Chapter 13

Americans 1st approached Aguinaldo in Hongkong and in Singapore to persuade him to

cooperate with commodore Dewey in wresting the power from the Spaniards

McKinleys Benevolent Assimilation

-

Before the conclusion of the Treaty of Paris, Pres. Mckinley pretended not to know what to do
with the Philippines
American interests pressured him into taking the Philippines from Spain :
*American economic interests who were thinking of expanding American business in the orient
*Naval and Military interests who wanted the Philippines as first line American defense
*Religious interests who wanted the Philippines as a base of operations for American Protestant
missionaries
Benevolent assimilation 1st official indication of American policy regarding the Philippines
Expressly indicated the intention of United states to stay in the Philippines by exercising the
right of sovereignty over the Filipinos
General Elwell Otis Mckinleys Proclamation on Jan. 4, 1899 with some amendments in such a
way as not to convey the meanings of sovereignty, protection, and right of cession.
General Marcus Miller then in Iloilo published the original text which fell into the hands of the
revolutionary government
Antonio Luna, editor of La Independencia led the attack on the proclamation (open to hostilities
if US takes forcible possession of the Visayan Islands)

Attemps to relax the tension

-

Aguinaldo knew that an armed conflict with the Americans would necessitate more and bitter
sacrifices and not having sufficient arms would be a terrible disadvantage
Sent Florentino Torres, Manuel Arguelles and Ambrosio flores to meet with General R.P.
Hughes, Colonel James F. Smith and Lieutenant-colonel E.H. Crowder
Worked out a plan for the adjustment of conflicting political interests
Americans fooled the Filipinos into believing that they were ready to hear but all the while they
were making the conference continue because they were awaiting the arrival of American
reinforcements from the United States
Otis pleaded with Florentino Torres, a well known American sympathizer, to exert his best
efforts in influencing the Malolos government to stop the hostile demonstration against the US

The San Juan bridge incident

-

On Feb.1, a group of American engineers was arrested by the Filipino troops. The following day,
Otis filed a protest with Aguinaldo who replied that the Americans were not arrested, only
detained
On the same day, General Arthur McArthur protested the presence of Colonel Luciano San
Miguels soldiers within his territory
On Feb. 4, Private Willie W. Grayson and two other members of his patrol advanced ahead of
the village in San Juan to ascertain whether there were Filipino soldiers in the vicinity. Suddenly,
four armed men appeared before Grayson.
The following day, McArthur, without attempting to find the cause issued his order to advance
against the Filipino troops.

Investigation of the Incident

-

Captain Fernando Grey wired Malolos saying that the Americans had started the Hostilities
Sent an emissary to Otis saying the firing was against his order

Otis replied the fighting, having begun must go on to the grim end
Aguinaldo ordered Felipe Buencamino,Sr to start an investigation
Buencamino asked Secretary of War Baldomero Aguinaldo for information regarding the
incident
Senior military officers were not at their posts that night but were In Malolos with Aguinaldo

American Victories
-

General MacArthur pushed ahead in the North

In the battle of La Loma, Major Jose Torres Bugallon, one of the bravest soldiers fell mortally
wounded
MacArthur proceeded to Kalookan where General Antonio Luna was waiting for him
Luna prepared a plan for the recapture of Manila. On February 22, ha marched against the city
burning the houses in the suburbs to create confusion
Luna retreated to Polo where he established his headquarters

The drive to the North

-

General Otis ordered General Henry W. Lawton to take offensive in the south
Polo was taken, then, Manila-dagupan railway, then Malolos
Aguinaldo government had evacuated Malolos and established its headquarters in San Isidro,
Nueva Ecija
Macarthur wanted to pursue Aguinaldo but he was ordered by Otis to rest in malolos. General
Lawton moved swiftly to the south and wheaton went to Laguna
Americans were not always victorious
Filipinos repulsed General Wheaton at Polo and killed Colonel Egbert
- In Quingua (Plaridel) the American cavalry under Major Bell suffered a defeat in the hands
of Gregorio del pilar
- Filipinos under General Licerio Geronimo killed Genreal Lawton in the battle of San Mateo
After resting in Malolos, General MacArthur marched against Kalumpit (Bagbag river gave them
protection against MacArthur)
MacArthur decided to encircle the Filipinos by sending his subordinate to Quingua and Pulilan
General Luna, irked by the insubordination of Gen. tomas Mascardo, left Kalumpit to punish
Mascardo who was then in Pampanga
Gregorio Del Pilar was left to defend the Filipino lines

The fall of Mabini

-

Mabini, as president of the cabinet was the most powerful man behind Aguinaldo
Schurman Commisiion (policy of the American government of extending its sovereignty over
the Philippines)
Mabini stood for independence under the protection of the United states but Paterno and
Buencamino wavered
Mabini was relieved of his duties as president of the cabinet and replaced by Pedro Paterno

Assassination of luna
-

Luna was educated in Europe

Had an unruly temper
Commended to Aguinaldo that the Kawit Company be disarmed
Ordered that the houses occupied by the Americans be burned
Ordered shooting of civilians who violated military rules
Slapped Felipe Buencamino,Sr. and accused his son Joaquin of cowardice

When luna was in Bayambang, pangasinan he received a letter asking him to see Aguinaldo at
Kabanatuan
He slapped the sentry and went upstairs only to find Buencamino whom he hated. They
exchanged heated words and suddenly heard a gunshot. Luna went downstairs and a group of
men belonging to the Kawit Company ganged up on him. Stabbing him 40 times
Colonel roman came to his succor but he too was mowed down

