu h thng cho
mi i tng.

chn mt bin mi gia cc bin c sn

Chn bt k no trong bin bn phi ca (bng Data View) hoc di

(ca bng Variable View) v tr m bn mun chn bin mi vo.
T thanh menu chn
Data
Insert Variable

Mt hng mi c chn vo vi tr s khuyt thiu h thng cho mi

i tng.
chuyn mt bin trong Data Editor

Nu bn mun t v tr bin gia hai bin c sn, hy chn mt

bin vo v tr ni bn mun di chuyn bin n
i vi bin bn mun chuyn, nhp tn bin nh ca ct trong
bng Data View hoc s hng trong bng Variable View. Ton b bin
s c lm ni bt/t sng.
T thanh menu chn
Edit
Cut

25

 Nhp vo tn bin (trong bng Data View) hoc s hng (trong bng
Variable View) ni bn mun di chuyn bin n. Ton b bin ny s
c m ni bt
T thanh menu chn
Edit
Paste

3.4.4

Thay i loi d liu

Bn c th thay i loi d liu cho mt bin bt k lc no c s
dng hp thoi Variable Type trong bng Variable View, v Data Editor
s c gng chuyn i cc tr s hin c sang loi mi. Nu khng
th chuyn i c th tr s khuyt thiu h thng s c ch
nh. Cc qui tc chuyn i cng ging nh trng hp dn tr s
vo mt bin c nh dng khc. Nu s thay i trong nh dng
ca d liu c th gy ra cc c t ca tr s khuyt thiu hoc
nhn tr s, Data Editor th hin mt hp cnh bo v hi nu nh bn
mun tip tc vi vic thay i hay hu b n.

3.5 Tnh trng lc i tng trong Data Editor

Hnh 5-9: Cc i tng c lc trong Data Editor

Cc i t
ng b lc
(b loi
tr)

26

Nu bn chn mt tp hp ph cc i tng nhng khng loi b nhng

i tng khng c chn, nhng i tng khng c chn c nh
du trong Data Editor vi mt on thng nm cho trong cc s
hng.

27

Bi 4: Cc php bin i d liu

Trong mt trng hp l tng, d liu ban u (th) ca bn l thch
hp hon ton cho loi phn tch m bn mun tin hnh, v mi
quan h gia cc bin l hoc tuyn tnh mt cch thch hp hoc
gn nh trc giao. Rt ng tic y l trng hp rt him c. Cc
phn tch s b c th bc l cc trnh t m ho bt tin hoc cc
sai s do m ho, hoc bin i d liu c th b i hi b l
mi quan h thc gia cc bin.
Bn c th thc hin cc php bin i t nhng nhim v n
gin, chng hn nh thu nh s nhm/t tin hnh phn tch,
hoc phc tp hn nh to cc bin mi da trn cc phng trnh phc
tp v cc cu lnh/khai bo c iu kin

4.1 Tnh ton bin {Compute Variable}

Th tc Compute Variable tnh ton cc tr s ca mt bin c da
trn s bin i ca mt bin khc

Bn c th tnh cc tr s cho cc bin dng s hoc dng chui

(cc k t chui c dng s)

Bn c th lp cc bin mi hoc thay th cc tr s ca bin

c. i vi bin mi, bn cng c th ch nh loi bin v nhn
bin.

Bn c th tnh ton cc tr s mt cch c chn lc i vi cc tp

hp con ca d liu da trn cc iu kin l-gic.

Bn c th s dng trn 70 hm lp sn {built-in}, bao gm cc

hm i hc, cc hm thng k, cc hm phn b v cc hm
chui.
tnh ton bin

T thanh menu chn

Transform
Compute

nh tn ca bin ch {target variable}. N c th l mt bin

c hoc mt bin mi s c b sung vo file d liu lm vic.
28

 Xy dng mt biu thc, hoc dn cc b phn vo Numeric

Expression hoc g trc tip vo .

Dn cc hm t danh sch cc hm {Functions} v nhp cc

tham s c biu th bng cc du hi

Cc hng s dng chui phi c trong du m ng

ngoc n hoc ngoc kp

Cc hng s dng s phi c nhp theo nh dng kiu Hoa

K vi du chm (.) l du thp phn.
i vi bin dng chui mi, bn cn phi chn Type&Lable xc
nh loi d liu.
Hnh 6-1: Hp thoi Compute Variable

4.1.1

Tnh ton bin vi tu chn If Cases

Hp thoi If Cases cho php bn p dng php chuyn i d liu
i vi cc nhm cc i tng c chn lc, c s dng cc biu thc
iu kin. Mt biu thc iu kin tr li mt tr s ng hay sai
hoc khuyt thiu cho tng i tng.

