Discrete-Time Systems

5.2

1. u[ n] + u[ -n] is equal to

x[n]

(A) 2

(B) 1 + d[ n]

(C) 2 + d[ n]

(D) 1

3
2
1
-6

2. The even part of a function x[ n] = u[ n] - u[ n - 4 ] is

1
(A) {1 + d[ n] - u[ n - 4 ] - u[ -n - 4 ]}
2
(B)
(C)

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

y[n]
1

1
{ u[ n + 3] - u[ n - 4 ] + d[ n]}
2

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1
1

-1

1
{ u[ n] + u[ -n] - u[ n - 4 ] - u[ -n - 4 ]}
2

Fig. P5.2.611

(D) Above all

6. x[2 n]

3. The energy of signal Ad[ n] is

(A) A

x[n]

A2
(B)
2

A2
(C)
4

3
2

(A)

(D) 0

1
-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

4. The energy of signal nu[ n] is

n( n + 1)
n( n + 1)(2 n + 1)
(B)
(A)
2
6
n( n + 1)
(C)

x[n]
3
2

(B)

(D)
-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

5. The power of signal u[ n] is

(A) n

(B) 1

1
(C)
2

(D)

x[n]
3
2

(C)

1
-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

Statement for Q.611:

x[ n]

y[n]

and y[ n] are given in fig. P5.2.611

respectively. Choose the sketch for the signal given in

(D)

question.

-6

www.nodia.co.in

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

259

Discrete-Time Systems

Chap 5.2

9. x[ 3n - 1]

7. y[1 - n]
y[n]

x[n]

(A)

1
-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

-1

(A)

y[n]

3
-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

1
1

(B)
-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

x[n]

-1

(B)

y[n]

(C)

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

n
-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

x[n]

(C)

y[n]
-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

(D)

1
-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

-1
-2
x[n]
2

8. x[ n - 2 ] + y[ n + 2 ]

(D)
3

1
-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

(A)

1
-2
-6

-5

-4

-1

-3

10. x[ 3 - n] y[ -n]

-1
x[n]
2

(A)

(B)

2
-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

-1
x[n]
2

(B)

3
2

(C)

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

1
-6

-5

-4

-3

-2
-1

x[n]

-1

(C)

-1
-2

4
3

x[n]

(D)

-6

1
3
-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

(D)

-1

-1
-2

www.nodia.co.in

Chap 5.2

Discrete-Time Systems

pn
pn
pn p
14. x[ n] = cos
+
- sin
+ 3 cos
3
2
8
4

11. x[ n + 2 ] y[ n - 2 ]
x[n]

(A)

(A) periodic with period 16

(B) periodic with period 4

1
-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

j - p
6

15. x[ n] = 2 e

(A) periodic with 12p

(B) periodic with 12

(C) periodic with 11p

(D) Not periodic

1
-6

(C) periodic with period 2

(D) Not periodic

x[n]

(B)

260

16. The sinusoidal signal has fundamental period

N = 10 samples. The smallest angular frequency, for
-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

-1

(C)

-2
-3

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

(B) 10 rad/cycle

(C) 5 rad/cycle

-1

(D)

which x[ n] is periodic, is
1
rad/cycle
(A)
10

17. Let x[ n], - 5 n 3

p
rad/cycle
5

and h[ n], 2 n 6 be two

finite duration signals. The range of their convolution

is

-2
-3

(A) -7 n 9

(B) -3 n 9

(C) 2 n 3

(D) -5 n 6

Statement for Q.1826:

Statement for Q.1215:

x[ n] and h[ n] are given in the question. Compute

A discrete-time signal is given. Determine the

period of signal and choose correct option.