American Conquest of the Visayas

-

Otis instructed General Miller to attack Iloilo

Filipinos headed by General Martin Delgado decided to fight
Delgado ordered the burning of the city to prevent the enemy from using it as a base of
operations
Cebu was surrendered to the Americans and Lt. col. Thomas H. Hamer was designated military
governor of the province
Guerilla leaders Arcadio Maxilom and Leandro Fullon threatedned with death all those who
collaborated and would collaborate with the enemy

The Negros Constitution

-

Negrenses raised the American flag when Iloilo was taken

Otis issued an order providing for the creation of a military district composed of Panay, Cebu
and Negros to be known as Visayan Military district
Created a Negros constitution which was not taken seriously by McKinley

Bates Treaty
-

General John C. Bates negotiated a treaty with the sultan by which Muslims and American could
coexist peacefully
General Bates negotiated with the Sultan of Jolo
Sultan through, Raja Muda, his elder brother and Habib Mura, his secretary claimed that
Americans should not be allowed to occupy any point in Jolo except the town of Jolo
General Bates, representing US, and Raja Muda, Datu Attik, Datu Calbi and Datu Joakanain,
representing Jolo, signed a treaty

Aguinaldo flees to the mountains

-

Otis decided to trap Aguinaldo in Angeles, Pampanga

Aguinaldo moved his capital to Tarlac. When the enemy advanced, he moved his capital to
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya.
Aguinaldo boarded the train bound for Calasiao
Aguinaldo surrendered the women and proceeded to Palanan, Isabela which was hard to
approach.

The Battle of Pasong Tirad

-

Gregorio Delp Pilar served as Aguinaldos rear guard commander, noted the advantageous
terrain of Pasong Tirad
Del Pilar suggested to temporarily stay behind and make a last stand at Pasong Tirad
Americans, under Major March pursued Aguinaldo
Through Januario Galut, a Christian Igorot, the Americans found a secret trail to the top and
surprised Del pilar
Del Pilar was shot in the neck by a Krag rifle and his body was looted for souvenirs

The Capture of Aguinaldo

Pardo de Tavera founded the Newspaper La Democracia whose policy was based on what he
termed fraternal feelings which the President of the United States and the American People
have toward the Filipinos
Colonel Frederick Funston, stationed in Nueva Ecija, planned the capture of Aguinaldo
his men had earlier accepted the surrender of Cecilio Segismundo, Aguinaldos messenger and
decoded some letters to aguinaldos field generals
Funston employed some Macabebes and two former officers in the Filipino army, Lazaro
Segovia and Hilario Tal Placido.
With MacArthurs blessing, they sailed to Palanan on the American Warship Vicksburg
Funston ordered the forging of the signature of General Urbano Lacuna to whom Aguinaldo
wrote to send reinforcements to Palanan
Funston and his American companions pretended to be captives of the Macabebes
Tal Placido grabbed Aguinaldo from behind and Colonel Simeon Villa shielded Aguinaldo from
the bullets
Dr. Santiago Barcelona held Aguinaldo by the arms saying you owe it to our people to
continue fighting for freedom

Barbarous acts
-

Filipinos, having been the victims of American apostasy and imperialistic designs disguised as
Benevolent and Altruistic considered the Americans as not only traitors but also as
interlopers and an obstacle to their legitimate desire for freedom and independence
American soldiers turned arsonists burned the whole towns to force guerillas to the open
Balangiga, Samar was one of the places garrisoned by Americans who could not pinpoint the
nerve-center of Guerilla activities in the town
President Theodore Roosevelt gave an order to pacify Samar
Assigned to the task was General Jake Smith who said I want no prisoners, I want you to kill
and burn: the more you burn and kill, the better it will please me
Smith was court-martialed and retired from service

End of the Resistance

-

General Miguel Malvar took over the leadership of the Filipino government
In Samar, General Vicente Lukban resorted to ambushing Americans and withdrawing after
killing and wounding them
General Jacob Smith ordered the massacre of all men and children below ten years with the
result that the province became a howling wilderness
This led to the capture of Lukban. With his capture, the resistance in Samar collapsed
2 months later, General Malvar surrendered
Macario sakay continud the resistance and established a Tagalog republic but his resistance
was not serious enough to endanger the American rule

CHAPTER 14
Gregorio Aglipay on the Scene
-

The revolution on 1896 was a conflict of races

The second phase of the revolution was not only political but religious as well
The Philippine Catholic church, whose majority belonged to the party of the oppressors aided
and abetted the colonial government in its policy of repression
Mabini accused the Spanish friars of giving aid and comfort to the colonial administration
Second Phase of the revolution commenced with Aguinaldos return from Hongkong

Governor General Basilio Augustin and Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda commissioned Father
Gregorio Aglipay to confer with the revolutionary leaders particularly with Mariano Trias,
Artemio Ricarte and Emiliano Riego de Dios in order to bring them back to the Spanish side
The bait to win them over was a promise of autonomy but it was a failure for the revolutionary
leaders had lost their faith in the Spanish promises
Aguinaldo sent Colonel Luciano San Miguel to persuade Aglipay to work for the Filipino cause
Aguinaldo urged Aglipay to work for the revolutionary cause and go to the north
Nozaleda told Aglipay to go to the north to investigate the condition of the bishopric of Nueva
Segovia
Aglipay toured the provinces and secured the release of 2 jesuit priests but upon his return, he
found Manila besieged on all sides so he joined Aguinaldos movement
Revolutionary government recognized the validity of marriage on the assumption that the
revolution had made a separation of the church and state a reality
By state, mabini meant the revolutionary government
The Revolutionary government refused to recognize Nozaledas authority and prohibited
Filipino priests from accepting any responsibility from the catholic church
Aguinaldo appointed Aglipay as the Military Vicar General making him the religious leader of
the revolutionary movement

