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Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s

Gii hn dng v nh l nhng gii hn m ta khng th tm chng bng

cch p dng trc tip cc nh l v gii hn v cc gii hn c bn trnh by
trong Sch gio khoa. Do mun tnh gii hn dng v nh ca hm s, ta
phi tm cch kh cc dng v nh bin i thnh dng xc nh ca gii
hn
Trong chng trnh ton THPT, cc dng v nh thng gp l :

0
, , , 0., 1
0
Sau y l ni dung tng dng c th.
I. GII HN DNG V NH

0
0

0
l mt trong nhng gii hn thng gp nht
0
i vi bi ton tnh gii hn ca hm s. tnh cc gii hn dng ny,
phng php chung l s dng cc php bin i ( phn tch a thc thnh nhn
t, nhn c t v mu vi biu thc lin hp, thm bt, ) kh cc thnh
phn c gii hn bng 0, a v tnh gii hn xc nh. Chnh cc thnh phn c
gii hn bng 0 ny gy nn dng v nh.

Gii hn dng v nh

0
tnh gii hn dng v nh , trc ht gio vin cn rn luyn cho
0
hc sinh k nng nhn dng.
0
0
gii bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s, hc sinh cn xc nh gii hn
cn tm thuc dng xc nh hay v nh. Nu gii hn l v nh th phi xt
xem n thuc dng v nh no c phng php gii thch hp. Bi vy vic
rn luyn k nng nhn dng cho hc sinh c quan trng, gip hc sinh nh
hng c cch gii, trnh nhng sai xt c th mc phi.

1. Nhn dng gii hn v nh

i vi dng v nh

0
, vic nhn dng khng kh khn lm v hc sinh
0

thng gp gii hn :

f(x)
f(x) = lim g(x) = 0
m xlim
x x 0 g(x)
x 0
x x 0
lim

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Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s

f(x)
m f(x0 ) = g(x0 ) = 0 . Ngoi ra
0 g(x)

Thc t hc sinh hay gp trng hp xlim

x

trong mt s bi ton hc sinh phi thc hin cc php bin i chuyn v

0
dng v nh , sau mi p dng cc phng php kh cc thnh phn c
0
gii hn bng 0.
Khi ging dy, gio vin nn a ra mt s bi ton nhn mnh cho
hc sinh vic nhn dng nh :

f(x)
f(x) 0 hoc lim g(x) 0
m xlim
x x 0 g(x)
x 0
x x 0
lim

Trnh tnh trng hc sinh khng nhn dng m p dng ngay phng php gii.
V d p dng :
(Yu cu chung ca nhng bi tp l : Tnh cc gii hn sau).
V d 1 : L1 = lim
x 2

x-2
x 2 +1

Bi gii :
L1 = lim

x 2

V d 2 : L2 = xlim
1

x-2 2-2
=
0
x 2 +1 22 1

x+2
x2 - 1

Bi gii :
L2 = lim
x 1

= 1+2 = 3
x+2
lim(x+2)
x 1
=

v
2

lim(x - 1) = 12 - 1 = 0
x2 - 1

x 1

3
1
V d 3 : L3 = lim
2
x 1 x 1 x 1

Bi gii :
x 2 3x +2
3
1
L = lim
2 lim

3 x1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 2 1
(x-1)(x 2)
(x-2) 1-2
1
= lim
lim

x 1 (x 1)(x+1) x 1 (x+1) 1+1

2
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Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s

Dng v nh

0
c nghin cu vi cc loi c th sau :
0

f(x)
m f(x), g(x) l cc a thc v f(x0) = g(x0) = 0
0 g(x)

2. Loi 1 : lim
x x

Phng php : Kh dng v nh bng cch phn tch c t v mu thnh

nhn t vi nhn t chung l (x x0).
Gi s : f(x) = (x x0).f1(x) v g(x) = (x x0).g1(x). Khi :
(x - x 0 )f1 (x)
f (x)
f(x)
lim
lim
lim 1
x x0 g(x) x x0 (x - x )g (x) x x0 g (x)
0
1
1
f1 (x)
0
vn dng v nh
th ta lp li qu trnh kh n
0
0 g1 (x)

Nu gii hn lim
x x

khi khng cn dng v nh.

