10th Class Math Book

okLrfod la[;k,
v;k; 1
okLrfod la[;k,
ge fiNyh d{kk esa okLrfod la[;kvksa ds ckjs esa i<+ pqds vc ge /ukRed iw.kkZdksa rFkk muds
xq.kksa ds ckjs esa tkusaxsA
/ukRed iw.kkZdksa ds nks vfregoiw.kZ xq.k gS% ;qfDyM foHkktu ,YxksfjFe ;k dyu fof/ (Euclids
division algorithm) vkSj vadxf.kr dh vk/kjHkwr ize;
s (Fundamental Theorem of Arithmatic)A
gesa ekywe gS fd os la[;k, tks la[;k js[kk ij fu:fir dh tk ldrh gSa] okLrfod la[;k,]
dgykrh gSa rFkk okLrfod la[;kvksa dks R ls n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA izR;sd ifjes; la[;k rFkk vifjes; la[;k
okLrfod la[;k, gksrh gSA
;wfDyM foHkktu ,YxksfjFe

og izf;k gS tks nks /ukRed iw.kkZdksa dk egke lekioZrd (HCF) Kkr djus ds fy, mi;ksx
dh tkrh gSA ljy 'kCnksa esa ,YxksfjFe osQ vuqlkj] ,d /ukRed iw.kkd) a dks vU; /ukRed iw.kkZd
b ls bl izdkj foHkkftr fd;k tk, fd 'ks"kiQy r izkIr gks tks b ls NksVk gksA ge bls yach foHkktu
izf;k (Long division process) ds uke ls Hkh tkurs gSaA
a = bq + r, o < r < b
gekjs ikl a rFkk b nks /ukRed iw.kkZd gSa tc ge a dks b ls foHkkftr djrs gSa rks gekjs
HkkxiQy q rFkk 'ks"kiQy r izkIr gksrk gS tgk ge a dks b q + r ds :i esa Hkh n'kkZ ldrs gSaA
tcfd r cM+k gS ;k cjkcj gS o dsA ;fn r = o gS rks 'b' iw.kkZadks a vkSj b dk H.C.F. gksxk
;fn r o rc ge ;wfDyM foHkktu ,YxksfjFe dk iz;ksx djsaxs ftlesa b dks r ls foHkkftr djsaxs
izf;k rc tkfj jgsxh tc rd gesa izkIr r = o u gks tk,A (tgk q = quotient (HkkxiQy)
r = remainder 'ks"kiQy)
ikl
vkSj
rFkk
rFkk
2
mnkgj.k%
Q
Q
xf.kr
a
225
r
135
r
=
=
=
=
=
225 rFkk b = 135

135 1+ 90 (q =1rFkk r = 90)
90 0, vc b dks r ls foHkkftr
90 1 + 45
45 0 iqu% b dks r ls foHkkftr
djasxsA
djsaxs tcfd
b = 90 vkSj r = 45 gSA
90 = 45 2 + 0
r = o rks H.C.F. = 45
;wfDyM foHkktu izesf;dk D;k gS] bls le>us ds fy, iw.kkZdksa ds fuEufyf[kr ;qXeksa ij fopkj
dhft,%
(i) 17,6
(ii) 5,12
(iii) 20,4
;gk ge izR;sd ;qXe ds fy, laca/ fy[k ldrs gSa tSlk fd uhps n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
(i) 23 = 6 3 + 5 (23 esa 6 rhu ckj tkrk gS vkSj 'ks"k 5 cprk gS)
(ii) 6 = 12 0 + 6 (;g laca/ blfy, lgh gS] D;ksafd 12] 6 ls cM+k gS)
(iii) 30 = 6 5 + 0 (30 esa 6 ikp ckj tkrk gS vkSj dqN 'kq"k ugha cprk)
vFkkZr~ /ukRed iw.kkZdksa a vkSj b ds izR;sd ;qXe ds fy,] geus ,slh iw.kZ la[;k, q vkSj r Kkr
dj pqds gSa fd
a = bq + r, 0 < r < b gSA
;gk q ;k r 'kwU; Hkh gks ldrs gSA
vc vki /ukRed iw.kkZdksa vkSj a vkSj b ds fuEufyf[kr ;qXeksa ds fy, iw.kkZd q vkSj r Kkr djus
dk iz;Ru dhft,%
(i) 12,5
(ii) 6,21
(iii) 68,5
a = b q + r, o b
geus ns[kk fd q vkSj r vf}rh; gSa rFkk ;g nksuksa gh ,sls iw.kkZd gSa tks
ij iwjs
mrjrs gSaA ge ;g Hkh tku pqds gSa fd ;g fliQZ ,d yach foHkktu izf;k ds flok dqN Hkh ugh gSaA
izes; 1a (;wfDyM foHkktu izesf;dk)% nks /ukRed iw.kkZd a vkSj b fn, jgus ij] ,slh
vf}rh; iw.kZ la[;k, q vkSj r fo|eku gSa fd a =bq + r: 0 r < b gSA
fyf[kr :i esa bldk loZizFke mYys[k ;wfDyM ,yhesaV~l (Euclid's Elements) dh iqLrd VII
esa fd;k x;kA ;wfDyM foHkktu ,YxksfjFe (dyu fof/) blh izesf;dk (Lemma) ij vk/kfjr gSA
,sYxksfjFe
lqifjHkkf"kr pj.kksa dh ,d Jà[kyk gksrh gS] tks ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dh leL;k dks gy djus dh
,d izf;k ;k fof/ iznku djrh gSA
izesf;dk
,d fl fd;k gqvk dFku gksrk gS vkSj bls ,d vU; dFku dks fl djus esa iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA
okLrfod la[;k,
tSlk fd ge igys tku pqds gSa fd ;wfDyM foHkktu ,YxksfjFe nks /ukRed iw.kkZadks dk HCF
izkIr djus dh ,d rduhd gS rFkk iw.kkZadks dks iwjk&iwjk foHkkftr djrk gSA
vc ge fofHkUu iw.kkZadksa ij ;g ,YxksfjFe iz;ksx djds mudk HCF djsaxs ekuk fd gesa iw.kkZadksa
457 vkSj 44 ;wfDyM izesf;dk }kjk ges izkIr gksrk gSA
540 = 48 11 + 12
vc Hkktd 48 vkSj 'ks"kiQy 12 ysdj] ;wfDyM izesf;dk dk iz;ksx djus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS%
48 = 12 4 + 0
vc pawfd 'ks"kiQy 'kwU; vk x;k gS rks ge vkxs dqN ugha djsaxsA bl fLFkfr okyk Hkktd] vFkkZr~
12 gh 540 vkSj 48 dk HCF gSA vki bldh lR;rk dh tkp 540 vkSj 48 ds lHkh xq.ku[kaMksa dks
fy[kdj dj ldrs gSaA
bldk dkj.k ;wfDyM foHkktu ,YxksfjFe gS] ftlds pj.kksa dks uhps Li"V fd;k tk jgk gS%
nks /ukRed iw.kkZdksa] eku yhft, a vkSj b (a > b) dk HCF Kkr djus ds fy, uhps fn, gq,
pj.kksa dk vuqlj.k dhft,%
pj.k 1 % a vkSj b ds fy, ;wfDyM foHkktu izesf;dk dk iz;ksx dhft,A blfy,] ge ,sls q vkSj
r Kkr djrs gSa fd a =bq+r, 0 < r < b gksA
pj.k 2 % ;fn r = 0 gS] rks b iw.kkZadks a vkSj b dk HCF gSA ;fn r 0 gS] rks b vkSj r ds fy,]
;wfDyM foHkktu izesf;dk dk iz;ksx dhft,A
pj.k 3 % bl izf;k dks rc rd lkjh jf[k,] tc rd 'ks"kiQy 0 u izkIr gks tk,A blh fLFkfr
esa] izkIr Hkktd gh okafNr HCF gSA
;g ,YxksfjFe blfy, izHkko'kkyh gS] D;ksafd HCF (a,b) = HCF (b,r) gksrk gS] tgk ladsr HCF
(a,b,) dk vFkZ gS a vkSj b dk HCFA
mnkgj.k 1%
1485 vkSj 4356 dk
HCF
;wfDyM foHkktu ,YxksfjFe dk iz;ksx djds Kkr dhft,A
gy%
pj.k 1 % ;gk
izkIr djrs gSa%
4356 >1485
gSA ge
4356
vkSj
1485
ij ;wfDyM izesf;dk dk iz;ksx djus ij]
4356 = 1485 2 + 1386
pj.k 2 % D;ksafd 'ks"kiQy 1386 0 gS] blfy, ge