Nozaleda Against Aglipay

-

Aglipay was in the revolutionary government as Military Vicar General and in the Catholic
Hierarchy as Ecclesiastical governor of the diocese of Nueva Segovia
Aglipay chose to be a Filipino first and a catholic second
Upon his appointment to Military Vicar General, he issued a letter to the Filipino clergy urging
them to organize themselves into a cohesive body and also for the creation of a Cabildo or
Council which would ask the pope to appoint Filipinos in all church positions from archbishop to
the lowest parish priest
Nozaleda charged Aglipay with usurpation of power and urged the Ecclesiastical Tribunal to
punish him
With the blessings of the Tribunal Nozaleda issued a decree of excommunicating Aglipay which
declared Aglipay a usurper and schismatic
Governor General Juan de Vargas was forced to stand at the entrance of Manila churches fro a
period of four months wearing a sackcloth and a rope around his neck
Aglipay declared Nozaleda as excommunicated and charged Nozaleda with starving the
people and with collaborating with the Spaniards and the Americans in the latter policy of
repression

Mabini and the National church

Apolinario mabini a mason and an uncompromising nationalist saw the necessity of having a
church administered by the Filipinos and owing its loyalty to the country
Mabini argued for the preservation of the church but it must be predicated upon the
appointment of Filipino clergy of all positions

The Filipino national church

Aglipay called the Filipino clergy to an ecclesiastical assembly at Paniqui, Tarlac

Aglipays aim: the Filipinization of the church, prevention of anarchy in religious matters
A Provisional Constitution of the Filipino church was framed which outlined the composition of
the Filipino church
The constitution declared the independence of the Filipino clergy from Spanish control and the
supervision of the assumption of authority to negotiate with rome

The wartime gave the church no opportunity to develop fully

Chapelle and Filipinization

Mons Placido Chapelle apostolic Delegate to the Philippines arrived before the complete
collapse of the underground movement against US
1st act was to drive the Filipinos away from rome and from the Americans
Announced cockily that he would treat those who opposed the friars as enemies of religion and
order
Made the bold assertion that the heads of the revolutionary leaders be cut off
Stated the Filipino clergy were incompetent and capable of only holding mental positions in the
church

The Schism

The Filipino clergy, now insulted and injured agitated for a Filipino Church
In Rome, Filipino priests Salustiano, Araullo and Jose Chancon had an audience with the pope
In Spain, Isabelo De los reyes, a propagandist, wrote in his newspaper Filipinas ante Europa
campaigned relentlessly for the establishment of a Filipino Church
Founded the first labor union in the Philippines : Union Obrera Democratica
Pascual H. Poblete scheduled a mass meeting at the Zorilla theater where he intended to
attack the friars but owing to bad weather, the meeting did not take place
That same night, Delos Reyes called a meeting to his democratic labor union at the Centro de
Bellas artes
Proposed establishment of a Filipino Church headed by Aglipay as Supreme Bishop
The new church was called Iglesia Filipina Independiente

1st converts

Aglipay and other prominent men did not approve of the schism
Aglipay at that time was conferring with the Jesuits
14 filipino priests affiliated Followed by the defection of Fr. Pedro Brilliantes of Ilocos Norte

Aglipay and the Jesuits

The Jesuits, through Dr. Leon Ma. Guererro and Joaquin Luna invited aglipay to an interview at
the Jesuit house in sta. Ana. Father Francisco Foradada, a Spaniard was chosen to work on
aglipay
After 5 days, Foradada gave a document for Aglipays signature
Foradada said the Filipinos were vicious and hopelessly inefficient which angered aglipay.
Foradada fell on his knees and clasped his hands (A scene from Noli Me tangere: Fray damaso
and Ibarra)
3 days and you will hear from this priest Aglipay
Years later, through F. Theo rogers, the Jesuits invited Aglipay to a conference
Father Joaquin Villalonga and Santiago Fonacier was tasked to deal with Aglipay
Father villalonga was told by aglipay to ask for anything and he will give it to him
Villalonga asked for the moon
Aglipay said it is stupid and silly to ask for the impossible

Aglipas consecration to Bishop

Aglipay wanted the American protestants in Manila to join him in his plan to divide the ranks
of the catholics and persuade them to join his church

They were enjoying superiority so aglipay accepted his position on the independent church

Significance

Filipino national church independent of Rome was a reaction to centuries of disparagement and
prejudice
Spanish prejudice had two bases: Feeling of racial superiority and alleged incompetence of the
Filipino clergy
Since the Spanish friars had a racial prejudice against the Filipinos they considered their
competence purely mythical
Filipino clergy sided with the revolutionists not because they sympathized with them but
because they found in the revolutionary movement an opportunity to succeed the Spanish
friars as wielders of power and authority
Revolution had two results: liquidation of the Spanish empire and the alienation of a segment
of the population from the catholic church

Chapter 15

after the capture of Emilio Aguinaldo at Palanan, Isabela, the Filipino- American war ended as
far as the Filipino and American elites were concerned
resistance lasted longer. 3 sectoral perspectives : Christian, Muslim and tribal

