I.

TRCH YEU:
1. Muc ch th nghiem
Khao sat ac tnh ong lc hoc lu chat va kha nang hoat
ong cua cot chem bang cach xac nh:
Anh hng cua van toc dong kh va long len ton that
ap suat (o giam ap) khi i qua cot.
S bien oi cua he so ma sat cot kho fck theo chuan so
Reynolds (Re) cua dong kh va suy ra cac he thc thc
nghiem.
S bien oi cua tha so lien he gia o giam ap cua
dong kh qua cot kho va qua cot t theo van toc dong
long.
Gian o gii han kha nang hoat ong cua cot (gian o
ngap lut va gia trong).

2. Phng phap th nghiem:

Cho dong kh vi cac lu lng khac nhau qua cot co cha cac
vat chem bang s. Lan lt khao sat o giam ap khi ch co
dong kh chuyen ong qua cot (cot kho) va khi co dong kh
chuyen ong qua cot ket hp vi dong long chay t tren
xuong vi lu lng khac nhau (cot t).

3. Ket qua th nghiem:

L=0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

2
6
12
18
26
36
47
60
74
91

L=0,
2
2
6
14
22
31
39
59
79
82
145

L=0,
4
2
7
15
32
37
67
101
280
350

L=0,
6
2
8
16
26
41
61
112
193

L=0,
8
3
8
20
32
60
103
248

II. C S LY THUYET:
1. o giam ap cua dong kh:

-1 -

L=1,
0
3
11
22
46
123
176

L=1,
2
3
11
31
61
160

o giam ap Pck cua dong kh qua cot phu thuoc vao van toc
khoi lng G cua dong kh qua cot kho (khong co dong chay
ngc chieu). Khi dong kh chuyen ong trong cac khoang trong
gia cac vat chem tang dan van toc th o giam ap cung
tang theo. S gia tang nay theo luy tha t 1,8 en 2,0 cua van
toc dong kh.
Pck = Gn vi n = 1,8 2,0.
(1)
Khi co dong long chay ngc chieu, cac khoang trong gia
nhng vat chem b thu hep lai. Dong kh do o di chuyen kho
khan hn v mot phan the tch t do gia cac vat chem b
lng chat long chiem c. Khi tang van toc dong kh len, anh
hng can tr cua dong long tang len eu an cho en mot
tr so ti han cua van toc kh, luc o o giam ap cua dong
kh tang vot len. iem ng vi tr so ti han cua van toc kh
nay c goi la iem gia trong.
Neu tiep tuc tang van toc dong kh qua tr so ti han nay,
anh hng can tr ho tng gia dong long va dong kh rat
ln, Pc tang mau chong khong theo phng trnh (1) na. Dong
long luc nay chay xuong cung kho khan, cot chem iem
lut.
ng bieu dien log(Pc/Z) (o giam ap suat cua dong kh qua
mot n v chieu cao cua phan chem trong cot) d kien nh trnh
bay tren hnh 1.

-2 -

2. He so ma sat fck theo Rec khi cot kho:

Chilton va Colburn e ngh mot he thc lien he gia o giam
ap cua dong kh qua cot chem kho vi van toc khoi lng
cua dong kh qua cot.
Pck 2f ck

G 2Z
h w , N/m2
g Dh

Z: chieu cao phan chem, m.

G: van toc khoi lng dong kh da tren mot n v tiet
dien cot, kg/s.m2.
Dh: kch thc ac trng cua vat chem, m.
g: khoi lng rieng cua pha kh, kg/m3.
h: he so ieu chnh dung cho vat chem rong.
w: he so hieu chnh anh hng cua thanh cot len o
xop cua cot chem.
Sherwood tong hp ket qua cua mot so nghien cu va a ra
tr so sau cho vong s Raschig:
h = 0,35
w = 1
Tuy nhien, Zhavoronkov e ngh mot he thc khac chnh xac hn
v a a c tr so o xop cua cot chem vao he thc:
2f ckG 2 Z
Pck 2
, N/m2
G De
Vi:
: o xop cua vat chem.
4
De
: ng knh tng ng cua vat chem, m.
a

a: dien tch be mat rieng cua vat chem, m2/m3.