dk iz;ksx djds fuEufyf[kr izkIRk djrs gSa%
1485 = 1386 1 + 99
u, Hkktd 1386 vkSj u,
pj.k 3 % ge
fuEufyf[kr izkIr djrs gS%
'ks"kiQy
1485
99 dks
vkSj
1386
ds fy, ;wfDyM izesf;dk
ysdj ;wfDyM izesf;dk dk iz;ksx djds]
1386 = 99 13 + 0
;gk 'ks"kiQy 0 izkIr gks x;k gSA blhfy, izf;k ;gk lekIr gks tkrh gSA pwfd bl fLFkfr esa
Hkktd 99 gS] blfy, 4356 vkSj 1485 dk HCF gSA
xf.kr
;ku nhft, fd HCF (1386, 99) = HCF (1485, 1386) = HCF (4356, 1485)
;wfDyM foHkktu ,YxksfjFe u dsoy cM+h la[;kvksa ds HCF Kkr djus esa mi;ksxh gS] cfYd ;g
blfy, Hkh egoiw.kZ gS fd ;g mu ,YxksfjFeksa esa ,d gS] ftudk iz;ksx daI;wVj esa ,d izksxzke ds :i
esa lcls igys fd;k x;kA
mnkgj.k 2%
fln dhft, fd izR;sd /ukRed le iw.kkZda 2q ds :i esa rFkk izR;sd /ukRed fo"ke iw.kkZd ds
:i esa gksrk gSA
2q + 1
gy%
ekuk dksbZ /ukRed C iw.kkZd gS] rFkk d = 2 gSA rc ;wfDyM foHkktu ,YxksfjFe ls] fdlh iw.kkZd
q > 0 ds fy, C = 2q gS tgk r = 0 gS ;k r = 1 gS] D;ksafd 0 < r < 2 gSA blfy, C = 2q ;k
2q + 1 gSA
;fn C = 2q gS rks ;g ,d le iw.kkZd gSA lkFk gh] ,d /ukRed iw.kkZd ;k rks le gks ldrk
gS ;k fo"keA blfy, dksbZ Hkh /ukRed fo"ke iw.kkZd 2q + 1 ds :i dk gksxkA
mnkgj.k 3%
n'kkZb, fd dksbZ Hkh /ukRed fo"ke iw.kkd 6q + 1, ;k
tgk q dksbZ iw.kkd gSA
gy% ekuk a /ukRed fo"ke iw.kkd gS
a rFkk b = 6 osQ lkFk foHkktu izesf;dk yxkus ij
pwafd 0 < r < 6, laHkkfor 'ks"kiQy gS 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
r = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 j[kus ij
blh rjg iw.kkd
6q + 3,
a = bq + r
a = 6q + 0 a = 6q
a = 6q + 1 a = 6q + 1
6q, 6q + 1, 6q + 2, 6q + 3, 6q + 4, 6q + 5
;k
6q + 5,
osQ :i dk gksrk gS]
[r = 0]
[r = 1]
osQ fy,A
mnkgj.k 4%
fdlh ijsM esa 616 lnL;ksa okyh ,d lsuk (vkehZ) dh VqdM+h dks 32 lnL;ksa okys ,d vkehZ cSM
osQ ihNs ekpZ djuk gSA nksuksa lewgksa dks leku la[;k okys LraHkksa esa ekpZ djuk gSA mu LraHkksa dh
vfkdre la[;k D;k gS] ftlesa os ekpZ dj ldrs gSa\
gy%
LraHkksa dh vf/dre la[;kl (616, 32) dk
;wfDyM foHkktu izesf;dk yxkus ij
pwafd 'ks"kiQy
616 = 32 19 + 8
80
H.C.F.
gksxh
okLrfod la[;k,
5
32 = 8 4 + 0
H.C.F. 8 gS
616 rFkk 32 dk
blfy, LraHkksa dh vf/dre la[;k 8 gSA
iz'ukoyh
1- fuEufyf[kr la[;kvksa dk HCF Kkr djus ds fy, ;wfDyM foHkktu ,YxksfjFe dk iz;ksx dhft,%
(i) 135 vkSj 225
(ii) 196 vkSj 38220
(iii) 867 vkSj 255
2- n'kkZb, fd dksbZ Hkh /ukRed fo"ke iw.kkZd 4q + 1, ;k 4q + 3, ;k 4q + 5, ds :i dk gksrk
gS] tgk q dksbZ iw.kkZd gSA
3- ,d feBkbZ okys ds ikl 420 cwnh ds yM~Mw rFkk 130 cslu ds yM~Mw gS\ og budh ,slh
<sfj;k cukuk pkgrk gS] fd gjsd <sjh esa yM~Mqvksa dh la[;k leku jgs rFkk ;g yM~Mw dh
ijkr esa U;wure LFkku ?ksjsaA bl dke ds fy, izR;sd <sjh esa fdrus yM~Mw j[ks tk,xs\
4- ;wfDyM+ foHkktu izesf;dk dk iz;ksx djds n'kkZb, fd fdlh /ukRed iw.kkZd dk ?ku
9n, 9n + 1 ;k 9n + 8 ds :i dk gksrk gSA
5- ;wfDyM foHkktu izesf;dk dk iz;ksx djds n'kkZb, fd fdlh /ukRed iw.kkZd dk oxZ] fdlh
iw.kkZd m ds fy, 3m +1 ds :i dk gksrk gSA
ladsr% ;g eku fyft, x dksbZ /ukRed iw.kkZd gSA rc] ;g 3q, 3q +1 ;k 3q + 2 ds :i esa
fy[kk tk ldrk gSA buesa ls izR;sd dk oxZ dhft, vkSj n'kkZb, fd bu oxksZ dks 3m ;k 3m
+ 1 ds :i esa fy[kk tk ldrk gSA
vad xf.kr dh vkkkjHkwr izes;

ge tkurs gSa fd izR;sd HkkT; la[;k (Composite Number) dks ,d vf}rh; :i ls vHkkT;
la[;kvksa (Prime Numbers) ds xq.kuiQy ds :i esa O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
;gh rF; vadxf.kr dh vk/kjHkwr izes; gSA ljy 'kCnksa esa izR;sd HkkT; la[;k dks vHkkT;
la[;kvksa ds ,d xq.kuiQy ds :i esa O;Dr (xq.ku [kfMr) fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk ;g xq.kuiQy
vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMksa ds vkus okys e ds fcuk vf}rh; gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy, 3825 = 32 52 17
vc ge vadxf.kr dh vk/kj Hkwr izes; dk mi;ksx fdlh ifjes; la[;k dh vifjes;rk fl djus
esa djsaxs rFkk ;g tkuus esa Hkh djsaxs fd fdlh ifjes; la[;k] p/q (q o) dk n'keyo izlkj dc lkar
(terminating) gksrk gS rFkk dc vlkar vkorhZ (Non-terminating Repeating) gksrk gSA ,slk ge p/
q ds gj q ds vHkkT; xq.ku[k.M dks ns[kdj Kkr djrs gSaA
1- fdlh ifjes; la[;k x = p/q ds fy, ;fn q, 2n5m ds :i esa O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSA tgk
n vkSj m .ksrj iw.kkZd gS rc x dk n'keyo lkar (terminating ) gksrk gSA
2- fdlh ifjes; la[;k x = p/q ds fy, q, 2n 5m ds :i esa O;Dr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS] tgk
n vkSj m .ksrj iw.kkZd gS] rc x dk n'keyo vlkar vkorhZ (Non-terminating Repeating) gksrk gSA
xf.kr
vifjes; fl djuk% ekuk 'P' ,d vHkkT; la[;k gSA ;fn p, a2 dks
foHkkftr djrk gS rks p,a dks foHkkftr djsxh] tgk a ,d /ukRed iw.kkZd gSA
(i) ,d ifjes; la[;k vkSj ,d vifjes; la[;k dk ;ksx ;k varj ,d vifjes; la[;k gksrh gSA
(ii) ,d 'kwU;srj ifjes; la[;k vkSj ,d vifjes; la[;k dk xq.kuiQy ;k HkkxiQy ,d
vifjes; la[;k gksrh gSA
4- fdUgha nks /ukRed iw.kkZadksa a vkSj b ds fy,
3-
2, 3, 5..... p dh
H.C.F. L.C.M. = a b
vadxf.kr dh vk/kjHkwr izes; (Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic)