(D)

the convolution y[ n] = x[ n] * h[ n] and choose correct

option.

pn
pn 1
12. x[ n] = cos
+ sin
+
9
2
7

18. x[ n] = {1, 2, 4}, h[ n] = {1, 1, 1, 1, 1}

(A) periodic with period N = 126

(A) {1, 3, 7, 7, 7, 6, 4}

(B) periodic with period N = 32

(B) {1, 3, 3, 7, 7, 6, 4}

(C) periodic with period N = 252

(C) {1, 2, 4}

(D) Not periodic

(D) {1, 3, 7}

n
pn
13. x[ n] = cos cos

8
8

19. x[ n] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, h [ n] = {1}

(A) Periodic with period 16p

(A) {1, 3, 6, 10, 15}

(B) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

(C) {1, 4, 9, 16, 20}

(D) {1, 4, 6, 8, 10}

(B) periodic with period 16( p + 1)

20. x[ n] = {1, 2, -1}, h [ n] = x [ n]

(C) periodic with period 8

(A) {1, 4, 1}

(B) {1, 4, 2, -4, 1}

(D) Not periodic

(C) {1, 2, -1}

(D) {2, 4, -2}

www.nodia.co.in

261

Discrete-Time Systems

Chap 5.2

21. x[ n] = {1, -2, 3}, h [ n] = {0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1}

(B) {4, -19, 36, -25}

(A) {1, -2, 4, 1, 1, 1}

(C) {1, 4, -3, 6, 4}

(B) {0, 0, 3}

(D) {1, 4, -3, 6, 4}

(C) {0, 0, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1}

(D) {0, 0, 1, -1, 2, 2, 1, 3}

22. x[ n] = {0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1}, h[ n] = {1, -2, 3}

(A) {0, 0, 1, -1, 2, 2, 1, 3}

(B) {0, 0, 1, -1, 2, 2, 1, 3}

(C) {1, -2, 3, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1}

(D) {1, -2, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1}

1,

26. x[ n] = 2,
0

n = -2, 0, 1
n = -1
elsewhere

h (n) = d[ n ] - d[ n - 1] + d[ n - 4]
(A) d[ n ] - 2 d[ n - 1 ] + 4 d[ n - 4 ] + d[ n - 5 ]
(B) d[ n + 2 ] + d[ n + 1 ] - d[ n ] + 2 d[ n - 3 ] + d[ n - 4 ] + d[ n - 5 ]
(C) d[ n + 2 ] - d[ n + 1 ] + d[ n ] + 2 d[ n - 3 ] - d[ n - 4 ] + 2 d[ n - 5 ]
(D) d[ n ] + 2 d[ n - 1 ] + 4 d[ n - 5 ] + d[ n - 5 ]

Statement for Q.2730:

In question y[ n] is the convolution of two signal.
Choose correct option for y[ n].
27. y[ n] = ( -1) n * 2 n u[2 n + 2 ]

23. x[ n] = {1, 1, 0, 1, 1}, h[ n] = {1, -2, - 3, 4}

(A)

4
6

(B)

4
u[ -n + 2 ]
6

(A) {1, -1, - 2, 4, 1, 1}

(C)

8
( -1) n u[ -n + 2 ]
3

(D)

8
( -1) n
3

(B) {1, -1, - 2, 4, 1, 1}

(C) {1, -1, - 5, 2, 3, -5, 1, 4}

(D) {1, -1, - 5, 2, 3, -5, 1, 4}

24. x[ n] = {1, 2, 0, 2, 1}, h[ n] = x[ n]

(A) {1, 4, 4, 4, 10, 4, 4, 4, 1}

(B) {1, 4, 4, 4, 10, 4, 4, 4, 1}

(C) {1, 4, 4, 10, 4, 4, 4, 1}

(D) {1, 4, 4, 10, 4, 4, 4, 1}

28. y[ n] =

1
u[ n] * u[ n + 2 ]
4n

1 1
(A) - n u[ n]
3 4

1 12
(B) - n u[ n + 2 ]
3 4

4 1 1 n
(C) u[ n + 2 ]
3 12 4

1
16
(D)
- n u[ n + 2 ]
3 4

29. y[ n] = 3n u[ -n + 3] * u[ n - 2 ]
3n
,

(A) 2
83 ,
2
3n
,

(C) 2
81 ,
2

n 5
n6
n 5
n6

3n ,

(B) 83
2 ,
3n
,

(D) 6
81 ,
2

25. x[ n] = {1, 4, -3, 6, 4}, h[ n] = {2, -4, 3}

30. y[ n] = u[ n + 3] * u[ n - 3]