Nu kt qu ca mt biu thc iu kin l true {ng}, php

bin i c p dng cho i tng

Nu kt qu ca mt biu thc iu kin l false {sai} hoc

missing {khuyt thiu}, php bin i khng c p dng cho
i tng
29

 Hu ht cc biu thc iu kin s dng mt hoc mt s trong 6

du quan h (<, >, <= (nh hn v bng), >= (bng v ln hn),
= v ~= (khc)) trn bng tnh ton.

Cc biu thc iu kin c th bao hm cc tn bin, cc hng s,

cc php ton s hc, cc hm s v hm khc, cc bin l-gc v
cc thao tc c iu kin khc
4.1.2
Type&Label {Loi v nhn bin} trong hp thoi
Variable

Compute

Theo mc nh cc bin mi c dng s. tnh ton mt bin dng

chui bn phi xc nh loi d liu v rng
Label.

Nhn bin l khng bt buc phi nh ngha, v c th di

n 120 k t. Bn c th nhp mt nhn bin hoc s dng 110 k
t u tin ca biu thc tnh ton nh l nhn bin.
Type.

Cc bin c tnh ton c th l dng s hoc dng chui (ch

ci kiu con s). Cc bin dng chui khng th c ding trong cc
php tnh ton.
Hnh 6-2: Hp thoi loi v nhn bin trong th tc Compute Variable

4.2 m s ln xy ra ca cc tr s trong cc i tng

Hp thoi ny to nn mt bin m s ln xy ra ca cng tr s
hoc cc tr s trong mt danh sch cc bin cho tng i tng. V d
mt cuc iu tra c th bao gm mt danh sch cc tp ch vi hp
nh du c/khng ch ra xem loi tp ch no m tng i tng
iu tra c. Bn c th m s cu tr li c cho tng i tng
iu tra to ra mt bin mi cha ng tng s tp ch c c.
Hnh 6-3: m s ln xy ra ca cc tr s trong cc i tng

30

 m s ln cc tr s xy ra trong cc i tng

T thanh menu chn

Transform
Count

Chn mt hay hn mt bin cng loi (dng s hoc dng chui)

Nhp Define Variable v xc nh loi tr s hoc cc tr s no s c
m.
Khng bt buc, bn c th nh ngha mt tp hp con cc i tng
m s ln xy ra ca cc tr s.
Hp thoi If Cases xc nh cc tp hp con ging nh c m t
trong phn Compute Variable.
m cc tr s trong cc i tng: Cc tr s cn m

Tr s ca bin ch (trong hp thoi chnh) c tng thm 1 cho mi

ln khi mt trong nhng bin c la chn tho mn mt c t
trong Value to Count. Nu mt i tng tho mn mt s m t i vi
bt k bin no, bin ch c tng mt s ln tng ng i vi bin
.
Cc c t v tr s c th bao gm cc tr s ring bit, cc tr s
khuyt thiu (h thng hoc ngi s dng), v cc phm vi {range}.
Cc phm vi bao gm cc im cui ca chng v bt k tr s
khuyt thiu ca ngi s dng c ln ri vo trong phm vi .
Hnh 6-4: Hp thoi cc tr s cn m

31

4.3 M ho li d liu
Bn c th bin i tr s d liu bng cch m ho li chng
4.3.1
M ho li d liu ngay trong bin c sn (khng to thnh
bin mi)
M ho li d liu ngay trong bin c sn {Recode into Same
Variable} gn li cc tr s ca bin ang c hoc ct gim bt cc
phm vi ca cc tr s ang c vo cc tr s mi
Bn c th m ho cc bin dng s v dng chui. Nu bn chn nhiu
bin, chng phi c cng loi. Bn khng th m ho cc bin dng
chui v dng s cng vi nhau.
Hnh 6-7: Hp thoi Recode into Same Variables

m ho li d liu ngay trong bin c sn

32

 T thanh menu chn

Transform
Recode
Into Same Variables

Chn cc bin m bn mun m ho, Nu bn chn nhiu bin, chng

phi c cng dng (chui hoc s)
Nhp vo Old and New Values v nh r cch m ho li tr s.
Mt cch tu chn, bn c th chn mt nhm cc i tng m ho
Hp thoi If Cases xc nh mt nhm cc i tng cng ging
nh c m t trong mc tnh ton bin {Compute Variable}
Hp thoi Recode into Same Values: Old and NewValues

Bn c th xc nh cc tr s m ho trong hp thoi ny. Mi

ch nh v tr s phi cng loi d liu (dng s hay dng chui)
ging nh ca cc bin c chn trong hp thoi chnh.
Old Value.

