NCHRP Report 408 - Corrosion of Steel Piling in Nonmarine Environment

NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Corrosion of Steel Piling in Nonmarine Applications Seen stelee Tue ee trast tert National Research Council‘TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 1998 (Chairwoman Sharan D, Boks, Gener! Manager, AC Trt Vice Chairman: Weine Shc, Commoner Georgi Deparment of Tranmeriton ecutive Director eb Ser, J Troupin Retoch Board [BRIAN JL BERRY, Lo Wt Bebe Reena Pres, Bron Center for Devan Se, Unerty ofTna a alas SARAHC.CAMPBELL. President TroMangemen nc, Washington DC E.DEAN CARLSON, Soren Kansr Department of Tampon JOANNE F.CASEY, Presi, Inemdal Artocaton of Non America, Grn, MD {OWN W. FISHER, Director, ATL Engineering Research Cet Lhi Unies GORMAN GILBERT. Direc tnt orTonrtinReerch and dation. Nort Crna Ste Unieiy DELON HAMPTON, Cairn CED, Dros Manpun & Asai, Washington, DC LESTER A. HOEL. Homo Profesor Cl Bxineering river of Viegas JAMES L LAMMIE, iret, Parsons Bric In, New York, MY THOMAS F LARWIN, Genera! Manager. Son Dig Meroe Pst Deeopmet Bord BRADLEY L MALLORY, Soro Prauporation, Postale Drporment af Tramp JOSEPHA, MICKES. Oh Engineer: Miso Deparment of Praortaton [MARSIFALL W. MOORE, Director North Deon Depart of Transporation [ANDREA RINIKER, Erecute Director Poof Tacoma JOHN M. SAMUELS, VP- Operations Paming & Bat Nort Str Crporaon, Ro VA LES STERMAN, Execute Director, Et Wet Gateway Coordinating Cone Las MO {AMES W, he LOBEN SELS, Dror, CALTRANS use Chir,19) MARTIN WACHS, Director, Unersin of Calon Tanpostion Center, ives of Cala Berkley DAVID WINSTEAD. Seerton, Marlon Deparment of Trnpertcton DDAVIDN. WORMLEY, Deon of Eine Peon Se Uno (Pat Chie, 1957) MIKE ACOTT, Presid Nata Arpt Maemo Axion (xo) JOEN. BALLARD, Chef Ener and Commander, US Ary Corp of Engines en fo) KAREN BORLAUG PHILLIPS Snr Vie Presdons Anko af American alread ANDREW H.CARD, JR, President and CEO, Aerize tome Mansons scan ex i) KELLEY. COYNER, Actin Adina Rercarchand Special Poa U.S. Depriment of Drporteton (6 i) MORTIMER L. DOWNEY, Diy Sear. Off Stray. US. Deparment of Transporation (xa) FRANCIS B FRANCOIS, eee Direc, American Amit of Sate Hphney and Trmaportin Oficial fi) DAVID GARDINER, Assan Admit, US Ensonmerta Proce Atos eof) JANE. GARVEY, Fer! Ati Aint US. Darien of ranean (Tica) OHNE. GRAYKOWSKI Acie Mortis Adminstraur, US Department of Tranporaine f) ROBERT A. KNISELY, Dep Director, Bureau of Drain Sut US Deparment of Traniporcion {GORDON 1. LINTON. Feral Frost Adminstrator, US Department of Tangerine) RICARDO MARTINEZ, Nao Highnas Tf Sty Admini, U.S Deparment of Tasporiation ex of) WALTER B.MECORMICK, Pra an CEO. Ameicon Tracing Astecatos, I (e fe) WILLIAM W MILLAR, Pree, American Fable Trani snc ex el) JOLENE M. MOLITORIS, Fade Railmad Aine US. Deparment of Transportion (x Ts) (GEORGE. WARRINGTON, Acting Presid ond CED, NanowlRaoad PasenerCoporition [KENNETH R. WYKLE, Fea isha Adiniator US. Department of Taupin ox fi) NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM SHARON BANKS, AC Trans (Chirvoan) \WAYNE SHACKELFORD, Groa Deparment of Transporation FRANCIS 8. FRANCOIS, America Astin of Ste ihe ond [ROBERTE.SKINNER.JR. Dransportion Research Board Transport Ofte DAVID N. WORMLEY, Prana Sue Unters LESTER A. HOEL, iets of Vrs KENNETH R, WYKLE Federal Hishoay Adnan Project Pane D105 Field ef Maal md Cosracon Aveo Specs, Procedures, nd Practes WESLEY P- MOODY, Dict Geotail Enea, Now Fok State MARTIN LAYLOR, Research Coord rego Deportment of Deparment of Traorason Char) Tranportsion VICTOR CHAKER, Praia plover Pot Author of Now Yok aad Now Jey ROBERT ARES, Tsp Engine, Clon ponent EDWARD ESCALANTE. Canon Clartsbure MD Transporation WILLIAM 1 HART, Profosorand Direc, Deparment of OceonExincerig, ALBERT DIMILLIO, FHWA Laon Florida Matic Univers FRANK LISLE, TRB atom Program Sf ROBERT J. REILLY, Decor, Cooperative exon Prorat RONALD D. MeCREADY, Senor Propo Ofer [CRAWFORD F.JENCKS. Manager NCHRP KENNETH S. OPIELA, Sor Progra Ofer DAVID B. BEAL, Senior Program Ofer EILEEN P. DELANEY. ManasingEtor LLOYD R. CROWTHER. Senior Program Offcer KAMICABRAL, Producti Bor AY DERR. Seo Progom Ofer ELEN CIN. sie Er AMIR. HANNA, Soir Progra Ofc JAMIE FEAR Asus Elr EDWARD T. MARRIGAN, Senior Program Ofer FILARY FREER Aten aorREPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden fr this collestion of information i estimated to average 1 hour esponse,inciudng the ime for reviewing inroctios, searching existing sia sours, gihering and maining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding his burden estimate or anyother aspect ofthis collection of informtion, incloding suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Repos, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highvay, Suite 1204, Adlingon, VA. 22202-4902, and tothe Office of Management and Budge. Paperwork reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC_ 20503, 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave 2. REPORT DATE '3, REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED ‘blank 1988 Final Report 4, TITLE AND SUBTITLE NCHRP Report 408: Corrosion of Ste! ling in Nonmarine Applications AU MLA ALAA PR99-126815 6. AUTHORISI: J.A, Beavers and C.L. Durr 6. FUNDING NUMBERS Di0-46 77. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) CC Technologies Laboratories, Inc Dublin, OF 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER HR 10-46, 9, SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) ‘American Association of State Highway and Transportation Oficials ‘444 North Capitol Sueet, N.W. Suite 249, ‘Washington, D.C. 20001 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 411. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. Sponsored in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration 12a, DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Available trom: Transportation Research Board 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20418, 12b, DISTRIBUTION CODE: nlite 13, ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words) ‘The report contains the findings of» study to provide knowledge on the magnitude of the problem of stel piling corrosion and to synthesize the Current state of practice in evaluating and predicting corrosion. A recommended practice far the assessment of steel piling in nonmatin tnd a strategic plan to develop means to determine the condition and to estimate the useful life of steel ping a report wil be of immediate Intaest to geotechnical engineers and bridge engineers, plications re provided. The contents ofthis +14, SUBJECT TERMS. Bridges, Other Structures, and Hydraulics and Hydrology; Sots, Geology, and Foundations 18. NUMBER OF PAGES 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION | 18, SECURITY CLASSIFICATION. | 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION Unclassified (OF THIS PAGE Unclessiiod (OF ABSTRACT Unclasiied 20, LIMITATION OF ABSTRACTNATIONAL Cooperative HiGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Report 408 Corrosion of Steel Piling in Nonmarine Applications 4J.A. BEAVERS and ¢. L. DUAR. (CC Technologies Laboratories, Inc. Dublin, Ohio PROTECTED UNDER INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE USS, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 04 Bridges Othe Suucnres, and Hyves and Hycralogy Seis, Geology, an Foundations Research Sponsored by the Amarian Asaociafion of Sate Highway and Transporation Oficial in Cooperation withthe Federal Highway Administration TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD NanONAL Reseanc Counc. NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. 1998NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effective ‘approach to the solution of many problems facing highway ‘administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local interest and can best be studied by highway departments individually ot in cooperation with their state universities and ‘others. However, the accelerating prowth of highway transportation ‘develops increasingly complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These problems are best studied through @ coordinated program of cooperative research, In recognition ofthese needs, the highway administrators ofthe American Association of State Highway and ‘Transportation (Officials initiated in 1962 an objective national highway research program employing modem scientific techniques. This program is supported on a continuing basis by funds from participating member states ofthe Assocation and it receives the fll cooperation and suppor ofthe Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of Transportation “The Transportation Research Board of the National Research Council was requested by the Association to administer the research program because of the Board's recognized objectivity and Understanding of modern research practices. The Board is uniquely suited for this purpose as it maintains an extensive committee structure from which authorities on aay highway transportation subject may be drain; it possesses avenues of communications and cooperation with federal, state and local governmental agencies, ‘universities, and industry its relationship tothe National Research Council is an insurance of objectivity; it maintains e falltime research corelation staff of specialists in highway transportation ‘matters to bring the findings of research directly to those who are in ‘8 postion to use them. ‘The program is developed on the basis of research needs identified by chief administrators ofthe highway and transportation departments and by committees of AASHTO. Each year, specific reas of esearch needs tobe included in the program are proposed to the National Research Coureil and the Board by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Research projects to Fulfil these needs are defined by the Board, and ualificd research agencies are selected from those that have submitted proposals. Administration and surveillance of research ‘contracts are the responsibilities ofthe National Research Council and the Transportation Research Board, “The needs for highway research are many, and the National Cooperative Highway Research Program can make significant contributions tothe solution of highway transportation problems of ‘mutual concer to many responsible groups. The program, however, is intended to complement rather than to substitute for or duplicate othorhighvsay research programs, Note: The Tranapoaton Research Board, the Nasonal Resesch Counc ihe Federal Highway Admnisaion, ie Amotean Associaton of State Hotway and Teneporaton Offa, ae the nual lates parepstng In ‘ho atonal Cooperate "gay Research Program dort erdosoprodts fr manufacturers Trae er manufacturers names appear hee soy ‘ecmuwo