Katipunan Inertia

surrender of Aguinaldo only ended the Aguinaldo-led resistance but the inertia of the katipunan
that began from the Bonifacio initiated struggle continued to sustain the struggle for
independence
Generals Miguel Malvar in Batangas and Vicente Lukban in Samar continued the war in their
areas
Macario Sakay attempted to put up his own Tagalog republic with its own constitution but he
was eventually persuaded by Dominador Gomez to yield but the masses did not follow suit

In Luzon, 1905

Governor Shanks of Cavite noted outbreaks at San Pedro Tunasan, Paranaque, Taal and San
Francisco de malabon. The leaders were the former officers of the revolutionary army
Salvador Felipe led the Santa Iglesia movement which means crusade of the Holy Church
Apo Ipe
Simeon Mandac led the short lived outbreak in Nueva ecija
Governor general Francis Burton Harrison campaigned for the rapid filipinization which
contributed to Filipino elites successful campaign to win over the Filipino masses to the
parliamentary struggle for self government

In Bicol

Pattern of resistance showed a radical shift from the elite to the masses
One of the movements that worried the Americans was the one led by Simeon Ola and about
1500 insurrectors in Albay
Col. Harry Bandholtz noted the significant role of Ola in the anti-colonial resistance in Bicol
although he ragardded Ola as nothing but a notorious ladron
The American answer to Olas movement was a reconcentration system in March 1903
The effect was telling on the people who were brought into the reconcentration area
Food and accommodation were inadequate and deplorable; diseases took their death toll and
sufferings continued

The method worked effectively for American purposes

Governor Taft justified the method because a reign of terror had been inaugurated by Ola in
the province and other areas
Vice Governor Luke Wright and Dr. Pardo de Tavera went to albay to appeal to the people to
help bring Ola to surrender to avoid deployment of the US army
After 40 days, Ola withdrew his forces
Colonel BandHoltz signed an agreement with Ola promising immunity and other things but
later denied promising anything
Ola turned state witness against those who had joined him
Ola, in return for his cooperation obtained executive clemency in line with judicial practice in
the west
Trial of the accused began with Judge James Blount and Judge Adam C. Carson presiding. They
were assisted by chief prosecutor James ross
Some of Olas men were: freed, sentenced to Vagrancy Law, tried under the Sedition Law of
1901. The more serious cases were disposed off under the Brigandage act which carried the
death penalty
Ola was given 30 years in prison for turning state witness

In the Visayas

Samar and Leyte

Disturbances after the surrender of General Lukban in Samar
Brig. General William H. Carter reported that a large proportion of people had abandoned their
homes to join the bands
Tauiran Affair a raid by one of the bands on the village of Tauiran in the town of Gandara
Cantaguic affair police lieutenant of the town and others were killed. After killing, raiders
under Juliano Caducoy proceeded to the tribunal or town hall where the local teniente was
seized and around his head the American flag was tied
Pulahanes name given to the insurrectors
Vice governor Henry C. Ide- became acting governor general, ordered Governor Curry of Samar
to solve the problem
Gov. Curry admitted that by 1906 the situation had not been changed and thousands of Filipinos
had joined the Pulahan movement (He began negotiations for surrender)
After several weeks, Col. Wallace Taylor reported that Curry and the pulahanes had reached an
agreement
Instead of surrender, 30 pulahanes under Nasario Aguilar attacked the Constabulary garrison
of 50 men (in hand to hand combat) 35 pulahanes died in the garrison and 8 more outside
On the colonial side, 22 were killed, 7 wounded including Captain Jones and Lieutenant Bowers
As a result of the Magtaon incident an inquiry revealed that the pulahanes suspected bad
faith when they saw present certain native officials and natives they hated in the supposed
surrender
Authorities deployed 7 companies of native scouts and 4 companies of american troops under
Colonel Smith
In Leyte, it was reported that Jaime de Veyra, Governor of Leyte, might have given
encouragement being known to be the most obnoxious of anti-americans in the archipelago
Filipinos had not abandoned armed resistance despite of the peace declaration because of the
racial hatred that existed between the Filipinos and Americans
G overnor James Smith added in his report an era of ill feeling has started between Americans
and Filipinos and I hesitate to say it, race hatred.

In Mindanao

In Surigao, Civil Governor William Howard Taft reported that a group of outlaws entered the
Town of surigao and attacked the constabulary which was under the charge of Captain Clark.
The captain was killed and the guns of the detachment were carted away by the attackers
7 american women of the town were able to avoid being killed when they were gathered by Mr.
Luther S. Kelly, the provincial treasurer, into a stonehouse
Kelly, the Indian scout of Yellowstone held the attackers at bay until reinforcements arrived
Governor Taft was criticized of his casual treatment of the incident and for the sad state of the
Constabulary
To neutralize his criticism, Taft ordered the army to retrieve 75 or more guns taken by the band.
Those who were captured were tried by the District Judge, James Blount for about a month
during which time he was protected by 703 soldiers under colonel Meyer of the 11th infantry
Murderers of Clark were hanged and President Theodore Roosevelt commended Kelly
In Misamis, real insurrectos were the elements (part of the revolutionary resistance against
American rule

Muslim Struggle

Sporodic clashes between Muslims and Americans started in Moroland

Signing of the Bates Treaty was part of the colonial strategy to neutralize the Sulu muslims who
were spoiling for battle
In 1903, The Moro Province was organized to reconstitute the administrative processes in
Mindanao in order to show democracy at work but with American control remaining dominant
General Leonardo Wood, first governor of the Moro Province who unilaterally abrogated the
Bates Treaty (for the failure and ineffectiveness of Sultan to control the Moros but actually to
cut th the outset any political posturing or leverage the Sultanate had acquired against the
American sovereignty
Taft said that with the abrogation of the treaty, the sultanate was left with no other option but
to resist the imperialist determination to emasculate and destroy the political hold of sultanates
under its subjects
Muslim armed response can be classified into the ethno geographic areas where it occurred :
Lanao, Cotabato andSulu

