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Analysis and Design of Ship Structure
Analysis and Design of Ship Structure
NOMENCLATURE
18.2
= roll angle
= density
= angular frequency
INTRODUCTION
18-1
18.2.1
18-2
Design Load
Direct Load Analysis
Stress Response
in Waves
Effect on
operation
Structural analysis by
whole ship model
Stress response
function
Response function
of wave load
Short term
estimation
Design
Sea State
Short term
estimation
Long term
estimation
Long term
estimation
Nonlinear influence
in large waves
Design wave
Direct structural
analysis
Investigation on
corrosion
Strength Assessment
Yield
strength
Buckling
strength
Ultimate
strength
Fatigue
strength
18-3
Structural drawings,
mass description and
loading conditions.
Verification
of model/
loads
Structural models
including necessary
load definitions
Hydrodynamic/static
loads
Verified structural
model
Load transfer to
structural model
Structural analysis
Sub-models to be
used in structural
analysis
Verification
of load
transfer
Verification
of response
Transfer of
displacements/forces
to sub-model?
Yes
18.3
No
Strength Assessment
Yielding
Buckling
Ultimate Strength
etc.
Design
criteria
LOADS
Classification of Loads
18-4
18-5
on
the
[6]
M T (0) = M T (L) = 0
VV (x) = q V () d
[1]
0
x
M V (x) = VV ( ) d
0
x
VH (x) = q H () d
[3]
0
x
M H (x) = VH ( ) d
[7]
[4]
0
x
M T (x) = m T ( ) d
[5]
Due to total equilibrium, for a beam in freefree conditions (no constraints at ends) all load
characteristics have zero values at ends (equations 6).
Ms [ N m ] =
C L2 B (122.5 15 C B ) (hogging)
C L2 B (45.5 + 65 C B ) (sagging)
light ship
Ship length L
90 L <300 m
Wave coefficient C
10.75-[(300-L)/100]3/2
300 L <350 m
10.75
350 L
10.75-[(300-L)/150]3/2
cargo
weight per unit length [t/m]
consumables
total weight
buoyancy
18-7
ST SL
QL
BT
QT
BL
18-8
Tb
[9]
where:
IR(x) is the rotational inertia of section x.
The longitudinal distributions along the hull
girder of horizontal and vertical components of shear,
bending moment and torque can then be derived by
integration (equations 1 to 5).
Such results are in principle obtained for each
instantaneous wave pressure distribution, depending
therefore, on time, on type and direction of sea
encountered and on the ship geometrical and
operational characteristics.
In regular (sinusoidal) waves, vertical
bending moments tend to be maximized in head waves
with length close to the ship length, while horizontal
bending and torque components are larger for oblique
wave systems.
190 C L2 B C B
MWH [Nm]
180 C1L2 D C B
Class Society
(hog)
ABS (8)
BV(9)
RINA(10)
DNV (11)
220 L9 / 4 (T + 0.3B) C B
NKK(12)
320 L2C T
1600 L2.1 T C B
L 35/L
[10]
18-9
W
(bulk
D T
250 0.7 L
190 LB2 C 2W 8.13
125
0.5
[12]
where:
s = stationary component due to ship
advancing in calm water
r = radiation component, due to the
ship motions in calm water
FK = excitation component, due to the
incident wave (undisturbed by the
presence of the ship): Froude-Krylov
d = diffraction component, due to
disturbance in the wave potential
generated by the hull
This subdivision also enables the de-coupling
of the excitation components from the response ones,
thus avoiding a non-linear feedback between the two.
Other key properties of linear systems that are
used in the analysis are:
linear relation between the input and
output amplitudes, and
superposition of effects (sum of inputs
corresponds to sum of outputs).
When using linear methods in the frequency
domain, the input wave system is decomposed into
sinusoidal components and a response is found for
each of them in terms of amplitude and phase.
18-10
m ny = n Sy ()d
[13]
f Y (y) =
1
2 m 0Y
-[y 2 / 2 m 20 Y ]
[14]
f P (p) =
p2
p
exp
m0
2m 0
[15]
f R (r ) =
r2
r
exp
4m 0
8m 0
[16]
extrTs
1
p = exp 2
p2
m2
T
exp 2m 0 s
m0
[17]
- Gaussian process
- stationary and ergodic
- zero mean
- narrow band
Probability density
of response peaks p
(Rayleigh distrib.)
Probability density
of response y
(Gaussian distrib.)
18-11
Probability density
of response ranges r
(double amplitude
Rayleigh distrib.)
Probability density
of the extreme
response in the
stationary period Ts
F(y ) =
F (y S ) P (S )
i
[18]
i=1
where:
F(y)
extrTd
) [(
y = F
extrTs
)]
Td/Ts
[19]
where:
F(extrTdy) is the cumulative probability distribution
for the highest response peak in time Td (longterm extreme distribution in time Td).
Local Loads
18.3.6
supporting structures.
pS = gh S
[20]
18-13
[21]
Dynamic Loads
18.3.9.2 Springing
Another phenomenon which involves the
dynamic response of the hull girder is springing. For
particular types of ships, a coincidence can occur
between the frequency of wave excitation and the
natural frequency associated to the first (two-node)
flexural mode in the vertical plane, thus producing a
resonance for that mode (see also Sub-section
18.6.8.2).
The phenomenon has been observed in
particular on Great Lakes vessels, a category of ships
long and flexible, with comparatively low resonance
frequencies (1, Chapt.VI).
The exciting action has an origin similar to
the case of quasi-static wave bending moment and can
be studied with the same techniques, but the response
in terms of deflection and stresses is magnified by
18-15
18-16
[22]
2
M Wiz = 1/ 2 C Mz ( Wi ) A Wi L VWi
[23]
where:
Wi
[24]
xB BT + xF FC - xW W = 0
[25]
where:
W, BT, FC respectively represent weight, buoyancy
and cradle force resultants and xW, xB, xF represent
their longitudinal positions.
18-17
[26]
18-18
18.4
18.4.1
18-20
Secondary response
(double bottom)
Primary
stress
1
Secondary response
(panels)
Tertiary response
(plate)
Secondary stresses Tertiary stress
2
2*
18-21
S tif fe n e d
P anel
B u lk h e a d
S econ dary
W eb F ra m e
M a in W e b F r a m e
Figure 18.22 - A Standard Stiffened Panel
18.4.2
18.4.3
[27]
[28]
where:
w
E
Primary Response
18-22
- Bulkheads -
Longitudinally
Stiffened
Transversally
Stiffened
= M ( I / c ) = M SM
where:
M =
=
I =
c
SM =
[29]
Y
q(x)= Load distribution
Z
w(x)= Deflection
x= stress distribution
X
Bending Moment
Shear Force
18-23