toy ate cones eesenalo he ct of he repo NCHRP REPORT 408 Proje 16 FV ssw 007758 Ispnosmonss LC cat Crt. 98-6080, (© 1998 Tapco Reseach Bod ius bese rm Be cop noe, Nomice “Te pet tha eh sj of hit pat Wa a pa ofthe National Cooper Higheay Reseach Progra conde y the Tuspoton Research Board with he approval ofthe Governing Board of he National Resch Coun Sec approval teste Govering Bo omen hte pogran concerned is of mtn Smporance and appropri wth raps 0B he purpose nl cues ft ‘atonal Reseach Cassi th mpor weve chosen for resp acholly competence and with de ‘sito fore alane files appropriate peje. The pond onc expressed rind we ton oh este gen Ht performed te rescuch and hie iy have ben cepted ac appropri te econ. they arent essay those of he Tranparation Research Boa, the Natal Revach Coc the Array Associaton of Stat Highs and Trmpotatos Offical ore Fede Highway Admini, US Dpwteat of Transporation ‘rch reps ie revewad and accepted fr potion by he thc commies ‘eordig fo poedes nae nd noe by he Teaspoon Research Bou Exestne Commitee an the Goveing Boud ofthe National Research Coun Published report ofthe NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM are available fom: ‘Transportation Research Board [National Research Council 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. ‘Washington, D.C. 20418 and can be ordered through the Intemet a: up foww.nas.eduftebfindes heaFOREWORD By Staff ‘Transportation Research Board ‘This report contains the findings of a study to provide knowledge on the magni: tude of the problem of stel piling corrosion and to synthesize the current state of practice in evaluating and predicting corrosion. A recommended practice for the assessment of ste! piling in nonmarine applications and a strategic plan to develop means to deter- rine the condition and to estimate the useful life of steel piling are provided. The con- tens of this report will be of immediate interest to geotechnical engineers and bridge engineers, istorically, steel piling has been used to support structures without concer for Joss of section from corrosion. In many cases, existing steel-ple foundations are used to support rehabilitated structures without an assessment ofthe piling condition. Steel piles exposed during some recent bridge-pier construction operations have revealed severe corrosion damage. Bridge engineers and owners want guidance on the condition evaluation of existing steel piling, on the estimated useful lif of steel piling, and on steel piling performance models. Under NCHRP Project 10-46, CC Technologies Laboratories, Inc. prepared an assessment of the magnitude of the problem of corrosion of steel piling in nonmarine applications. A “Recommended Practice” was prepared for assessing the environmental conditions causing corrosion of steel piling, for evaluating the present condition of steel piling, and for estimating the expected service life of new and existing piling. The recommended practice is believed to be of immediate use to bridge engineers and geotechnical engineers ‘The contents of this report will help state DOTs identify the corrosion vulnerability of steel piling in their inventories and provide preliminary guidance to address that vulnerability. The strategic research plan identifies a coordinated set of research efforts that should be undertaken to develop means to determine the condition and to estimate the useful life of ste! pilingCONTENTS 1 SUMMARY 3. CHAPTER 1 Introduction and Research Approach Task Review of Information, 3 ‘Task 2—Conditions Causing Corrosion, 3 ‘Task 3Draft Recommended Practice, 3 Task 4 Interim Report, 4 Task S—Corrosion Testing and Prediction Model, 4 Laboratory Soil Cells, 4 Field Investigations, 4 Modeling, 4 ‘Task 6—Strategic Research Plan, 4 ‘Task TRevised Recommended Practice, 5 Field Corrosion Probe, 5 6 CHAPTER? Findings Review of Information, 6 ‘Summary of Conditions Causing Corrosion, 6 Soil Parameters, 8 Electrochemical Corosion Assessment Techniques, 8 Uniform Corrosion, 8 Water Table, 8 Water Analysis, 8 Draft Recommended Practice, 8 Laboratory Corrosion Tests, 9 Laboratory Soil Cells, 9 Field Investigations, 12 Buffalo, New York, 14 CC Technologies in Dublin, Ohio, 16 LaGuardia Airport in New York, New York, 17 Comparative Analyses, 18 Modeling, 20, Finite Element Analysis, 20 Prediction Modeling, 20 ‘Long-Term Research, 23 Revised Recommended Practice, 23 “Modifications tothe Recommended Practice, 23 Evaluation of Revised Recommended Practice, 25 28 CHAPTER3. Interpretation, Appraisal, and Appl Corrosion Mechanism, 28 Testing Procedures, 28 Modeling, 29 30 CHAPTER4 Conclusions and Suggested Research Conclusions, 30 ‘Suggested Research, 30 Strategic Research Plan, 30 Research Plan Tasks, 31 Program Schedale and Budget, 33 35 REFERENCES: APPENDIX A. Bibliography APPENDIX Task 1 Questionnaire APPENDIX C_ Database of Questionnaire Responses APPENDIX D_ State-of-the-Art Survey of Piling Corrosion APPENDIX E Laboratory Soil Cell Data APPENDIX Butfalo, New York, Field Site Data APPENDIX G CC Technologies Field Site Data APPENDIX H LaGuardia Airport Field Site DataAPPENDIX APPENDIX. Mod APPENDIX K Final Recommended Practice APPENDIXL ata Comparisons at Various Field Sites cation for Soll Handling, Description, and Testing “Methodology Modifications of AASHTO and ASTM Procedures, »PENDIX M. Environment PENDIX N Procedure for Measuring Galvanic Currents ina Soil Procedure for Making Polarization Resistance Measurements ‘ith a Corrosion Probe in a Soil Environment APPENDIX Procedure for Making Potential Measurements with a Corrosion Probe and Potential Measurements of Existing Steel Piling in a Soil Environment APPENDIX P APPENDIX Q. Glossary of Terms ACKNOWLEDGMENTS “The research reported herein was performed under NCHRP Projet 10-46 by CC Technologies Laboratories, Inc, V. Elias & ‘Associates, and T. A. Bishop & Associates. CC Technologies Lab- oratories, Ine, was the contractor fr this study and the majority of the work was performed a their facility in Dublin, Ohio. Dr. John A. Beavers, Vice President, CC Technologies Laborato- ries, Inc., was the Supervisor and Principal Investigator on the Procedure for Estimating Service Life of Existing Stel Piling project. Ms. Carolyn L, Dure (Staff Geologist), Ms. lise L. Hager ‘dor (Staff Engineer), Ms, Deanna E, Lovier (Lead Technician) and “Me, Joseph E. Gerst (Lead Technician) of CC Technologies were contributors onthe program. The final report was prepared by John Beavers and Carolyn Durr. Mr. Victor Elias of V. Bliss & Associ fates was a consultant in civil engineering and De. William V. Harper (of TA. Bishop & Associates performed the statistical modeling,SUMMARY CORROSION OF STEEL PILING IN NONMARINE APPLICATIONS Historically, steel piling has been used to suppor structures with little concem given to loss of section from corrosion. Recently, examinations of steel piles exposed during bridge-pier construction operations have revealed severe corrosion damage. The long- range objective of research in this area is to develop means to determine the condition and to estimate the useful life of steel piling. This information will assist bridge engineers and owners in their decisionmaking with regard to the use of existing and new steel-pile supports for structures. The specific objectives of NCHRP Project 10-46 were to (1) determine the magnitude of the problem of corrosion of steel piling in soil, (2) assess and synthesize the current state of knowledge for evaluating and predicting the corrosion of steel piling, 3) recommend practices for corrosion evaluation of new and existing steet-ple struc tures, (4) initiate laboratory testing and model development to predict the useful life of steel piling, and (5) develop a strategic rescarch plan to accomplish the long-range objective. The scope of the project was limited to soil exposure and considered H-, pipe, and sheet piting ‘The potential magnitude of the problem of corrosion of steel piling in soil is quite lange. Conditions that are conducive to severe corrosion of steel piles are commonly found in pile foundations for bridges. These include the presence of fill soils contain- ng manufactured materials, such as slag, ash, or cinders or soil containing contamina- tion from saltwater runoff or other sources, Results of the state-of-the-art survey indicate that the controlling mechanism for severe corrosion of steel in sols is thought to be well understood. The presence of mois- sure and oxygen are required for the comosian to occur. The specific mechanism is referred to as an oxygen macrocell and is associated with a variation in the concentration of oxygen in the soil from one area to another on the underground structure. These conditions normally occur in stratified soils above the water table. Other factors that have been associated with soil corrosivity include soil resistivity, pH, soil particle size, ‘and the concentration of deleterious anions such as chlorides and sulfates. While the ‘mechanism of underground corrosion and many of the controlling factors are thought to have been identified, prior attempts to predict soil corrosivity have met with limited success. Typically, there is alot of scatter in the data and the correlation coefficients are low.In NCHRP Project 10-46, a Recommended Practice was prepared using information available from a state-of-the-art survey. The purposes of the practice were to (1) sum- marize the current knoviledge on corrosion of piling in soils, (2) describe procedures to assess soil corrosivity and the present condition of existing steel piling, and (3) offer guidance in corrosion mitigation and the use of steel piling in new or rehabilitated structures Laboratory and field testing were conducted to evaluate the Recommended Practice, address unresolved issues identified in the state-of-the-art survey, and establish a framework for a model for predicting the corrosion of steel piling in soil environments. Results of this preliminary testing indicate that uniform corrosion in the corrosive soil strata may be a major contributor to pile failure. This finding was unanticipated, but the tests may have been too short for macrocells to develop properly. Macrocells may dom- inate corrosion behavior in longer tests and on actual pilings. “The results ofthis preliminary research also indicate that a relatively small number ‘of variables are required to describe the corrosivity of a field site. These variables include soil resistivity, pH, soil particle size, and the position of the pile with respect {0 the water table, A simple decision tree on the basis of this information was incorporated into the Recommended Practice. When the procedures outlined in the Recom- mended Practice were tested out on case histories found in the