V d p dng :
V d 4 : L4 = lim
x 2

2x 2 - 5x +2
x 2 +x - 6

Bi gii :
Ta phn tch c t v mu thnh nhn t vi nhn t chung : x - 2
2x 2 - 5x +2
(x - 2)(2x - 1)
lim

2
x +x - 6 x 2 (x - 2)(x + 3)
2x - 1 2.2 1 3
= lim

x 2 x + 3
23 5

L4 = lim
x 2

Vy L4

3
5

V d 5 : L5 = lim
x 2

x 2 - 3x +2
x 2 - 4x + 4

Bi gii :
x 2 - 3x +2
(x - 2)(x - 1)
lim

2
x 2 x - 4x + 4 x 2
(x - 2)2
x-1
= lim

x 2 x - 2

L5 = lim

( V gii hn ca t bng 1, gii hn ca mu bng 0)

Vy L4
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Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s

V d 6 : L6 lim
x 1

x+x 2 +x3 +...+x n - n

(m, n N* )
2
3
m
x+x +x +...+x - m

Bi gii : Ta s phn tch t v mu thnh nhn t vi nhn t chung : x

1 bng cch tch v nhm nh sau :
x + x2 + x3 + ... + xn n = (x 1) + (x2 1) + (x3 - 1) + ...+ (xn - 1)
x + x2 + x3 + ... + xm m = (x 1) + (x2 1) + (x3 - 1) + ...+ (xm - 1)
Khi :

x+x 2 +x3 +...+x n - n lim (x- 1)+(x 2 - 1)+(x3 - 1)+...+(x n - 1)

L6 xlim
1 x+x 2 +x3 +...+x m - m
x 1 (x- 1)+(x 2 - 1)+(x 3 - 1)+...+(x m - 1)
lim
x 1

(x- 1) 1 + (x + 1) +...+ (x n-1+ x n-2 +...+ x +1)

(x- 1) 1 + (x + 1) +...+ (x m-1+

x m-2 +...+

+1)

1 + (x + 1) +...+ (x n-1+ x n-2 +...+ x +1)

x 1 1 + (x + 1) +...+ (x m-1 + x m-2 +...+ x +1)

lim

1 + (1 +1) +...+ (1n-1+ 1n-2 +...+ 1 +1)

1 + (1 +1) +...+ (1m-1 + 1m-2 +...+ 1 +1)

n(n + 1)
1 2 3 ... n
n(n + 1)
2

1 2 3 ... m m(m + 1) m(m + 1)

2

Vy L6

n(n + 1)
m(m + 1)

V d 7 : L7 lim
x 1

2x 4 - 5x3 +3x 2 + x - 1
3x 4 - 8x3 + 6x 2 - 1

Bi gii :
4

2x - 5x 3 +3x 2 + x - 1
(x-1)(2x 3 - 3x 2 +1)
L7 = lim
= lim
x 1
3x 4 - 8x 3 + 6x 2 - 1 x 1 (x-1)(3x 3 - 5x 2 +x+1)
2x 3 - 3x 2 +1
(x-1)(2x 2 - x -1)
= lim 3
= lim
x 1 3x - 5x 2 + x +1 x 1 (x-1)(3x 2 - 2x -1)

2x 2 - x -1
(x -1)(2x+1)
= lim 2
= lim

x 1 3x - 2x -1
x 1 (x -1)(3x+1)
2x+1 2.1+1 3
= lim
=
=
x 1 3x+1
3.1+1 4
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Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s

Vy L7 =

3
4

Kt lun:
Phng php gii bi tp loi ny l phn tch a thc thnh nhn t
vi nhn t chung l x - x0. Yu cu i vi hc sinh l :
Phi nm vng cc phng php phn tch a thc thnh nhn t, cc
hng ng thc, cng thc phn tch tam thc bc hai, a thc bc ba thnh nhn
t:

c
f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c = (x - x 0 ) ax , ( f(x0) = 0)
x0

Ngoi cc hng ng thc ng nh, hc sinh cn nh cc hng ng thc

b xung l : an - bn = (a - b)(an -1+ an - 2b ++ abn - 2+ bn - 1), n N*
an + bn = (a + b)(an -1- an - 2b +- abn - 2+ bn - 1), n l s t nhin l.
hc sinh d nh, cn ly cc trng hp c th nh : n = 2, 3, 4 v
trng hp c bit : xn - 1 = (x - 1)(xn - 1+ xn - 2++ x + 1).
Tu theo c im tng bi m bin i mt cch linh hot kh dng
v nh. Trong qu trnh thc hnh, nhiu khi sau cc bin i kh cc thnh
0
phn c gii hn bng 0 ta vn gp gii hn dng v nh
mi ( thng l
0
n gin hn so vi gii hn ban u). Ti y ta tip tc qu trnh kh n
0
khi gii hn cn tm khng cn dng v nh th thi.
0
Bi tp t luyn
(1 x)(1 2x)(1 3x) 1
x 0
x

x 3 3x 2
1) lim 4
x 1 x 4x 3

2) lim

x100 2x 1
3) lim 50
x 1 x
2x 1

x n 1 (n 1) n
4) lim
x 1
(x 1) 2

f(x)
m f(x), g(x) cha cc cn thc cng bc v f(x0)=g(x0)= 0
0 g(x)