(A) {2, 4, -19, 36, -25, 2, 12}

(A) ( n + 1) u[ n]

(B) nu[ n]

(C) ( n - 1) u[ n]

(D) u[ n]

www.nodia.co.in

n 5
n6

n 5
n6

262

31.

Discrete-Time Systems

The

convolution

of

x[ n] = cos ( 2p n) u[ n]

and

Chap 5.2

37. x[ n] as shown in fig. P5.2.37

h[ n] = u[ n - 1] is f [ n]u[ n - 1]. The function f [ n] is

1,
(A)
0,
0,
(B)
1,

n = 4 m + 1, 4 m + 2
n = 4 m, 4 m + 3

x[n]

n = 4 m + 1, 4 m + 2

10

y[n]

Fig. P5.2.37

n = 4 m, 4 m + 3

(A) P, Q, R, S

(B) Q, R, S

1,
(C)
0,

n = 4 m + 1, 4 m + 3

(C) P, R, S

(D) P, Q, S

0,
(D)
1,

n = 4 m + 1, 4 m + 3
n = 4 m, 4 m + 2

n = 4 m, 4 m + 2
38. x[ n] as shown in fig. P5.2.38
x[n]

y[n]
+

Statement for Q.3238:

Fig. P5.2.38

Let P be linearity, Q be time invariance, R be

causality and S be stability. In question discrete time

(A) P, Q, R, S

(B) P, Q, R

(C) P, Q

(D) Q, R, S

input x[ n] and output y[ n] relationship has been given.

In the option properties of system has been given.

Statement for Q.3941:

Choose the option which match the properties for

system.

Two discrete time systems S1

and S2

in fig. P5.2.3941.

32. y[ n] = rect ( x[ n])

(A) P, Q, R

(B) Q, R, S

(C) R, S, P

(D) S , P, Q

x[n]

S2

S1

y[n]

Fig. P5.2.3941.

33. y[ n] = nx[ n]
(A) P, Q, R, S

(B) Q, R, S

39. Consider the following statements

(C) P, R

(D) Q, S

(a) If S1 and S2 are linear, the S is linear

34. y[ n] =

are

connected in cascade to form a new system as shown

n +1

(b) If S1 and S2 are nonlinear, then S is nonlinear

u[ m ]

(c) If S1 and S2 are causal, then S is causal

m = -

(A) P, Q, R, S

(B) R, S

(C) P, Q

(D) Q, R

(d) If S1 and S2 are time invariant, then S is time

invariant
True statements are :

35. y[ n] = x[ n]
(A) Q, R, S

(B) R, S, P

(C) S, P, Q

(D) P, Q, R

(A) a, b, c

(B) b, c, d

(C) a, c, d

(D) All

40. Consider the following statements

36. x[ n] as shown in fig. P5.2.36
x[n]

(a) If S1 and S2 are linear and time invariant, then

interchanging their order does not change the system.
y[n]

(b) If S1 and S2 are linear and time varying, then

interchanging their order does not change the system.

Fig. P5.2.36

True statement are

(A) P, Q, R, S

(B) Q, R, S

(A) Both a and b

(B) Only a

(C) P, Q

(D) R, S

(C) Only b

(D) None

www.nodia.co.in

Chap 5.2

Discrete-Time Systems

41. Consider the statement

263

(D) Above all

(a) If S1 and S2 are noncausal, the S is non causal

(b) If S1 and/or S2 are unstable, the S is unstable.

