Gio trnh phn cng my tnh

Khoa CNTT - Trng CCN 4

CHNG I. NHNG HIU BIT C BN V

THNG TIN V MY TNH
I. Khi nim v thng tin (information)
Trong cuc sng hng ngy, con ngi thng xuyn thu nhn, x l v trao i
thng tin. Vy thng tin l g?

C nhiu nh ngha v thng tin, vi c th l sinh vin nghnh tin hc,

chng ta c th hiu thng tin l khi nim nh sau:
Thng tin l mt khi nim tru tng, ch nhng g em li hiu bit cho
con ngi.
Khi nim tru tng c ngha l chng ta ch c th cm nhn c m
khng th m t c.

II. Tin hc l g? (IT: Information Technology)

My tnh ngy cng tr nn ph bin trong x hi, chng ta cng c th hiu
rng tin hc l ngnh khoa hc v my tnh. Nhng nu ch hiu mt cch n gin
nh vy th chng ta khng th nm c rng i tng nghin cu ca ngnh tin
hc l g.
Tin hc l mt nghnh khoa hc chuyn nghin cu vic thu thp v x l
thng tin da trn cng c l my tnh in t.
i tng nghin cu ca ngnh tin hc l nhng cng ngh v thu thp
thng tin, cng ngh v x l thng tin v nhng cng ngh truyn ti thng tin.

III. My tnh (Computer) l g?

My tnh l cng c cho php x l thng tin mt cch t ng theo

nhng chng trnh (program) c lp sn t trc.

Gio trnh phn cng my tnh

Khoa CNTT - Trng CCN 4

Mc ch lm vic ca my tnh l x l thng tin, trong chng trnh

c lp sn quy nh my tnh s tin hnh x l thng tin nh th no.
Chng trnh l mt dy cc lnh (tp cc lnh: set of instructions) theo mt
trnh t nht nh thc hin mt cng vic no tng bc mt theo mun
ca ngi lp trnh.
Nh vy, chng trnh l mt tp cc ch th ra lnh cho my tnh thc
hin cng vic nhm t n mc tiu hay kt qu ca vic thc hin chng trnh.
Mun my tnh thc hin chng trnh t ng th my tnh phi c chc nng
nh tp lnh ca chng trnh.

IV. Nguyn tc lm vic ca my tnh

My tnh lm vic theo hai nguyn tc:
+ My tnh thc hin cng vic theo cc chng trnh c lu tr trong
b nh.
+ thc hin chng trnh, my tnh tun t c cc lnh, gii m lnh,
thc thi lnh (thi hnh lnh).
Chng hn ta c mt chng trnh yu cu my tnh thc hin, theo nguyn
tc nht th chng trnh phi c np hay c lu tr trong b nh. thc
hin chng trnh , theo nguyn tc lm vic th hai th my tnh ln lt c cc
lnh ca chng trnh, gii m lnh v thc hin lnh. Ch khi my tnh thc hin
xong mt lnh th lnh k tip mi c c vo, gii m v thc hin. Nu mt
lnh khng thc hin c th my tnh s b ngng lm vic (treo my) hay bo li
nu c c ch bo li.
V d: Vi lnh chia m s chia bng 0, th lnh ny s khng th thc hin
c. gii quyt vn ny, my tnh s thc hin vic kim tra trc s chia
ca php chia, nu s chia bng 0, my tnh s bo mt li v trn thc t, php chia
ny khng c thc hin.

V. n v lu tr thng tin
Thng tin trong my tnh c m ho di dng h nh phn. n v nh
nht lu tr thng tin l s nh phn (Binary digIT: BIT).
y, chng ta c cp n vn m ho thng tin, vy th m ho thng
tin l g v m ho thng tin dng lm g?
lm sng t iu ny, chng ta i t bn thn con ngi chng ta. Con
ngi tip thu thng tin ca th gii bn ngoi qua 5 gic quan ca mnh. C th:
Mt : Thng tin v hnh nh.