He so ma sat fck la ham so theo chuan so vo th nguyen Rec,
vi Rec c tnh theo cong thc sau:
Rec

GDe 4G

: o nht cua dong kh, kg/ms.

Zhavoronkov a xac nh c khi dong kh chuyen t che o
chay tang sang che o chay roi ng vi tr so Re c = 50. Trong
vung chay roi, 50 < Rec < 7000 vi cot chem ngau nhien. Ta
c:
3,8
f ck
Rec0,2
Tuy nhien, cac he thc tong quat tren khong c chnh xac
lam v khong xem xet c toan bo anh hng cua hnh dang
vat chem.

3. o giam ap Pc khi cot t:

S lien he gia o giam ap cot kho Pck va cot t Pc co
the bieu dien nh sau:
Pc = Pck

-3 -

Do o co the d kien fc = fck

Vi : he so phu thuoc vao mc o xoi ti cua
dong long L, kg/m2s.
Leva e ngh anh hng cua L len nh sau:
= 10L
hay log = L
Gia tr tuy thuoc vao loai, kch thc, cach thc sap xep vat
chem (xep ngau nhien hay theo th t) va o ln cua lu lng
dong long L. Th du vi vat chem la vong s Raschig 12,7mm,
chem ngau nhien, o xop = 0,586; gia tr cua L t 0,39 en
11,7 kg/m2s va cot hoat ong trong vung di iem gia trong.
= 0,084
pc
Mot so tai lieu con bieu dien s phu thuoc gia t so
pck
vi he so xoi ti nh sau:
1,75
ReL

GL

F L

q
2
2 g
Khi A< 0,3 cho vat chem bang s co d < 30mm, ta co:
pc
1

pck (1 A )3
4G L
ReL
Fa L
A 33

4. iem lut cua cot chem:

Khi cot chem b ngap lut, chat long chiem toan bo khoang
trong trong phan chem, cac dong chay b xao tron manh liet,
hien tng nay rat bat li cho s hoat ong cua cot chem. Goi
gia tr cua GL tng ng vi trang thai nay la GL*.

Zhavoronkov ket luan rang trang thai ngap lut xay ra khi hai
nhom so sau co s lien he nhat nh vi nhau cho moi cot.

-4 -

 f ck a v 2 G 0,2
t

3
2g L

G
L
Vi fck: he so ma sat cot kho.
v: van toc dai cua dong kh ngay trc khi vao cot, m/s.
t: o nht tng oi cua chat long so vi nc,
l
t
, neu chat long la nc th
t = 1.
nc
Do o s lien he 1, 2 tren gian o log1 - log2 se xac nh
mot gian o lut cua cot chem, phan gii han hoat ong cua
cot chem di ng nay.

va

L
G

III. THIET B VA PHNG PHAP TH NGHIEM:

1. Thiet b th nghiem:
Gom co:
1. Cot thuy tinh, ben trong la cac vong s Raschig xep chem
ngau nhien.
2. He thong cap kh gom co:
Bm (quat) thoi kh BK.
Ong dan kh.
Ap ke sai biet ch U.
Lu lng ke kh F co o chia t 8 en 100%.
3. He thong cap nc gom:
Thung cha nc bang nha N.
Bm chat long BL.
Lu lng ke long Fl co o chia t 0 den 1,6

2. Cac so lieu lien quan en cot chem:

Cot thuy tinh:
ng knh d = 0,09 m.
Chieu cao H = 0,805 m.
Chieu cao phan chem Z = 0,42 m.
Vat chem xep ngau nhien, vong Raschig ng knh 12,7mm, be
mat rieng a = 370 380 m2/m3, o xop = 0,586.
ng knh ong thep ay cot D = 0,09m.

3. Phng phap th nghiem:

1) Khoa lai tat ca van long (t 1 en 4).
2) M van 5 va khoa van 6.
3) Cho quat chay trong 5 phut e thoi het am trong cot. Tat
quat.
4) M van 1 va 2, sau o cho bm chay.

