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    Trial and error learning involves learning through trying alternatives until achieving the desired outcome. Edward Thorndike conducted experiments with cats in puzzle boxes, formulating the law of effect that responses followed by satisfaction are likely to be repeated. B.F. Skinner expanded on this with operant conditioning, where voluntary behavior is learned through reinforcement or punishment of responses. He invented the Skinner box to study this, demonstrating that responses followed by positive reinforcement increase in probability.

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    Trial and Error Learning (Theories of Learning)

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    Psychology Report

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    Trial and error learning involves learning through trying alternatives until achieving the desired outcome. Edward Thorndike conducted experiments with cats in puzzle boxes, formulating the law of effect that responses followed by satisfaction are likely to be repeated. B.F. Skinner expanded on this with operant conditioning, where voluntary behavior is learned through reinforcement or punishment of responses. He invented the Skinner box to study this, demonstrating that responses followed by positive reinforcement increase in probability.

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    6 views13 pages

    Trial and Error Learning (Connectionism)

    Uploaded by

    Jan Nikko Millare
    Trial and error learning involves learning through trying alternatives until achieving the desired outcome. Edward Thorndike conducted experiments with cats in puzzle boxes, formulating the law of effect that responses followed by satisfaction are likely to be repeated. B.F. Skinner expanded on this with operant conditioning, where voluntary behavior is learned through reinforcement or punishment of responses. He invented the Skinner box to study this, demonstrating that responses followed by positive reinforcement increase in probability.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Trial and Error Learning

    (Connectionism)

    Trial and Error Learning

    involves learning by trying alternative


    possibilities until the desired outcome
    is achieved

    Edward L. Thorndike

    an American psychologist

    uses animals in psychology


    experiments

    He constructed a PUZZLE BOX


    where an animal (a cat) is placed
    inside and the food is placed
    outside. The task of the cat is to
    find a way to escape from the box
    to get the food.

    He formulated the LAW OF EFFECT

    Law of Effect
    if a response to a stimulus is followed by
    a satisfier (reinforcement), the response will
    most likely be repeated when presented with
    the same stimulus. Moreover, if the response
    to a stimulus is followed by an annoyer
    (undesirable consequence), it is very unlikely
    that the same response will be emitted in the
    presence of the stimulus

    Operant Conditioning
    (Instrumental Conditioning)

    Operant Conditioning
    The

    learning of voluntary behavior


    through the effects of pleasant and
    unpleasant consequences to responses.

    Burrhus Frederic (B. F.) Skinner

    An American psychologist

    was the proponent of OPERANT


    CONDITIONING

    his theory is largely based on


    Thorndikes Law of Effect

    invented the OPERANT


    CONDITIONING CHAMBER or the
    SKINNER BOX

    Skinner Box

    OPERANT CONDITIONING

    Discriminative Stimulus
    this stimulus gives the organism the option of whether to
    respond or not.

    Reinforcement
    is that which increases the probability of a response to
    the same stimulus.

    OPERANT CONDITIONING

    2 Kinds of Reinforcement

    Positive Reinforcement

    - when given increases the probability of the response


    e.g. food, money, praise

    OPERANT CONDITIONING

    Negative Reinforcement

    - when removed increases response probability


    e.g. headache, sunburn
    1.

    Before heading out for a day at the beach, you slather on sunscreen in order
    to avoid getting sunburned.

    2.

    On Monday morning, you leave the house early in order to avoid getting
    stuck in traffic and being late for class.

    OPERANT CONDITIONING

    Shaping Behavior
    - one of the significant applications of operant conditioning.

    - used in behavior modification therapies and animal training.

    Procedures to be undertaken:

    Determine the terminal response or goal of the training.

    Take note of the natural behavior of the subject.

    Schedule of reinforcement.

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