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    Procesul de sedimentare în cadrul unui system de tratare apa

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    Procesul de sedimentare în cadrul unui system de tratare apa

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    15 views4 pages

    Sedimentation Process Ion A Water Treatment System

    Uploaded by

    cioranu_ion
    Procesul de sedimentare în cadrul unui system de tratare apa

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Pakistan Journal of Applied Sciences 2(6): 694-697, 2002 © Copyright by the Science Publications, 2002 Sedimentation Process in a Water Treatment System tilyas Eker, *Fahrettin GOGUS and ‘Mehmet TUmay ‘Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department of Food-Engineering, University of Gaziantep, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey Abstract: Sedimentation is the seperation of suspended particies from water by gravitational settling. In this paper, concentration of suspended particles in fresh water is considered for sedimentation process that Is modelled by mass balance equation. The solution approach is based on the Inflow-outflow concentrations and sizes of the suspended particles in the water. Experimental tests are performed in the Gaziantep city water treatment system and the data derived from the system are used in simulations. Experimental results and simulations results are compared to outline the characteristics of the real system. Key Words: Sedimentation, Treatment Process, Suspended Particles, Concentration Introduction The solid particles are introduced into a natural water by a number of different mechanisms, The particles are carried laterally by water currents. At the same time they settle differentially, depending on their size and density. In particular, sediments will tend to collect in low energy regions and in deposition zones in large reservoirs (Chapra et al., 1997). Although a portion remains permanently on the bottom, some particles can be reintroduced into the water by several mechanisms such as water transport actions, floods, high winds, turbulence. These particles should be removed from water by using some water treatment mechanisms before public use. The methods used in the treatment of water to make it safe and attractive for the consumer are several such as physical, chemical and biological methods which are related to the contaminants in a raw water (Lindiay et a/, 1992; Hilligardt_ and Hoffman, 1997 and Lawier, ' 1997). Sedimentation is one of the most widely used unit ‘operations in water treatment. If the suspended solids i water are fine or colloidal in size, chemicals are added to the water containing turbidity to effect more complete removal of suspended matter. The coagulants react with the water and turbidity particles to form floc. During flocculation, the floc are converted to larger particies as they collide with one another. The larger particles have a density that is sufficient to cause their removal by gravitational settling. These large particles can be removed gravity settling in the sedimentation tanks (Lindlay et al., 1992). Sedimentation has been used by the Romans and by even earlier civilizations for clarifying waters. The scientific understanding of why suspended particles in water settle to the bottom was provided about 100 years ago by Hazen, Camp, Slade and later by others (Schmidtke and Smith, 1983; Montgomery, 1985). There has been increased attention over the past 30 years directed to how water is treated to provide in desired physical, chemical and biological conditions. The interest is focused on the settling of particles and their subsequent decomposition in the bottom sediments (Hilligardt and Hoffman, 1997; Lawier, 1997; Vanderhasselt and Verstraete, 1999; Lekang ef ai., 2001; Dreier et al., 2000), Today modelling of both suspended particles and bottom sediments has been heigtened by the recognition that many substances associate with solid matter. Thus sedimentation Process, bottom sediments and suspended particles represent an environment that should be understood to adequately test and simulate the transport in water treatment problems — (Ramalho, 1977). The sedimentation of suspended particles were studied by several researchers using some ‘laboratory tests and ans some measurements on realtime systems. (Hilligardt and Hoffman, 1997; Lawler, 1997; Vanderhasselt and Verstraete, 1999). although the situation Is complex in terms of organic and inorganic material inclusion of water, some general patterns have been observed (Vanderhasselt and Verstraete, 1999), This paper covers investigation of a sedimentation process in a treatment system. The process is modelled such that mass balance equation is considered. The solution approach is based on the inflow-outflow concentrations and sizes of the suspended particles in water. Experimental tests are performed in the Gaziantep city water treatment system and the data derived from the system are used in simulations, Experimental test results and simulation results are compared. Sedimentation Theory: Accurate prediction of sedimentation process by mathematical and experimental methods is a challenge (Montgomery, 1985; Hilligardt and Hoffman, 1997; Lawler, 1997). There are many factors affecting the sedimentation process. The two fundamental premises of sedimentation concept are (1) uniform distribution of suspended particles across the influent cross section (ie., along vertical line) and (2) that a particle may be considered to be removed when it reaches the bottom of the sedimentation zone. Thus all suspended particles with the settling velocity equal or greater than vs are removed. However, some particles with settling velocity less than vs may be removed or re-suspended. 