-5 -

5) M van 3 va t t khoa van 1 e ieu chnh mc long

ay cot ngang bang vi ong nh mc g. Tat bm va
khoa van 3.
6) o o giam ap cua cot kho:
Khoa tat ca cac van long lai. M van 6 con van 5 van
ong. Cho quat chay roi t t m van 5 e chnh lu lng
kh vao cot.
ng vi moi gia tr lu lng kh a chon ta oc Pck tren
ap ke U theo mmH2O. o xong tat quat, ngh 5 phut.
7) o o giam ap khi cot t:
M quat va ieu chnh lu lng kh qua cot khoang 15
20%.
M van 1 va cho bm chay. Dung van VL tai lu lng ke e
chnh lu lng long (lu lng ke long co vach chia 0,1; 0,2;
;1,6). Neu VL a m toi a ma phao van khong len th
dung van 1 e tang lng long.
ng vi lu lng long a chon (v du: 0,1; 0,2) co nh, ta
chnh lu lng kh va oc o giam ap Pc giong nh Pck
trc o. Chu y la tang lng kh en iem lut th thoi.
Chu y:
1) Trong qua trnh o o giam ap cua cot t can canh gi
mc long ay cot luon on nh chieu cao ay
bang cach chnh van 4. Neu can, tang cng van 2 e
nc trong cot thoat ve bnh cha (van 2 dung e xa
nhanh khi giam lu lng kh).
2) Khi tat may phai tat bm long BL trc, m toi a van 4
sau o tat quat BK.
3) Neu s xuat e nc tran vao ong dan kh th m van xa
nc pha bang.

IV. KET QUA TH NGHIEM:

Bang 1: Cac tr so ket qua khi cot kho L = 0
G
(%)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

G,kg/s.m2
0,0860
0,1721
0,2581
0,3441
0,4302
0,5162
0,6022
0,6883
0,7743
0,8603

Pck
(mmH2O)
2
6
12
18
26
35
46
60
75
91

Pck
(N/m2)
19,62
58,86
117,72
176,58
255,06
343,35
451,26
588,60
735,75
892,71

Pck/Z
(N/m3)
46,714
140,143
280,286
420,429
607,286
817,500
1074,429
1401,429
1751,786
2125,500
-6 -

fck

Reck

logG

logPck/Z

7,6750
5,7562
5,1166
4,3172
3,9910
3,7309
3,6025
3,5976
3,5532
3,4921

47,3903
94,7805
142,1708
189,5610
236,9513
284,3415
331,7318
379,1220
426,5123
473,9025

-1,065
-0,764
-0,588
-0,463
-0,366
-0,287
-0,220
-0,162
-0,111
-0,065

1,669
2,147
2,448
2,624
2,783
2,912
3,031
3,147
3,243
3,327

o th LogPck/Z theo LogG vi L = 0

Bang 2: Cac tr so ket qua trng hp cot t L = 0,2

G
(%)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

G,kg/s.m2
0,0860
0,1721
0,2581
0,3441
0,4302
0,5162
0,6022
0,6883
0,7743
0,8603

Pc
(mmH2O)
3
8
15
22
32
46
66
95
122
155

Pc (N/m2)
29,43
78,48
147,15
215,82
313,92
451,26
647,46
931,95
1196,82
1520,55

Pc/Z
(N/m3)
70,071
186,857
350,357
513,857
747,429
1074,429
1541,571
2218,929
2849,571
3620,357

fc

Rec

11,5124
7,6750
6,3958
5,2765
4,9120
4,9034
5,1688
5,6963
5,7799
5,9481

34,4958
34,4958
34,4958
34,4958
34,4958
34,4958
34,4958
34,4958
34,4958
34,4958

1,5000
1,3333
1,2500
1,2222
1,2308
1,3143
1,4348
1,5833
1,6267
1,7033

o th Pc/Z theo G vi L = 0.2

-7 -

Bang 3: Cac tr so ket qua trng hp cot t L = 0,4

G
(%
)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90

G,kg/s.m2

Pc
(mmH2O)

Pc
(N/m2)