Lanao Resistance

The other part that continued the Moro Resistance to colonialism was represented by
traditional leaders like Sajiduciman, Ampuanagus and Datu Grande
Datu Tungul of Onayan attacked Camp Vicars (Sultan of Binidayan was suspected by
Americans as being involved with the Tungul affair)
In Maciu, muslims led by Sultan Ganduli and sultan Tanagan fought against the Americans
In Taraca, John Pershing started his campaign against the Lake Moros
Datu Ampuanagus eluded American Troops but at Pitacus, 13 muslims were wounded, 23
were captured and 90 were killed
Ampuanagus took his last stand at Taraca Fort (he was later captured)
Ampuanagus defied the Americans and troops from camp keithley were sent in pursuit of
Ampuanagus but they were again wounded
Again troops fled to remain where he was reported hiding
In 1991 at Didangan, Ampuanagus and his band were engaged by military contingents
In 1908 he attacked Dansalan with 20 rifles
Peace negotiations led to Ampuanagus Surrender

The Sulu Resistance

The Bates Treaty

1st formal agreement entered by the United States with the muslims
Purpose was to contain for a while the muslim resistance while the Americans were busy
eliminating Filipino obstacle in Luzon and Visayas
Americans had no intention of recognizing Muslim sovereignty in the Moroland
Muslims knew of this that was why the Bates Treaty was not binding especially to those who
opposed the Sultan : Datu Julkain, and Datu Kalbi of Patikul, Panglima Hassan (Hassan Uprising
which disrupted the stability of the Moro Province)
Americans used this rebellion to discredit the Sultanate and abrogate the Bates Treaty
Gov. Leonard Wood veteran General and commander of the Rough Riders in the Cuban war

Panglima Hassan

Woods campaign against Hassan included a secret landing through siit

Hassan was captured by Colonel Hughes Scott and was to be taken to Jolo for Incaceration
when Hassan deceived Scott into stopping at one of his hideouts to pick up Hassans wife.
Hassan escaped at the first chance
Governor wood used every possible contact and informers confirmed reports of Hassans
location in the crater of Bud Bagsak
Barung Hassans weapon which he had perfectly mastered since he saw the first glimpse of
the conflict
A sergeant met Hassan who was trying to crawl out of the crater and shot him with 26 bullets
Hassans death inspired other to follow his exploits
One of these was the renegade Pala who had just returned from an adventure in Borneo where
authorities had been looking for him after a series of murders and robberies
Others who created problems for americans were : Datu Usap, Paruka Utik, Salip Masdal,
Maharaja Untung, Jikiri and Nakib Amir
The most significant armed conflicts : Bud Bagsak affair and Jikiri Threat

Bud Dajo

Shortly after the suppression of Pala uprising, hundreds of muslims trekked towards Bud Dajo
located strategically in the northern series of mountain ranges which had figured prominently in
past encounters
This was caused by the rumor that American intention was to wipe out Jolo Muslims
A small contingent of American troops confronted the muslims
Bud Dajo was formidable and strategic and had abundant water and resources
Gov. Leonard wood admitted that natural difficulties created by the geographic character of
the area made his campaign difficult
Woods strategy was to avoid hazardous operation by appealing to the defenders to surrender
and preparing the military force
Col. Hugh W. Scott of the Zambooanga Constabulary and Captain John White were ordered to
proceed to Jolo with 50 men
Prominent leaders of Patikul wwere tapped as emissaries : Datu Kalbi, Datu Julkanain,
Panglima Bandahala
On the third day, the emissaries reported their futile mission and Sulu Governor Scott ordered
the immediate assault on Dajo (with Col. Duncan in command of the operation)
Assault was aided by artillery shelling which neutralized muslim capacity to inflict damage on
Americans

Muslims tried to retaliate by feigning as corpses and jumping the Americans with their krises
and barongs
This kind of fanatical resistance earned the Moros their savage image in American History
Wood was criticized for the massacre in Dajo and he turned over the governorship of the Moro
province to Gen Tasker H. Bliss
This muslim attitude was used by Americans as evidence for lack of preparedness for self
government

Jikiri

A native of Jolo began his piratical attacks on trading vessels or villages

His activities began beyond Jolo to Basilan, Zamboanga Peninsula and southeast to Tawi-Tawi.
After 1907 he had established a staging point in Cabingaan Island between Jolo ans Siasi island
groups
Jikiris notoriety was based not only on the killings of the victims and the carting away of
anything of value but also on his obsession to get beautiful women for his booty
His obsession was attributed to some psychological problems caused or heightened by ugly
facial features nature had given him since birth
Reliable intelligence data were gathered by Julius Schucks people on the hideout of Jikiri at
Patian Island
American troops and Tausug allies took off for Patian and cornered Jikiri
The death of Jikiri the era of piracy came to an end
Gen. Pershing, having proven himself in the Lanao campaigns assumed the governorship pf the
moro Province and strated a vigorous disarmament campaign in Jolo in addito the educational
assault on ceratin cultural values and practices such as polygamy, pilgrimage to Mecca
The result was the revival of the resistance in the Battle of Bud Bagsak