literature, it was found that the decision tree could correctly identify the potential corrosivity of a field site in ‘more than 80 percent of the cases. ‘The Strategic Research Plan was prepared to meet the long-range objective of devel- ‘oping the means to determine the condition and to estimate the useful life of ste! piling, The plan emphasizes field corrosion rate measurements and the development of a corrosion prediction model. Unresolved issues from the ongoing work and issues out- side the original scope ofthis work are addressed in the research plan.CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND RESEARCH APPROACH Historically, steel piling has been used to support structures with litle concern given to loss of section from corrosion. Existing steel pile foundations are also being used to support rehabilitated structures without assessing the condition ofthe steel piling. Recently, examinations of steel piles exposed during bridge-pier construction operations have revealed severe corrosion damage. Extensive corrosion dam- ‘age has also been observed in related structures, such as reinforced soil structures. Corrosion of structural ste in soils is electrochemical in nature and is eaused by the presence of oxygen and moisture {nthe soil. Corrosion s most likely to accur at or above the ‘water table in disturbed stratified soils having low resistivity For example, fill soils containing manufactured materials such as cinders, sag, of ash are known to cause significant corrosion of steel piles. Stray electrical currents fowing in the ground, from sources such as transit systoms, can also ‘contribute o corrosion of simuctural steels in soils, The long-range objective of research in this area is to develop means to determine the condition and to estimate the useful life of steel piling. Ths information will assist bridge engineers and owners in their decisionmaking with regard 10 the use of existing and new stee-pile supports for structures. The specific objectives of NCHRP Project 10-46 were to (1) determine the magnitude of the problem of corrosion of steel pling in sol, (2) assess and synthesize the curent state of knowledge for evaluating and predicting the corrosion of steel piling, (3) recommend practices for corrosion evaluation of new and existing stel-ple structures, (4) initiate laboratory testing and mode! development to predict the useful life of steel piling, and (5) develop a strategie research plan to accomplish the long-range objective. The Scope ofthe project was limited to soil exposure and considered H-, pipe, and sheet piling NCHRP Project 10-46 consisted of eight tasks: ‘Task 1—Review of Information, ‘Task 2—Conditions Causing Corrosion, ‘Task 3—Draft of Recommended Practice, ‘Task 4—Interim Report, ‘Task 5—Corrosion Testing and Prediction Model, ‘Task 6—Strategic Research Plan, Task 7—Revised Recommended Practice, and Task 8—Final Report. ‘The technical approach for each task is given below. ‘TASK 1—REVIEW OF INFORMATION ‘The purpose of Task 1 was to review relevant practice, performance data, research findings, and other information related to corrosion and nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of, stee! piling from both foreign and domestic sources, Corro- sion information on related structures was also incorporated into the review. The work in this task was divided into two subtasks: a literature survey and industry interviews. ‘The literature survey was initiated with a detailed review of government projects relevant to the research including any from FHWA, NCHRP, and state DOTs. The open literature was searched using CORAB®, CORABP is a CD-ROM version of NACE International's Corrosion Abstracts. The program is run on a PC and contains abstracts of corrosion literature from 1980 to the present. ‘The program contains extensive citations of the open literature from the United States, Europe, and Japan as well as US. government literature. Other computerized database sources that have information on the subject matter were searched, including Transportation Research Information Services (TRIS), the Engineering Index, Chemical Ab- sracts and the National Technical Information Service (NTIS). Relevant information from state DOTS was obtained by ‘means of a questionnaire, follow-up telephone contacts, and site visits. TASK 2—CONDITIONS CAUSING CORROSION ‘The purpose of Task 2 was to document the conditions that ‘cause corrosion of steel piling. The primary input to this task was the information developed in Task 1. The information ‘was analyzed with respect tothe possible causes of corrosion of ste! piling. The output of Task 2 was a listing of case histories of significant corrosion of steel piling, a summary of the mechanisms of corrosion of steel piling, the identification of environmental factors that affect corrosion of steel piling and a listing of areas of incomplete knowledge. ‘TASK 3-DRAFT RECOMMENDED PRACTICE ‘The purpose of Task 3 was to draft a Recommended Prac- tice for (1) assessing the environmental conditions causing4 corrosion of ste! piling, (2) evaluating the present condition of stel piling, and (3) estimating the expected service life of new and existing piling. The Recommended Practice in this task was written in a format suitable for AASHTO “Recom- ‘mended Practice” publication. This Recommended Practice ‘will permit furure data collection to be performed in a consistent manner and will ensure thatthe appropriate data are collected that will answer the questions left unanswered by this research ‘The Recommended Practice provides guidance and procedures in several areas. These areas include the following: « Selection of piles for further examination, + Collection of soil and water samples, «© Analysis of soil and water samples, and ‘© Examination of removed piles. ‘TASK 4—INTERIM REPORT "The purpose of Task 4 was fo prepare an interim report that documents the findings of Tasks 1 through 3, This report summarized the information developed in Tasks 1 and 2. The Recommended Practice developed in Task 3 was provided as, an appendix to the report. The interim report also contained ‘revised detailed work plan, itemized budget, and projected schedule for Tasks 5 through 8. ‘TASK 5—CORROSION TESTING AND PREDICTION MODEL “The purposes of Task 5 were (I) to perform laboratory corrosion tests {0 address unresolved issues identified in Tasks 1 through 3 of the program and (2) to establish a framework for an analytical model for predicting the corrosion of steel piling in soil environments. ‘Testing was performed in the laboratory on several soils 10 evaluate three electrochemical techniques for measuring corrosion rates and to assess the relative value of laboratory ver~ sus field electrochemical testing. The relative contribution of ‘uniform corrosion and macrocell corrosion on corrosion rates in these soils was also assessed, These three techniques consisted of measurements of corrosion potential, polarization resistance (PR), and galvanic (macrocell) currents. Laboratory Soll Celis ‘Three different series of laboratory soil cells were con- structed to evaluate the electrochemical techniques dis- cussed above. The first series of cells were used to (1) assess the relative merits of the PR technique proposed for the evaluation of the soil corrosivity at three field sites, omeqenmy smog ea woes ort > PR BERNE DAW OL, “ape ge Ya6t ny 8 ON 7 0A “sopenea seus Anse] sme SRN HEN BNE] SENATOR, A “snd st cg61 mgoH0 Masny “mam "uNMbOTOTHEEEHNSD rx oponsta ponmey sn sgey toaraey 9} wasKS BULCIIOY NUMAN Ye TA, fd ‘ummm onpond maths Srpomoyy SoemaeD OITA MELEA "oREIEED INES BIA, sed 49146 YEmED HoMsENY OREN PON MEER ‘madame “yon 2 SeaGAI30 AESTMAS TAEON PEOMTPRON HL JO WAHL, "S'V IA ann 119-5 Sos Space xn Aone Wess 2807 avs Bano Pasay jocnane eo dry, Hane 0D ANY SS PHBA conmandey ung mis po Se un wo mod goa oa, po ane a POE sed cust ‘oena9 FomaengeNONEN pmo USE ogeundsmsy ct ON sony ea eouotsne, soot SAAUAJEY PUN AIC sae roomy Senay ou] sheng oon] Hau), eo OHNE WONENONAEAPPENDIXES B AND C ‘Appendix B, “Task 1 Questionnaire,” and Appendix C, “Database of Questionnaire Responses,” are not published herein. Copies may be obtained on request to NCHRP.APPENDIX D State-of-the-Art Survey of Piling CorrosionAPPENDIX D State-of-the-Art Survey of Piling Corrosion Case Histories Case histories of documented incidences of significant corrosion of steel piling were compiled in Task 2. ‘These case histories are given atthe end of this appendix, following the references. This is not purported to be an all-inclusive listing of incidences, although all examples of significant piling corrosion found in the literature are included, Significant corrosion is arbitrarily defined as a general loss of greater than 15% of the thickness ofthe piling at any single location. Isolated pitting is excluded from the criterion and this piting is usually deeper than 15% of the thickness. ‘The case histories are organized chronologically, starting with the ‘most recent examples. Table D-1 is a summary ofthese case histories. All ofthe incidences of corrosion in Table D-1 occurred in disturbed fill sols. In all cases, the soils were layered and the attack was confined to one of the layers. This behavior is consistent with a differential aeration cell mechanism for the attack. The highest corrosion rates reported generally occurred in man-made products such as ash, slag, and cinders. With the exception of the Sardis Dam Outlet, the attack also occurred at or above the water table, The piles atthe Sardis Dam Outlet, ‘were examined in October (1959) and itis possible thatthe water table was unusually high at that time. With the exception of the Grenada Dam Spillway, the soils also would be classified as corrosive based on their resistivity, their pH or both. Itis interesting to note that a layer of soil immediately above the corrosive layer at the Grenada Dam Spillway had a pH of 4.4, which is two units lower than the value recorded for the most corrosive layer. ‘The case histories described in Table D-1 are all examples of soil corrosion of pilings. Corrosion of pilings in fresh water above the ground level also is a problem, as described above. Attack in fresh water can bbe more severe than attack in soil, especially where the water level fluctuates, For example, the exposed portion of the piling in the Lumber River that experienced a 40% thickness loss in the soil experienced a 76% loss in the river water. Further details on the soil conditions causing corrosion are given below. ‘Mechanism of Piling Corrosion A general definition of corrosion is the degradation of a material through environmental interaction, This definition encompasses all materials, both naturally occurring and man made, and includes plastics, ceramics, and metals. All commonly used engineering metals, such as stel, corrode because they are thermodynamically unstable. One principle of thermodynamics is that a material always secks the lowest energy state. A, significant amount of energy is put into a metal when itis extracted from its ores, placing it in a high energy state. In the corrosion process, the energy of the metal is reduced as it reverts to a corrosion product, which in many cases is an ote such as hematite Corrosion of metals in aqueous (water containing) environments, such as in soils, is almost always electrochemical in nature. The metal atoms are oxidized (lose electrons) and species such as water, protons, cr oxygen are reduced (gains electrons). The metal ions generated by the oxidation of the metal normally then, react with water or other species in the environment to create oxides, hydroxides, and other corrosion products In the case of steel, these products of corrosion are what we call rust. Products also are created by the reduction reactions, ‘These products include hydroxide and hydrogen. A summary of typical reactions for the ccorrosion of steel is given below.'