45. The system shown in fig. P5.2.45 is

(A) Both a and b

(B) Only a

(C) Only b

(D) None

y[n]

1
4

x[n]

True statement are :

y[n-2]

1
4

-1
2

42. The following input output pairs have been

Fig. P5.2.45

observed during the operation of a time invariant

(A) Stable and causal

system :
x1 [ n] = {1, 0, 2}

y1 [ n] = {0, 1, 2}

(B) Stable but not causal

(C) Causal but unstable

x2 [ n] = {0, 0, 3}

y2 [ n] = {0, 1, 0, 2}

x3[ n] = {0, 0, 0, 1}

46. The impulse response of a LTI system is given as

y3[ n] = {1, 2, 1}

(D) unstable and not causal

1
h[ n] = - u[ n].
2

The conclusion regarding the linearity of the

The step response is

system is
(A) System is linear

1
1
2 --

3
2

(C)

1
1
2 + -
3
2

(B) System is not linear

(C) One more observation is required.
(D) Conclusion cannot be drawn from observation.

n +1

(A)

n +1

u[ n]

u[ n]

u[ n]

(B)

1
1
2 --

3
2

u[ n]

(D)

1
1
2 + -
3
2

43. The following input output pair have been

47. The difference equation representation for a

observed during the operation of a linear system:

system is

x1 [ n] = { -1, 2, 1}

y1 [ n] = {1, 2, - 1, 0, 1}

y[ n] -

x2 [ n] = {1, - 1, - 1}

y2 [ n] = { - 1, 1, 0, 2}

x3[ n] = {0, 1, 1}

y3[ n] = {1, 2, 1}

(A)

3 1
- u[ n]
2 2

(C)

3 1
u[ n]
2 2

(B)

2 1
- u[ n]
3 2

(D)

21
u[ n]
32

The conclusion regarding the time invariance of

y [ -1] = 3

The natural response of system is

1
y[ n - 1] = 2 x[ n],
2

the system is
(A) System is time-invariant

48. The difference equation representation for a

(B) System is time variant

system is
y[ n] - 2 y[ n - 1] + y[ n - 2 ] = x[ n] - x[ n - 1]

(C) One more observation is required

If y[ n] = 0

(D) Conclusion cannot be drawn from observation

44. The stable system is
(A) y[ n] = x[ n] + 11
. y[ n - 1]
(B) y[ n] = x[ n] -

1
( y[ n - 1] + y[ n - 2 ])
2

(C) y[ n] = x[ n] - (15
. y[ n - 1] + 0.4 y[ n - 2 ])

for n < 0

and x[ n] = d[ n],

then y[2 ]

will be
(A) 2

(B) -2

(C) -1

(D) 0

49. Consider a discrete-time system S whose response

to a complex exponential input e jpn
www.nodia.co.in

is specified as

Chap 5.2

Discrete-Time Systems

S : e jpn

e jp3n

264

Solutions

The system is
(A) definitely LTI
(B) definitely not LTI

1. (B)

(C) may be LTI

u[n]

(D) information is not sufficient.

50. Consider the two system

-6

x[ n + 1],
S1 : y[ n] =
x[ n],
n
,
x
S2 : y[ n] = 2
0,

n 0
n -1

-4

-3

-2

-1

1
n
-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

Fig. S5.2.1

2. (D) All describe the even part of x

Statement for Q.5152:

3. (A) E = | Ad[ n]| = A 2 (1) = A 2

S1 and S2 , as shown in fig. P5.2.5152

v[n]

Consider the cascade of the following two system

S1

5. (C) P = Lim
N

1
v[ n - 1] + x[ n]
2

v[ n] =

S2 : Causal LTI

y[ n] = ay[ n - 1] + bv[ n]

1
3
y[ n] = - y[ n - 2 ] + y[ n - 1] + x[ n]
8
4

1
2N + 1

6. (B) Let v[ n] = x[2 n],

v[1] = x[2 ] = 1,

The difference equation for cascaded system is

(D) 2

y[n]

S1 : Causal LTI

(B) 1

4. (D) E = |nu[ n]| = n2 =

Fig. P5.2.5152

(C) 4

-5

n odd

(D) None of the above

52. The value of b is

1
(A)
4

0 1
u[-n]