Bud Bagsak

Firearms had been collected in Jolo except in Lati and Luuk where opposition for disarmament
was strong
Here began the process for another uprising when Panglima Indanan, a powerful leader was
arrested and disarmed together with his aides and sons
This was accompanied by the violent operations of Scouts in the eastern part of Jolo especially
in Lati where the sababilah attacks on American troops became the source of colonial horror
More military pressures were exerted on the Lati people but they took their stand at Bud
bagsak (entire population joined the rebellion)
American authorities appealed for non-combatants and combatants to return to their farms and
homes (many of non-combatants were persuaded to avoid conflict)
Gen. Pershing tried to convince Latis that American intention was not to resort to final use of
arms but rather to persuade them to surrender for the sake of peace
Convinced that all efforts would be futile, Americans separated combatants from non
combatants . when this was achieved, pershing ordered immediate troop movement to Bagsak
Gov. Pershing tried to justify the slaughter by referring to them as notorious cattle thieves and
murderers
For the colonial government, the bud Bagsak affair ended with the pax Americana dawing in
Sulu as over 500 rifles were gathered from the Island

Cotabato Resistance
Datu Ali

Successor of Datu Utus mantle and son in law of Datu Piang who began to defy American offer
of peace and persuade Maranaos to join the anti colonial movement
Military Governor of Cotabato, Capt. Carl Riechman sent roops to Rio Grande to prevent the
spread of the uprising
American troops shelled alis fort but Ali changed tactic from the traditional method of
confronting the enemy to the guerilla type of engagement
Added was the use of sababilahs to harass Americans during the day while ali attacked at night
Finally Americans assaulted Alis fort in Serenaya killing several muslims and capturing Datu
Djimbangan, Alis brother
Prospect of success was neutralized by the collaboration of Datu Piang to the Americans
Ali was cornered by troops under Frank McCoy while resting outside a hut in Simpetan

Datu Almada

His movements were concentrated in Buldon and Upper Cotabato

Local collaborators led by Datu Inuk offered two plans to assist in Alamadas apprehension
1st was to infiltrate his group and kill him
2nd was for Datu Piang and Inuk to persuade him to surrender (government opted for direct
negotiations)
They convinced Alamada to yield by offering to resettle him in a colony near Pikit but he
opted to surrender to a Filipino not to an American
Incidents noted in the second decade of American rule were the Balabac Incident in 1916
and the tension at Kidapawan in 1917 which showed the isolated Anti-Christian and AntiAmerican reaction of Local residents to the continuing presence of American rule in their
area

Highlanders reaction

In Luzon, there was an Igorot armed struggle until the end of the Spanish rule
In Mindanao, the Manobos joined the muslim response to Spanish foothold by providing
assistance to political leaders
American entry neutralized the violent reactions of tribal groups. They either recoiled to
safety or accepted American rule
Tribal communities in Luzon were won over by American Episcopal missionaries and medical
missions and schools
In Visayas, particularly in Negros and Iloilo, Presbyterian missions contributed to health,
sanitation, and education at the grassroots level
In Mindanao, work of pacification was undertaken by American laymen, entrepreneurs and
teachers particularly during the period of Moro province
The Lunds and Lamassons in the Subanun country of Zamboanga opened the Socioeconomic potentials of the area
American capitalists strated to explore commercial and trade potentials in Davao and
Cotabato

Subanun Affair

The only violent disturbance reported in Mindanao

Constabulary report referred to a fight at the Sitio of Bobhoran between government forces
under Capt. H.H. Elarth
Headman of Bobhoran reported that subanuns were leaving their homes and heading towards
mountains of Dapeok and Malindang on the call of Two boy prophets who told them that the
end of the world was coming (the sea would cover the land except the highest peaks.

The headman was ordered to stop the movement and his deputy, Torot was ordered to proceed
to the mountains to get info.
He reported being taken by to the two leaders Romualdo and Islao
Capt. Elarth found out that the band was tired of waiting to go to heaven and decided to go
home to Toogan as food shortage was creating suffering
Moros and Visayans started to agitate the Subanuns
Capt. Elarth was saved from a Moro spear by Sgt. Bernardo almes
Moros and Visayans were brains behind the movement

Literature of Resistance

Ilustrados contributed intellectually to the revolutionary cause despite the Sedition act of 1902
which punished any form of agitation or sedition including through printed page or theater
Tagalog writers expressed resistance through zarzuela
Dramas abroad were used in attacking American colonialism
Juan Abad wrote the play Tanikalang Ginto and was punished by the court for sedition,
sentenced to 2 years of imprisonment and $2000 fine.
Abad continued to write seditious plays including Isang Punto ng Kaaway
The far reaching significance was Aurelio Tolentinos nationalistic play, Kahapon, Ngayon at
Bukas which indicted American rule and predicated the outbreak of violent Filipino resistance
Tolentino was arrested for Sedition and was given the maximum sentence of life imprisonment,
reduced to fifteen and pardoned by Governor William C. Forbes
Newsmen and journalists such as Jaime C. de Veyra of leyte, Sergio Osmena of cebu, Rafeal
palma of Manila
El Nuevo Dia, founded by osmena was known for its nationalistic fervor (regular contributors:
De veyra and Palma)
El Renacimiento funded by Palma exposed American anomalies and abuses in the government
Most famous of the cases was that of Interior secretary dean C. Worcester whose activities
were summed up in libelous editorial entitled Aves de Rapia (Birds of Prey)