$$0] WonD9s KAvay-o}-210I2POHK « rae : wa 5 SOW a oo THR TORT IT PA on = a on a TAT RS TS > = Ce TT RT oa aa] ERLE] DAS | | TE] OTT | oe | TART RORT = a TE 7 aa a SPAT SEAT TTT a Be rae] ST | TE TO | Tm HT ST TROT ig = = rE SRT | ATT OT OT RS a 2 2 2 e z £ e| zl] 2] 8] e Big e E £ eg) zl 2] & E é z i 3 el g| g/g, E s i é 2 a e/g) a) &| & £ a & 5 2/5) F) 2] = 2 : = ele] 2] 8] ¢ a i STTT El a] e 3 FPel Py eye Zz gz & - g = z sSumyg Jo wors0u0> weomnudig 40 souOIT os" Jo ArouMINg “T-C TAR.Oxidation of Iron Fe ~ Fett* + 30" a Oxygen Reduction 0, + 2H,0 + 4e° ~ 40K @ Water Reduction 28,0 + 2° ~ Hy + 20H @ Hydrogen Ion Reduction aut 26" @ Formation of Rust BF + 31,0 FeO, + 68 © ‘There are many other possible corrosion products in soil environment, including magnetite (Fe,0,), iron hydroxide (Fe(OH),), and various carbonates and sulfates. The composition of the corrosion products is, «dependent on the species present in the environment. For example, the corosion products are dominated by reduced (lower oxidation state) ion species such as magnetite where oxygen is not present. Because the common engineering metals are thermodynamically unstable in natural environments, the useful life of an engineering structure is determined by the rate of corrosion, refered to as the corrosion Kinetics. The corosion kinetics can be controlled by te rate ofthe oxidation reaction, the rate ofthe reduction reaction, oF current flow between the locations onthe metal surface where the two reactions are occuring. For ‘example, oxide films may form on the metal surface that are tenacious and protective, limiting the rate of metal oxidation, Stainless steels and luminum are corrosion resistant in many environments because they form thin protective oxide films. Carbon steels also form protective oxide films in elevated pH and in some carbonate environments. ‘The rate of general corrosion of carbon steels is usually limited by the rate of the reduction reaction. In the case of underground corrosion of steels, oxygen reduction isthe dominant reduction reaction controlling the corrosion rate, In this environment, pH values are not normally low enough for hydrogen ion reduction to be significant and the rates of water reduction are low. For the oxygen reduction reaction, the rate controlling process is generally the diffusion of oxygen through the soil or electrolyte to the metal surface. ‘This rat is controlled by the concentration of oxygen in the soil and the thickness of the water layer through, which the oxygen must diffuse, The most sovere conditions are generally those where a thin water layer is present on the metal surface, providing a short diffusion path for the oxygen, These conditions are normally encountered in moist, but not saturated porous soils, especially in zones that are alternately wet and dry due to fluctuations of the water table, ‘The electrochemical reactions can occur uniformly on a metal surface, leading to a general corrosion of the metal. Atone instant in time, metal oxidation may be occurring at a location, while one of the reduction reactions may occur at the same instant on an adjacent atom, consuming the electrons liberated by the metal oxidation reaction. An instant later, the location of the reactions may switch, For most underground steel structures, rates of general corrosion are usually low and can be predicted. Therefore, general corrosion rarely causes service failures. Itis also possible for the oxidation and reduction reactions to be separated on a metal surface, where the ‘metal oxidation occurs predominantly at one site while the reduction reaction occurs predominantly at another site, This is referred to as a macrocell. One type of macrocell is a differential aeration cell, shown schematically in Figure D-1. The differential aeration cell is probably the most common corrosion cell that, is experienced on pilings, pipelines, and other types of underground structures. The site where net oxidation ‘occurs is called the anode and the site where net reduction occurs is called the cathode. In the metal, the clectrons liberated by the oxidation reaction flow from the anode to the cathode where they are consumed by the reduction reaction. In the soil, electrical (positive) current, in the form migrating ions, must flow from the ‘anode tothe cathode to maintain charge neutrality. ‘The current flows through the aqueous phase in pore spaces between the soil particles. In general, macrocells are especially insidious in that, once the oxidation and reduction reactions become separated, the electrochemical reactions create local environments that exacerbate the attack. For example, the reduction reactions cause an increase inthe electrolyte pH at the cathode. Steels form tenacious protectiveMoist Sand =Wet Clay + jonic Oe Current Flow Figure D-1. + @HoO + 4e7>—- 40H e” Flow Anode 1 ‘Schematic Showing Differential Aeration Cell.{lms in elevated pH environments. ‘Therefore, the rate of metal oxidation atthe cathode is educed. On the other hand, hydrolysis of the iron atoms at the anode creates hydrogen ions that reduce the electrolyte pH. ‘The low-pH, acidic environment created at the anode destabilizes any oxide films that may have been present increasing the rate of attack. As the pH at the anode decreases, the direct reduction of hydrogen ions may ‘occur locally, further increasing the rate of attack. Factors that affect the rate of differential aeration corrosion include the relative area ratio of the anode ‘and the cathode, soil resistivity and stratification of the soil. Where the cathode is large and the anode is ‘small, a larger current is supported by the cathode and that current is concentrated at the anode, leading to high rates of attack at the anode. Where the soil resistance is high, a high current flow between the anode ‘and cathode cannot be supported due to the high voltage (IR) drop in the high resistance soil path. The ‘maximum separation distance of the anodes and cathodes also is limited by @ high soil resistance. Stratification of the soil creates ideal conditions for the development of the differential aeration cells, ‘Oxygen deficient layers, such as wet clays or regions below the water table, become the anodes while oxyga. rich layers, such as porous sands, become the cathodes. Further discussion of the effects of resistivity and other parameters on corrosion is given below. Factors i Position of Water Table ‘The position of the water table with respect to the pile is probably the most important factor affecting corrosion of stee! piling. Little evidence of corrosion has been found where the entire piling is below the ‘water table or where a concrete piling cap extends telow the water table, even in corrosive soils. This was ‘one of the major conclusions of the original NBS work by Romanoff” and that conclusion has stood the test of time. A recent example is described by Picozzi.® An investigation was conducted on stee! H-piles in an industrial waste environment in conjunction with rehabilitation of the Buffalo Skyway. The water table ‘was above the concrete pile cap. In spite of the presence of disturbed fill soils and corrosive soil characteristic, little corrosion loss of the piles was detected. Mechanistcally, the effect of water table position on corrosion isreadily explained. As described above most instances of severe underground corrosion are the result of differential aeration cells. Where the entire structure is below the water table, oxygen concentrations near the piling are low and te differential aeration cells do not develop. The dissolved oxygen content in an aqueous phase is only 8 ppm as compared with 20% (200 000 ppm) in the atmosphere, ‘The position ofthe water table also may influence pling corrosion in instanes where dhe water able is below the top of the pile. In one Army Corp of Engineers Report it was observed that corrosion attack of pilings was low where the majority of the piling was located below tle water table, even when the region above the water table was in corrosive soils. Again this behavior can be explained based on a differential aeration cell mechanism. With a corrosion cell, the most severe attack occurs where the cathode (oxygen- rich area) is large and the anode (oxygen-deficient area) is small. This would represent conditions where ‘most of the piling is above the water table. Soil Moisture Content Fully saturated soil below the water table is one extreme in sol moisture content. The other extreme is dry soil. In the case of general corrosion, there is a maximum in soil corrosivity at an intermediate soiture content. At low moisture contents, there is insufficient water to support the corrosion process ‘while. at high moisture contents, oxygen is excluded from the metal surface and corrosion rates ar€ low. A pile located below the water table is representative of the latter situation.Macrocel corrosion also cannot occur at very low moisture contents. However, macrocels can operate at high moisture contents where stratified soils ae present and oxygen can reach the metal surfaces in one or more soil strata. Since macrocells ae responsible for many ofthe instances of severe corrosion of underground structures, one would expet a correlation to exit between sil moisture content and underground corrosion, Such corelations are found in the literature. For example, Booth etal,” found that only resistivity and redox potential were better predictors of corosivity than moisture content. Soils containing greater than 20 weight percent water were considered to be aggressive while those containing less than 20 weight percent