izes; 1b (vadxf.kr dh vk/kjHkwr izes;)% izR;sd HkkT; la[;k dks vHkkT; la[;kvksa ds ,d
xq.kuiQy ds :i esa O;Dr (xq.ku[kafMr) fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk ;g xq.ku[kaMu vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMksa ds
vkus okys e ds fcuk vf}rh; gksrk gSA
tc ge fdlh HkkT; la[;k dks xq.ku[kafMr djrs gS rks gesa izkIr gqbZ vHkkT; la[;kvksa dks ,d
[kkl iSVuZ nsuk gksxk D;ksafd tc rd ,slk ugha djsaxs rc rd gesa xq.ku [kafMr djus dk vf}rh; izdkj
izkIr ugha gks ldrk tSls ge 2 5 6 4 vkSj 6 4 5 2 nksuksa dks ,d gh ekurs gSaA bu vHkkT;
la[;kvksa dks dksbZ Hkh e nsa ge mls ogh ekusaxsA vc ;fn ge xq.ku[kaMksa dks vkjksgh e ns nsa rks gesa
bl HkkT; la[;k dks ,d vf}rh; izdkj (Unique way) ls xq.ku[kafMr djus dk rjhdk fey tk,xkA
;fn ,d HkkT; la[;k x nh gqbZ gks] rks ge mls x = q1q2...qn ds :i esa xq.ku[kafMr djrs gSa] tgk
q1, q2, qn bR;kfn vkjksgh e esa fy[kh vHkkT; la[;k, gSaA vFkkZr~ q1 < q2<..< qn gSA ;fn ge leku
vHkkT; la[;kvksa dks ,d lkFk (feyk) ysa] rks gesa vHkkT; la[;kvksa dh (Powers) ?kkrsa izkIr gks
tkrh gSA
mnkgj.kkFkZ] 3825 = 3 3 5 17 = 32 52 17
;fn xq.ku[kaMks dk e vkjksgh gS rks nh gqbZ la[;k ds vHkkT; xq.ku[kaM vf}rh; gksaxsA)
vkb, buds dqN mnkgj.k ns[ksaA
mnkgj.k 5%
la[;kvksa 8m ij ;ku nhft,] tgk m ,d izkr la[;k gSA tkp dhft, fd D;k
,slk eku gS] ftlds fy, 8m 'kwU; (0) ij lekIr gksrk gSA
dk dksbZ
gy%
;fn fdlh m ds fy,] la[;k 8m 'kwU; ij lekIr gksxh rks og 5 ls foHkkT; gksxhA vFkkZr~ 8m ds
fy,] vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMu esa vHkkT; la[;k 5 vkuh pkfg,A ;g laHko ugha gS D;ksafd 8m = (2)3m gSA blh
dkj.k 8m ds xq.ku[kaMu esa dsoy vHkkT; la[;k 2 gh vk ldrh gSA vadxf.kr dh vk/kjHkwr izes; dh
vf}rh;rk gesa ;g fuf'pr djkrh gS fd m ds xq.ku[kaMu esa 2 ds vfrfjDr vkSj dksbZ vHkkT; xq.ku[kaM
ugha gSA blfy, ,slh dksbZ la[;k m ugha gS] ftlds fy, 8m vad 0 ij lekIr gksxhA
ge igys vadxf.kr dh vk/kjHkwr izes; osQ iz;ksx }kjk nks ?kukRed la[;kvksa dk HCF rFkk LCM
Kkr djuk lh[k pqds gSaA bl fofk dh vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMu fof/ (Prime Factorisation Method)
dgrs gSaA
okLrfod la[;k,
vkbZ, ge dqN mnkgj.kksa dh lgk;rk ls lh[kh gqbZ bl fof/ dks nksgjk,A
mnkgj.k 6%
la[;kvksa
vkSj
30
ds vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMu fof/ ls
HCF
vkSj
LCM
Kkr dhft,A
gy%
8 = 23 vkSj 30 = 21 31 51 tSlkfd
= 2 2 2 3 5 = 120 izkIr gksrk gSaA
vc ;ku nhft, fd HCF (8,30) = 21=
;gk
ge tkurs gS] fd
HCF (8,30) = 2 rFkk LCM (8,30)
la[;kvksa esa lac izR;sd vHkkT; xq.ku[kaM dh lcls
cM+h ?kkr dk xq.kuiQy rFkk