Gio trnh phn cng my tnh

Khoa CNTT - Trng CCN 4

Tai: m thanh
Mi, li: mi, v
Da: s tip xc, nhit
Ngoi ra, con ngi cn cm nhn c thng tin dng s kin hay
hin tng, chng hn: cng hnh nh tri bng ln vo li nhng chng ta bit
c s kin i no ang thngvv.
Cc thng tin t th gii bn ngoi ny c no cm nhn, hay s phn nh
th gii khch quan vo no ca con ngi. V thng tin ny c no phn tch,
lng ho (mc ho nh: vi nhit c nng, rt nng, lnh, mt). y l
dng thng tin tru tng nm trong no ca con ngi. Khng th truyn thng tin
ny mt cch trc tip t no ngi ny sang ngi khc.
truyn c thng tin ny, trc tin, con ngi thc hin truyn thng
tin bng ra hiu. Thi k sau , con ngi thc hin m ho thng tin bng ngn
ng ni, c nhiu quy tc m ho thng tin trong no ca con ngi nn c nhiu
ngn ng ni hay ting ni trn th gii.
Ngn ng ni ch c dng s dng trong vic truyn thng tin thng
qua giao tip: hai ngi gn nhau v ni chuyn vi nhau. Nh vy, nhng ngi
xa nhau khng th ni chuyn vi nhau c. Ngn ng k hiu, ch vit ra i.
Cng c nhiu quy tc trong vic m ho ngn ng vit dn n c nhiu mu t
khc nhau.
Khi khoa hc pht trin n thi k hin i, mi trng truyn thng tin
bng sng in t, bng dng in lm cho nhn loi pht trin n k nguyn v
cng ngh thng tin nh hin nay.
i vi con ngi, nhng thng tin khc nhau c nhng ngha khc nhau.
Thng tin nhiu ngha c gi tr hn nhng thng tin t c gi tr. c th o
c gi tr thng tin, ngi ta tin hnh lng ho thng tin.
Cn phn bit thng tin v d liu (data), thng tin c n cha trong cc
d liu (c th c hiu l nhng mu thng tin th v t ngha). Nu hiu nh l
thng tin th c th hiu gch, st, thp l d liu.
V d:
Phng
25

l d liu
( rt t gi tr)

Phng
25 tui

l thng tin
( c gi tr)

Gio trnh phn cng my tnh

Khoa CNTT - Trng CCN 4

Trong mt qu trnh x l thng tin, ta ni cc u vo x l l d liu,

cn cc u ra l thng tin.
V d:
D liu vo
(DATA)

Trung
26
Mai
20
L d liu vo (1)

X l thng tin

Thng tin ra
(Information)

Trung 26 tui
Trung ln tui hn Mai

Mai 20 tui
L thng tin ra (1)

L thng tin ra (2)

L d liu vo (2)
Bn thn d liu hay thng tin khng th t truyn c, c th truyn
thng tin cn phi c vt mang thng tin. l tn hiu.
Hin nay c nhiu dng tn hiu (tn hiu m thanh, tn hiu SOS,) trong
mi trng in chng ta quan tm n hai dng tn hiu l tn hiu tng t (cn
gi l tn hiu lin tc) (Analog Signal) v tn hiu s (cn gi l tn hiu ri rc)
(Digital Signal).
Tn hiu tng t dng trong trng hp thng tin c gi vo sng truyn
tin di dng bin , tn s, hay pha ca sng in t hay sng in trong dy dn
in.
Tn hiu s (cn gi l tn hiu nh phn Binary Digital Signal) dng trong
trng hp truyn thng tin di dng nh phn. Ph hp trong mi trng dn in,
truyn mt BIT bng 0 th tn hiu in trn ng truyn c in p 0V (khng
c in p) v ngc li, truyn mt BIT c gi tr bng 1 th tn hiu in trn
ng truyn c in p 5V (hoc 3,3V) (c in p).
D liu tng t c th c chuyn i thnh d liu s v ngc li thng
qua mt vi mch chuyn i gi l ADC (Analog Digital Coverted) hay DAC
(Digital Analog Coverted). Thit b chuyn i cn gi l MODEM (MOdulation
and DEModulation).