were non- aggressive Soil Type Soil type is also an important factor affecting piling comrosion, This is abroad category that includes 0 particle-size distribution, sol stratification, man-made versus natural sols and cation-exchange capacity. The classification of sols is based on particle-size distribution. Inthe Unified Soil Classification System (USCS), clays are defined as having prain size of less than 5 um while silt bas a particle size between S um and 75 um and sand has # particle size between 75 ym and 4.75 mm. Because of their small particle size and chemical properties, clays hold moisture better than silt and sand and tend tobe deficient in oxygen. When a pile is driven through a stratified soil containing layers of clay and silt or sand, the clay strata become the anodes in ‘he differentia! aeration cells and the silt or sand become the cathodes, All ofthe severe cases of piling Man-made products such as slag and cinders also were present in the majority of severe cases of piling corrosion. In those cass, the soils were stratified, with layers of man-made products and clays. ‘The man- made products ae corrosive fora number of reasons; they are porous, allowing oxygen access to the pile, have low resistivities, and frequently have a low pH. Disturbed natural sol is relatively less aggressive than man-made products, but can be porous, allowing oxygen to reach the pile. On the other hand, undisturbed natural soils are relatively non-corosve, even above the water table, regardless of the properties." Undisturbed soils are non-corrosive for the same reasons that corrosion is negligible below the water table. Under these conditions. the sols are deficient in oxygen. It should be cautioned that this conclusion should be put in perspective. Few pilings are installed in completely ‘undisturbed soil. Usually, the upper portion ofa piling is exposed to some type of fill soil, Recently, the cation-exchange capacity (CEC) of clays has been shown to affect corosivity."”” The CEC is defined asthe capacity ofa cay to atrat cations from solution. This phenomenon occurs a a result ofthe charge of the clay particles. Long'"” found that the corrosvity ofa clay increased with increasing CEC. Clays that have @ high CEC, such as montmorillonite bentonite), were found to be more corrosive both with respect to general corrosion and differential aeration cell corrosion. ‘This relationship between CEC and corrosivity ‘of aclay is not unreasonable in that the ability of a clay to hold moisture and corrosive ions increases with increasing CEC. Soil Resi ity Romanoff” reported tat, in one study, 57% ofa pipeline in 1000 obm-cm sol required repair while the repair was limited to aout 3 of the pipeline in 11 500 ohm-em soil, Typical guidelines for sol corosivity, taken from a text for the Appalachian Underground Short Course are given below: to 1000 ohm-em Very Corrosive 1000 to 2000 ohm-em Corrosive 2000 to 10.000 ohm-em Mildly Corrosive above 10 000 ohm-cm Progressively Less CorrosiveLong” investigated the macrocell corrosion of steel pilings and concluded that where severe corrosion ‘occutred, contiguous layers of soil had resistivities below 1000 ohm-cm. Soil resistivity affects corrosion in several ways. Low resistivity soils generally contain high ‘concentrations of soluble salts. The anions inthe salts attack protective oxide films on the sicels, accelerating the rate of the electrochemical reactions at the metal surface, Tonic current flow in the soil must occur for ‘macrocells to develop. Where the soil resistivity is low, the magnitude of this eurrent and the spacial separation of the anodes and cathodes can be larger. Thus, macrocell corrosion rates can be higher and a larger area of the pile can be affected, Soil pH Like resistivity, soil pH is considered to be one of the primary controlling factors in underground! corrosion. In low-pH environments, the protective corrosion product films on stee are destabilized resulting in localized corrosion or accelerated general corrosion, Where the pH is below about 4, rates of hydrogen ion reduction are sufficiently high to increase rates of corrosion. On the other hand, steel develops protective passive films in alkaline environments. As isthe case with soil resistivity, there is alot of scatter in corrosion rate data and all of the known factors must be considered. For example, Table D-1 shows that high rates of corrosion of pilings have been observed in pH 9 soils. A simple analysis was performed to examine the combined effects of pH and resistivity on corrosion of piles in soil above the water table. Data were obtained from Table D-1 and Romanoff." Included in the analyses were cases where negligible corrosion was observed. Corrosion rate was plotted as a function of the ‘product ofthe pH and the log ofthe soil resistivity. Results are summarized in Figure D-2, These data show a trend of decreasing coyrosion rate with increasing value ofthis product but the scatter in the data is large, as indicated by the low R? value for the fitted curve. The California State DOT has performed a similar analysis for culverts. In California Test 643," a rnomogram is provided for estimating the life from resistivity and pH measurements. ‘Years to Perforation in Years (or 52 mil thick culvert) = 13.79 [logigR —Logyo (2160 ~ 2490 Log, pH)] © A linear corrosion rate is assumed for extrapolation to thicker culverts, ‘The calculated rate from this ‘equation is about a factor of two higher than that estimated from the linear regression shown in Figure D-2, assuming that the culvert calculation represents a one- sided corrosion rate. For example, for a pH 7 soil having a resistivity of 1000 om-cm, the culvert equation predicts atime to perforation of 17.3 years for a 52 ‘mil thick culvert. ‘The linear regression shown in Figure D-2 predicts a perforation in forty-seven years. However, if one takes the upper bound of the data shown in Figure D-2, the life estimates are much closer. Soluble Salts ‘Very litle direct data have been obtained on the effect of soluble salts on corrosion of stel pilings in soils. On the other hand, it is generally recognized that soluble salts are detrimental, These salts decrease the resistivity of the soil and directly affect the electrochemical reactions atthe metal surface, Chlorides promote the breakdown of the protective corrosion product films on the metal surface while sulfates ean encourage the activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria, which can lead to microbial-influenced corrosion (MIC). Data showing the effect of sal content on the resistivity of single silt solutions are shown in Figure D-3." These data show a systematic trend of decreasing resistivity with increasing concentration for the caleium sulfate (as sulfate, SO,) and sodium chloride (as chloride, CL) solutions. similar behavior would{(x) = -1.189783E-1*x + 3.614570E+0 PR2 = 2.867207E-1 45 r p ¢ pao a . a Corrosion Rate, mpy ‘Et | 0s a o 5 10 16 20 25 30 Log (Resisitivity)"pH Rate as a Function of the Product of pH Times Log ty for Locations on Piles Above Water Table. Data Were ‘Taken from References Shown in Table 2."imeroduray, WOOY 1e SUON}OG {DEN pu YOGED 404 uonENUaDUED Jo WoHoUN v se AtAnsTSOy, uidd ‘uononuesucg, 00001 000! “eq omsuy OOL OL = OOL 0001 oo000t wdd ‘iQ wo-wYo ‘Ayansisay‘be expected for more complex salt solutions. Romanoff"? reported on one study of the effect of chenical ‘composition of soils, including soluble salts, on the corrosion behavior of an usierground pipeline. It was found that soil resistivity measurements, made at the same time on the pipeline, were as reliable as the ‘mote detailed chemical analysis in identifying corrosive soils. Potential and Eh Correlations have been established between corrosivity of soils and two types of potential measurements; the free-corrosion potential of the underground steel structure and the soil redox potential (Eh). ‘The free-corrosion potential of stel is measured by placing acopper-copper sulfate (CCS) reference electrode in the ground over the structure and measuring the voltage difference between the steel and the reference electrode using a high impedance voltmeter. Where the soil is stratified, the potential measured will be some average value, More accurate measurements of the potentialof the steel within each stratum ‘can be obtained by boring down to the stratum and placing a reference electrode close tothe structure. The ‘corrosion potential of a metal is established by the corrosion kinetics, it represents the potential at which the sum of the oxidation reactions (metal corrosion and any othe non-corrosion oxidation reactions on the ‘metal surface) equals the sum of the reduction reactions (oxygen reduction + water reduction, etc.). ‘The Eh is measured in a similar fashion, but the petential of a platinum electrode, instead of the steel structure, is measured. For the Eh measurement, the platinum electrode is placed in the soil stratum of, interest whereas the reference electrode can be placed on the ground surface. The Eh is a measure of the oxidizing or reducing strength of the soil. Where thesoil is oxidizing (aerobic) the value is more positive than where the soil is reducing (anaerobic). In unsaturated soil, aerobic conditions prevail and the Eh values tend to be more positive. ‘Table D-2 provides guidelines for soil corrosivity based on eiher stee! potential or Eh measurements. ‘The table shows that steel in the most corrosive soils has more negative potentials based on either type of, potential measurement. It should be cautioned that thee guidelines are based on years of experience with pipelines and other underground structures that typically are above or atthe water table. A negative value for the Eh or corrosion potential indicates that reducing sites are present and thatthe likelihoodof corrosion by a differential ‘Table D-2. Corrosivity as a Function of Eh of Soif!” or Corrosion Potential of Steel in Soil." Eh CORROSION POTENTIAL CoRROSIVITY | _my (SHE) mY (CCS) Non-corrosive >400 >-400 STight 200 to 400, 400 to 500 Moderate 100 to 200 500 to -600 Severe <100 <-600 aeration cell is high. In this context, these data are consistent with recent data obtained for piles. For example, Long" found an excellent correlation between galvanic current and the potential of the clay layer, as shown in Figure D-4. (On the other hand, the guidelines in Table D-2 should not be applied to piles that are completely beneath the water table. Under these conditions one would expect negative potential and Eh values yet negligible corrosion.Self-generated current due to contact potential of contiguous layers (Concentration of NaCl solution=0.001M, saturation of contiguous layer No. CSC-1 = 65% _— Bentonite clay ~~ Hertford