Pc/Z
(N/m3)

fc

Rec

0,0860
0,1721
0,2581
0,3441
0,4302
0,5162
0,6022
0,6883
0,7743

3
8
16
26
46
66
88
115
164

29,43
78,48
156,96
255,06
451,26
647,46
863,28
1128,15
1608,84

70,071
186,857
373,714
607,286
1074,429
1541,571
2055,429
2686,071
3830,571

11,5124
7,6750
6,8222
6,2359
7,0610
7,0354
6,8918
6,8955
7,7697

216,7436
216,7436
216,7436
216,7436
216,7436
216,7436
216,7436
216,7436
216,7436

1,5000
1,3333
1,3333
1,4444
1,7692
1,8857
1,9130
1,9167
2,1867

o th Pc/Z theo G vi L = 0.4

-8 -

Bang 4: Cac tr so ket qua trng hp cot t L = 0,6

G (%)

G,kg/s.m2

10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80

0,0860
0,1721
0,2581
0,3441
0,4302
0,5162
0,6022
0,6883

Pc
(mmH2O)
3
10
19
30
55
75
113
155

Pc
(N/m2)
29,43
98,10
186,39
294,30
539,55
735,75
1108,53
1520,55

Pc/Z
(N/m3)
70,071
233,571
443,786
700,714
1284,643
1751,786
2639,357
3620,357

fc

Rec

11,5124
9,5937
8,1013
7,1953
8,4424
7,9947
8,8497
9,2939

325,1154
325,1154
325,1154
325,1154
325,1154
325,1154
325,1154
325,1154

1,5000
1,6667
1,5833
1,6667
2,1154
2,1429
2,4565
2,5833

o th Pc/Z theo G vi L = 0.6

-9 -

Bang 5: Cac tr so ket qua trng hp cot t L = 0,8

G (%)

G,kg/s.m2

10
20
30
40
50
60
70

0,0860
0,1721
0,2581
0,3441
0,4302
0,5162
0,6022

Pc
Pc (N/m2)
(mmH2O)
3
29,43
10
98,10
19
186,39
35
343,35
65
637,65
97
951,57
145
1422,45

Pc/Z
(N/m3)
70,071
233,571
443,786
817,500
1518,214
2265,643
3386,786

fc

Rec

11,5124
9,5937
8,1013
8,3945
9,9774
10,3399
11,3558

433,4872
433,4872
433,4872
433,4872
433,4872
433,4872
433,4872

1,5000
1,6667
1,5833
1,9444
2,5000
2,7714
3,1522

o th Pc/Z theo G vi L = 0.8

-10 -

Bang 6: Cac tr so ket qua trng hp cot t L = 1

G
(%)
10
20
30
40
50
60

G,kg/s.m2
0,0860
0,1721
0,2581
0,3441
0,4302
0,5162

Pc
(mmH2O)
4
13
25
55
90
145

Pc (N/m2)
39,24
127,53
245,25
539,55
882,90
1422,45

Pc/Z
(N/m3)
93,429
303,643
583,929
1284,643
2102,143
3386,786

fc

Rec

15,3499
12,4718
10,6597
13,1913
13,8149
15,4565

541,8590
541,8590
541,8590
541,8590
541,8590
541,8590

2,0000
2,1667
2,0833
3,0556
3,4615
4,1429

o th Pc/Z theo G vi L = 1

-11 -

Bang 7: Cac tr so ket qua trng hp cot t L = 1.2

G (%)

G,kg/s.m2

10
20
30
40
50

0,0860
0,1721
0,2581
0,3441
0,4302

Pc
(mmH2O)
5
15
45
80
135

Pc
(N/m2)
49,05
147,15
441,45
784,80
1324,35

Pc/Z
(N/m3)
116,786
350,357
1051,071
1868,571
3153,214

fc

Rec

19,1874
14,3905
19,1874
19,1874
20,7224

650,2308
650,2308
650,2308
650,2308
650,2308

2,5000
2,5000
3,7500
4,4444
5,1923

o th Pc/Z theo G vi L = 1.2

-12 -

Bang 8: Cac tr so ket qua trng hp cot t L = 1.4

G (%)