Gio trnh phn cng my tnh

Khoa CNTT - Trng CCN 4

BIT l n v nh nht lu tr thng tin. Mt BIT hay mt ch s

nh phn ch c th nhn mt trong hai gi tr l 0 hay l 1. Nu dng 1 BIT m
ho thng tin no th thng tin ch c ti a 2 gi tr hay rt t c gi tr. Chng
hn nu dng 1 bit lu tr mu ca mt im nh trn mn hnh th mn hnh
ch c ti a l 2 mu. Nhng nu ghp cc bit li vi nhau lu tr thng tin th
c th lu tr c nhng thng tin c ngha hn. Trong thc t ngi ta ghp
4 bit (1 Nibble) v hin ti l 8 bit (1Byte).
V d:
+ m ho k t (Char): dng 8 bit (1 Byte) i vi m ASCII v hin nay
thng dng 16 bit (2 Byte) i vi m UNICODE.
+ m ho s nguyn: dng 2 Byte, s thc dng 4 Byte,
+ m ho mu ca mt im nh trn mn hnh: dng 8 bit (256 Color),
16 bit (HighColor), 24 bit (TrueColor) hay 32 bit (TrueColor).
Dung lng ca b nh (hay thit b lu tr ) l kh nng nh ti a ca b
nh (hay thit b lu tr). d dng so snh gia cc mc dung lng khc nhau
ngi ta thng dng nhng n v o sau:
Chng ta c:
1 KB
= 210 Byte = 1024 Byte
1 MB
= 210 KB = 1024 KB
1 GB
= 210 MB = 1024 MB
1 TB
= 210 GB = 1024 GB

VI. Phn cng v phn mm

1. Phn cng
Phn cng ni n cu to ca my tnh v mt vt l. Bao gm ton b cc
thit b, linh kin in t ca my tnh. Cn c nhng quan im cho rng nguyn l
hot ng ca my tnh cng l mt b phn ca phn cng my tnh.

2. Phn mm
Phn mm l h cc chng trnh trong my tnh gip ngi s dng (user)
thc hin mt cng vic no .
Phn mm c th c phn lm hai loi:
- Cc phn mm h thng gm c:
o H iu hnh (OS: Operating System) l phn mm quan trng nht
trong my tnh. Nm vai tr iu hnh mi hot ng ca my tnh.
o Cc chng trnh phc v h thng: gm chng trnh iu khin
vic khi ng my tnh, cc chng trnh s cp hng dn hot
ng vo ra c bn ca my tnh (thuc ROM BIOS)
o Cc trnh iu khin thit b (device driver).

Gio trnh phn cng my tnh

Khoa CNTT - Trng CCN 4

Cc phn mm ng dng (Application): gip ngi s dng thc hin mt

ng dng no .
Ngoi ra, cn phi k n mt loi phn mm rt c bit trong my tnh. l
cc ngn ng lp trnh. y l phn mm dng vit ra phn mm.
Sau y l danh sch mt s phn mm in hnh c dng cho my c nhn
PC:
+ H iu hnh: Win9x, 2000, XP
+ Phn mm dng bo tr a: ScanDisk (kim tra a lu tr), Disk
Cleanup (dn dp cng), Disk Defracmenter (chng phn mnh a cng)
+ Phn mm bo tr my v ngn nga virut: Norton AntiVirus, BKAVxxxx

+ Phn mm ch bn vn bn: b Office ca Microsoft, NotePad

+ Phn mm hc ting anh: MTD ca Lc Vit, Just ClickSee, English Study,
EvaTran
+ Phn mm nn tp tin: WinZip, WinRad
+ Phn mm multimedia (xem phim, nghe nhc): Winnap, Herosoft,
Windows Media Player, JetAudio
+ Phn mm to v lm vic vi c s d liu: Access, Oracle
+ Phn mm duyt web: Internet Explore
+ Phn mm to CD o: Virtual Driver Manager
+ Phn mm lp trnh: C, C++, Visual Basic
+ Phn mm gii tr, vv