LCM (8,30) = 23 31 51=
la[;kvksa esa lac izR;sd vHkkT; xq.ku[kaM dh lcls cM+h ?kkr dk
xq.kuiQy
mijksDr mnkgj.k ls geus ;g ns[kk fd HCF (8,30) LCM (8,30) = 8 30 gSA okLro esa]
vadxf.kr dh vk/kjHkwr izes; dk iz;ksx djds ge bldh tkp dj ldrs gSa fd fdUgha nks /ukRed
iw.kkZdksa a vkSj b ds fy, HCF (a,b) LCM (a,b) = a b gksrk gSA bl ifj.kke dk iz;ksx djds] ge
nks /ukRed iw.kkZdksa dk LCM Kkr dj ldrs gSaA ;fn gesa mudk HCF igys gh Kkr gSA
mnkgj.k 7%
vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMu fofk }kjk
dhft,A
54
vkSj
336
dk
HCF
Kkr dhft, vkSj fiQj budk
LCM
gy%
54 vkSj 336 ds vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMu ls gesa izkIr gksrk gS fd
blfy,] bu nksuksa
lkFk gh
54 = 2 33, 336 = 24 3 7
iw.kkZdksa dk HCF 2 3 = 6
54 336
54 336
3024
LCM (54, 336) = HCF 54,336
6
mnkgj.k 8
la[;k 8] 96 vkSj 160 dk vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMu fof/ }kjk
HCF
vkSj
LCM
Kkr dhft,A
gy
gesa izkIr gS% 8 = 2 2 2, 96 = 25 3 RkFkk 160 = 25 5
23 izR;sd mHk;fu"B vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMu dh lcls NksVh ?kkr gSaA
vr% HCF (8, 96, 160) = 23 = 8
25,3 izR;sd vHkkT; xq.ku[kaM dks lcls cM+h ?kkrsa gSa tks rhuksa la[;kvksa ls lEc gSaA
vr% LCM (8, 96, 160) = 25 31 51 = 480
Kkr
8
fVIi.kh
xf.kr
geus ns[kk fd 8 96 160 HCF (8, 96, 160) LCM (8, 96, 160) vFkkZr~ rhu la[;kvksa dk
xq.kuiQy muds HCF vkSj LCM ds xq.kuiQy ds cjkcj ugha gksrk gS] rFkk ;g fu;e dsoy 2 dsoy
2 la[;kvksa ij ykxw gksrk gSA
iz'ukoyh
1- fuEufyf[kr la[;kvksa dks vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMksa ds xq.kuiQy ds :i esa O;Dr dhft,%
(i) 96
(iii) 1584
(ii) 528
(iv) 2016
2- fuEufyf[kr ;qXeksa ds HCF vkSj LCM Kkr dhft, rFkk bldh tkp dhft, fd nks la[;kvksa
dk xq.kuiQy = HCF LCM gSA
(i) 24 vkSj 84
(ii) 48 vkSj 108
(iii) 404 vkSj 96
3- vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMu fof/ }kjk fuEufyf[kr iw.kkZdksa ds HCF vkSj LCM Kkr dhft,%
(i) 8,10 vkSj 14
(ii) 19,23 vkSj 31
(iii) 36, 45 vkSj 72
4- HCF (80, 30)= 10 fn;k gSA LCM (80, 30) Kkr dhft,A
5- tkp dhft, fd D;k fdlh izkr la[;k n ds fy, la[;k 4m vad 0 ij lekIr gks ldrh gSA
6- O;k[;k dhft, fd 5 7 11 + 13 vkSj 9 5 3 2 1 + 7 HkkT; la[;k, D;ksa gSaA
7- fdlh [ksr ds pkjksa vksj ,d o`kkdkj iFk gSA bl [ksr dk ,d pDdj yxkus esa jktw dks 36
feuV yxrs gS] tcfd blh [ksr dk ,d pDdj yxkus esa jke dks 24 feuV yxrs gSA eku
fyft, os nksuksa ,d gh LFkku vkSj ,d gh le; ij pyuk izkjaHk djds ,d gh fn'kk esa pyrs
gSaA fdrus le; ckn os iqu% izkajfHkd LFkku ij feysaxs\
vifjes; la[;k,
fiNyh d{kk esa geus vifjes; la[;kvksa ,oa muds vusd xq.kksa dks i<+k FkkA vr% ge tkurs gSa
fd ifjes; vkSj vifjes; la[;k, feydj okLrfod la[;k, (Real Numbers) cukrh gSA ge ;g Hkh
tkurs gSa fd la[;k js[kk ij fdl izdkj vifjfer la[;kvksa ds LFkku fu/kZfjr djrs gSaA rc Hkh geus ;g
fl ugha fd;k Fkk fd ;s la[;k, vifjes; (Irrationals) gSaA vc ge ;g fl djsaxs fd
2, 3, 5 rFkk] O;kid :i esa] p vifjes; la[;k, gSa] tgk p ,d vHkkT; la[;k gSA
vc ge ;gk vadxf.kr dh vk/kjHkwr izes; dk iz;ksx djsaxsA
a
ge] tkurs gS] fd ,d] la[;k 'q' vifjes; la[;k dgykrh gS] ;fn mls b ds :i esa ugha fy[kk
tk ldrk] tgk a vkSj b iw.kkZd gSa vkSj b 0 gSA vifjes; la[;kvksa ds dqN mnkgj.k] fuEufy[kr gS%
2, 3, 15, ,
2
3
,0.10110111011110...,
bR;kfnA
okLrfod la[;k,
dks vifjes; la[;k fl djus ls igys gesa fuEufyf[kr izes; dh vko';drk iM+sxh] ftldh
miifk vadxf.kr dh vk/kjHkwr izes; ij vk/kfjr gSA
izes; 1c % eku yhft, q ,d vHkkT; la[;k gSA ;fn q, a2 dks foHkkftr djrh gS] rks p, a dks
Hkh foHkkftr djsxh] tgk a ,d /ukRed iw.kkZd gSA
miifk % eku yhft, a ds vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMu fuEufyf[kr :i ds gS% a = q1 q2...qn tgk q1
q2....qn vHkkT; la[;k, gSa] ijarq vko';d :i ls fHkUu fHkUu ugha gSA
vr% a2 = (q1q2...qn) (q1 q2...qn) = q12 q22....q n2
vc] gesa ikk gS] fd q a2 dks foHkkftr djrh gSA blfy,] vadxf.kr dh vk/kjHkwr izes; ds
vuqlkj% q a2 dk ,d vHkkT; xq.ku[kaM gSA ijarq vadxf.kr dh vk/kjHkwr izes; dh vf}rh;rk ds xq.k
dk iz;ksx djus ij] ge ik,xs fd a2 ds vHkkT; xq.ku[kaM dsoy q1 q2...qn gSaA blfy, q dks
q1,q2...qnesa ls gh ,d gksuk pkfg,A
vc] pwfd a = q1,q2...qn gS] blfy, q, a dks foHkkftr vo'; djsxkA
vc ge dg ldrs gSa fd 2 ,d vifjes; la[;k gSA
;g ckr ml rduhd ij vk/kfjr gS ftls ^fojks/ksfDr }kjk miifk* (Proof by Contradiction)
dgrs gSA
izes; 1d fl fdft, fd 5 ,d vifjes; la[;k gSA
gy%
fojks/kHkkl }kjk ge ekurs gSa fd ,d ifjes; la[;k gS
ekuk
a
b
tgk
vkSj
HkkT; la[;k gS vkSj
b0
nksuksa rjiQ oxZ djus ij

5 =
;g n'kkZrk
blls irk
a2
b2
a2 = 5b2
gS fd a2, 5 }kjk foHkkT; gS
pyrk gS fd a, 5 ls foHkkT; gSA
a = 5k leh (1) ls j[kus
(1)
(2)
ij
5b2 = (5k)2 = 25k2
;k
b2 = 5k2
;g n'kkZrk gS fd b2, 5 }kjk foHkkT; gSA
vr% b, 5 ls foHkkT; gSA
leh (2) rFkk (3) ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd 5 nksuksa la[;kvksa
gekjh /kj.kk dk fojks/ djrk gS fd a rFkk b HkkT; gSA
vr% 5 ,d vifjes; gS
(3)
a vkSj b dk xq.ku[kaM gS ijarq ;g
10
mnkgj.k 9%
fl fdft, fd
xf.kr
2
,d vifjes; la[;k gSA
gy%
vc ge blds foijhr ;g eku ysa fd
vFkkZr~ ge ,sls nks iw.kkZd
vkSj
b ( 0)
,d ifjes; la[;k gSA
izkIr dj ldrs gSa fd
a
b
gSA
;fn a vkSj b esa] 1 ds vfrfjDr dksbZ mHk;fu"B xq.ku[kaM gks] rks ge ml mHk;fu"B xq.ku[kaM ls
Hkkx nsdj a vkSj b dks lgvHkkT; cuk ldrs gSaA
vr%
b 2 a gSA
nksuksa i{kksa dk oxZ djus rFkk iquO;ZofLFkr djus ij] gesa 2b2 = a2 izkIr gksrk gSA
vr% a2, 2 ls foHkkftr gSA blhfy,] izes; 1- c }kjk 2 a dks Hkh foHkkftr djsxkA
vr% ge a = 2 c fy[k ldrs gSa] tgk c ,d iw.kkZd gSA
a ds bl eku dks 2 b2 = a2 esa izfrLFkkfir djus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS%
2b2 = 4c2 vFkkZr~ b2 = 2c2
bldk vFkZ gS fd b2, 2 ls foHkkftr gks tkrk gSA blfy, izes; 1 c }kjk b Hkh 2 ls foHkkftr gksxkA
vr% a vkSj b esa de ls de ,d mHk;fu"B xq.ku[kaM 2 gSA
iajrq blls bl rF; dk fojks/kHkkl izkIr gksrk gS fd a vkSj b lgvHkkT; gSaA
gesa ;g fojks/Hkkl viuh =kqfViw.kZ dYiuk ds dkj.k izkIr gqvk gS fd 2 ,d ifjes; la[;k gSA
vr% ge fu"d"kZ fudkyrs gSa fd 2 ,d vifjes; la[;k gSA
fiNyh d{kk esa geus i<+k Fkk fd%
a. ,d ifjes; la[;k vkSj ,d vifjes; la[;k dk ;ksx ;k varj ,d vifjes; la[;k gksrh gS
rFkk
b. ,d 'kwU;srj ifjes; la[;k vkSj ,d vifjes; la[;k dk xq.kuiQy ;k HkkxiQy ,d vifjes;
la[;k gksrh gSA
vc ge mijksDr dh dqN fof'k"V fLFkfr;k fl djsaxsA
mnkgj.k 10%
fl dhft, fd
5 2
gy%
vkb, blds foijhr eku ysa fd
5 2
vFkkZr~ ge lgvHkkT; ,slh la[;k,

vr%
vkSj
5
,d ifjes; la[;k gSA

b (b 0)
a
2
b
gSA
Kkr dj ldrs gSa fd
a
b
gksA
okLrfod la[;k,
11
bl lehdj.k dks iquO;ZofLFkr djus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS%

