CHT CH TH MU

1. Khi nim :
Cht ch th mu (CTM) l nhng axit hu c yu hay baz hu c yu, in li thun
nghch (k hiu HA) v c bit anion A v phn t HA c mu khc nhau
Khi cho CTM vo nc th cn bng c thit lp :
HA + H2O
H3O+ + A (1)
Nu cn bng (CB) dch chuyn v pha phi () dung dch c mu ca A
Nu cn bng (CB) dch chuyn v pha tri () dung dch c mu ca HA
Nu mt trong mt h c hai cht c mu khc nhau th vic quan st bng mt ch
cho php ta nhn c mu ca mt cht khi nng ca n t nht gp 10 ln nng
cht kia. Nh vy :
[ HA]

Khi [ A] 10 , mu ca cht ch th l mu ca HA
[ HA]

Khi [ A] 0,1 , mu ca cht ch th l mu ca anion A

[ HA]

T (1) ta suy ra : pH = pK lg [ A]

(2) (*)

[ HA]

Do , nu [ A] 10 , dung dch c mu ca HA, ta c :

pH pK lg10
pH pK 1 (3)
nu

[ HA]
[ A]

0,1 , dung dch c mu ca A, ta c :

pH pK lg0,1
pH pK + 1 (4)
Khong pH t (pK 1) n (pK + 1) l khong i mu ca cht ch th
Gii thiu mt s cht ch th thng dng trong cc phng th nghim Ha hc :
Cht CTM
Metyl da cam
Qu
Phenolphtalein

Mu mi trng axit
da cam

khng mu

Khong bin i mu
3,1 4,4
58
8 10

Mu mi trng baz
vng
xanh
(hng)

Trong thc t, dng CTM xc nh mi trng l axit, baz hay trung tnh, tc l
xc nh c pH ca dung dch (**). T y cc ngi lm cng tc ha hc mi c
c s x l mi trng cho thch hp vi mc ch ca mnh

Trong k thut ha hc, do yu cu ngi ta ch ra cht ch th mu vn nng

(CTMVN). l hn hp cc cht CTM c vng chuyn mu rt rng v ty theo
pH ca dung dch m CTM ny cho cc mu khc nhau. Mt trong nhng cng thc
ca CTMVN nh sau :
metyl
0,2 g
Xanh bromthymol 0,8 g
Phenolphtalein
0,8 g
Cn 90o
1000 ml
Vng chuyn mu t 4 n 10,5 t qua vng xanh v tm
Hay mt loi CTM tng hp gm :
Metyl da cam
0,03 g/l
Metyl
0,159 g/l
Bromthymol xanh 0,39 g/l
Phenolphtalein
0,359 g/l
c pha trong dung dch ru etylic 60% , mu ca CTM ny thay i theo tng
n v pH :
pH
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Mu
da

Da cam Vng Vng lc Xanh lc Xanh

tm
cam
Giy pH l giy lc tm dung dch CTM tng hp xch nh nhanh pH ca dung
dch.
2. Gii thiu cu to mt s CTM
2a .Metyl da cam (heliantin) : l cht hu c c tnh cht lng tnh vi hng s axit K A =
4.104
NaO3S

N N

CH3
CH3

mi trng kim v trung tnh, n c mu vng l mu ca anion :

H3 C
N
H3 C

SO3

Trong mi trng axit, anion ny kt hp vi proton (H+) chuyn thnh cation mu :

H3C

H
N

SO3H

H3C

Cn bng sau y c thit lp :

H3C

SO3Na

H3C

mu vng da cam
H3C

HCl

SO3H

NH

H3C

NaOH

hay
H3C

H
N

SO3H

H3C

mu
2b. Phenolphtalein :
Ngi ta iu ch phenolphtalein bng cch cho andirit phtalic tc dng vi phenol
theo phn ng :
HO

to, H2SO4

OH

C
O

H2O

C
O

Phenolphtalein (dng lactoit)

Phenolphtalein hnh thnh dng tinh th khng mu. Trong mi trng kim, trc
ht phenolphtalein thy phn to ra axit (I) ng thi do s ion ho v s tch nc
to ra anion mang in tch m hai (II) c cu to quinoit nn dung dch c mu
thm. Khi c d kim, nhm hiroxi phenol th hai cng ion ho v b trung ho nn
khng cn kh nng to thnh cu to quinoit. Do vy anion mang ba in tch m
ca mui phenolat khng c mu (III)
O
Khi axit ho t t, nhng bin i ny s xy ra theo mt trt t ngc tr li

C
COO

HO

OH

+ H2 O

C
O

HO

OH

+ 2OHC

H2O

+ 2H+

OH

OH

I (khng mu)

II (mu thm)
O

+ OH+ H+
C

OH
COO

III (khng mu)

2c. Qu tm :
Qu tm l hn hp nhiu cht c ngun gc t cy a y (t 10 n 15 cht bao gm :
Erythrolein, Azolitmin, Spaniolitmin, Leucoorcein v Leucazolitmin ). Giy qu
tm ho trong mi trng axit v ho xanh trong mi trng baz
H+

Mu

Mu tm

OH

Mu xanh

Trong ho hc, trong cc ngnh khc nh y hc, dc hc, nng nghip, cc phng
phn tch, phng ho nghim, trong ging dy, cht ch th mu c dng rt rng
ri. Vi bi vit ny, tc gi mong lm r mt s vn v l thuyt cht ch th mu
bn c bit cch s dng.
* Ti liu tham kho

Ho v c Hong Nhm - tp 1
T liu ging dy Ho hc 11
Ti liu gio khoa chuyn Ho 11 12
Ho c s
C s l thuyt ho hc
Mt s vn chn lc ca Ho hc - tp 2, tp 3
Trn Trng Chm