VII. l ch s pht trin ca my tnh

Lch s pht trin ca my tnh gn lin vi lch s pht trin ca cc
b vi x l. Cho n nay c chia thnh 4 th h:
- Lch s cc my tnh c kh: Trc cng nguyn, con ngi bit s dng
bn tay tnh ton. Ri bn tnh s hc (ABACUS) ra i. iu ch nht l vo
gia th k XIX , PASCAL ch to ra mt chic my tnh c th thc hin c
cc my tnh s hc hon ton bng c kh.
- Th h th nht (1st Generation): 1945-1955, s dng cng ngh n ng
chn khng (Vaccumn Tube) cn c gi l my tnh s dng cng ngh bng n
in t. c im l tiu th nhiu in nng, to nhiu nhit v h thng t tin cy.
- Th h th hai (2nd Generation): 1955 1973, s dng cng ngh bn dn (
Transistor ). Mt h thng my tnh c to vi cc transistor tr nn nh hn,
nhanh hn v hu hiu hn nhiu so vi mt h thng my tnh c to vi cc
n ng chn khng.
- Th h th ba (3rd Generation): 1974 1979, s dng vi mch t hp IC (
integrated circuit IC), mt mch bn dn c thit lp bng cch cy cc
Transistor ln mt cht nn (Silic) v ni kt cc transistor khng dy. IC u tin

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Khoa CNTT - Trng CCN 4

ch c 6 transistor (ngy nay vi b vi x l Intel Pro c n 5,5 triu transistor).

Thi k ny nh du s ra i ca b vi x l 4004, tin thn ca cc b vi x l
x86 sau ny.
- Th h th t (4th Generation): 1980 n nay. My tnh s dng cng ngh
tch hp IC mt cc cao (VLSI: Very Large Scale Intergrated). Vi x l 8088 ra
i nh du thi k pht trin my tnh c nhn PC (Personal Computer).
Trong tng lai, ngi ta d bo lch s my tnh chuyn sang th h th
nm (5th Generation). L thi k pht trin my tnh thng minh, c th t ng
nhn bit nhng thay i ca mi trng xung quanh nh con ngi. Hin nay c
nhng bc t ph sang th h my tnh thng minh trong ROBOT Asimo
ca hng Honda l mt v d.

VIII. Chng loi my tnh

C nhiu chng loi my tnh khc nhau, c phn bit theo tn hiu
x l, theo kh nng, theo kiu thit k hay theo cng dng.
Theo tn hiu x l:
+ My tnh tng t (Analog Computer): x l d liu tng t, dng trong
nghin cu khoa hc, y hc, o lng kh tng thu vn..vv
+ My tnh s (Digital Computer) : x l tn hiu s, dng rng ri trong vic
lu tr d liu, gio dc, thng mi, gii trvv
Theo kh nng:
+ Supercomputer: Siu my tnh, kh nng tnh ton, tc x l, kh nng
lu tr rt ln. Dng cha c s d liu trong cc mng an ninh quc phng, cc
tp on a quc gia ca M v cc nc ng minh. C gi t vi chc n vi
trm triu la.
+ Minicomputer: my tnh nh, kh nng lu tr, tc km hn siu
my tnh. Thng dng cha c s d liu trong cc doanh nghip va v nh.
Gi c vi triu la.
+ MicroComputer: my vi tnh, kh nng x l, lu trph hp vi c
nhn nn c dng cho PC (Personal Computer : my tnh c nhn). C gi t vi
trm n vi ngn la.
Theo cng dng, c mt s thut ng sau:
+ Mainframe (my chnh) terminate (my trm): my chnh dng cha
ton b c s d liu v c ci t mt h iu hnh a x l (Multiproccessor
Operating System: chng hn MAC OS, Unix). My trm n gin ch l mt thit
b u cui (Gm bn phm nhp, mn hnh hoc my in xut ni vo

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Mainframe dng lm h thng nhp xut. Mi cng vic x l u thuc v my

chnh.
+ Server (My ch) Client (My khch): My ch cha c s d liu server
(Server Database), ci t mt h iu hnh chy c trn nn server (Windows
NT, Windows 2000 server). My khch c th hiu n gin l mt PC, ci t
mt h iu hnh client (Win9x, 2000, XP ) v ci t cc giao thc mng c th
truy xut n c s d liu ca my ch.
Theo kiu thit k h phn cng my tnh c nhn IBM: cc c tnh k thut
v cc chun dnh cho PC vo thu ban u u do IBM a ra. T nhng h thng
i u nh IBM PC, XT(eXTended) v AT(Advanced Technology) cng vi
nhiu chun m cc h thng ngy nay s dng u phi ph hp vi chun m IBM
a ra. Bao gm cc nhn t v bo mch ch, cch thit k thng my v b
ngun, cu trc bus, cch thc s dng ti nguyn h thng, cu trc v cch thc
nh x b nh, cc giao tip h thng, b ni, chn cm..vv.