Tr s (hoc cc tr s) b m ho. Bn c th m ho cc tr
s n, mt phm vi cc tr s v cc tr s khuyt thiu. Cc tr s
khuyt thiu h thng v cc phm vi khng th c chn i vi cc
bin dng chui bi v khng c khi nim no p dng cho cc bin
dng chui. Cc phm vi bao gm cc im cui ca chng v mi tr
s khuyt thiu ca ngi s dng nm trong phm vi ny.
New Value.

Tr s n m trong n tng tr s c hoc phm vi ca

cc tr s c m ho. Bn c th nhp mt tr s hoc ch nh tr
s khuyt thiu h thng.
Old->New.

Danh sch cc tr s s c s dng m ho bin (hoc

cc bin). Bn c th b sung, thay i hoc loi b cc tr s ny
ra khi danh sch. Danh sch c t ng sp xp, da trn cc tr
s c, s dng trt t sau: cc tr s n, cc tr s khuyt thiu, cc
phm vi v mi tr s khc. Nu bn thay i mt tr s trong danh
sch, th tc s t ng sp xp li danh sch, nu cn thit, duy
tr trt t ny.
Hnh 6-8: Hp thoi Old and New Values

33

4.3.2

M ho thnh bin khc

Th tc Recode into Different Variables gn li cc tr s ca cc bin
c sn hoc cc phm vi ca cc tr s c sn vo cc tr s mi ca
mt bin mi. V d bn c th m ho lng nm ca i tng iu tra
vo mt bin mi c cc tr s l lng nm nhng chia theo khong.

Bn c th m ho cc bin dng s v dng chui

Bn c th m ho cc bin dng s sang dng chui v ngc li
Nu bn chn nhiu bin, chng phi c cng loi bin. Bn khng
th cng mt lc m ho li c bin dng s ln bin dng chui c.
Hnh 6-9: Hp thoi Recode into Different Variables

34

 m ho li d liu sang bin mi

T thanh menu chn

Transform
Recode
Into Different Variables

Chn cc bin m bn mun m ho, Nu bn chn nhiu bin, chng

phi c cng dng (chui hoc s)
Nhp mt tn bin mi cho tng bin v nhp Change.
Nhp Old and New Values v nh r cch m ho li tr s.
Mt cch tu chn, bn c th chn mt nhm cc i tng m ho
Hp thoi Recode into Same Values: Old and NewValues

Bn c th xc nh cc tr s m ho trong hp thoi ny. Mi

ch nh v tr s phi cng loi d liu (dng s hay dng chui)
ging nh ca cc bin c chn trong hp thoi chnh.
Old Value.

Tr s (hoc cc tr s) b m ho. Bn c th m ho cc tr
s n, mt phm vi cc tr s v cc tr s khuyt thiu. Cc tr s
khuyt thiu h thng v cc phm vi khng th c chn i vi cc
bin dng chui bi v khng c khi nim no p dng cho cc bin
dng chui. Cc phm vi bao gm cc im cui ca chng v mi tr
s khuyt thiu ca ngi s dng nm trong phm vi ny.
New Value.

Tr s n m trong n tng tr s c hoc phm vi ca

cc tr s c m ho. Bn c th nhp mt tr s hoc ch nh tr
s khuyt thiu h thng.
Old->New.

Danh sch cc tr s s c s dng m ho bin (hoc

cc bin). Bn c th b sung, thay i hoc loi b cc tr s ny
ra khi danh sch. Danh sch c t ng sp xp, da trn cc tr
s c, s dng trt t sau: cc tr s n, cc tr s khuyt thiu, cc
phm vi v mi tr s khc. Nu bn thay i mt tr s trong danh
sch, th tc s t ng sp xp li danh sch, nu cn thit, duy
tr trt t ny.
Hnh 6-10: Hp thoi Old and New Values

35

36

Bi 5: iu khin file v bin i file

Cc file d liu khng phi lc no cng c t chc di cc dng l tng cho cc i hi ring bit ca bn. Bn lun cn phi kt hp cc
file d liu sp xp d liu theo mt trt t khc nhau, chn mt
nhm ph cc i tng, hoc thay i n v phn tch bng cch
gp cc i tng vi nhau. Mt phm vi ln ca kh nng bin i d
liu l c sn, bao gm cc nng lc :
Sp xp d liu.

Bn c th sp xp d liu do vo tr s ca mt
hoc mt s bin.
Chuyn cc i tng v cc bin vi nhau.

nh dng file d liu SPSS

c cc hng l cc i tng v cc ct l cc bin. i vi cc file
trong trt t ny o ngc, bn c th chuyn i cc hng v
cc ct v c d liu trong nh dng chnh xc.
Trn cc file.