-1

u[n] + u[-n]
2

(C) Both S1 and S2

(C) 4

-2

n even

(B) S2

51. The value of a is

1
(A)
4

-3

n
-6

(A) S1

S2

-4

The invertible system is

x[n]

-5

n=N

(u[ n])

(D) 2
**********

N +1 1
=
2N + 1 2

v[0 ] = x[0 ] = 0

v[2 ] = x[ 4 ] = 0

v[ -1] = x[ -2 ] = 1,

v[ -2 ] = x[ -4 ] = 0

So x[ n] = {3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3}

x[2 n] = {2, 0, 2}

7. (A) y[ n] = {-1, -1, -1, -1,

y[ n + 1] = {-1,

0, 1, 1, 1, 1}

-1, -1, -1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1}

y[ -n + 1] = {1, 1, 1, 1, 0, -1,

(B) 1

n =- N

-1,

-1, -1}

8. (C) x[ n - 2 ] = {3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3}

y[ n + 2 ] = {-1, -1, -1, -1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1}

x[ n - 2 ] + y[ n + 2 ]
= { -1, -1, -1, -1, 0, 4, 3, 2, 1, 1, 2, 3}

www.nodia.co.in

265

Discrete-Time Systems

Chap 5.2

19. (C) y[ n] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

9. (C) x[ n - 1] = {3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3}

x[ 3n - 1] = {1, 2}

Fig. S5.2.19

10. (D) x[ 3 - n] = {3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3}

20. (B) y[ n] = {1, 4, 2, 4, 1}

y[ -n] = {1, 1, 1, 1, 0, -1, -1, -1, -1}

x[ 3 - n] y[ -n] = {0, -2, - 1, 0, -1}

11. (D) x[ n + 2 ] = {3, 2, 1, 0, 7, 2, 3}

12. (A) Both signal are periodic,

N 2 = 14,

N = LCM(18, 14) =126

N
13. (D) cos is not periodic. So x[ n] is not periodic.
8
N 2 = 16,

2p
1
=

N
6

-2

-1

-2

-1

-2

-2

-2

-2

-2

Fig. S5.2.21

y[ n] = {0, 0, 1, -1, 2, 2, 1, 3}

22. (A)

N =

p
, Not periodic.
3

2pm
The smallest value of W is attained
N
2p p
rad/cycle.
with m = 1, W =
=
10 5

16. (D) W =

M1 = 2,

-2

-2

-2

-2

-2

Fig S5.2.22

y[ n] = {0, 0, 1, -1, 2, 2, 1, 3}

17. (B) L1 = N1 + M1 , L2 = N 2 + M 2
N1 = -5, N 2 = 3,

-1

N 3 = 8,

N = LCM(4, 16, 8) =16

15. (D)

-1

21. (D)

x[ n + 2 ] y[ n - 2 ] = {0, -1, - 2, - 3, 0 .....}

14. (A) N1 = 4,

Fig. S5.2.20

y[ n - 2 ] = {-1, - 1, - 1, - 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1}

N1 = 18 ,

1
1

M2 = 6

23. (D)