Cc h thng PC c gii thiu di y ngy nay ang c thnh hnh:

Desktop Computer: My tnh c nhn bn

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Laptop Computer : My tnh c nhn xch tay

Palmtop Computer: My tnh c nhn thu nh

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Khoa CNTT - Trng CCN 4

CHNG II. TNG QUAN V CC THNH PHN

TRONG MY TNH PC
I. M hnh tng qut ca my tnh c nhn PC
T mc ch lm vic ca my tnh, chng ta c th nhn nhn my tnh theo
s sau:
1) Memory

3) Cc thit b vo
Input device

2)

CPU

4) Cc thit b ra
Output device

5) Cc thit b lu tr
Storage device
Hnh 2.1 M hnh cu trc tng qut ca mt my tnh PC
M hnh cho chng ta thy mt PC c cc thnh phn c bn sau:
1) Memory
2) CPU
3) Input Device
4) Output Device
5) Storage Device
6) Thnh phn lin kt, vn chuyn d liu gia cc thnh phn

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Nhn xt:
T m hnh c bn ca my tnh, chng ta c th nhn thy cc ch tiu
nh gi kh nng ca PC. Ngoi ra chng ta c th nhn thy CPU c nhng chc
nng g:
- Kh nng ca PC c nh gi qua cc tiu ch sau:
o Ti CPU: kh nng v x l c c trng bi tc x l ca
CPU. Ngoi ra, kh nng v x l cn ph thuc vo dung lng b
nh RAM, CACHE, tc truyn d liu trn cc Bus, tc lm
vic ca cc thit b m chng ta s tm hiu sau.
o Ti Output Device: kh nng v cht lng ca cc thit b xut.
o Ti Input Device: kh nng v cht lng ca cc thit b nhp.
o Ti Storage Device: kh nng lu tr, cht lng ca thit b lu tr.
o Ti cc thnh phn lin kt h thng: tc vn chuyn d liu (hay
kh nng truyn d liu).
- Cc chc nng c bn ca CPU:
o Thc hin cc lnh v x l d liu
o Thc hin cc lnh v nhp d liu
o Thc hin cc lnh v xut d liu
o Thc hin cc lnh c, ghi, xo d liu trn cc thit b lu tr
o Thc hin cc lnh v qun l (cp pht v gii phng) b nh,
thng do h iu hnh m nhn.

II. Cc thnh phn c bn ca PC

1. Thnh phn nhp d liu

+ Bn phm (Keyboard): L thit b nhp chun, nhp d liu vo my
tnh dng k t (character), k hiu (Symbol), cc phm chc nng
(Function Key), cc phm iu khin (Control Key).

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Khoa CNTT - Trng CCN 4

+ Chut (Mouse): dng trong giao din ho (Graphic Mode)

+ Microphone
v.v

2. Thnh phn xut d liu

+ Mn hnh (Monitor): L thit b xut chun, hin th kt qu lm vic,
trng thi lm vic gia ngi s dng vi my tnh dng hnh nh.

+ My in (Printer): dng in n ti liu.

+ Loa (Speaker): dng nghe m thanh, nhc.

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Khoa CNTT - Trng CCN 4

+ My chiu (Projector): dng trong ging dy, bo co hi tho.

v.v

3. Thnh phn lu tr d liu

+ a cng (Hard Disk).

+ a mm (Floppy Disk)

+ a CD (Compact Disk)

+ USB Disk, MemoryCard, ZIP Disk

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4. Thnh phn x l d liu

+ CPU (Centrel Processing Unit): n v x l trung tm, l b no ca
my tnh, ni din ra qu trnh x l thng tin.

+ Cc ChipSet : l cc chip h tr CPU trong vic kim sot v iu

khin cc lung d liu gia cc thnh phn trong my tnh.

+ Cc chp iu khin thit b (Controller Chip): Mouse controller,

Keyboard controller, HDD controller, FDD controller, Memory
Controller, (thuc b iu hp ca cc thit b (Adapter)).