Bn c th trn nhiu file vi nhau. Bn c th kt hp cc

file vi cng bin nhng khc i tng hoc cng i tng nhng khc
bin.
Chn cc nhm ph cc i tng.

Bn c th hn ch cc phn tch ca
mnh trong mt nhm cc i tng hoc tin hnh ng thi cc
php phn tch trong cc nhm i tng khc nhau.
Gp chung/Tng hp d liu .

Bn c th thay i n v ca php
phn tch bng cch tng hp cc i tng vi nhau da tr s ca
mt hoc mt s bin lp nhm.
Gia quyn d liu.

Gia quyn cc i tng phn tch d trn tr s

ca mt bin gia quyn.

5.1 Sp xp cc i tng
Hp thoi ny sp xp cc i tng (cc hng) ca file d liu da
vo cc tr s ca mt hoc mt s bin sp xp. Bn ca s th
sp xp cc i tng theo trt t tng dn hoc gim dn.

Nu bn chn nhiu bin sp xp, cc i tng c sp xp theo

tng bin trong vng tng nhm ca bin ng trc trong danh
sch Short by. V d nu bn chn bin gender {gii tnh} l bin
sp xp th nht v minority {thiu s}l bin sp xp th hai,
37

cc i tng s c sp xp theo phn loi thiu s trong tng loi

gii tnh.

i vi cc bin, cc ch in ng trc cc ch thng ging n trong

trt t sp xp.
Hnh 7-1: Hp thoi Sort Cases

sp xp cc i tng

T thanh menu chn

Data
Sort Cases

Chn mt hoc mt s bin sp xp.

5.2 Chn cc i tng {Select Cases}

Th tc Select Cases cung cp mt s phng php khc nhau chn
mt nhm cc i tng da vo cc tiu ch bao gm cc bin v cc
biu thc phc. Bn cng c th chn mt mu ngu nhin cc i tng. Tiu ch dng nh ngha mt nhm c th bao gm:

Cc tr s bin v cc phm vi/khong bin thin

Cc phm vi ngy thng v thi gian
Cc s hng
Cc biu thc s hc
Cc biu thc l-gc
Cc hm
38

Unselected Cases.

Bn c th lc hoc xo b cc i tng khng p

ng tiu chun la chn. Cc i tng c lc vn duy tr trong file d
liu nhng b loi ra khi php phn tch. Th tc Select Cases to ra
mt bin lc, filter_$, ch r tnh trng lc. Cc i tng c chn
c tr s 1; cc i tng khng c chn (b lc) c tr s 0. Cc i tng b lc cng c nh du bng mt du gch cho qua s hng
trong ca s Data Editor. ng tnh trng lc v bao gm mi i
tng trong php phn tch ca ban, hy chn All Cases.
Cc i tng b xo b b loi ra khi file d liu v khng th phc
hi li c nu bn lu file d liu sau khi xo b cc i tng.
Hnh 7-9: Hp thoi Select Cases

chn mt nhm cc i tng

T thanh menu chn:

Data
Select Cases

Chn mt trong nhng phng php la chn cc i tng.

nh r cc tiu ch chn cc i tng.

39

5.2.1

Select Cases: If
Hp thoi ny cho php bn chn cc nhm i tng c s dng cc
biu thc iu kin. Mt biu thc iu kin tr li mt tr s true
{ng}, false {sai}, hoc missing {khuyt thiu} cho tng i tng.

Hnh 7-10: Hp thoi Select Cases: If

Nu kt qu ca mt biu thc iu kin l true, i tng s c

chn

Nu kt qu ca mt biu thc iu kin l false hoc missing,

i tng s khng c chn

Hu ht cc biu thc iu kin s dng mt hoc mt vi trong

s 6 php tnh iu kin (<, >, =, <=, >=, v ~=) trn bng
tnh ton.

Cc biu thc iu kin c th bao gm cc tn bin, hng s, cc

php tnh s hc, cc hm s v cc hm khc, cc bin l-gic, v
cc php tnh iu kin.
5.2.2

Select Cases: Random Sample

Hp thoi ny cho php bn chn mt mu ngu nhin d trn mt t
l thch hp hoc mt lng chnh xc cc i tng.
Approximately.

To ra mt mu ngu nhin cc cc i tng gn ng

vi mt t l c xc nh trc. Do cch lm ny to ra mt quyt
40

nh ngu nhiu gi nh c lp cho tng i tng, t l cc i tng c chn ch c th gn ng vi t l c xc nh trc. Cng

c nhiu i tng trong file d liu, t l cc i tng c chn cng
gn ng vi t l c xc nh trc.
Exactly.