G,kg/s.m2

10
20
30
40

0,0860
0,1721
0,2581
0,3441

Pc
(mmH2O)
5
16
45
80

Pc (N/m2)
49,05
156,96
441,45
784,80

Pc/Z
(N/m3)
116,786
373,714
1051,071
1868,571

fc

Rec

19,1874
15,3499
19,1874
19,1874

758,6026
758,6026
758,6026
758,6026

2,5000
2,6667
3,7500
4,4444

o th Pc/Z theo G vi L = 1.4

-13 -

Bang 9: Cac tr so ket qua trng hp cot t L = 1.6

G (%)

G,kg/s.m2

10
20
30

0,0860
0,1721
0,2581

Pc
(mmH2O)
5
17
45

Pc
(N/m2)
49,05
166,77
441,45

Pc/Z
(N/m3)
116,786
397,071
1051,071

fc

Rec

19,187
16,309
19,187

866,974
866,974
866,974

2,5
2,8
3,75

o th Pc/Z theo G vi L = 1.6

-14 -

o th
o th mo ta anh hng cua G (lu lng khong
kh) len P/Z (chenh lech ap suat qua mot n v
chieu cao) va tng quan so sanh gia cac lu
lng chay L khac nhau

-15 -

o th mo ta anh hng cua LogG len Log(P/Z)

(o giam ap suat qua mot n v chieu cao) va
tng quan so sanh gia cac lu lng chay L
khac nhau
o th mo ta anh hng cua Re len logfck va
logfc va tng quan so sanh gia cac lu lng L
khac nhau

-16 -

o th mo ta quan he gia Log theo L

Bang 10: Cac tr so ket qua khi cot lut

G* (%)

L (kg/s)

0,774
0,688
0,602
0,516
0,430
0,344
0,258

0,030
0,045
0,060
0,075
0,090
0,105
0,121

G*
(kg/m.s2)
0,774
0,688
0,602
0,516
0,430
0,344
0,258

L/G*

v (m/s)

log1

log2

0,039
0,066
0,100
0,146
0,210
0,306
0,467

0,6743
0,5994
0,5245
0,4496
0,3746
0,2997
0,2248

0,1796
0,1437
0,1102
0,0838
0,0623
0,0431
0,0287

0,0013
0,0022
0,0034
0,0050
0,0071
0,0104
0,0159

-0,7456
-0,8425
-0,9579
-1,0766
-1,2057
-1,3654
-1,5415

-2,8787
-2,6514
-2,4685
-2,3046
-2,1463
-1,9824
-1,7995

Gian o lut cua cot log1 theo log2

-17 -

Bang 11: Cac ket qua, he thc thc nghiem

Moi lien he
Pck/Z theo G tai L = 0
Pc/Z theo G tai L = 0.2
Pc/Z theo G tai L = 0.4
Pc/Z theo G tai L = 0.6
Pc/Z theo G tai L = 0.8
Pc/Z theo G tai L = 1
Pc/Z theo G tai L = 1.2
Pc/Z theo G tai L = 1.4
Pc/Z theo G tai L = 1.6

Ket qua thc nghiem

y = 1,647x +3,4074
y = -1,7029.x2 + 3,6755x +
1,6285
y = -2,5308.x2 4,5619.x +
1,5216
y = -3,0748.x2 + 5,0528x +
1,504
y = -3,6329.x2 + 5,6389.x +
1,4315
y = -4,3527.x2 6,1615.x +
1,4967
y = -7,0155.x2 + 7,7939.x +
1,4403
y = -8,6218.x2 + 8,4296.x +
1,3988
y = -7,3437.x2 + 8,0729.x +
1,4272

-18 -

Moi lien he
Logfck theo Reck L = 0
Logfc theo Reck L = 0.2
Logfc theo Reck L = 0.4
Logfc theo Reck L = 0.6
Logfc theo Reck L = 0.8
Logfc theo Reck L = 1
Logfc theo Reck L = 1.2
Logfc theo Reck L = 1.4
Logfc theo Reck L = 1.6
Moi lien he

Log theo L

Ket qua thc nghiem

y = -0.353x + 1.46
y = -0.2894x + 1.4609
y = -0.1682x + 1.2566
y = -0.1201x + 1.2146
y = -0.0154x + 1.026
y = -0.0046x + 1.1365
y = 0.0781x + 1.1013
y = 0.0209x + 1.2166
y = -0,0252x + 1,3083
Ket qua thc nghiem
tai G = 10% : y = 0,2593x +
0,0503
tai G = 20% : y = 0.2592x +
0.0325
tai G = 30% : y = 0.4625x 0.029