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Khoa
CNTT - Trng CCN 4

III. Tm hiu cc thnh phn bn trong thng my Case

Thng my (Case) ca PC n gin l mt hp my c vai tr nh l b
khung, bn trong c thit k cc vng khng gian c th gn cc thnh phn
phn cng vo. Nhm mc ch bo v khi bi bm, hi m v va chm. Hin
nay c nhiu loi Case vi nhiu kiu thit k hnh dng, c phn bit nh sau:
- Case nm: nhm tit kim khng gian b tr my, Case nm thng
bt tin trong vic tho lp, b xung cc b phn bn trong Case nn thng
c trang b hng lot, s dng trong cc cng ty.

Case ng: loi thp l Mini Tower, c chiu cao khong 40 cm. Loi
cao l Tower, c chiu cao khong 60 cm. Thun tin trong vic tho lp
trn trong (ch vic m mt bn sn my), thng s dng cho cc gia
nh.

Case AT: (thng i vi kiu Mini Tower, nm), s dng trong my tnh
c ngun AT, mainboard AT. c im l khng t tt ngun khi shutdown
my.

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For Evaluation
Only.
Khoa
CNTT - Trng CCN 4

Case ATX: (thng i vi kiu Tower, nm), s dng trong my tnh c

ngun ATX, mainboard ATX. c im l t tt ngun khi shutdown my.

Trong mt my PC cn bn, Case cha cc thnh phn phn cng sau:

Mt b ngun (Power Supply):
+ Dng chuyn i dng in xoay chiu thnh cc mc in p thch hp
cung cp cho mainboard v cc thit b.
+ Mt s c im k thut:
v. Cng sut vi ngun AT: 150/180/200 W
v. Cng sut vi ngun ATX: 250/300/350 W
v. Mi b ngun thng c nhiu chu cm ngun phc v cho mainboard
v cc thit b. Mi chu cm c nhiu u dy in vi cc mc in p
khc nhau: (Red:+5V), vng (Yellow: +12V), xanh (Blue:-12V), trng
(White:-5V), en (Black:0V GND ni t).

POWER SUPPLY

B vi x l (microprocessor), trong hu ht cc my PC hin nay th l mt b

vi x l Celeron hoc Pentium ca Intel, hoc mt trong nhng b x l tng
thch Intel c nhiu cng ty my tnh cung cp nh AMD, Cyrix,

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Khoa
CNTT - Trng CCN 4

Bng mch chnh (mainboard): Mt bng mch ln bng nha cng, trn c
cc vi mch, linh kin in t, ng dn tn hiu, cc khe cm (Slot) hay
cm (Socket)...

mainboard

Cc thanh RAM, chip ROM BIOS, pin CMOS

RAM
CMOS

ROM BIOS

PIN CMOS

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CNTT - Trng CCN 4

Gio trnh phn cng my tnh

Cc cng (port) (l cc u kt ni (connector) gia h thng v cable ca cc

thit b ngoi vi).

IO Port

Cc Card m rng.

MainBoard
Card m rng
cm vo mainboard

Nhng thit b lu tr.

Cable d
liu

Cable d liu cng, mm, CD

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Cc n (LED) trng thi: HDD LED, System Led.

Loa h thng System speaker & cc nt bm: Power, Reset

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IV. Thnh phn lin kt h thng

1. Khi nim bus
cc thnh phn trong my tnh c th trao i thng tin, d liu vi nhau,
trong my tnh cn phi c cc ng kt ni dng vn chuyn thng tin.
Bus: l tp hp cc ng kt ni dng vn chuyn thng tin t thnh phn
ny sang thnh phn khc trong h thng.
rng ca Bus: s ng dy c kh nng vn chuyn thng tin ng thi. (Mi
ng dy vn chuyn 1 bit)

2. Phn bit gia Cable v Bus

Cn phn bit CABLE v BUS, Bus l cc ng vn chuyn thng tin dng
chung cn Cab l cc ng vn chuyn thng tin dng ring cho thit b. V
d: Cab cng ch c s dng ring cho cng.
Trong h thng c cc loi Cab sau:
+ Cab tn hiu mn hnh.
+ Cab d liu cng
+ Cab d liu CD
+ Cab d liu a mm
+ Cab d liu my in, cab tn hiu bn phm, cab tn hiu chut.

IDE Cable
S dng cho cng
v CD

FDD Cable

3. Cc chc nng ca bus

Bus d liu:
- Chc nng:

24

Mouse
Cable

Monitor
Cable

Printer
Cable