Mt s lng i tng c xc nh bi ngi s dng. Bn cng

phi ch r s cc i tng t to ra mu. Con s th hai cn
phi nh hn hoc bng tng s i tng c trong file d liu. Nu
con s ny vt qu tng s i tng c trong file d liu, mu s bao
gm mt cch t l t i tng hn con s yu cu.

Hnh 7-11: Hp thoi Select Cases: Random Sample

5.2.3

Select Cases: Range

Hp thoi ny chn cc i tng d vo mt phm vi s i tng hoc
mt phm vi cc ngy hoc thi gian

Cc phm vi i tng c da vo s hng c th hin trong ca

s Data Editor

Cc phm vi ngy thng hoc thi gian ch c sn i vi d liu

chui thi gian {time series data} vi cc bin ngy thng c xc
nh (menu Data, Define Data).
Hnh 7-12: Hp thoi Select Cases: Range i vi phm vi cc i tng
(khng c cc bin ngy thng c nh ngha)

41

42

Bi 6: Lm vic vi kt xut
Khi bn chy mt th tc, cc kt qu c th hin trong mt ca s
gi l Viewer. Trong ca s ny, bn c th d dng chuyn n bt
k phn no ca cc kt xut/kt qu u ra m bn mun xem. Bn
cng c th iu khin kt xut v to mt file ti liu cha ng
cc kt xut m bn mun, c t chc v nh dng mt cch thch
hp.

6.1 Ca s Viewer
Hnh 8-1: Ca s Viewer
Nhp
p mt
biu tng
kiu sch
hin
hoc lm
n mt chi
tit

Nhp
m rng
hoc thu
hp cc
cp
xem
Nhp mt
chi tit
chn v i
thng n
n
Pan
phn cp
xem

Pan ni dung

Nhp p mt bng
xoay hoc hiu
nh n

Cc kt qu c th hin trong Viewer. Bn c th s dng Viewer

:

Xem lt cc kt qu.
Th hin hoc du cc bng v th c chn.

43

 Thay i trt t trnh by ca cc kt qu bng cch di chuyn

cc chi tit c chn.

Di chuyn cc chi tit gia Viewer vi cc trnh ng dng khc.

Ca s Viewer c chia lm hai pan:

Pan bn tri ca Viewer cha ng mc phn cp ca cc ni

dung.

Pan bn phi bao gm cc bng thng k, cc biu , v cc kt

xut dng vn bn.

Bn c th s dng cc thanh cun xem lt cc kt qu, hoc

bn c th nhp vo mt chi tit trong phn phn cp n
thng bng hoc th tng ng.

Bn c th nhp v r cnh bn phi ca pan phn cp thay

i rng ca n.
6.1.1

Th hin v du cc kt qu
Trong ca s Viewer, bn c th lm xut hin hoc n i mt cch
c chn lc cc bng hoc kt qu t mt th tc. Vic ny rt hu
ch khi bn mun lm ngn hn cc kt xut c th nhn thy c
trong pan ni dung (pan bn phi).

n giu mt bng hoc th m khng xo b n:

Nhp biu tng sch m {book icon} ca n thanh cng c Outlining

trong ca s Viewer
hoc
Nhp vo chi tit chn n
T thanh menu chn:
View
Hide

hoc
Nhp biu tng sch ng (Hide) trn thanh cng c Outlining .

44

Biu tng sch m (Show) tr thnh biu tng hot ng, ch ra rng
chi tit gi y c n giu.
n giu mi kt qu ca mt th tc:

Nhp hp bn tri ca tn th tc trong pan phn cp.

Vic ny n giu mi kt qu ca th tc v lm co phn phn cp li
6.1.2

Di chuyn, sao chp v xo b cc kt qu

Bn c th t chc li cc kt qu bng cch sao chp, chuyn v xo
mt chi tit hoc mt nhm cc chi tit.

di chuyn cc kt qu trong ca s Viewer

Nhp mt chi tit trong pan phn cp hoc pan ni dung

chn n. (S dng k thut gi phm Shift v nhp chut chn
nhiu chi tit, hoc k thut gi phm Ctrl v nhp chut chn
cc chi tit nm khng lin tc nhau.)
S dng chut nhp v r cc chi tit (gia chut trong khi r).
Th chut ra ln chi tit nm trn v tr m bn mun th chi tit c
di chuyn
Bn cng c th chuyn cc chi tit bng cch s dng hai lnh Cut
v Paste After trong menu Edit.
xo cc kt qu trong ca s Viewer

Nhp mt chi tit trong pan phn cp hoc pan ni dung

chn n. (S dng k thut gi phm Shift v nhp chut chn
nhiu chi tit, hoc k thut gi phm Ctrl v nhp chut chn
cc chi tit nm khng lin tc nhau.)
Nhn phm Delete
hoc
T thanh menu chn:
Edit
Delete
sao chp cc kt qu trong ca s Viewer

45

 Nhp mt chi tit trong pan phn cp hoc pan ni dung

chn n. (S dng k thut gi phm Shift v nhp chut chn
nhiu chi tit, hoc k thut gi phm Ctrl v nhp chut chn
cc chi tit nm khng lin tc nhau.)
Gi phm Ctrl trong khi bn dng chut nhp v r cc chi tit
(gia chut trong khi r).
Th chut ra ni m bn mun sao chp chng vo .
Bn c th sao chp cc chi tit bng cch s dng hai lnh Copy v
Paste After trong menu Edit.