2 5
a
b
pwfd a vkSj b iw.kkZd gSa] blfy, 5 b ,d ifjes; la[;k gS vFkkZr 2 ,d ifjes; la[;k gSaA
ijarq blls bl rF; dk fojks/kHkkl izkIr gksrk gS fd 2 ,d vifjes; la[;k gSA
gesa ;g fojks/kHkkl viuh xyr dYiuk ds dkj.k izkIr gqvk gS 5 2 ,d ifjes; la[;k gSA
vr% ge fu"d"kZ fudkyrs gSa fd 5 2 ,d vifjes; la[;k gSA
mnkgj.k 11 %
fl dhft, fd
3 2
gy %
ge blds foijhr ekusaxs fd
5 2
rks ge ,slh lgvHkkT; la[;k,

iquO;ZofLFkr djus ij] gesa
,d ifjes; la[;k gSA

vkSj
a
5b
b (b 0)
Kkr dj ldrs gSa fd
5 2
a
b
gks
izkIr gksxkA
a
pwfd 5 a vkSj b iw.kkZd gSa] blfy, 5b ,d ifjes; la[;k gksxhA blfy, 2 Hkh ,d ifjes;
la[;k gksxhA
ijarq blls bl rF; dk fojks/kHkkl izkIr gksrk gS fd 2 ,d vifjes; la[;k gSA
vr% ge ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyrs gSa fd 5 2 ,d vifjes; la[;k gSA
iz'ukoyh
1- fl dhft, fd 7 ,d vifjes; la[;k gSA
2- fl dhft, fd 3 2 7 vifjes; la[;k gSA
3- fl dhft, fd fuEufyf[kr la[;k, vifjes; gS%
(i)
1
3
(ii) 7 5
(iii) 6 3
ifjes; la[;k, vkSj mudk n'keyo izlkj

fiNyh d{kk esa geus i<+k gS] fd ifjes; la[;kvksa dk n'keyo izlkj nks rjg dk gksrk gS (i) lkar
n'keyo izlkj (terminating Decimal extension) rFkk vlkar n'keyo izlkj (Non-terminating
Decimal Extension) vc ge fdlh ifjes; la[;k] tSls p/q (q 0) ds fy, ;g tkusaxs fd p/q dk
n'keyo izlkj dc lkar rFkk dc vlkar vkorhZ gksxkA
12
xf.kr
vkbZ, vc dqN ifjes; la[;kvksa dk mnkgj.k ysaA
(i) 0.212
(iii) 0.15408
vc
(ii) 0.468
(iv) 0.0675
212 212
468
468
(ii) 0.468 =
1000 103
1000 103
15408 15408
675
675
4
(iii) 0.15408 =
(iv) 0.0675
5
100000
10000 10
10
(i) 0.212 =
bu lHkh dks ,slh ifjes; la[;kvksa ds :i esa O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftudk gj 10 dh dksbZ
?kkr gksxkA vkb, va'k vkSj gj esa vHk;fu"B xq.ku[kaM dks dkV dj] ;g ns[kus dk iz;Ru djsa fd gesa
D;k izkIr gksrk gSA
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(i)
212 22 53
53
3 3 1 3
103
2 5
2 5
468 22 32 131 32 131
0.468 3
1 3
10
23 53
2 5
0.212
15408 24 32 1071 32 1071
105
25 55
2 55
675 33 52
33
0.0675 4 4
10
2 54 24 52
0.15408
geus ,d lkar n'keyo izlkj okyh okLrfod la[;k dks ,d ifjes; la[;k ds p/q :i esa cnyk
tgk p vkSj q nksuksa gh lgvHkkT; gSa rFkk gj 2 rFkk 5 dh ?kkrksa ;k nksuksa gh dh ?kkrksa ds xq.ku[kaM ds
:i esa gSa D;ksafd 10 ds xq.ku[k.M dsoy 2 vkSj 5 gh gSaA
vc ge fu"d"kZ fudky ldrs gSa fd dksbZ okLrfod la[;k ftldk n'keyo izlkj lkar gS] mls ge
,d ifjes; la[;k ds :i esa fy[k ldrs gSa ftldk gj 10 dh dksbZ ?kkr gS tgk 10 ds vHkkT;
xq.ku[kaM 2 vkSj 5 gSaA
izes;
1e:
;fn
x ,d
esa O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gS] tgk p vkSj q lgvHkkT; gSa rFkk
dk gS] tgk n,m dksbZ .ksrj iw.kkZd gSaA
vkb, vc izes;
1. e
p
q
n m
25
x dks
,slh ifjes; la[;k gS ftldk n'keyo izlkj lkar gSA rc
dk vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMu
dk foykse ns[krs gSaA ;fn gekjs ikl dksbZ ifjes; la[;k
p
q
a
16
ds :i
ds :i dh gS
rFkk q dk vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMu 2n 5m ds :i dk gS] tgk n vkSj m .ksrj iw.kkZd gSa] rks D;k
n'keyo izlkj lkar gksxk\
vkb, vc mijksDr dFku ds lR; gksus ds dkj.k dh tkp djsaA
ge fu'p; gh bl ckr ls lger gksaxs fd
ds :i
p
q
ds :i dh fdlh Hkh ifjes; la[;k] tgk
dh dksbZ ?kkr gS] dk n'keyo izlkj lkar gksxkA vr% ;g vFkZiw.kZ izrhr gksrk gS fd
p
q
dk
10
ds :i dh
okLrfod la[;k,
13
a
ifjes; la[;k] tgk q, 2n5m ds :i dk gS] dks b ds ,sls rqY; ifjes; la[;k ds :i esa O;Dr fd;k
tk,] tgk b, 10 dh dksbZ ?kkr gksA vkb, vius ij ds mnkgj.kksa ij foijhr fn'kk esa vH;kl djsaA
53
53 22 212
3 3 3 0.212
3
25
2 5
10
(i)
32 13 22 32 13 468
3 0.468
2 53
23 53
10
(ii)
32 107 24 32 107 15408
0.15408
2 55
25 55
105
(iii)
33
33 52 675
0.0675
2 52 24 54 104
p
mnkgj.k ;g n'kkZrs gSa fd ;fn q ds
(iv)
vr% ;s
tgk
q. 2n5m
ds :i dk gS] rks
a
b
:i dh ,d ifjes; la[;k]
dks ,slh rqY; ifjes; la[;k esa cnyk tk ldrk gS]
tgk b, 10 dh ?kkr gSA vr% bl izdkj dh ifjes; la[;k dk ,d lkar n'keyo izlkj gksxkA vkb,
bl ifj.kke dks vkSipkfjd :i ls fy[ksaA
izes; 1f: eku yhft,
m
x=
p
q
,d ifjes; la[;k ,slh gS fd
q, 2n5m
ds :i dk gS] tgk
vkSj
.ksrj iw.kkZd gSaA rc x dk n'keyo izlkj lkar gksrk gSA

vc ge mu ifjes; la[;kvksa dk vH;kl djsa ftuds n'keyo izlkj vlkar vkorhZ gksrs gSaA
1
vkb, 7 dk n'keyo izlkj Kkr djsaA ;gk 'ks"k 3] 2] 6] 4] 5] 1] 3] 2] 6] 4] 5] 1]---gSa vkSj