18. (A)
1

-2

-2

-2

-2

-2

-3

-3

-3

-3

-3

Fig. S5.2.18
Fig. S5.2.23

y[ n] = {1, 3, 7, 7, 7, 6, 4}

y[ n] = {1, -1, - 5,

www.nodia.co.in

2,

3, -5,

1,

4}

Chap 5.2

Discrete-Time Systems

24. (B) y[ n] = {1, 4, 4, 10, 4, 4, 4, 1}

266

28. (C) For n + 2 < 0

for n + 2 0

or

n < - 2, y [ n] = 0
n+2

4k

n - 2, y[ n] =

or

4 1 1
,
3 12 4 n

k=0

for n - 2 4 or n 6, y[ n] =

25. (A) y[ n] = {2, 4, -19, 36, -25, 2, 12}

-3

-6

12

-4

-4

-16

12

-24

-16

12

-9

18

12

k = -

3n
6

k=

Fig. S5.2.24

n -2

29. (D) For n - 2 3 or n 5 , y[ n] =

4 1 1 n
y[ n] = u[ n + 2 ]
3 12 4

3n
,

y[ n] = 6
81 ,
2

81
,
2

n 5
n6

30. (A) For n - 3 < - 3 or

n < 0,

n > 0, y[ n] =

for n - 3 - 3 or

y[ n] = 0
n -3

1 = n + 1,

k = -3

y[ n] = ( n + 1) u[ n]
31. (A) For n - 1 < 0
For

n -1 0

or

or

Fig. S5.2.25

26. (B) x[ n] = {1, 2, 1, 1}, h[ n] = {1, -1, 0, 0, 1}

1,
y[ n] =
0,

n <1 ,

y[ n] = 0

n -1
p
n 1, y[ n] = cos k
k=0
2

n = 4 m + 1, 4 m + 2
n = 4 m, 4 m + 3

32. (B) y1 [ n] = rect ( v[ n]) ,

y2 [ n] = rect ( kv[ n])

y2 [ n] k y1 [ n]

-1

y1 [ n] = rect ( v[ n]), y2 [ n] = rect ( v[ n - no ])

-1

-1

-2

-1

-1

y1 [ n - no ] = rect ( v[ n - no ]) = y2 [ n]

(Not Homogeneous not linear)

(Time Invariant)

At any discrete time n = no , the response depends only

on the excitation at that discrete time.

(Causal)

No matter what values the excitation may have the

response can only have the values zero or one.
(Stable)

Fig. S5.2.26

33. (C) y1 [ n] = nv[ n] ,

y[ n] = {1, 1, -1, 0, 0, 2, 1, 1}

ky1 [ n] = y2 [ n]

y[ n ] = d[ n + 2 ] + d[ n + 1 ] - d[ n ] + 2 d[ n - 3 ] + d[ n - 4 ] + d[ n - 5 ]

( -1)

27. (D) y[ n] =

k=n -2

1
2 -
2
=
1
1+
2

2n -k = 2n

k=n -2

1
-
2

8
( -1) n
3

(Homogeneous)

Let x1 [ n] = v[ n]

then

y1 [ n] = nv[ n]

Let x2 [ n] = w[ n]

then

y2 [ n] = nw[ n]

Let x3[ n] = v[ n] + w[ n]
Then y3[ n] = n( v[ n] + w[ n]) = nv[ n] + nw[ n]
= y1 [ n] + y2 [ n]

n -2

y2 [ n] = nkv[ n]

(Additive)

Since the system is homogeneous and additive, it is

also linear.
y1 [ n - no ] = ( n - no) v[ n - no ] yn [ n] = nv[ n - no ]
www.nodia.co.in

267

Discrete-Time Systems

(Time variant)

Chap 5.2

At any discrete time, n = no , the response depends

At any discrete time, n = no the response depends only

only on the excitation at that time.

on the excitation at that same time.

If the excitation is bounded, the response is bounded.

(Causal)

(Causal)
(Stable).

If the excitation is a constant, the response is

unbounded as n approaches infinity.
n +1

34. (C) y1 [ n] =

v[ m ] ,

n +1

y1 [ n] =

n +1

v[ m ],

(Homogeneous)
n +1

w[ m ]

y2 [ n ] =

n = -

y3[ n] =

( v[ n] + w[ m ])

m = -

m = -

(Causal)

If the excitation is bounded, the response is bounded.

v[ m ] + w[ n] = y [ n] + y [ n]
1

(Additive)

(Stable).