clay Alfto-clay- xy Kaolinite ofa) ases Medium sar 3 (mlcroAmps/eq.em) Self-generated current oa -600 Corroston potential (mV) Figure D-4, Galvanic Current as a Function of Corrosion Potential of Steel in Clay for ‘Macrocell Tests Performed with Sand/Clay Layers in 0.001 M NaCl Solution." Microbes ‘The damaging effect of microbial influenced corrosion (MIC) on underground structures suchas pipelines is well established." Microbes do not directly attack a metal; they promote corrosion by generating corrosive environments, Although the effect of aerobic, acid-producing, and general anaerobic bacteria are not well- documented in the literature, sulfete-reducing bacteria (SRB's) are commonly associated with accelerated corrosion of underground pipelines. The corrosive environment generated by SRB's is reducing and contains high levels of sulfides. These conditions can exacerbate the development of differential aeration ces. On the other hand, several studies” have reported high levels of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) on the surfaces, of piles and yet the extent of corrosion was negligible. The regions ofthe ples analyzed for SRB's were well below the water table suggesting that MIC, lke other forms of corrosion, isnot a problem for ples at loc well below the water table. However, MIC should be considered as a possible contributor to corrosion of piling ator above the water table Stray Current Corrosion Piling and other underground structures can undergo accelerated corrosion as result of stray current flow in the soil!" This form of corrosion is referred to as stray current corrosion or stray current electrolysis. Sources of stray current include cathodic protection systems for other structures, direct current (DC) electric {ransit systems, mining activity, and high vollage DC electric powerlines. DC elecric current, flowing parallel toa structure, will jump onto that structure if that structure has a lower resistance in the direction of the current flow than the soil. ‘The structure is cathodically protected where the current jumps onto the structure and ‘corrosion is accelerated where the current leaves the structure, Stray current corrosion is most commonly observed on structures that have large dimensions in one horizontal direction, such as pipelines. Sheet piling and other piling that are elecrically continuous also can experience stray current corrosion.10. 1 2 a 4. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. REFERENCES, Lamb, S. E., “1-990 Ramps Over Sweet Home Road: Replacement of West Abutments with Reinforced Earth,” Soil Mechanics Bureau, New York State Department of Transportation, PIN 5126.24, February 1989. Lamb, $, E, and 0. B. Picazzi, “Reconstruction of Route 5 Father Baker Bridge, Cities of Buffalo & Lackawana, Erie County,” New York State Department of Transportation, Soil Mechanics Bureau & Materials Bureau, PIN 5034.43, 1500769, February 1990. Long, R. P. and F, C. Huang, “Corrosion of Driven Steel Piles,” Final Report, JHR 90-193, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, Connecticut Department of Transportation, May 1990. Greene, N. D., R. P; Long, J. Badinter, and P, R. Kambala, “Corrosion of Stet Piles,” Corrosion ‘95, Paper No. 17, National Association of Corrosion Engineers, 1995. Romanoff, M., “Corrosion of Stee! Pilings in Soils,” National Bureau of Standards Monograph 58, October 1962. Picozzi, O. E., 8. E. Lamb, and A. C. Frank, “Evaluation of Prediction Methods for Pile Corrosion atthe Buffalo Skyway,” New York State Department of Transportation, Technical Services Division, February 1993 ‘Anon., “Report on Corrosion of Underground Steel Piling,” Otfice of the Chief of Engineers, Engineering Study ES- 311, Lower Mississippi Valley Division, Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS, December 1969, ‘Thompson, N. G. and G. H. Koch, “Effects of Seasonal Variation on Requirements to Prevent Corrosion in Soils,” AGG.A., Arlington, VA, 1986, Booth, G, H., A. W. Cooper, and P.M. Cooper, “Criteria of Soil Aggressiveness Towards Buried Metals. Il ‘Assessment of Various Soils,” British Corrosion Journal, Vol. 2, May 1967, p. 109. Long, R. P., J. Bainter, and P. R. Kambala, “Investigation of Steel Pile Foundations in Corrosively Active Areas,” ‘Report Number JHR 95-239, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, Connecticut Department of Transportation, March 1995, Romanoff, M., “Underground Corrosion,” National Bureau of Standards Circular 579, 1957, Reprinted by National Association of Corrosion Engineers, 1989. ‘Anon, “Basic Course, Appalachian Underground Corrosion Short Course,” West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 1985, ‘Anon., “Method for Estimating the Service Life of Stee] Culverts,” State of California Department of Transportation, Division of New Technology and Materials Research, California Test 643, 1993. ‘Anon., USDA Handbook No, 60, L. A. Richard, Editor, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., 1968. Lee, R. U. and A. H. Clatk, “Corrosion of Steel Pilings in Soi,” Corrosion '93, Paper No. 6., National Association of Corrosion Engineers, 1993 Pope, D. H., eta., “Mitigation Strategies for Microbial Influenced Corrosion in Gas Industry Facilities,” Corrosion "89, Paper 192, National Association of Corrosion Engineers, 1992, Morley, J., “A Review ofthe Underground Corrosion of Steel Piling,” Steel Construction, Vol. 13, No. 4, July 1989, pp. 13-18. Eadie, G. R., “Corrosion of Steel Piling - Results from a Test at Burley, Vietoria,” SEAISI Quarterly, Vol. 7, No. 4, October 1978, pp. 34-40, Beckwith, N. R., "Corrosion Test Program of Steel Pipes in River Murray Swampland, South Australia,” Corrosion Australasia, Vol. 6, No, 3, June 1981, pp. 11-16.Case Histories of Significant Piling Corrosion“0661 Kreme “ycorzs Nid ‘namg SHARP F AeING soMPAWY Yo ‘voNNOdsNE] Jo awaunedag "oA maN Jo a «THEA pansOpEITY WAN SIUSUNNAY 189A Jo maurooeydoy :peoy auoq] ams 10K SAME O66'T, “sOUY —saoKaLefAy sso} wonoos Kavag] on svezpou poous Sod =A “HOS ‘xp paw eq Japa am waomoq UonIsuEN =x IY ‘PAUTUIEXS id aun pue ponodtar sem TR} J9p0I9 amp “voRnsuosos om Sung, Iwo> amisiou «pie PAFESIDUE aoIsOuIOD JO AITAARS eT * Of Jo SeNID “=pUE THI snijeg § meg Jo wononnsuo.y, "0G IO PUL AMET T'S “Puavaloy ‘yoeue woIsoue> 40 manxa 2mp pur (Saji pus ‘sopuo|ys“Auansisay“4) pouuoyiod soscqeue a Jo sso xp 200099 uone[axI09 poo x JOM sem slap TEM PepN|guo Sema] JUEOHS 212M SOS amp JO SoSKTEUR amp Jo sMSas aMp EHP 3H} a1 JO ‘ds uy youn sso yon paoustiod ge 3m 2m Jo UIA 2p moe weoyas your a ‘vo patin2co woisosio>asoK9$ tour pus said a9 0 wadefpe Bmp sd ISO. ‘woy paurgo ar2x soydums nog “Ses par spurs Surmeywo> ‘ase TeApUT au pefoud wononnsuooare Suunp seme 29 uo swweunnge ap wody uopsou02 amuse fo uoj9007 10 Sausadoud 10$ ayy wos.) sunnupeoy fo uoq207 Sas vt a9 woproucg apIs-24) wee sexu GEO 2H seu! 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PEO: ‘ny wonseuaoo ui paxowsa sea amon ay, “amionas wodéns 28psq mn 305 uuppioyjos zenurias paus sopd ayy, “DK “unupIEo Feu J5ARY SOQ sa Jano uoddns apg = woxy pasouuadauam sat QzI “@S6t Mt wowace suowsoueg marron fo uowo207 10 sawiadoud H0§ sy any worsou1e) sumurxoy Jo uouroey ayy woysou0 2prs-249 fear S807 uoyDaS uno roan Mm SSO. [OMISO) radky po2ig ‘nd Jo 28 tet swonsiy fo 200 8561 s9qu990C1 uoyoupuxg fo 210q ON ‘ueupioog “foary J9quiT] ‘MowDo0y ssp"7961 1890 ‘es UdEHOUOWY spIPPUES jo Ne=IM TROOMEN ,"SHos wr sBumRg [RAIS JO UOISONOD,, youRBoY “Wy ouava/y (Hos ry amt as soepsoum oxy ssou J94ey pos pagumsipun Jao} ee 212008 190u 4, aqEYS Ses TIX ¥ Jo pastsu0D posodxe M4 eo} SpuRs “20g “uMOIa 2) 10819 Jo parssuod sake] Jos soda said sem agen sae aE “soe an S80} 3995 ua 1 2oeps om moog YBa} Dou Os ‘pauTNxD pue posod> 2:38 osodxe aiom soary ousngore 2a1uo “Sewsds oc sensi5 2th pr umanss aq Jo ses 20h sng sod od-gam youn ST 096 HIE UT swonduoneq = sommes = epRD u>.He 990% Kans 9 Hd ——_sopsauag ummupcop fo osm w saiadoug 1§ as As jo saotd {Bom pes As pA STGEL sre 280ay 294 woqsouseD umurny fo wom0207 Sia ve iny woso41e9 apis-ouo x61 07 uonDes mebiag sown 1200 S07 wonsas wma seu f0¢0 Soup nLy Mma sm §2'0 ssn Tomo reais moat code wos sho P TL aug fo 28) st 3840290 cuounosu fo 200) ‘961 eH uouounuerg fo 30q SH "epeD ‘Sends uC EpeID, ‘uonmooy aseAPPENDIX E Laboratory Soil Cell Data‘evo x0 “ormuowiog pue pues J04 WC TED HOS TAAL, ou “omuowag pue pug Jo sisseuy “T-o14eLsevzv0t | oevoro4. ons orenng op 18 pordures [ros wos WEA 12D Hos “E-TAIGEL,“ous 120 om wory pardums Wos wor wed TED WOS “yA aIGEL,“{Oulpouoo-uou) a1poujeo arom s6uy esau Jeu) EYEOIPUI SANIEA OAS, ole l= lo» lo lo lo fon oe foe [oo [on |e [fowl wa | a wo | mo | wo | wo Te a a (691 pu god om sons one aura seo HOS aHUOWEY/pUES WOLY EIeC 9goKd UOIsOUED KiOWI0gE] “SH EL(Supouco-vou) apoyien 10m sBus @s0U9 TEM SYED SANIEA ANNISOS te poe ae lee or pasar] oe fmm) ca] mo mn ca soe | sore | axe ean « am aa | sea [Roar eas ‘ons erga a8 poyes Nog wars meC BAOIY VOISOHIED KtOmIOGET “9-FARRL(Gupauos-vou) apouyes asa sus asoun eu oIeIpU SaMER SANISO ‘as 190 ai pofduns os wou wi ARON WOOHIN AIOOGET 4-4 I6R,Table E-8, Tafel Slopes and Factors Determined from Anodic and Cathodic Potentiodynamic Polarization Curves. 2S ee oer ee Sand - 12 0.156 | 0.128 | 0.031 -688 -662 Bentonite 24 0.213 | 0.177 | 0.042 463, 463 Buffalo 6 12 0.193 | 0.251 | 0.047 -802 -807 = ccT 2 30.8 0.157 | 0.265 | 0.043 -788 -787 LaGuardia 8 17.6 0.204 | 0.196 | 0.043 606 -o0_| Literature references indicated that B, = B, = 0.120 volts/decade. ® Literature references indicated a value of 0.026. ® E, = Corrosion Potential.‘suamamspayy SounIIsoy UOREZUEIOg 103 posf (1US4RD) Pues pue (Yo) MUON FuIUED sIoD IAI, HOS Jo sydesBONoYg — “| -AH auNL“smiouomsvayy souersisoy uoneZ1Ie|0¢ 40} est, QUSRA) aus Piety SoVTojouyoo, IO Pur (FOT) aS Plot HOA MON “OMIM amp WOH Hos ZuMMENIOD SID ISI, LOS JO SydeBOIYY — “zaCorrosion Rate, mpy ot 0.01 0.001 2 1 é 2 oo 8 0.01 8 0.001 Ea ee ot 8 001 é 0.001 FigueE3. p eee, © Bentonte/H0, trom PR (© Bentnte/HG0, from Wo 1 Bentonite/10 per NaCl 0. fom PR 1 Bentonite/10 ppm NaCl, fom We 1 6 14 21 22 28 35 55 85 1 Send/t. fom PR ey sana/nfo, trom WL 2. Sond/10 ppm Net! H,0, trom PR ‘A. Sond/10 ppm Ne! #20, from WL 1 B14 2 22 2 35 55 85 Pon. Cor 3, tom FR oT BS, fom WL ql (oe ee ey ee ey Exposure Time, days Corrosion Rates Calculated From Polarization Resistance (PR) and Weight-Loss (WL) ‘Measurements for A36 Steel Tested in Various Environments for 85 Days in the Laboratory.Figure E-4, Photograph of Laboratory-Sized Corrosion Probe for Galvanic Current Measurements.10 a $10 5 10 5 10" 107 10 Bao £10 5 0! 10 10 2 0 £10! 