Hkktd 7 gSA ;gk ;ku nhft, fd gj 7 Li"V :i ls 2n5m ds :i dk ugha gSA vr% izes;ksa 1.e vkSj
1.c
ls 7 dk n'keyo izlkj lkar ugha gksxkA ;gk 0 'ks"k ds :i esa ugh izdV gksxk rFkk ,d fLFkfr
ds ckn] 'ks"kiQyksa dh iqujko`fk izkjaHk gks tk,xhA
blhfy,
1
7
ds HkkxiQy esa vadksa ds ,d CykWd vFkkZr~ 142857 dh iqujko`fk gksxhA
geus 7 ds n'keyo izlkj esa tks ns[kk gS og mu lHkh ifjes; la[;kvksa ds fy, lR; gS tks izes;ksa
1.e vksj 1.c ds varxZr ugha vkrh gSaA bl izdkj dh la[;kvksa ds fy, ge dg ldrs gSa fd
izes;
1.g
eku yhft,
p
q
,d ,slh ifjes; la[;k gS fd
2n 5 m
ds
:i dk ugha gS] tgk n, m .ksrj iw.kkZd gSaA rc x dk n'keyo izlkj vlkar vkorhZ gksrk gSA
mijksDr mnkgj.kksa ds vk/kj ij] ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd fdlh ifjes; la[;k dk n'keyo izlkj
;k rks lkar gksrk gS ;k vlkar vkorhZA
14
xf.kr
iz'ukoyh
1- fcuk yach foHkktu izf;k fd, crkb, fd fuEufyf[kr ifjes; la[;kvksa ds n'keyo izlkj
lkar gSa ;k vlkar vkorhZ gSa%
(i)
(iii)
(v)
(vii)
(ix)
16
1825
65
465
31
431
129
15
35
210
(ii)
(iv)
(vi)
(viii)
(x)
45
8
17
800
23
3125
6
5
2 52 3
77
50
2- iz'u 1- esa nh xbZ ifjes; la[;kvksa esa] lakr la[;kvksa dk n'keyo izlkj crkb,A
3- dqN okLrfod la[;kvksa ds n'keyo izlkj uhps fn, x, gSaA izR;sd ds fy, Kkr dhft, fd
;g la[;k ifjes; la[;k gS ;k ughA ;fn ifjes; la[;k gS vkSj
p
q
ds :i dh gS rks
ds
vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMks ds ckjs esa vki D;k dg ldrs gSa\

(i) 43.123456789
(iii) 43.123456789
(ii) 0.120120012000120000...
lkjka'k
bl v;k; esa] geus fuEufyf[kr rF;ksa dk v;;u fd;k gS%
1- ;wfDyM foHkktu iz;sfedk% nks /ukRed iw.kkZd a vkSj b fn, jgus ij] ge a = bq + r, 0 <
r < b dks larq"V djus okyh iw.kZ la[;k, q vkSj r Kkr dj ldrs gSaA
2- ;wfDyM foHkktu ,YxksfjFe% ;g ;wfDyM foHkktu izesf;dk ij vk/kfjr gSA bldk iz;ksx djds
nks /ukRed iw.kkZdksa a vkSj b, (a > b) dk HCF uhps n'kkZbZ fof/ }kjk izkIr fd;k tkrk gS%
pj.k 1% q vkSj r Kkr djus ds fy, ;wfDyM foHkktu izesf;dk dk iz;ksx dhft,] tgk
a = bq + r, 0 < r < b gSA
pj.k 2% ;fn r = 0 gS rks HCF = b gSA ;fn r 0 gS rks b vkSj r ij ;wfDyM foHkktu
izesf;dk dk iz;ksx dhft,A
pj.k 3% bl izf;k dks rc rd tkjh jf[k, tc rd 'ks"kiQy 'kwU; u izkIr gks tk,A bl
fLFkfr okyk Hkktd gh HCF (a,b) gSA lkFk gh] HCF (a,b) = HCF )(b,r).
3- vadxf.kr dh vk/kjHkwr izes;% izR;sd HkkT; la[;k dks vHkkT; la[;kvksa ds ,d xq.kuiQy ds
:i esa O;Dr (xq.ku[kafMr) fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk og xq.ku[kaMu vf}rh; gksrk gS] bl ij
dksbZ ;ku fn, fcuk fd vHkkT; xq.ku[kaM fdl e esa vk jgs gSaA
okLrfod la[;k,
15
4- ;fn p dksbZ vHkkT; la[;k gS vkSj p, a2 dks foHkkftr djrk gS rks

djsxk] tgk a ,d /ukRed iw.kkZd gSA
5- miifk fd 2, 3 bR;kfn vifjes; la[;k, gSaA
6- eku fyft,
ugha
dks
p
,d ,slh ifjes; la[;k gS fd q dk vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMu 2n5m ds
q
gS] tgk n,m .ksrj iw.kkZd gSa rks x dk n'keyo izlkj lkar gksxkA
p
fyft, x q ,d ,slh ifjes; la[;k gS fd q dk vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMu 2n5m ds
gS] tgk n, m .ksrj iw.kkZd gSa rks x dk n'keyo izlkj vlkar vkorhZ gksxkA
7- eku fyft,
8- eku
dks Hkh foHkkftr
,d ifjes; la[;k gS ftldk n'keyo izlkj lkar gSA rc] ge
esa O;Dr dj ldrs gS] tgk p vkSj q lgvHkkT; gSa rFkk

:i dk gS] tgk n, m .ksrj iw.kkZd gSaA
ugha
p, a
p
:i
q
2n5m ds
:i dk
:i dk
miifk
HCF (p,q,r) LCM (p, q, r) p q r,
tgk p, q, r /ukRed iw.kkZd gSa tcfd fuEu

ifj.kke rhu la[;kvksa p,q vkSj r ij ykxw gksrk gS% (mnkgj.k 8)
LCM p,q,r
HCF p,q,r
p.q.r.HCF(p,q,r)
HCF p,q .HCF q,r .HCF p,r
p.q.r.LCM p,q,r
LCM (p,q).LCM q, r .LCM p,r
16
xf.kr
v;k; 2
cgqin
1- cgqin rFkk mldh ?kkr
fiNyh d{kk esa geus ,d pj okys cgqinksa (Polynomials) vkSj mudh ?kkrksa (Powers) ds ckjs
esa i<+k Fkk ftles geus i<+k Fkk fd pj x ds cgqin p (x) esa x dh mPpre ?kkr (power) cgqin dh
?kkr (degree) gksrh gSA tSls 4x + 2 pj x esa ?kkr 1 dk cgqin gSa D;ksfd ;gk x dh ?kkr 1 gSA blh
rjg 2y2 3y + 4 pj y esa ?kkr 2 dk cgqin gS D;ksfd ;gk y dh mPpre ?kkr 2 gSA 5x 3 4x 2 x 2
pj
4
?kkr 3 dk cgqin gS] D;ksfd ;gk x dh mPpre ?kkr 3 gSA blh rjg 946 7 44 642 4 9
pj esa ?kkr 6 dk cgqin gS D;ksfd ;gk 4 dh mPpre ?kkr 6 gSA ysfdu O;atd
x esa
1
,
y 1
4 3,
1
x 4 3
2
bR;kfn cgqin ugha gSA
2- jSf[kd cgqin
?kkr 1 dks jSf[kd cgqin
x
(Linear Polynomial)
dgrs gSaA tSls
2
7
, 8z 4, u 1,
17
8
bR;kfn lHkh jSf[kd cgqin gSaA tcfd

cgqin jSf[kd cgqin ugha gSA
2x 3,
3x 8, y 8,
2x 6 x 2 , x 3 4
vkfn izdkj ds
3- f}?kkr cgqin
?kkr 2 cgqin dks f}?kkr cgqin
(Quadratic Polynomial)
dgrs gSaA f}?kkr
(quadratic)
'kCn
cgqin
DokMsV
17
(Quadratic)
u
2u2 5,
3
'kCn ls cuk gS] ftldk vFkZ gS ôxZ* tSls
5v 2
2
2x 2 8x , y 2 2, 2 x 2 3x,
5
2
1
v, 4z2
3
7
f}?kkr cgqin gSa (ftuds xq.kkad okLrfod la[;k, gSaA) bls ge

dg ldrs gSa fd x esa dksbZ f}?kkr cgqin ax2 + bx + c, tgk a 0 gSA
4- f=k?kkr cgqin
?kkr 3 ds cgqin f=k?kkr cgqin
(Cubic Polynomial)
3 x3 ,
dgykrs gSaA tSls
9x 3 ,
4 x 3 x 2 , 3x 3 2x 2 x 1
gSA
okLro esa] f=k?kkr cgqin dk foLr`r :i gS %
ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
tgk a, b, c, d, lHkh okLrfod la[;k, gSa] tgk