46

Bi 8: Frequencies {Tn s}
Th tc Frequencies cung cp cc thng k v cc th hu ch cho
vic m t rt nhiu loi bin. nhn u tin vo d liu, th tc
Frequencies l mt ni rt tt bt u.
i vi mt bo co tn sut v mt th thanh, bn c th b tr
cc tr s khc nhau theo trt t gim dn hoc tng dn cc nhm
theo tn s ca chng. Bo co tan s c th b treo khi mt bin c
qu nhiu tr s khc nhau. Bn c th t tiu cho cc th
vi cc tn s (tr s mc nh) hoc t l %.
V d.

Phn b ca cc khch hng ca mt cng ty theo loi ngnh l

nh th no? T kt xut, bn c th nhn thy rng 37,5% ca khch
hng ca bn l cc c quan chnh quyn, 24,9% l cc doanh
nghip, 28,1% l cc vin nghin cu, v 9,4% l t ngnh chm sc
sc kho. i vi d liu nh lng, lin tc, chng hn nh doanh thu,
bn c th nhn thy rng tin bn sn phm bnh qun l 3.576$
vi mt lch chun l 1.078$.
Cc thng k v th.

Cc tn s, t l %, t l % tch lu, trung

bnh, trung v, mode, tng, lch chun, phng sai, phm vi (ton
c), tr s nh nht v tr s ln nht, sai s chun ca trung bnh,
lch v nhn (c hai vi lch chun), t phn v, cc s
phn v do ngi s dng nh ngha, th thanh, th trn, v
biu tn sut.
D liu.

S dng cc m dng s hoc chui ngn cho cc bin nh

tnh (thang o nh danh hoc nh hng).
Cc gi s.

Bng v t l % cung cp mt m t hu ch i vi d
liu t mi phn b, c bit cho nhng bin vi cc nhm c hoc
khng c th bc. Hu ht cc thng k tng k tu chn, chng hn
nh trung bnh v lch chun, c da trn l thuyt chun v l
thch hp cho cc bin nh lng vi cc phn b cn xng. Cc thng
k t khng, chng hn nh trung v, cc phn v, v cc t phn v,
l thch hp cho cc bin nh lng c th hoc khng c th tho
mn gi thit v phn b chun.

7.1 Kt xut mu

47

Hnh 14-1: Kt xut ca th tc Frequencies

So tien dau tu cho su dung nuoc sach

Valid

100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1500
2000
Total

Frequency
2
1
2
1
6
2
3
2
1
2
2
1
3
2
30

Percent
6.7
3.3
6.7
3.3
20.0
6.7
10.0
6.7
3.3
6.7
6.7
3.3
10.0
6.7
100.0

Valid Percent
6.7
3.3
6.7
3.3
20.0
6.7
10.0
6.7
3.3
6.7
6.7
3.3
10.0
6.7
100.0

Statistics
So tien dau tu cho su dung nuoc sach
N
Valid
30
Missing
0
Mean
803.33
Std. Error of Mean
92.411
Variance
256195.4
Minimum
100
Maximum
2000

48

Cumulative
Percent
6.7
10.0
16.7
20.0
40.0
46.7
56.7
63.3
66.7
73.3
80.0
83.3
93.3
100.0

So tien dau tu cho su dung nuoc sach

10

Frequency

Std. Dev = 506.16

Mean = 803.3
N = 30.00

0
0.0

500.0
250.0

1000.0
750.0

1500.0

1250.0

2000.0

1750.0

So tien dau tu cho su dung nuoc sach

7.2 thu c cc tn s v cc thng k

T thanh menu chn:
Analyze
Descriptive Statistics
Frequencies

Hnh 12-2: Hp thoi Frequencies

Chn mt hoc mt s bin nh lng hoc nh tnh.

Mt cch tu chn, bn c th:

Nhp Statistics c cc thng k m t i vi bin nh lng

49

 Nhp

Charts

c th thanh, th trn, v biu tn

sut.

Nhp Format c trt t m cc kt qu c th hin.