V. BAN LUAN:
1. Anh hng cua G ln giam ap khi c t kh va c t t:
Da vao s li u va thi ve c ta thy:
Vi c t kh: khi G tng thi giam ap cung tng theo ng thng (ng thng co
h s goc dng).
i vi c t t: khi G tng thi giam ap cung tng theo quy lu t b c 2 nh trong
thi. Tuy nhin ng vi mi L khac nhau thi thi co hinh dang khac nhau.
2. Muc ich va cach s dung gian f theo Re:
Muc ich: gian dung biu din s phu thu c cua tr lc vao lu lng cua dong
lu cht. Nu lu lng dong lu cht cang ln thi h s ma sat f gia hai phai cang ln.
L p thi nhm xac inh c lu lng hp ly v n hanh c t tr lc nho va thu
c hi u sut truyn khi tt nht gia hai pha vi nhau ma c t vn khng bi lut.
Nu ta xac inh c 1 trong hai gia tri Re ho c f thi co th dung thi xac inh
gia tri con lai nh sau: t gia tri f ho c Re a bit, ke m t ng thng ng theo
phng ngang ho c theo phng thng vung goc vi truc con lai thi se xac inh c
gia tri cn tim.
3. S lin h gia cac i tng khao sat co theo nh d oan khng? Nu khng giai
thich ly do?
S lin h gia cac i tng co th d oan c qua cac mi lin h :
Log(Pck/Z) va G phu thu c tuyn tinh vi nhau (nh trong ly thuyt).
Pc/Z va G cung gan nh c chia thanh hai vung ro ret:
vung di iem gia trong va vung tren iem gia trong.
+Vung di iem gia trong th P tang cham va eu an
nen cac iem nay thu c gan nh cung nam tren mot
ng thang.

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+Vung tren iem gia trong th P tang nhanh, ot ngot nen

oan thang rat doc; neu tang lu lng long va kh len
cao na se tien en iem lut cua cot.
Log va L: hoan toan phu thuoc tuyen tnh vi nhau nen c
the hien thanh mot ng thang tren o th.

VI. PHU LUC:

1. Tnh fck bang cong thc:
P . 2 . .D
f ck ck 2 K e
2.G .Z
2. Tnh fc bang cong thc:
fc = .fck
3. Tnh Reck bang cong thc:
Rec

GDe 4G

: o nht cua khong kh lay 450C.

4. Tnh bang cong thc:
Pc = .Pck
5. Tnh chuyen oi lu lng:
Lu lng kh:
G (%). K .0,286
G (kg / s.m 2 )
60.F
3
V = 0.286 m /ph
K: khoi lng rieng cua dong kh lay 450C.
Tra c cac thong so cua dong kh:
K = 1.1305 kg/m3
= 1928.10-8kg/m.s

Lu lng long:
L.4,586. L
L(kg / s.m 2 )
60.F
4.586 la he so quy oi t galon sang lt.
L: khoi lng rieng cua long lay nhiet o 30oC
Vi F: tiet dien cua cot chem, tnh bang cong thc:
F

d 2 3,14x 0,09 2

0,0064 (m2)
4
4

6. Tnh iem lut cua cot chem

f ck a v 2 G 0.2
1 3 2 g td
L
L
2 G G
L
Vi fck: he so ma sat cot kho
v: van toc dai cua dong kh ngay trc khi vao cot, m/s

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v = G/F

Trong o G: lu lng dong kh (m3/s)

td : o nht tng oi cua chat long so vi nc td

nuoc .

Neu chat long la nc th td = 1.

VII. TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:

[1] Tap the CBGD bo mon May - Thiet b, Th nghiem Qua trnhThiet b, ai hoc Bach Khoa Tp.HCM.
[2] Giao trnh truyen khoi ,GS.TSKH.Nguyen Bin, ai hoc Bach khoa
Ha Noi
[3] Vu Ba Minh, Truyen khoi, ai hoc Bach Khoa Tp.HCM.

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