vkb, ns[ks p (x) = x2 3 x 4
blesa x = 2 j[kus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gSA
a0
gSA
p (2) = 22 3 2 4 = 6
vr% gesa Kkr gksrk gS fd x ds LFkku ij 2 j[kus ij cgqin x2 3x 4 dk eku '6' vkrk gS vkSj
x = 2 bl cgqin dk eku dgykrk gSA blh izdkj x dh vyx&vyx la[;kvksa ds vk/kj ij ge cgqin
ds fofHkUu eku Kkr dj ldrs gSA bl rF; dks ge vyx&vyx mnkgj.kksa dh lgk;rk ls le> ldrs
gSaA tSls %&
tc
x = 0 gS] rc x2 3x 4 dk eku gS
O2 3 0 4 = 4
blh rjg
x=1
gS] rc
x2 3x 4
dk eku gS
1 304 =6
2
blesa '4' bl cgqin dk eku tc

tc x = 1 gSA
x=0
gS vkSj
' 6'
bl cgqin dk eku gSA
5- cgqin dk eku
vc ge ;g lqfuf'pr dj ldrs gSa fd ;fn p (x), x esa dksbZ cgqin gS vkSj k dksbZ okLrfod
la[;k gS] tc p (x) esa x dks k ls izfrLFkkfir djus ij izkIr okLrfod la[;k p x dk] x = k ij eku
dgykrh gS] vkSj bls p (k) ls n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA
;gk ij ,d rF; vkSj ;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd ;fn x = k j[kus ij vxj p (k) = 0 vkrk gS] rc
k cgqin p (x) dk 'kwU;d dgykrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, x = 1 j[kus ij
x2 3x 4 dk eku
= (1)2 3 B (1) 4 = 0
vkSj
x= 4
j[kus ij
x2 3x 4
dk eku
=4344=0
2
Q p (1) = 0 vkSj p (4) = 0 gS]
blfy,
1 vkSj 4 f}?kkr
cgqin
x2 3x 4 ds
'kwU;d dgykrs gSAa
18
6- 'kwU;d
xf.kr
k
cgqin p (x) dk 'kwU;d dgykrh gS ;fn

P (K) = 0 gSA
fiNyh d{kk esa ge 'kwU;d izkIr djus dh izf;k lh[k pqds gSa tSls] ;fn
,d okLrfod la[;k
'kwU;d
gS] rks
p (k) = 0
foLr`r :i esa ;fn
ls
2k + 3 = 0
p(x) = ax + b dk
;kfu
K=
,d 'kwU;d
b
a
3
2
vr% 'kwU;d
k gS
rks
k=
3
2
p(x) = 2x + 3
dk
gSA
p(k) = ak + b = 0 gksxk
;kfu
b
a
(vpjin)
dk x.qkkd
a gSA
ge] dg ldrs gSa fd jSf[kd cgqin dk 'kwU;d mlds] xq.kdksa ls lEcaf/r gSA vc ge ;g ns[ksaxs
fd D;k ;g fu;e lHkh izdkj ds cgqinksa ij ykxw gksrh gS ;k ughaA lkFk gh ge cgqinksa ds fy,
foHkktu dyu fof/ dk iz;ksx Hkh djsaxsA
gksxkA vr% jSf[kd cgqin
ax + b
dk 'kwU;d
tgk
7- cgqin ds 'kwU;dksa dk T;ferh; vFkZ

gesa irk gS fd ,d okLrfod la[;k k cgqin p (x ) ;fn p (k) = 0 dk 'kwU;d gSA ysfdu gekjs
fy, igys ;g le>uk vko';d gS fdlh cgqin ds 'kwU;d brus t:jh D;ks gS] blds fy, gesa igys
jSf[kd rFkk f}?kkrh; cgqinksa dh vkya[kh; fu:i.k dks ns[kuk gksxk vkSj fiQj muds 'kwU;dksa dk
T;kferh; vFkZ Hkh ns[kuk gksxkA
(a)
ajSf[kd cgqin ds fy,
vkb, ge ,d jSf[kd cgqin ax + b = 0tgk a 0 ds ysrs gSA vc ge tkurs gSa fd 2x + 3

vkys[k (Graph) ,d ljy js[kk gSA mnkgj.k% y = 2x + 3 dk vkys[k (Graph) ,d lh/h gS tks (
2, 1) rFkk (2, 7) ls gksdj xqtjrh gSA
x
2 2
y 2x 3 1 7
vkfr gesa n'kkrhZ gS fd

vFkkZr~ fcanq
3
2 ,0
y = 2x + 3
dk xzkiQ
v{k dks
x = 1
ij dkVrk gSA ge ;g igys ls tkurs gSa fd
rFkk
2x + 3
x = 2
ds chpksa chp ls
dk 'kwU;d
3
2
gSA vr%
cgqin 2 x + 3 dk 'kwU;d ml fcanq dk x funs'Z kkad tgk y = 2x + 3 dk xzkiQ x v{k dks dkVrk gSA
O;kid :i esa ,d jSaf[kd cgqin ax + b, a 0 ds fy, y = ax + b ,d ljy js[kk gS tks x va'k
dks Bhd ,d fcanq
b
a ,0
gS tks ml fcanq dk
ij dkVrh gSA vr% jSf[kd cgqin
funsZ'kkad gS] tgk
y = ax + b,a 0
ax + b, a 0
dk xzkiQ
dk dsoy ,d 'kwU;d
v{k dks dkVrk gSA
cgqin
19
Y
(2, 7)
2x
+3
Y=
5
4
(0, 3)
3
2
3 , 0
2
X
4
1
1 O
1
(2, 1)
Y
vkfr
(b)f}?kkr
cgqin ds fy,
vkb, ge ,d f}?kkr cgqin

dSlk fn[ksxkA fuEu lkj.kh esa ge
x2 3x 4
ysrs gSaA vc ge ns[ksaxs fd

x ds dqN eku ysaxsA
x
2
y x 3x 4
2 1 0
6
y = x2 3x 4
dk xzkiQ
4 5
4 6 6 4 0 6
;fn ge vijksDr fcanqvks dks ,d xzkiQ isij ij vafdr djsa vkSj xzkiQ cuk, rks ;g fuEu izdkj
dh vkfr cusxhaA
okLro esa fdlh f}?kkr cgqin ax2 + bx + c, a o ds fy, lehdj.k y = ax2 + bx + c xzkiQ dk
vkdkj ij dh vksj [kqyk ;k uhps dh vksj dh rjg fn[ksxk ysfdu ;g o ds eku ij fuHkZj djsxk
fd a > o ;k a < o gSA ;g o i[ky; (Parabola) dgykrs gSaA
tSlk fd ge mijksDr lkj.kh esa ns[k ldrs gSa fd 1vkSj 4 f}?kkr cgqin ds 'kwU; ds gSa rFkk
1 vkSj 4 mu fcanqvksa ds funsZ'kkad gSa tgk y=x2 3x 4 dk xzkiQ x v{k dks dkVrk gSA vr% f}?kkr
cgqin x2 3x 4 ds 'kwU;d mu fcanqvksa ds x funsZ'kkad gSa tgk y = x2 3x 4 dk xzkiQ x v{k dks
dkVrk gSA
20
xf.kr
Y
7
(2, 6)
(5, 6)
6
3x 4
Y = x2
4
3
2
1
( 1, 0)
X
(4, 0)
1
2
(3, 4)
(0, 4)
5
6
(2, 6)
(1, 6)
7
Y
vkfr
lHkh f}?kkr cgqinksa ds fy, ;g lR; gS fd f}?kkr ax2 + bx + c = o, a o ds 'kwU;d mu fcanqvksa