5 10 2 10 Figue ES _—_______________Prnboitt: Sond/Bentonite, 12%/24% Moisture 9 ae omen 8-557 men F807 mm 1-645 mm (FR) E 93.72 mim (R) 646 mm OW) 1-25.72 mm) aoe) 2 HS “ Moisture/Soturated Soil, 31 Sg 0 fg ig © 448 mom (PR) 8 e018 im (om) S445 mom (Mt) 8 F608 Fen 0) Se 07 ert Exposure Time, days Corrosion Rates Calculated from Polarization Resistance (PR) and Weight-Loss (WL) ‘Measurements for Laboratory Corrosion Probes Tested in Various Environments for 113 Days in the Laboratory.“suowuag pur pug ut Bury aqozg Uo!soxI0D Kloyes0qe7 pofdno; 40} ‘ou pue yndag_ Jo WoReUnA v se amy sweAEH —-9-q aunt, susyeuliy “ydeq di e- ve 7 ig osz— stz~ ooz— Sci- ost- szi- ool- ce- os— sz~ is- 69 woe ll ‘eo 62 Heo 95 El soo ee soo 12 ER g ea Gi soa st os Se oot sZt ost sat o0z sez osz fetes ere ese yet ueuing ajuoAjo9 SIMSON RVZ/REI DUO USG/DUBS TF BGo1g KiS|eIOGeT quening SUOMDHIe (6x paw 94 soqdures os) aus omega amp toy paydureg tog ut ‘sBury aqoig uorsesi09 Azorer0qe"] potdnoc 205 ‘oun pue ypdac_ Jo wonoung w Se syuaLAM oMEATED) RVEEUEN | osz- sez- ooz— SLi- osi- szi- o01- St- os- se- st os SL ool sz ost ay 00% see BINISION KEE/RETL “UOS C1OHMG :Z# @GO4g A40}010q07 queuing SUOAIDO V osz yet quasing 91UDA09 “La emsiy“(eH a1dung pros) ag 135 amp wioyy pojdureg og ut ‘sBury aqorg worsos309 Kuoyes0qe"| pajdno3 104 ‘our, pu ydaq_ Jo wonaUN|w se SWALND WEAR —- “ge OmMBL suajouyiius “yydeg 9z- We oe as- 99 : ose— seoe piece oo oe ooz- oe set eo oe osi~ Seo $1 szi- was ool- 9 si- = os- §. st ° — 0 2 se 3 jos 8 af oo & sz ost fsa ooz jszz — ost payoInyoS/aaMISIOW BIS HOS 1O0 :ef ed01g K40}0I0q0> yUaLIND S|UOAIDD Y‘anuomiog pu pus ty ‘Bury aqorg wo}sonI0D Auovexoqe] 303 ‘suHL pue pdoq Jo uonsuN ese sjenUDIOG UoISOHIO =“ g-FaMBT ssoyoustjiiu "yydeq - = “ ose- 0 01) All ooe~ wa osi- ‘oe ood~ ont sors: SS oso- Za 009- oss- oos- ose— oor- ose- ooc- osz- ooz~ osi- ool- os- S00 Aw ‘}oRUE}0g os BINISION BPC/REL Byuoweg/puog =1f Sqoig AIOjOI0Go] TORU V“(6 pur gy sajdures, Tos) aus oregon oy paldumes os ut sBuny agora uowsonne5 Asow0ge7 05 ‘aL pueYidaq Jo UonDUNA ese sfEnUEIDg WISHED —-O-A aml suoyowiu “ydeg ose- oog- osc- ooc~ os9- oo9- oss- oos~ osb— 00% ose- ooe- osz- o0z~ osi— o01- os- o (OS O1Dj)NG “Zf eqorg K10}010q07 jonuaiog v O° S00 Aw ‘}oNUaIOg SIMSON KL/%E™(€# 21d pS) NS 199 21p woy poldueg [log ut ‘sBury aqoug wolsox0> Kzoresoqe"| 10} “SUNK, pur yndoc_ Jo WoRDUN ¥ se sEMUDIOg WoISOMO — “1 ]- (g4 a1dures) ng wxprENEe] ayn paydums Tos 30) saam> woRezUMIog muUKPONNIEG —_ “91 amNFL (qwopytl) | OF 0h 0b 20h ; : 0001- 006- 008- | 002- -] 009- pot 4 00s- 00r- busi at L 00e- SIlOS BlpaenDe 7) (aw) 3APPENDIX F Buffalo, New York Field Site DataHos yuajuoo amstout 103 porwaLs0D , Auansisas uo pose Touaqeayy ang uaiKuneN AU0D “ou e sem p oN aydureg w 14909 94), “14900 84H] aU0 pa Sea) wmianew [ams eu “aS HO, MON ‘omeyng amp We porduwes Hos JosassqeUY “Toa age‘Table F-2. Analysis of Groundwater Sample Taken at the Buffalo, New York Site. T Bi rs 2 pH 73 Conductivity, wS/om 67 Chloride, mg/L 327 Sulfate, mg/l. 91 Bacteria, Bacteria/mL (Days) General Aerobic >10,000 (2) General Anaerobic 1,000 - 10,000 (4) Acid-Producing 100 - 1000 (2) Sulfate-Reducing 0 (28) lron-Related >10,000 (4)(zo | ceo (200) 001001 | szo‘ee Leo'zz fekeazz shea st] sfeae | feat senor | 2eisz | suze | s6e1/6 i), (599) au wenveiog 1uBioy4 wodnes. sounjsjo0u uoneztiod sea_| se | vse | se | zoe [®hea 35 shea se | akea oz shea zz |ehea vi} seas |sevzv |oe/ov0t | serior |osozie ‘oHS oTEUNG om we paldures OS WOR HEA TED HOS “fk STAB,“(6uypowo-uou) o1powje e10M SBuu osain yey} BJEOIPUY SONIEA OANISOg , “ug ofeumna 219 pajduns j19§ worg weg Aqoug UOISOUED KoIOGe] "yA EL(Burpoxico-uou) ojpoujeo aiom sBuy asaus yeu) SIEOIPUI SeNIeA eAHISod Wezo) | eee) 260: 088 95- zs : : sooo | eso0- 0098-0028 8 Tweo0) | erro} 891 ca 095- sos sero | occ seve-seue 8 ‘oseo) | Goze? 960: Ea 955° sos : : woo | ze ovs-os'ee 8 Tero) | Ga007 289" 969° co ove : : 940 Zero szeu-se'es s ussn | woo 99° 659° 005: ws : see | usvo 00's -o0'ss s Taw So woro_|_eseor zs" bus! 005+ eve sory osez || weo | usco sevs-se0s » war) | eeo07 vs" es: zor. 9 2 seco | 0900 0508 - og 9» » eso) | oro) se0- Z00: oer eo : 2 ves | e590 seor-szew ’ amon zn shea er | steaer | snono || steaer skeaey | snonszt|| seaer | snonst | sousundeg [oneiaues seer sei | s6svor | see seer | sesor || sees | sssvor | s6uri oqosg pias os, (e007 Aw Tauy (aay a19- renuaiog sso7 ubiom ||_souersisou uom au ojeyng at wory IEG aqorg HoISOHIOD PIStL “¢-4 TGELSENECA STREET (N.Y. ROUTE 16), HAMBURG STREET AND 1190 RAMP. CITY OF BUFFALO, ERIE COUNTY PLN. 5576.55 Figure F-1. Location of Field Site in Buffalo, New York. Plan View of Field Site; Sampling Performed Near Boring N* 405 by Pier Figure F-2.‘Steel H Piles HP 10x 42 ‘Maximum Load 35 Tons tren Line dnos- 3 section ama\ [7 ‘Seok 7 Bee Bock Ait mith [tem 2Ek- ‘ tt ts a wok Le eh beat ts Figure F-3. Elevation View of Section A-A Near Pier N? 3. EL 14.27 N. Pler El. 13.50 5. Pier 44 ig 14.86 NPrer 3 296 4k. G03 een EL LEIS Spier #3 | eas a a [f 7 S88 = Ss Si3 313 ey 181535 ag QO 319 MS WSL ® s® sly pip yo [Leger | as ut tie ; Sly bis x Sg ais x Ne ais Qo he He F 90) BSS rrom =a se HV ole |Xey xe; rary £245.00: —- . Livereoe TU sy PK. 2OE ede! Ty : it Tilibazeor SAL al ye Figure F4. Elevation View of Pier N°3 and N® 4, North and South.BORING NO. 405 STA. 11455, 21 Lt. GR. EL.+5.8 fe DESCRIPTION ‘BLOWS/FT. ‘OW CASING SYMBOL Tort Oo] oePTHIN F H|Joose bl ASHES, SILT Gnd RUBBLE FELL bul, 52 3 Ewin: 4 sh plestic ro. gy. ES 78) 2 Sr Po Chey Ptr. FS |447 4 Sand 5 78: s B C742) So 20 come TL] seamed, LIMESTONE I] BeoeockK Figure F-5. Boring Log for Boring N* 405,Resistivity, em Chloride, ma/kg Sulfate, ma/kg Raaad Cotion Exchange Capacity (Methylene Blue Method) CEC, meq/100 pH, 0.01 M CoOl, {ASTM D 4972) 75 7.0 1400 Se rated Resistivity (ASTM 6 57) _ 1200 F 1000 800 + 600 | 400 F 200 + (cfc oD cI 3 6000 2! 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 1500 1250 1000 750 500 250 ol Figure F6. Soluble Sulfote (AASHTO T 290) le Chloride (AASHTO T 291 oe | ~198-180-167~162-126-108 -90 -72 -54 -36 -23 -18 Depth, inches Graphical Representation of Soil Analysis Data, as a Function of Depth, for the Buffalo, New York Site.O10 & Fines BBW % Sand RS & Gravel e090 So oO 8 (wiaishs SSN) % eo9ee80200 88 25 & = ‘siskiouy 921 9[01I0g -18 36 -23 54 cee 90 108 =198 —180 -167 —162 —126 le} Particle Size Distribution, as a Fu of Depth, for the Buffalo, New York Site. 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Figure G-1Cotion Exchange Capacity (Methylene Blue Method) onsaad : \ N J pH, 0.01 M CaCl, (ASTM 0 4972) CEC, meq/100 g 8.0 75h 4 65st 6.0 ‘s000 Saturated Resistivity (ASTM G 57) 2500 + 4 2000 F 4 1500 F 4d 1000 + 4 500 + 4 i Resistivity, Nem 50 Soluble Chloride (AASHTO T 201 7 30} 4 10 Chloride, mg/kg 0 Soluble Sulfate (MSHTOT 200) Sulfate, mg/kg -108 ~72 -36 Depth, inches FigureG-2. 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‘y3daq“aug 1.99 amp tpdag Jo wonoung v se ‘sBuny ogorg worsou109 SminoD soy shea a7 swAIMD aNMEATED —_“6L-D AML yl queuing s1UDA}Og 00: 06 08 OL 09 OS Oy OF OZ OL O OL- OZ OF OF OS~ Se care eee 4 gg— Le- LL- et- 6s- 4go- 4 is- BORK Neorg SEY L po 96-0F—O1 ‘Sq01g SaBojouyseL 90 souou! ‘deg‘aulg LOD ape ‘qidag Jo uonoun.y v se ‘sBury aqodg WoIso1105 Zuyjdnog soy sKeq 9g SwaLND SMMEAED —_ “9-H ANTI, yt queuing 2JUDA|D9 001 06 Of O£ 09 OS Ov OF OZ OL O OL~ OZ OF- Or— OS~ TTT >t po eee eee eee 1 Skog 9S 96—ZZ—L| ‘edodd SeIBojouyse] 99 9a- 1e— iS ee- 6s- ss- 1g- Ly seyour ‘urdegouS LOO aun 18 “dag Jo uonoUn, # Se ‘sBuny aqoIg uosous0D BuyjdnoD soyy sKeq Z6 SULIND oquEATED ya queuing 21u0N09 Ie-p amin, 00 06 08 04 09 OS Ov OF OZ O1 O OL~ OZ OS— Ov OS~ SS {—- 1 [eee eae Eeedace 6-2-1 "qoig Sa[6o|ouYe] DO soyout “wdeg‘aS LOD aun re ‘pdag Jo wonoung v se SS yt quasing 21U0njog 2qoig worsou05 Surjdno> soyY skeq QzI SEL oMEAED —“Z7-H amNBL 001 06 08 O£ 09 OS Ov OF OZ OL O OL~ O<— OE— DF OS— — i T 11 —T r t lea ee eae Lt _t 1 1 shod OZ) L16—0E—| ‘eqoig Saibojouyoe| 99 seyout “uideq“amis 1.90 au 40} ‘ote. pu ypdac_ Jo wonung ¥ se ‘sBury aqo1d WoIso1109 pajdnog jo sweLiND aWweajey —“EC-DaMTL seyour ‘yded _ _ _ . > ie ies 98 “ is ss 6s ge “ os- ov- or- oz- | atl ae, ail 1 , Hl N , y BW’ N oO ) {oz Y, / os Y Z oF Z 7 {os y os a shog oz ‘46/08/10 ES + on sfoa 26 ‘6/20/10 OI sho 9s ‘96/20/11 HBfsl ~] O8 sho ez ‘36/08/01 SS] og sano ve ‘96/20/01 ZA DUS PRT SeIBO|OUNSAL DO quasing slupAeg y °F rt "yuading 91UDA|09‘aS 1.90 2m 1 “dag Jo wonsung v se ‘ “sigenond WN = "aN tos Jo tuo axmsfou 105 paroass0c) Jans uo pose ojdues wopoyssuy ="S1 omayy ani Ueki 1925 Zp Or Tp 99} €€ 01Z°E WON SIDMIReS YoU 940 IMO veay €°5 01 °5 pu [eectonaw | rectoumw | SS rans] omen ‘aeon[aar eu eeu ~ ss | us “ails WOK weN "EpIENHET aN 7 pE|dures Hos Jo SeRsIeUY “T-H A1gEL,(6u1po1109-uou) o1powjeo a10m sBuU asa\y 24) BZOIPUI SANIeA BAAISOd Eva zu | cu | ae $250 : : os shi 0s 6 win ea vu: we | vex | sos 2580 os | sea | sree seus-sevor | 6 gee ow | ie | as 900" cozor-oeor |e spe wr | vee | com £560 sxz01 - 31°86 2 ue oe | su | cose sesh 00769 - 00'se Z WOO sir zur | ov | ess: zoz't__|| vrzosr sxve-se09 Z sie zor | 1580 se08- see z ver | owe _| oss Soe" : : : oo'az- 002 z fea cor | Sino st [sion sol] Skea cor [shea cor | sInoH er | snon so ‘seyout indeg [oN arduie zewe | seiszior | sevzior || sew || seme | soiszior | serszioe js6upi eqoua piel} 110s (away (Faw), ‘equered ssorjusiom || eoueisisoy uonezueiod juaung 21ueNeD “aulg mIpmEMgeT ay) WOLY EG AaqoFg LOISONOD PIL “TH A1ARL,CEC, meq/100 ¢ 75 70} 65} 60 pH Lice oss $9 ern ee ss $s SS SS AS pH, 0.01 M CoC, Soturated Resistivity Cation Exchonge Capacity (Methylene Blue Method) SI (ASTM 0 4972) E (ASTM G 57) = 20000 2 16000 }- 12000 ‘8000 + 4000 | Soluble Chloride (AASHTO T 291) Chloride, mg/kg 1000 750 500}. 250 es Sulfate, mg/kg Figure H-1 Soluble Sulfate (AASHTO T 290) =143-130-126- 121-117-107 -92 -71 62 -49 -36 -16 Depth, inches Graphical Representation of Soil Analysis Data for the LaGuardia Site as a Function of Depth,‘8US BIpreNBET eu) Ye "yideq Jo UONOUNY ¥ se ‘poidules 10S Jo SISAjBUY ezIg eIoNIed —-Z-H ING soyoul ‘yjdeq 74 Z6~ LOL—LALL— 124-924-084 -Seb— OL 0% os Ov ee see =| 0¢ % sot RS os 7 oO 06 $ (waysks sosn) % ‘sisdiouy azis ajonsog oot“aig erprenge aun re “yidag Jo uoNoun B Se ‘eqold UOISOHHOD Out Jo uomiesut soyy sino} ¢'0 (eponge (3 eousl9jey areying saddogueddog v 01 wadsex YIM Peinseay) sieNuelag UOISOHOD (S00) Aw ‘pRUeieg 00S- OZS- OFS— 09S—- OBS- 009- 0Z9- O¥I- 099- 0B9- 0OL— T T T i i RR T T T T + 601 + SOL + LOL SINOH G0 ‘96-TZ—OL ‘®4O%d yO, MAN ‘DIPIDNDD] “ujdeg seyoul eH eunbig“ais BIprenge7 ou) 12 ‘yideq Jo UOYOUN, e se ‘eqoig UOISoUOD eu J0 uoResul Jeyy suNoH 61 (ePo1DeIa eoUBIe}9Y 1EIINg saddogjeddog k 0 jpadsoY YIIM painseay\) SjeNUEIOd UOISOOD o009- ($90) AU ‘9}UE}0g 0Z9- OF9- 099- 089- 0OL— OZL- OFL- O9L- OBL- 008- T T T T T T T T 1 Sea es qt + 601 = SOL 5 | 410 > Jis 458 48 { 4 el SINOH 6L “96-SZ—-OL ‘eqold JOA MEN ‘DIPION|DT “y-H amnbig seyou! ‘yydeg“ous Bipienge7 yp re ‘yidaq Jo UoNOUNY ¥ se “sBuIy aqodd UoIse1109 Jo Buydnog ‘uenyee 40 shea 60) Joyy (epandera eouslejey eyeing 1eddogyieddog & 0} joedsou YUM peuNseON) SjeNUs!Od UOISOLOD ($09) AW ‘IDRUE}Og o0g- OS¢s— OOr- OS¥- OOS— OSS- OD9- OS9- OOL- OSL— oo8— T ole 601 j sol 7 LOL S718 Bammer sg gL | | vl shog SOL ‘26/¥/Z ‘ed04d HOA MEN ‘DIPADNDO] "¢-+H emnbig soyout ‘wideqous, BiprenDe7 ayy 1 ‘yideq 40 UoHOUN e SP ‘sBuIy oqo1g UoIs01109 Jo Buydnog oIUEAIeD 4o SKeq E01 BuIMo|O4 UONeZUBIOdEG, JO SeinuIW OF Jeyy (eponDeIa eoUDIE}EY oIeNINg Jaddogueddog e 0} edseY \UIM PeinseeW) sfeqUa}og UOISoLOD oo¢— (S09) AW ‘oRUaed OS€- OOF— OSP- 00S OSS- 009- OS9- DOL— OSL- 008- T T T T 1 + 1 + 7 ea ; + 601 j 4 sol j 4 LoL > 18 seeeeeeeeeen 788 are | 4 ee shog SOL Gay] SunoH G0) ‘L6/7/Z ‘8404d A404 MON ‘DIPIDNDD] ‘oH eunbig seyou! ‘yydeqLaGuardie, New York Field Site eG KKK KKK KK lll Zw Villa kl: K<<-__ SG ($09) Aus “lonue;ed © Hours 19 Hours 03 Doys 0/24/98, 10/28/98, Bg 02/04/97. A 03 doys + 0.5 Hours a CI 02/04/97. 