7.2.1

Frequencies Statistics

Hnh 12-3: Hp thoi Frequencies Statistics

Percentile Values.

Cc tr s ca mt bin nh lng chia d liu c

th bc vo thnh cc nhm sao cho mt t l % c th l nm trn
n v mt t l % khc nm di n. Cc s t phn v (cc phn v
th 25, th 50, v th 75) chia cc quan st ra thnh 4 nhm c cng
s lng quan st. Nu bn mun mt s lng cc nhm ln hn 4, hy
chn Cut points for n equal groups. Bn cng c th xc nh cc s
phn v ring bit (v d, phn v th 95, l tr s m nm di n l
95% s lng quan st ri vo).

50

Central Tendency.

Cc thng k m t trung tm ca mt phn b bao

gm trung bnh, trung v, mode, v tng mi tr s.
Dispersion.

Cc thng k o c ln ca s bin thin hoc tri

rng trong d liu bao gm lch chun, phng sai, phm vi, tr s
ln nht, tr s nh nht, v sai s chun ca trung bnh.
Distribution.

Skewness { lch} v Kurtosis { nhn} l cc thng

k m t hnh dng v cn xng ca mt phn b. Cc thng k
c th hin cng vi sai s chun ca chng.
Value are group midpoints.

Nu cc tr s trong d liu ca bn l
im gia ca cc nhm (v d, tui ca mi ngi trong nhm 30
tui th c m l 35), hy chn tu chn ny c lng trung v v
cc phn v cho d liu th, khng nhm gp.
7.2.2

Frequencies Charts

Hnh 12-4: Hp thoi Frequencies Charts

Chart Type.

Mt th trn {pie chart} th hin phn b ca cc b

phn trong ton b. Tng ming ca th trn tng ng vi mt
nhm c xc nh bi mt bin lp nhm. Mt th thanh {bar
chart} th hin s lng/tn s ca tng tr s ring bit hoc tng
nhm nh l mt thanh ring, cho php bn so snh cc nhm di dng
hnh nh. Mt biu tn sut cng c cc thanh, nhng chng c
v dc theo mt thang o khong bng nhau. Chiu cao ca tng
51

thanh l s lng ca cc tr s ca mt bin nh lng ri vo trong

khong. Mt biu tn sut th hin hnh dng, trung tm, v
tri rng ca phn b. Mt ng cong chun t chng thm vo
mt biu tn sut gip bn xt on liu chng d liu c phn
b chun.
Chart Values.

i vi th thanh, trc thang o c th c t nhn

bi s lng hoc t l %.

52

Bi 7: Bng tr/xoay {pivot table}

Rt nhiu kt qu trong ca s Viewer c trnh by di dng bng
c th xoay mt cch tng tc. Tc l bn c th t chc li cc hng,
ct v cc lp/trang {layer}

8.1 Thao tc i vi mt bng tr

Cc tu chn i vi thao tc mt bng tr bao gm:

Chuyn i cc hng v cc ct vi nhau

Di chuyn cc hng v cc ct
Lp cc lp a chiu
Nhm v khng nhm cc hng v cc ct
Hin v n cc
Tm cc nh ngha ca cc chi tit
hiu nh mt bng tr

Nhp p bng. Vic ny kch hot ca s Pivot Table Editor

hiu nh hai hoc hn hai bng tr cng mt lc

Nhp chut phi ln bng

T menu ni dung chn:
SPSS Pivot Table Object
Open

Lp li i vi tng bng tr m bn mun hiu nh

xoay mt bng tr s dng biu tng

Kch hot bng tr

T menu Pivot Table chn:
Pivot
Pivoting Tray

53

 Chm con tr ln tng biu tng xem mt ch dn mch bo bn

biu tng i din cho hng no ca bng.
R mt biu tng t mt khay ny sang khay khc.
iu ny thay i s b tr ca bng. V d gi s nh mt biu tng
i din cho mt bin vi cc nhm Yes v No v bn r biu tng ny
t khay Row sang khay Column. Trc khi di chuyn, Yes v No l cc
tiu ca hng; sau khi di chuyn chng l cc tiu ca ct.
Hnh 10-1: Cc khay tr

Biu tng
trang/lp

Biu tng ct

Khay trang/lp

Khay ct

Biu tng hng

Khay hng

xc nh mt chiu trong mt bng tr

Kch hot bng tr

Nu cc khay tr khng xut hin, t menu Pivot Table chn:
Pivot
Pivoting Tray

Nhp ln mt mt biu tng v gi chut.

iu ny lm sng cc tiu theo chiu trong bng tr.
chuyn i cc hng v cc ct trong mt bng tr

Kch hot bng tr

T menu Pivot Table chn:
Pivot
Transpose Rows and Columns

iu ny c cng tc ng nh r mi biu tng hng vo khay Column

v mi biu tng ct vo khay Row.
54

 thay i trt t trnh by trong mt bng tr

Trt t ca cc biu tng trn khay ch chiu phn nh trt t ca cc

thnh phn trong bng tr. thay i trt t th hin ca cc
thnh phn trong mt chiu ca bng
Kch hot bng tr
Nu cc khay tr khng xut hin, t menu Pivot Table chn:
Pivot
Pivoting Tray

Nhp ln mt mt biu tng sp xp theo trt t m bn mun

(tri sang phi hoc trn xung di)
di chuyn hng hoc ct trong mt bng tr

Kch hot bng tr.