3. Loi 2 : xlim
x

Phng php : Nhn c t v mu vi biu thc lin hp tng ng ca

biu thc cha cn thc (gi tt l phng php nhn lin hp hay dng biu
thc lin hp) trc cc nhn t x - x0 ra khi cc cn thc, nhm kh cc
thnh phn c gii hn bng 0. Biu thc cha cn thc c th l t, mu hay c
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Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s

t v mu ca phn thc cn tm gii hn ). Lu l c th nhn lin hp mt

hay nhiu ln kh dng v nh.
Cc cng thc thng c s dng khi nhn lin hp l :

( A B)( A B) = A - B , (A 0, B 0)
( 3 A 3 B)( 3 A 2 3 A 3 B+ 3 B2 ) =A B

Gio vin cn cho hc sinh thy c hai cng thc ny xut pht t hai
hng ng thc sau hc sinh d nh :

(a - b)(a + b) = a 2 - b2
(a b)(a 2 ab + b2 ) = a 3 b3
V d p dng:

3x - 2 - x
x2 - 4

V d 8 : L8 = xlim
2

Bi gii : Nhn c t v mu vi biu thc lin hp tng ng, ta

c :

L8 = lim

x 2

3x - 2 - x
( 3x - 2 - x)( 3x - 2 + x)
lim
2
x 2
x -4
(x 2 - 4)( 3x - 2 + x)

3x - 2 - x 2
(x - 2)(-x + 1)
lim 2
lim

x 2 (x - 4)( 3x - 2 + x)
x 2 (x - 2)(x + 2)( 3x - 2 + x)
x+1
2 + 1
1
lim

x 2 (x + 2)( 3x - 2 + x)
16
(2 + 2)( 3.2-2+2)

Vy L8 = 1
16

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Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s

V d 9 :

L9 lim

x 1

x+2 1
x+5 2

Bi gii :

( x+2 1)( x+2 1) ( x+5 2)

lim

x+5 2 x 1 ( x+5 2)( x+5 2) ( x+2 1)

x+2 1

L9 lim

x 1

= xlim
1
= lim

x 1

(x + 2 - 1)( x+5 2)
(x + 1)( x+5 2)
xlim

(x + 5 - 4)( x+2 1) 1 (x + 1)( x+2 1)

x+5 2
1 5 2

2
x+2 1
1 2 1

Vy L9 = 2
n

V d 10 : L10 xlim
1m

x -1
, (m, n N* )
x -1

Bi gii :
n

L10 lim m
x 1

= lim

x -1

x -1

( n x - 1) ( n x ) n-1 +( n x ) n-2 +...+ n x +1 ( m x ) m-1 +( m x ) m-2 +...+ m x +1

( x - 1) ( m x ) m-1 +( m x ) m-2 +...+ m x +1 ( n x ) n-1 +( n x ) n-2 +...+ n x +1

x 1 m

(x - 1)(m x m-1 +m x m-2 +...+m x +1)

x 1
(x - 1)( n x n-1 + n x n-2 +...+ n x +1)

= lim

= lim

x 1

Vy

x m-1 +m x m-2 +...+m x +1 m

n n-1 n n-2
x + x +...+ n x +1 n

L10 =

m
n

Kt lun:
Phng php dng biu thc lin hp l phng php ch yu c s
dng tnh cc gii hn c cha cn thc cng bc. C th xem y l thut
ton c bn cho php tnh c kh nhiu gii hn ca hm s cha cn thc,
phng hng r rng, d hiu.Vic xc nh biu thc lin hp l khng qu
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Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s

kh khn i vi hc sinh. Tuy nhin gio vin cn rn luyn k nng xc nh

v nhn biu thc lin hp khi tnh gii hn. Theo cch ny, nhiu bi ton tuy
gii c nhng phi qua cc php bin i di dng vi biu thc cng knh.
Nu dng cc gii khc nh thm bt, i bin s cho li gii ngn gn hn.