101 87 83 78 105 109 ches Depth, in Corrosion Potentials (Measured with Respect to a Copper/Copper Sulfate Reference Electrode) of Corrosion Probe Rings, as a Function of Depth and Time, for the LaGuardia Site. 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Figure 1-1.“pdaq Jo uonoung ve 9HS 90 om 1 pours Hos 20 ‘spoUTEHN OL ONAL sp "ee HA anneeduIOD — “ZY am soyou! ‘yjdeg 9e~ tL- 80L— : 49j0m “i909 “Zz6y G ASV KES 490m 10 ‘ZZ6y 0 Wisv KY ig 9 wisv ZZA 96-S—8 ‘A'S Pleli selbojouyse, 99 v9 og sg Oo“ we vl aL aL oe Hd‘adoq Jo wonoung & se arg erprenge' amp we paydumes [Hog soy ‘spowpayy 19] Zany Busy EG FA onneRdWOD —¢-y aI, so4you! ‘yydeq ge- 6y- Z9- LL 26—- LOl- LEL- 1Zb- 9Zl—- OFl- Srl- 9 ve v9 9 439 o£ ee vL ge 421m “1900 "ZL6% G MSY KRY 491M Id ‘Zz6r a Wisy KY + ge Is 9 nusy ZZA oe 96-PZ—-OL ‘SUS Pals 140A MAN ‘DIPIONgD7 HdPOIRIA ISL 16 D WLSY 1 Susy, ‘yore’ skeq nog “Asorer0ge'] ain uk poutO}r9g SIUOUIOIMSEOYA WIM ‘ars wipzEngHT ay Te ‘OREDO | Uo paunseayy Hd [HOS JO wostedto soyou! ‘uydeg Le @i- 12 Ge Ob- Pe- GH ZL- _GL~_SB~ BOI BZI~ Hrl~ 10 jes ¥s 9s es oo 479 v9 39 9 o£ ze yee gL uonosq uo ‘1g 9 nisv ZZ 96-72-01 “AUS PIs HOA MON ‘DIPIONDO) eauos sesiEnG) ° v1 amd ud96 LaGuardia, New York Field Site, 10-24— OLE" CLLLLL LLL ALLELE EEE -36 CLLR EER REEL -40 TASS SSSA SSS SSS SAAS ‘ : ; CZLLELEL ELEC ELL ILL LILLE, © CR 5B CRRA BB ER a 5 RRR eet 7 ; Bye e REE glee i Sl a RR 3 a/SB CS ee eel (ponsoey—sy) wo-y ‘Auasisoy Depth, inches (Comparison of As-Received Soil Resistivity Measured on Location, at the LaGuardia Site, with Measurements Performed in the Laboratory, Four Days Later, Using the ASTM G 57 Test Method. 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Copies may be obtained on request to NCHRP. APPENDIX K ‘Appendix K, “Final Recommended Practice,” is not published herein. Copies may be obtained from ‘AASHTO by referencing AASHTO Provisional Standard PP36-97.APPENDIX L Justification for Soil Handling, Description, and Testing Methodology Modifications of AASHTO and ASTM Procedures‘sen fos TL s2 692 L POUL OLAEYY "WHO mp PAE ream pens ae sans osu, “Sosa sa Fame pes np eK 5 (a gy ~ A 9) PE x09 NOLS RH QO ~ Ss) PERE emOD (€vs wong) NOLLYOMILNGML GNY NOLARIOSIG Of amon gen oy foro sana sm eospal st Bou 9 Sao oeanI LV (rvs wong NounaTE TENS 07 ‘pede ane a ot somos ss 229s Ho et oreo Seu nye Mas ep 0 Yo pe panos a HERA Nee TFT ‘aon sy raat ao} aud We EQNS SOSEP et Spee-orypoujal a GN NOs | 9 REED AORN APOE ORCAS HOST “erp OLSWY Pt SY Ft pes Jes Euan ug yes peopel ap pes rp SONCRONT samponaig WUSY Due OLESYY 30 stonuPON : veneneg as “espa NOU po DOL 205 GapOS NELLY TEMPUS RSV ICTY sot oa p00 rig sa sur ron rs ss oz oven Ws pes o2m09 os emo vo oF-on cs a ase ws (ro9u9) OLHSVV soso = oes 28 Stisne> os op ounspead fend, eas ouowones puneuhopan yoo eSiien og on pmpiien ess @ AINA TOS TS Govsuones) AUALISISRE OF201 sarms04 B08 EK © tw x08 ros Mb o8n 10} vonoaauog FOEKL — za ainbig seponnag Cukueoweuno= 20 "49 sepanoery BuMiea ewe = 2d ‘tdAPPENDIX M Procedure for Measuring Galvanic Currents in a Soil Environment“sto aga owe ng sn oe 9 ooo (p83 mo wseana 9 > Gn HON en SHINE TEPUT | CL ‘ponabaty swore om do spre snot aC L soja 0 a8 2 0 syonpopeeng. 29 frumpy a po onbppa a So, EABLL ucog and and of sssons pm wong ey op any Ge YY sexe os 230 ssa wo se 68, ats oop eon pan 9 one =f UN as a go yn goa pon zp Fem M79 ‘229g engi. yor a ago ap oan Be) oH EHP SY aon 2a on oop 3 ue ap Pe = od nm ago ap ne aan Jo a HE FID BST “suman smb sone i sup 2 aga oe Jo ew aug a SEH, 0 tL me NESW Madox YOu guNGEDOW sypenesipuo poes pep 9 on RANE 970 s.on.miotpapound aisaomeran pais Iuood wpORNS AOI YS sg ands ys vo sm oy Sunsapon> (Ono 9 £4 pagans 29 pre Sonenp poe Suomamiea 0 eee 94,19 ep wopons gan Eo porno og og eH woRONS Pe! 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Joa am) sae wt pauls sees a por pani 9q progr Sau agoal woes Jo am sone ou TTS -amouysBogpve 7 ep 2 Ap pamsep oo os 00 pom ago 9 won wp on an an as gad oe oda) SIP PAHOA 9 INENEDY Td GOW HOS sUNAIDON 09 sya ea 29 wo peg prommnep oq tse pound suse wads Susoyonr onan aN S Od TESAPPENDIX O Procedure for Making Potential Measurements with a Corrosion Probe and Potential Measurements of Existing Steel Piling in a Soil EnvironmentTes 29904 topo PAL HN “1-0 om sy Bry soe sang age 3 cogs road pow sgowtuotouss aah 9 snag on vpn eo opama uy ond deny pep pe am sma Shoes eel one ap stata ped oe oealeotasy 19 sn 09 putea vs a ‘memos te ct “et gH RIND axanatnba os dey mn 9y Ot HON PERELY ZY ode MH SPOT BAEDN WW XPEALY Ty siNauenooasTavortaav oF“expandiy m mpneg pope DNA PL say oo sete mone PE Ho a AOS BED EM TOS THT FUE IN TS sone ome a ap Sop ye ew emp eon KS SMA UTERO AL, 16 oNILNOETE 06 -apos wud aun vansus 92 nee nes Smee snoespde apg ota wate ono ee AO ‘Spssos ean yo “nono or 98 PPR! sasaN af oompoba dat MENON CE amused op 9 9809 ‘ent ‘een pone aun 9 2d ssp nd a pn: pH a A “SEA run saed on eo poe soma a oaneD “eo acesod A pare A Shaman ag Su goal aan pot ease pout Bas aoa o IER NNO TT ‘pes pte son x me paso Sou pong sear 1929 AIEAL 012) surfed de ae seas ea of - ou pki pu pou von puma Se aw popes 9 um Sms 2 EME Shanon vnoaot vopo 20 Sa ors ope Salons olor RUE TTS -sponoste oon sponses suo eon dss ue Be ons 0 say oes 0 ep ADP HALIM 'T SLNEGEUNSVEN'TVULNALO’ 03 sy ago 930 wo wo naan dpe sao Bug pe IOP UOIHNE SEY TEL ni J 2p opeamn a seu 6 pos saree mseoed ed og onsen damon pra age UP INL AIRY EL “seq seump rs a qo IT CL “sgn poe aos: 1x9 uo yor "nk Hos ssn our a BOON PND one PY 98 PRO AON AGL, TTL ‘premodern 0p pura seo Stoop Soe agessna se ond poh ape pos sg eas BN WOT ATL rmxaond sand po ‘adap page any>u> oF uN on oF gn BREMNER) OHHH TNE BO TL senyea og pew pane ot nos Bas aqoed gre yo eam SSeS UL -anowy Ba or odo 9 pp PoP 20APPENDIX P Procedure for Estimating Service Life of Existing Steel Pilinga > ee ta o~ ap Fhe) 22 ZS g w = = é & ei a @ i B | ef be S'S tS a i resis yo sp ag paws Brad oe peo Fo eH 9 SOP Soy poetmea 3g eg sous a “PND pr pared oq FE BNE HUE, TTS we osu pane pst 2 pons a "ae st urge IEG ago. pos "stom ppotto Busey fps ams RAE ope ID ‘sng mp se wan a PAE 9955 ME 99 OSD, ETS so serra myannen mena demon gen mn ae ‘snes em uamamsnee nny 69 poanaop 9s So] CONNECTS sorsomeom UTS “sos sosones oy pauses secession emSON2973 (@)mpoe women od cons so aso () way pro opepe 0 a CLS [NoUVavupaa aa 40 41VW SEL ONLLYHSH OS seURROR TY (emp yao coosse op saRO Ty eanainda oF nt Se sommes, 4p mounindag women , ty NS sang J0 woewND, Su 'D a FER d ‘SOOT Ye a ye | poe sens TER EE (a paren) wodra 4g 9 OF ELEN 'NHPODKIY TE “(ai peas) uo eH SOL RMON APERY VE suxanaodaTavorieav 0 son ONITIA THIS ONLISIXA JO SAY SOLAMaS ONLIVMLIS NOs TMNGIIONAsa mag os “Sm eSiap ony sos ay tos SME eee EEN FTL “pn sap eb nage a ns Se: 9 nso opm sousou pes wa ranged andy 01 ON A opeMayY TOL) ogoa wosane Hes TL aay orp 9 ay sous SENT won POE HART TTL oan exis Speman oom po coma EL VTL monn 2 =p wisp of sox jo ameS AOD 1, SLINST¥ 30 NOUWNIVAR 0% sono yy suas a 0 stumss we a 5 BOREAS =F so ee yo sera Kg popup ('9 oases) a PUCK OSHKOSH SMA TTS 2930405 rnb so oSesue we odpERS NoSaNES ew Sa Ne SMH CT sss oy RD 19 {SHYT SOIAWAS 3O NOLLVNUNEELZG 09APPENDIX Q Glossary of Terms20a 08g sa gd uD 30 a arabs aso sod suo wong “sums elt on snd amas stay eras ci EWO wr paneer ean oe J MOY 94 8 eo a opoddo au, seems ‘wows oqmays jo weno eo wd a, suanpes 24m wait» opanam kom go pn>“panooe soul eo ade pe pameaat ‘Sons wnsnperconmpio guint ej and 2g), (aed woRyparzospNo ED) OMI ope! genoa scene ome or aces ad oqo so suo © axioms vw opoass ow Sureute ssneuoine oj Haun wy ood {S40 20120 yor ao a fon (oF ‘seutypos ual «0 sono amps (0 sian sports ORE god st anbampor sous: osramed a ay {4509 nun> vsONND mp oy UROL » ‘has susp suns ep ened jo ed womans ae VET Se ma RL poles yo eased a owns esol apoasey mano eae ag wng mE MeL oKERUNOM (o™ms dag 0 swe se 0 pb epuos poe yo nde aay cageeuund opera Ramsay 8 yo waniano bone JO NOL ML, MONEE {gH 409 0 0 seoy aun oa wage sponses spo spans cousaare atin gue pasa apatite oa Ts anand (42) sas 20 ER pg wo BuNEL IN, cutraoN amps pues 268 pos tmpout spluan soto ropeaasneos wiv ROSA oso1 potas corms jou ve oy mam fie wy wpa wor mae “sug poes sos pur af ag ne os meu jg Pome ata 0 esngoa oo so eso sop epwurseyy sg fee pense semen 99 soot asd 0 au pox ones ei a sonny uta oO SNS TOS as Pog MRS pad sp nee sponse coats ¥o suum ance u 2m pone so Ed a enuaid wonau> g Stndod ypu eu 0 women © soopoxd we usages pu ues sl ann won mango 0 Ne en gine payne sonnor moan jo ‘no ane yo 905 go unanny poms so ut obese aon NL. NS {e: 98 9, © wo Foumes 99pm Zyado mnt es oe eam TEN MA OO FINE gee? nog onoer ogee te 5 OREN NOR Todo cabs moog ese 22 fa) ys pu ssc vst aay pon ‘ime uojsunase) “dono ead on oop ‘HAL 40 AUYSSOI9e101 emo oot 70 eD eA “Hoe retorts RESIN pe Se 2 KOS eeLLATY EHTS REST FOO REY SERRE asta cane eb amaeal yes ag yey He oF IM JO soy seem a fame or ge Nols Me veo Yo aes ad 2. 2,028 ym one 0:0 pangs woSONN suyaLe> fun agmR oH: por UL Has pag cg 24dues 9p 01 0egp ena oF eg sy opm ote oon poe: peg ue ee ans OEY SqduDS Pogunpun (oT a0m peace mj 2amOU BoE gq sohsincemp pe spundolpajogsion pre p992F09 “een map sa a en fesne Suns fended pan ‘pina pa sea see aes obo sang eg es fons ob sob i arg 0 Dojo sp bo ete ua penpyosueNu AL) oe “e6t “oeyoaseg aN Sopa sig 508 gL HOTS ESS FOR FORO MOOT HS ODL lego Seysgea SIT RD WPA TENTS FORA TOFRETSONS TNS Ky ese FOEEONITY POS, PT OH AEST 3

NCHRP Report 408 - Corrosion of Steel Piling in Nonmarine Environment

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NCHRP Report 408 - Corrosion of Steel Piling in Nonmarine Environment

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