694 Eker et af.: Sedimentation Process in a Water Treatment System Fig. 1 shows a typical sedimentation tank. The suspended particles in water settle with gravity effect. The sludge at the bottom of the tank is removed. The mass balance for solids in water and for bottom sediment layer in a sedimentation tank for a finite time Period can be expressed as: Accumulation = loading — outflow — settling (1) The accumulation represents the changt of mass in the system as: Accumulation = AMC) (2) Mass, M is related to the concentration as AMY) = AVC(Y) @ where V is the volume of the tank and C is the concentration of water in sedimentation tank. In the present case it is assumed that the sedimentation tank volume is constant. Then the accumulation becomes 2s: . AC(t. Accumulation = V. a 44) If at ts assumed very small, the equation (4) reduces to aC(t, Accumulation = V = 2 (5) The loading may be expressed as a function of time: Load =Q,,C4(t) 6) where Qn Is volumetric flow rate entering the sedimentation tank and Cy is the load solid particie concentration. The outflow can be given in the same fashion as Outflow = Qo C(t) @) tows —_outow Sedimentation seteg simp | Baia! Fig. 1: A Sedimentation Tank where Quue is volumetric flow rate leaving at the top of the sedimentation tank. The outflow concentration is assumed to be equal to the concentration in the tank. The settling of the suspended solid particles is the most important operation of the water sedimentation in a treatment plant (Hilligardt and Hoffman, 1997; Lawler, 1997; Vanderhasselt and Verstraete, 1999). The settling losses may be formulated as a flux of mass across the surface times area are of the sediment- water interface: Settling = v,(d )A,C(t) (8) where ¥, is particle settling velocity, A, is the surface area of the sediments. The discrete settling is the most important in sedimentation problems. Because discrete settling refers to the sedjmentation of particles in _& suspension of low solids concentration lighter in mass and since flocculant particles settle at a faster rate and heavier in mass (Metcalf and Eddy, 1991; Hilligardt_and Hoffman, 1997; Lawler, 1997). The settling velocity of a single particle asa function of article diameter can be derived from a force balance, ‘which produces the generalized Stoke's Law: 102 48(Pp — Pu) 3p Cp where d is the particle diameter of suspended solids, and p, are the densities of solids particles and water, respectively and Co is the empirical drag coefficient. ‘The drag coefficient may be obtained from d (9) ‘p= t+ +04 (10) re Ne where Ne is the Reynolds number tha is given vd Ny = Pest (143) v where v is the fluid viscosity. If Ne <1, then substituting Co=24/Ne into equation (9) produces the settling velocity 8(Pp— Pw) 42 (2) 18p,v The mass balance is re-written as: VO 20,0410 OmuC (1) =v, A)AC() (3) dt The raw water flow rate, Qn and outflow rate, Que may assumed constant under constant loading conditions and that all temporal variations in loading are the result of temporal variations in the inflow and outflow concentrations and in the settling velocity as a function Of solid particle diameter. Experimental Tests and Simulations: The water is transferred to the Gaziantep water treatment system from Kartalkaya dam which is 53 km. away from the city of Gaziantep. There are three pumping stations and three reservoirs along the supply system. The fluctuations and deviations in the raw water are regulated in a tank in the treatment plant before any Process is performed. Coagulation and flocculation rocesses are performed before the water enters to the ‘sedimentation tank, The center-feed type circular tanks are commonly used for water sedimentation purposes as used in the present case and the flow enters from the centre of the tank as shown in Fig. 2, The cieaning equipment consists of scraper blades mounted on radial arms. The bottom of the tank is sloped toward the central point of the tank and rotating 695 Eker et af.: Sedimentation Process in a Water Treatment System blades push the sludge into a service. The flow pattern is radial and the water is introduced in the center of the tank. The water Is transported to the centre of the tank encased in concrete beneath the tank floor. At the centre of the tank, the raw water enters a circular well designed to distribute the flow equally in all directions. The sludge removal mechanism revolves slowly and ‘two arms equipped with scrapers. Inlet pipe Inlet well Effluent launder Fig. 2: Diagram of a Circular Center-feed Sedimentation Tank Fig. 3 shows the total raw water input to the treatment system for three different months in which the data were recorded taking two samples a day. This water is equally delivered into the three sedimentation tanks which are the same physical characteristics of centre- feed circular tanks with an area of 638.23 m?. The water input is about 880025 m°/h. Then, each tank processes about 1466.7 mi/hour of water during Rormal operation. The magnitude of the fluctuations are very small if it is compared with the average value. ‘Then, the input raw water (Qn) and output water (Qoue) may be considered as constant. 23 m? of sludge is removed per hour by a pump. The water concentration (the total suspended matter) was measured by using the procedure described by Rand et al, (1975). All measurements were made in duplicate. The raw water input concentration was measured twice in a day by taking the samples at 8.00am and 8.00pm. Fig. 4 shows the daily raw water input concentration for each sampling month. The average concentration is about 14 mg/L and some fluctuations occurred around the average value with a variation of #1 mg/L. Then the input concentration and particle diameter may be represented by a constant plus fluctuations as: Cin = Ci + Cin (t) d=d,+d(t) a3) where C), denotes the constant average concentration during steady-state operation and dp is 696. Fig. 3: Total Load Water Flowrate st emcaninen (nah) Fig. 4: Raw Water Input Concentration the average diameter of the suspended particles. Cin(t) and d(t) are the deviations of the input concentration and particle diameter from their average values. These may be assumed zero-mean statistically independent random variables with a variance of and o, respectively as: EE, (t)}= 0 Edy = 0 (aa) ef, (0, dc}=0 The sedimentation process simulation diagram is shown in Fig. 5 in which C(t) and oft) are the input variables, Cast) is the output variable and f(t) and ft) are the functions. Fig. 5: Block Diagram of the Sedimentation Process Eker et al.: Sedimentation Proc Sampling for the output water concentration was arranged in a similar manner as in case of raw input water. The experimental result was shown in Fig. 6 such that the average concentration is about 8.28 mg/L with fluctuations of 20.5 mg/L. The simulation test result was shown in Fig. 7 in which the average is 8.32 mg/L with fluctuations of 20.9 mg/L. The effective diameter of the solid particles was,assumed 50 yum with the deviations from about 0.1 ym to 70 ym. The measured data and simulation results, in general, are very near. 10, Ourpue concentration (mg/L) No. of Samples Fig. 6: Output Measured Concentration 0 ‘Output concentration

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