Chapter 16
COMPROMISE WITH COLONIALISM
Involvement During the Military Phase

Schurman Commission first significant body created by President mckinley with Jacob
Schurman, President of Cornell University, initiated the non- military approach of colonialism

The Christian Filipinos

A. In the Local Level
a notable example of Filipino elites readiness to collaborate was the case of Negros Island
which had witnessed toward the end of the Spanish rule the division of inhabitants between the
political and economic elite and peasants and workers
the Landowning class and ilustrados decided to cooperate (prominent were Juan araneta,
Jose Luzuriaga, Leandro Locsin, Demetrio Larena and Augustin Montilla) they made a
provisional government as opposition to revolutionary government
a committee of prominent landowners were welcomed by Gen. Otis who created the Visayan
Military district with Gen. James f. Smith as Governor of Negros
Negrense provincial junta became its ally against the Malolos Government represented in
Negros by Aguinaldo appointed emissaries Quintin Salas and Zoilo Mauricio, and the masses led
by their leader Papa Isio or Dionision Magbuela.

the same pattern was evident in Luzon

Schurman commission organized municipal governments in Baliwag, Bulacan
The pattern of Municipal organization was guided by a plan formulated by a committee
headed by Chief justice Cayetano Arellano
B. In the Central Government
Most important manifestation of American cooperation of the elite was in the national level
Highly centralized government
Involvement fo Filipino elite was those represented by those who were appointed in the
Philippine commission which performed executive and legislative powers (e.g. Gregorio
Araneta and Benito Legarda)
Filipino elite was given substantial role in the person of Cayetano arellano who was appointed
chief justice of the supreme court (law professor in Santo Tomas who believed in the
sovereignty of US over the Philippines)
C. Why the elite?
1st, the natural fear of losing security of interests because of the growing demand of the
masses for the redistribution of economic benefits and resources
2nd , the basic orientation of the elite which felt distrust in the integrity and character of the
masses whom the elite regarded as potential trouble makers, bandits and enemies
Cultural communities

American teachers and missionaries opened the path to an understanding of American

benevolent policy through schools, religious missions and medical work
a. In Mindanao
Building of schools was undertaken with American supervision of native workers and using
local materials (Datu Santiago of Cotabato)
Campaign against insanitary living conditions and diseases such as Cholera, Dysentry,
Smallpox and Malaria
Education of children was very much emphasized
Schools for Subanuns, the Tausugs in sulu and a proposed datu school in Zamboanga meant to
prepare the ruling class for active involvement in their own area
Governor of the Moro Province, brig. General John J. Pershing remarked : The school system
depends for its success entirely upon the American teachers
Dr. Najeeb M. saleeby a medical practitioner turned educator; Christian arab, with education
from American University in Beirut gave him the advantage to deal with the education of
Muslims in Moro Province
Gained friends such as Datu ali of cotabato, royalties of Sulu and datus of Lanao
His initial work as medical surgeon in Malabang, Lanao provided opportunities to win the
Ilanuns (muslim ethic group associated with piratical attacks)
Appointed as School Superintendent for the district of Mindanao and Jolo, after a brief
assignment as assistant chief of the bureau of non-christian tribes led to the implementation of
American educational objectives in the Moro Province
By the time he resigned to be the new Secretary of the Moro Province under Gen. Tasker H.
Bliss, school enrollment had reached 4321 pupils
Charles R. Cameron succeeded Najeeb saleeby as superintendent
Private Albert L. Burleigh chose to teach tausug children in Jolo (he was killed by 4 Moros on his
way home from school)
George Kindy, a teacher with agricultural inclination introduced farm schools in bukidnon
Studies on various aspects of development : Frances E. Batters vocabulary English ---samal,
Charles Camerons Sulu writing, Charles V. elliots a vocabulary and phrase book of the Lanao

Moro dialect, Robert T. McCuthens Yakan-English, English-Yakan Vocabulary, Najeeb

Saleebys Studies in Moro History, Law and Religion and A history of Sulu
b. In the Cordillera
To the outside forces, Ifugao head hunting activities were constant problems
Ifugaos were impressed by American firepower
Demostrated American firepower when Ifugaos took the head of an American soldier
paid prices for chickens, pigs and food items made available by the Ifugaos
in the conflict between 2 ifugao groups (Sabangan and Hapao) American guns made the
difference
Humiwat, the leader of the band that beheaded an American soldier surrendered and
offered his cooperation
Dr. David P. Barrows who became the head of Bureau of Non-Christian tribes prepared
cordillera for American colonial government
Secretary of Interior Worcester had gotten Dominga Atandada of Dullayan and Rafael
Baluyunoan to accept American rule
Only Nagacaran Ifugaos resisted the offer to organize a government in the Ifugao area
Samual Kane and Al Horas business explorations and adventures provided American
officers insights into Ifugao character and psychology
Entry of Lt. Jeff D. gallman into Ifugao country saw the beginning of an era of peace
among the Ifugaos and American rule
c. Treay Traps
In southern Philippines, Muslim leadership was divided into those who opposed and those who
accepted (Sulu) American presence
Sulu allowed American presence without necessarily accepting sovereignty
Bates treaty Signed by Jamalul Kiram and John C. Bates expressed political compromise
With Datu Kalbi and datu Julkanain signing the document, the Patikul political leadership had
been added to those who supported American rule
It represented the only meaningful opposition to the Sultanate whose political center was in
Maimbung
Under the treaty, local leaders agreed to allow the Americans the freedom to trade and engage
in commerce as well as the right to fly their own flag
Likewise, the Americans agreed to not interfere in the internal affairs of the people and in case
of disputes and conflicts to act in consultation with the local leaders (general understanding and
agreement as perceived by local signatories Tausug version
The English version clearly provides for American rule in Sulu and acceptance of American
sovereignty which allowed Americans to interfere in disputes concerning matters related to
slavery, taxes, peace and order, etc.
Because of conflicts, the treaty was unilaterally abrogated by Governor General Howard Taft
and Moro Province Governor Leonard Wood
the treaty abrogation terminated the financial annuities the sultan and other signatories had
been receiving , dishonor and shame American action has brought on Sulu leadership
Hassan revolt and Bud Bagsak battle was attributed to Sultans active involvement
d. Carpenter Kiram Agreement
Divested the sultan of all his political power and prerogative. He was only allowed to exercise
the rights of a spiritual leader
Since in Islam, there is no separation of power, the agreement created problems for the Sultan
Certain political facts and realities made grounds for assumptions by the U.S. were:
1. Recognition of independent sovereignty of the sultanate prior to American occupation
2. Recognition of the partial exercise of sovereignty of the sultanate by the Spain during the
latter part of Spanish occupation