Nhp vo nhn/tiu ca hng hoc ct m bn mun di chuyn.
Nhp v r nhn sang v tr mi
T menu ni dung, chn Insert Before {chn vo pha trc} hoc Swap
{Hon v}.
Ch : Hy m bo rng lnh Drag to Copy trong menu Edit khng
c chn (nh du). Nu Drag to Copy c chn, hy b chn n.
Hnh 10-2: Cc nhm hng v nhm ct vi cc tiu nhm
Tiu nhm
ct

Gieng dao * Nuoc tu khe nui Crosstabulation

Count

Tiu nhm
hng

Gieng
dao
Total

55

Khong
Co

Nuoc tu khe nui

Khong
Co
0
23
5
2
5
25

Total
23
7
30

Nu bn ch Swap {hon v}, bn s c kt qu nh bng di y

(Hy ch rng bng sau ct Co chuyn sang bn tri ct Khong).
Gieng dao * Nuoc tu khe nui Crosstabulation
Count

Gieng
dao

Khong
Co

Total

Nuoc tu khe nui

Co
Khong
23
0
2
5
25
5

Total
23
7
30

tch nhm cc hng hoc cc ct v xo tiu nhm

Kch hot bng tr

Chn nhn/tiu ca nhm (nhp vo bt k v tr no trong tiu
nhm) ca ct hoc hng m bn mun tch nhm.
T thanh menu chn:
Pivot
Pivoting Tray
xoay tiu hng hoc ct

Hnh 10-3: Cc tiu hng c xoay

56

 T thanh menu chn:

Format
Rotate InnerColumn Labels

hoc
Rotate OuterColumn Labels

Ch cc tiu ct trong cng nht v tiu hng ngoi cng nht

mi c th c xoay.
thit lp ch mc nh cho bng tr

Sau khi thc hin mt hoc mt vi thao tc bng tr, bn c th tr

li cch b tr ban u ca bng tr.
T thanh menu chn:
Reset Pivots to Defaults

Vic ny ch thit lp li nhng thay i l kt qu ca thnh phn

hng, cc ct v trang gia cc chiu ca bng tr. N khng nh hng n nhng thay i chng hn nh nhm hay tch nhm hoc
di chuyn cc hng v cc ct.
tm nh ngha ca tiu /nhn trong mt bng tr

Bn c th nhn c tr gip Help dng nhy cm ni dung trong cc

cha nhn /tiu trong cc bng tr. V d nu Mean {trung
bnh} xut hin nh l mt nhn, bn c th thu c mt nh ngha
v mean.
Nhp chut phi ln mt cha nhn.
T menu ni dung chn Whats This?
Bn phi nhp chut phi ln cha nhn ch khng c nhp vo
d liu trong hng hoc ct.

57

Tr gip Help dng nhy cm ni dung khng c sn cho cc nhn do

ngi s dng nh ngha, chng hn nh tn tn hoc nhn tr s
bin.

8.2 Lm vic vi cc trang/lp {Layer}

Bn c th trnh by mt bng hai chiu ring bit cho tng nhm hoc
kt hp ca cc nhm. Bng c th c ngh nh c xp chng trong cc
trang/lp, vi duy ch c nh trang/lp l nhn thy c.
to v th hin cc trang/lp

Kch hot bng tr, v t menu Pivot chn: Pivoting Trays nu n

khng c chn.
R mt biu tng t khay Row hoc khay Column sang khay Layer.
Hnh 10-4: Chuyn cc nhm sang cc trang/lp
Bin muc do sach cua nuoc
c chuyn t hng hng
sang hng trang

Tng biu tng layer c mi tn sang tri v mi tn sang phi. Bng c

th nhn thy c l bng ca trang trn cng.
Hnh 10-5: Cc nhm trong cc trang ring bit

58

 thay i cc trang/lp

Kch mt trong nhng mi tn ca biu tng layer.

hoc
Chn mt nhm t hp danh sch th xung ca cc trang.
Hnh 10-6: Chn cc trang t danh sch th xung

59

60