Since the system is homogeneous and additive it is

38. (B) y[ n] = x[ n] + y[ n - 1],

also linear

y[ n - 1] = x[ n - 1] + y[ n - 2 ]

y1 [ n] =

n +1

v[ n] ,

y2 [ n ] =

m = -

y1 [ n - no ] =

(Time Invariant)

future excitation.

m = -

y1 [ n - no ] = 10 v[ n - no ] - 5, = y2 [ n]

on the excitation at that discrete time and not on any

n +1

n +1

(Not Homogeneous so not linear)

At any discrete time, n = no the response depends only

n = -

n +1

y2 [ n] = 10 kv[ n] - 5

y1 [ n] = 10 v[ n] - 5, y2 [ n] = 10 v[ n - no ] - 5

m = -

y2 [ n] = ky1 [ n]

37. (B) y1 [ n] = 10 v[ n] - 5,
y2 [ n] ky1 [ n]

kv[ m ]

y2 [ n ] =

m = -

(Unstable)

n +1

v[ m - n ]

n -no +1

v[ m ]

m = -

y[ n] = x[ n] + x[ n - 1] + y[ n - 2 ], Then by induction

m = -

y[ n] = x[ n - 1] + x[ n - 2 ] + K x[ n - k] + K = x[ n - k]

n +1

v[ q - n ] = y [ n]
o

q = -

k=0

(Time Invariant)
At any discrete time, n = no , the response depends on

y1 [ n] =

without bound.

(Unstable)

y3[ n] =

m = -

m = -

m = -

(v[ m ] + w[ m ]) = v[ m ] + w[ m ]

= y1 [ n] + y2 [ n]

(Additive)

ky1 [ n] = k v[ n] y2 [ n] (Not Homogeneous Not linear)

y1 [ n] =

y1 [ n] = v[ n] , y2 [ n] = v[ n - no ]

y1 [ n] can be written as

v[ m ]

y1 [ n - no ] =

v[ n - n ]

, y2 =

m = -

At any discrete time n = no , the response depends only

on the excitation at that time

kv[ m ] = ky [ n]

m = -

System is Linear.

(Time Invariant)

m = -

y2 [ n ] =

35. (A) y1 [ n] = v[ n] , y2 = kv[ n] = k v[ n]

y1 [ n - no ] = v[ n - no ] = y2 [ n]

m =n

(Homogeneous)

(Anti causal)
If the excitation is a constant, the response increases

v[ m ] ,

m = -

the excitation at the next discrete time in future.

x[ m ] = x[ m ]

Let m = n - k then y[ n] =
n

m = -

n -no

m = -

q = -

v[ m ] = v[ q - n ] = y [ n]
o

(Time Invariant)

(Causal)

If the excitation is bounded, the response is bounded.

(Stable).

At any discrete time n = no the response depends only

on the excitation at that discrete time and previous
discrete time.

(Causal)

36. (B) y[ n] = 2 x 2 [ n]

If the excitation is constant, the response increase

Let x1 [ n] = v[ n]

without bound.

then y1 [ n] = 2 v 2 [ n]

Let x2 [ n] = kv[ n] then

ky[ n] y2 [ n]
Let x1 [ n] = v[ n]

y2 [ n] = 2 k2 v 2 [ n]

39. (C) Only statement (b) is false. For example

(Not homogeneous Not linear)

then

(Unstable)

y1 [ n] = 2 v 2 [ n]

S1 : y[ n] = x[ n] + b ,
S2 : y[ n] = x[ n] - b , where b 0

Let x2 [ n] = v[ n - no ] then y2 [ n] = 2 v 2 [ n - no ]

S{x[ n]} = S2 {S1 {x[ n]}} = S2 {x[ n] + b} = x[ n]

y1 [ n - no ] = 2 v[ n - no ] = y2 [ n]

Hence S is linear.