Bi tp t luyn
x3 x 3
x 1
x 1

x2 4
x 2 2 3 3x 2

1) lim

2) lim

xb ab
3) lim
x a
x2 a2

x 2 3 x2 x 1
4) lim
x 1
x2 1

1 ax
5) lim
x 0
x

ax n a
6) lim
x 0
x

4. Loi 3: lim

x x 0

f(x)
m f(x) cha cc cn thc khng cng bc v f(x0)=g(x0)= 0
g(x)

Phng php : S dng thut ton thm bt i vi f(x) c th nhn

biu thc lin hp. Chng hn nh :
m u(x) n v(x)
f(x)
= lim
,(m u(x 0 ) n v(x 0 ) = 0,g(x 0 ) = 0)
x x 0 g(x)
x x0
g(x)

L= lim
Ta bin i :

m u(x) - c + c - n v(x)
u(x)- n v(x)

L lim
lim
x x0
x x0
g(x)
g(x)
m u(x) - c
n v(x) - c
= lim
lim
x x0
x x0
g(x)
g(x)
m

Ti y cc gii hn L1 lim
x x

m u(x)

g(x)

-c

, L2 lim

x x0

v(x) - c
u tnh c
g(x)

bng cch nhn lin hp.

V d p dng :
V d 11 : L11 xlim
1

x+3 3 x+7
x 2 3x+2

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Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s

Bi gii :

x+3 3 x+7
( x+3 2) + (2 3 x+7)
L11 lim
lim

x 1
x 1
x 2 3x+2
x 2 3x+2
x+3 2
2 3 x+7
= lim 2
lim 2

x 1 x 3x+2
x 1 x 3x+2
(2 3 x+7) 4 2 3 x+7 ( 3 x+7) 2
( x+3 2)( x+3+2)
= lim 2
lim 2
x 1 (x 3x+2)( x+3+2)
x 1
(x 3x+2) 4 2 3 x+7 ( 3 x+7)2
x+3 4
8 (x+7)

lim

x 1 (x 2 3x+2)( x+3+2)
x 1
(x 2 3x+2) 4 2 3 x+7 ( 3 x+7) 2

= lim

x 1
1 x
lim

x 1 (x 1)(x 2)( x+3+2) x 1

(x 1)(x 2) 4 2 3 x+7 ( 3 x+7)2

= lim

= lim

x 1 (x 2)(

1
1
lim

1
x+3+2)
(x 2) 4 2 3 x+7 ( 3 x+7)2

1
1

(1 2)( 1+3+2) (1 2) 4 2 3 1+7 ( 3 1+7)2

1 1
1
=
4 12
6

Vy L11

1
6

1+2x - 3 1+3x
V d 12 : L12 lim
x0
x2

Bi gii :

1+2x - (x+1) + (x+1) - 3 1+3x

1+2x - 3 1+3x

L12 lim
lim
2
2
x 0
x

0
x
x
=lim
x0

1+2x - (x+1)
(x+1) - 3 1+3x
+lim

x0
x2
x2

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Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s

1+2x - (x+1) 1+2x +(x+1)

= lim
x0
2

x 1+2x +(x+1)

(x+1) - 3 1+3x (x+1)2 ( x 1) 3 1+3x ( 3 1+3x )2

+lim
x0
x 2 (x+1)2 ( x 1) 3 1+3x ( 3 1+3x )2

(1+2x) - (x+1)2
(x+1)3 - (1+3x)

lim

2
2
2
3
3
x 0
x 0 2

x 1+2x +(x+1)
x (x+1) (x 1) 1+3x ( 1+3x )
-1
x+3
lim
lim

x 0
1+2x +(x+1) x0 (x+1)2 (x 1) 3 1+3x ( 3 1+3x )2
lim

-1
0+3

2
3
1+2.0 +(0+1) (0+1) (0 1) 1+3.0 ( 3 1+3.0) 2
1
1
1
2
2

Vy L12

1
2

Kt lun :
Phng php chung tnh cc gii hn ca biu thc cha cc cn thc
khng cng bc l thm, bt mt lng no , tch thnh nhiu gii hn ri
nhn lin hp. Cn lu l c th thm bt mt hng s ( thng chn l u(x0)
hoc v(x0)) hay mt biu thc. Vic thm bt da trn c im tng bi v
phi tht tinh t. Thut ton thm bt cn c p dng hiu qu i vi cc
dng v nh khc.
Bi tp t luyn
3

1) lim
x 0

1 x 1 x
x

1 ax m 1 bx
3) lim
x 0
x
n

5) lim
x 7

x 2 3 x 20
4
x9 2

5. Gii hn dng v nh

2) lim

x 2

x 11 3 8x 43
2x 2 3x 2

2x 1 3 x 2 1
4) lim
x 0
sin x

6) lim
x 0

1 4x 3 1 6x
x2

0
ca hm s lng gic
0

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