3. Recognition of a partial but de facto temporary sovereignty of the US under the Bates treaty
whose provisions in article IX allowed US to deal with cases of crimes and offenses
committed by Moros against Moros
Agreement was signed by Jamalul Kiram andGovernor frank W. Carpenter
The beginning of the end of the sultanate was initiated
B. Increase in Filipino Participation
1. Political change in the United states
New President Woodrow Wilson was coming in with a new political orientation of
democratic rule
Republican Administration had been associated with the acquisition of overseas
colonies and the maintenance of those colonies for the business or economic
interests of American societies
2. Effects on Colony
Democratic party had been associated with the populist interests of American
society with the working men and farmers, therefore the maintenance of overseas
colonies were not paramount but the policy did not lead to abandonment of
acquired territories
Francis Burton Harrison was appointed as the first democratic Governor General
for the Philippines
Burton saw realistic implementation of American policies (from mere theoretical to
actual grant of substantial participation in the government to Filipinos)
In the executive branch, there was a change from an American majority to a Filipino
Majority in the Philippine Commission
The rapid Filipinization of the government was evident in the legislative branch.
Before, the legislation was still in dominant control of the Americans, only the
Philippine assembly was Filipino. It was subordinate to the Philippine commission
which was the upper house
Jones Law gave to the Filipinos the legislative power in the islands and only the veto
power of the chief executive in a presidential system remained
Under the Jones Law, a bicameral legislature was created composed of a 24
member Senate as the upper house and a House of representatives as the house of
chamber
All the members of legislature were elected except the 2 senators from the nonchristian sector who were appointed by the governor general
Judiciary had already seen substantial Filipino participation since the creation of the
Supreme court where Cayetano Arellano became chief justice
C. Limits to Filipinization
1. Restraints of Elitism
Filipinization involved only the upper crust of the Filipino society, those who belonged
to the national and local elite
Under the law, those who could run for office must be able to read and write and must
be property owners or have been government employees during the Spanish period
This guaranteed the success of American colonial administration
Elites traditional rights and privileges were recognized, also their right to a new access
to external power which they could not acquire w/o compromising with colonial power
American approach to compromise with Filipino leadership earned for the united states
the cooperation and loyalty of the Filipino elite
Americans were ready to give more and more to Filipinos the administration of the
bureaucracy except the highest executive post in the Islands (Positions of Secretary of

Public instructions, national treasury, bureau of customs, bureau of internal revenue

and local treasuries
Filipinization was aid not hindrance to colonial compromise for as long as it would be
kept within the upper crust of the Filipino Society
2. Economic limitation
American economic interests would be affected by the most favored nation treatment to Spain
for a period of ten years in the Treaty of Paris
The end of the ten year period was followed by the Free Trade where the exercise of freedom of
US and Philippines was unequal
The freedom of the Filipino interest was limited by a quota system while that of American
interests was absolutely free
Philippines became an exclusive American market with American goods moving into the colony
w/o limitation
Underwood- Simmons Tariff act abolished quotas on Philippine exports
There was free trade between Philippines and US until the Tydings-Mcduffie law reimposed the
quotas
D. Social effects of Filipinization
1. Tradition Vs. Modernism
basic differences in values would eventually create a dichotomy of systems in which a
democratic form and a traditional essence were welded to create a democracy Filipino style
little brown Americans manned the American democratic rule in the Philippines
The three branches of the government copied exactly form the American model minus the
federal aspect
Filipino elite special role as collaborators from viewpoint but as partners in the new
democracy
2. Democracy Filipino style
The Filipino values rooted in ancient traditions continued to manifest their influence in actual
operations of the new democracy
The elite had not abandoned their traditional values which had kept their ties to Filipino
societies unaffected
American officials who continued to occupy the top level began to see the dichotomy of western
and traditional values creating the undergrowths of Democracy
Filipinos saw no contradiction between new democratic institutions and traditional practices
The passion of the rule of Law which the Americans exemplified was regarded by the Filipinos as
subordinate to the old system based on ritual kinship, pakikisama, utang na loob and other
values which had preserved harmony in the native society
Toward the end of the Filipino era, charges of Filipino incompetence in the bureaucracy, graft
and corruption and the unpreparedness of the Filipinos for independence became the common
basis of criticism against administrator Governor francis Burton Harrison
to the Filipinos, Harrisons term was the best because it was a demonstration of what trust
could do to Filipino-american relations