(Time invariant)

www.nodia.co.in

Chap 5.2

Discrete-Time Systems

268

46. (A) For n < 0 = s[ n] = 0

40. (B) For example

S1 : y[ n] = nx[ n]

For n 0,

S2 : y[ n] = nx[ n + 1]

s[ n] =

1
- 2
k=0

If x[ n] = d[ n] then S2 {S1 {d[ n]}} = S2 [0 ] = 0,

S1 {S2 {d[ n]}} = S1 {d[ n + 1]} = -d [ n + 1] 0
41. (D) S1 : y[ n] = x[ n + 1]

non causal

S2 : y[ n] = x[ n - 2 ]

causal

S : y[ n] = x[ n - 1] which is causal

47. (C) Characteristic equation r n

1
y ( n ) [ n] = C ,
2

1
=0
2

-1

1
y[ -1] = 3 = C ,
2

C=

3
,
2

(false)

S1 : y[ n] = e x [ n ] stable,
S2 : y[ n] = ln ( x[ n]) unstable
But S : y[ n] = x[ n]

1
1
2 + -
3
2

y ( n ) [ n] =

3 1
u[ n]
2 2

48. (D) For n = 0,

stable (false)

y[0 ] = x[0 ] - x[ -1]

For n = 1, y[1] = 2 y[0 ] + x[1] - x[0 ]

42. (B) System is not linear. This is evident from

observation of the pairs

For n = 2, y[2 ] = 2 y[1] - y[0 ] + x[2 ] - x[1]

x3[ n]

y3[ n] and x2 [ n]

y2 [ n ]

y[1] = x[0 ] + x[1] - 2 x[ -1]

y[2 ] = x[0 ] + x[1] + x[2 ] - 3 x[ -1]

If the system were linear y2 [ n] would be of the form

y[2 ] = d[0 ] + d[1] + d[2 ] - 3d[ -1] = 0

y2 [ n] = {3, 6, 3}

49. (B) The input e jpn

43. (B) Since system is linear x1 [ n] + x2 [ n] = d[ n].

The impulse response of the system is

form Ae

jpn 2

must produce the output in the

. The output in this case is e j 3pn

. This

violates the Eigen function property of LTI system.

Therefore, S is definitely not LTI system.

y1 [ n] + y2 [ n] = {0, 3, 1, 2, 1}
If the system were time invariant, the response to

50. (B) S2 is Invertible System y[ n] = x[2 n] , S1 is not

x3[ n] would be x3[ n] * ( y1 [ n] + y2 [ n]) = {3, 2, 1, 3, 1}

invertible because d[ n] , 2 d[ n] etc. result in y[ n] = 0.

But this is not the case.

51. (A) y[ n] = ay[ n + 1] + bv[ n],

44. (B) For (A) a = -11

. greater than 1 so unstable.

v[ n] =

one so stable.

1
a
y[ n] - y[ n - 1],
b
b
1
a
v[ n - 1] = y[ n - 1] - y[ n - 2 ]
b
b

For (C) a12 = -1153

. , - 0.3469

Weighting the previous equation by

For (B) a12 = -0.25 j0.66. Its magnitude are less than

One magnitude is greater than one so unstable.

1
and subtracting
2

from the one before

45. (A) The difference equation is

1
1
1
y[ n] = x[ n] + y[ n - 1] - y[ n - 2 ]
4
4
2

v[ n] -

1
1
a
1
a
v[ n - 1 ] = y[ n] - y[ n - 1 ] y[ n - 1 ] +
y[ n - 2]
2
b
b
2b
2b

x[ n] =

4 y [ n] - y [ n - 1] + 2 y [ n - 2 ] = x [ n]
Eigen values are
4 a 2 - a + 2 = 0, a12 = 0.125 j0.696
Its magnitude are less than 1. Thus system is stable.
1
y[ n] = ( x[ n] + y[ n - 1] + 2 y [ n - 2 ])
4

1
1
a
a
y[ n] - +
y[ n - 2 ]
y[ n - 1] =
b
2b
b 2b

1
a

y[ n] = a + y[ n - 1] - y[ n - 2 ] + bx[ n]
2
2

1
Comparing a = , b = 1
4
52. 52. (B) b = 1.

Response at time, n, depends on the excitation at time

n and the responses at previous time. It does not
depend on any future values of the excitation.

**********

www.nodia.co.in