dk x funsZ'kkd gSa tgk y = ax2 + bx+ c dks n'kkZus okyk i[ky; x v{k dks dkVrk gSA
y = ax2 + bx + c ds xzkiQ ds izs{k.k }kjk rhu fuEu fLFkfr;k lkeus vkrh gSaA
fLFkfr 1% ;gk xzkiQ x v{k dks nks fHkUu fcanqvksa A, vkSj A' ij dkVrk gSA
bl fLFkfr esa A vkSj A' ds x funsZ'kkad f}?kkr cgqin ax2 + b x + c ds nks 'kwU;d gksaxs
Y
A
O
A
O
vkfr
cgqin
21
fLFkfr 2% ;gk xzkiQ x v{k dks dsoy ,d gh fcanq ij dkVsxk] vFkkZr nks laikrh fcanqvksa ij
dkVsxkA blfy, ftl rjg fLFkfr (1) esa nks fcanq, A rFkk A' ;gk ij laikrh gksdj ,d fcanq A gks
tk,xhA
Y
vkfr
mijksDr fLFkfr esa A dk x funsZ'kkad f}?kkr cgqin ax2 + b x + c dk dsoy ,d gh 'kwU;d gSA
fLFkfr 3% bl fLFkfr esa ;k rks xzkiQ iwjh rjg x v{k ds ij gksxk ;k fiQj iwjh rjg x v{k ds
uhps vkSj nksuksa gh fLFkfr;ksa esa ;g xzkiQ x v{k fdlh Hkh fcanq ij ugha dkVsxkA vr% bl fLFkfr esa f}?kkr
cgqin ax2 + bx + c dk dksbZ Hkh 'kwU;d ugha gSA
Y
vkfr
bl izdkj ge T;ferh; :i esa ns[k ldrs gSa fd ,d f}?kkrh; cgqin esa ;k rks nks fHkUu&fHkUu
'kwU;d] ;k nks cjkcj ds 'kwU;d ;k ,d Hkh 'kwU;d ugha gksrk gSA blls ;g Hkh irk yxrk gS fd 2 ?kkr
22
xf.kr
cgqin osQ vf/dre 2 'kwU;d gks ldrs gSaA

(c)
f=k?kkr cgqin ds fy,
vkb, vc ,d f=k?kkr cgqin x3 4x ysrs gSaA vc ge ns[ksaxs fd

fn[ksxk fuEu lkj.kh esa ge x ds dqN eku ysaxsA
2 1 0
x
3
y x 4x
y = x3 4x
dk xzkiQ dSlk
0 3 0
;fn ge mijksDr fcanqvks dks ,d xzkiQ isij ij vafdr djsa vkSj xzkiQ cuk, rks ;g fuEu izdkj dh
vkfr cusxhA
Y
( 1, 3)
4
3
2
( 2, 0)
X
(2, 0)
1
1 O
1
2
3
4
(1, 3)
Y
vkfr
mijksDr lkj.kh esa f=k?kkr cgqin x3 4x ds 'kwU;d 2, 0 rFkk 2 gSA lkFk gh ge ns[krs gS fd
okLro esa 2, 0 rFkk 2 mu fcanqvks ds x funsZ'kkad gSa tgk y = x3 4 x dk xzkiQ x v{k dks dkVrk
gSA blfy, ;g dguk xyr ugha gksxk fd o x v{k dks dsoy bUgha rhu fcnqvks ij dkVrk gS]
blfy, f=k?kkr cgqin ds 'kwU;d dsoy bUgh fcanqvksa ds x funsZ'kkad gSaA
vkb, vc x3 cgqin ysrs gSaA vc y = x3 dk xzkiQ cukrs gSA
cgqin
23
Y
Y
(2, 8)
2
1
X
3
1 O
(1, 1) 1
2
3
4
5
6
(2, 8)
(2, 4)
(1, 1)
1
(1, 0)
1 O
1
(1, 2)
3
4
5
7
Y
vkfr
vkfr
;gk x dk dsoy ,d 'kwU;d o gSA o dsoy ml fcanq dk xfunsZ'kkad gS] tgk

v{k dks dkVrk gSA
vkb, vc x3 x2 ysrs gSaA vc y = x3 x2 dk xzkiQ cukrs gSaA
3
y = x3 dk
xzkiQ
24
xf.kr
Y
7
6
5
(2, 4)
4
3
2
1
X
(1, 0)
1 O
1
(1, 2)
3
4
5
6
7
Y
vkfr
x3
x2
x2
;gk D;ksafd = ( x 1) blfy, cgqin x3 x2 osQ 'kwU;d osQoy 0 vkSj 1 gSA 0 rFkk
1 mu fcanqvksa x- funsZ'kkad gSa tgk y = x3 x2 dk xzkiQ x- v{k dks dkVrk gSA
mijksDr mnkgj.kksa }kjk ge ;g fu"d"kZ fudky ldrs gS] fd fdlh f=k?kkr cgqin ds vf/dre 3
'kwU;d gks ldrs gSA
fVIi.kh%
O;kid :i esa ge dg ldrs gS fd ?kkr n ds fn, x, cgqin p (x) ds fy, y = p (x) dk xzkiQ
x v{k dks vfkdre n fcanqvks ij dkVsxkA vr% ?kkr n ds cgqin ds vf/dre n 'kwU;d gks ldrs gSA
iz'u 1- uhps nh xbZ vkfr;ksa ds xzkiQ ns[kdj izR;sd vkfr ds fy, 'kwU;dksa dh la[;k] Kkr
dhft,A ;gk izR;sd vkfr y = p (x) gS] tgk p (x) ,d cgqin gS]
cgqin
25
Y
Y
.(i)
Y
Y
.(iv)
Y
.(ii)
Y
.(iii)
Y
.(v)
Y
.(vi)
vkfr
lkFk gh gjsd vkfr ds 'kwU;dksa dh la[;k dk dkj.k Hkh Li"V dhft,\

Y
Y
(i)
Y
(ii)
Y
.(iii)
Y
(iv)
Y
(v)
Y
(vi)
26
xf.kr
iz'u- 2- mijksDr vkfr;ksa esa izR;sd fLFkfr esa

dksbZ cgqin p(x) gS ftlds fy, y = p(x) gSA
p (x)
ds 'kwU;dksa dh la[;k Kkr dhft, ftlesa
8- cgqin ds 'kwU;dksa rFkk xq.kkadks dk ijLij lEca/

b
geus ns[kk fd jSf[kd cgqin ax + b dk 'kwU;d a gksrk gSA vc ge f}?kkr cgqinksa ds 'kwU;dksa
vkSj mlds xq.kkadks ds lEca/ esa i<+sxsA ;fn gekjs ikl ,d f}?kkr cgqin p (x) = 2 x2 8x + 6 gSA ge
fiNyh d{kk esa lh[k pqds gS] fd fdlh cgqin ds e;in dks foHkDr djds dSls mlds xq.ku[kaM fd,
tkrs gSa fd blhfy, ge 8x dks nks ,sls inks ds ;ksx ds :i esa foHkDr djsaxs ftudk xq.kuiQy 6
2 x2 = 12 x2 gksxkA
vr% 2x2 8x + 6 = 2x2 6x 2 x+ 6 = 2x (x 3) 2 (x3)
= (2x2) (x3) = 2 (x1) (x3)
blfy, p (x)= 2x 8x + 6 dk eku 'kwU; gksxk] tcfd

x = 1 ;k x = 3 gksA vr% 2x2 8 x + 6 ds 'kwU;d 1 vkSj 3 gSaA
2
8
=
2
x1 = 0
;k
x3 = 0
(x dk
x2 dk
x.qkkad)
xq.kkd
a
vpj in
6
'kwU;dksa dk xq.kuiQy = 1 3 = 3 =
= 2
x
dk xq.kkd
a
2
2
vkb, vc ,d vkSj f}?kkr cgqin] ekuk p (x) = 3 x + 5 x 2 ysaA ftlesa e;in
=1
'kwU;dksa dk ;ksx
+3
=4
gS] vFkkZr~ tc
5x
dks foHkDr
djsaA
vr%
;gk
3x2 + 5x 2 = 3x2 + 6x x 2 = 3x (x + 2) 1 (x + 2)
3x2 + 5x 2
x 1/ 3 gks
;k
x = 2
gksxkA blfy,
3x2 + 5x 2
ds
3x 1 = 0 ;k x + 2 = 0
1
'kwU;d 3 vkSj 2 gSaA vc
(x xq.kkad)
1
5
2
= 2
x dk xq.kkd
a
3
3
vpj
in
1
2
xq.kuiQy = 3 2 3 x 2 dk xq.kkd
a
2
esa] ;fn , f}?kkr cgqin p(x) = ax + bx + bx + c, a 0
'kwU;dksa dk ;ksx
'kwU;dksa dk
dk eku 'kwU; gksxk rks ;k rks
gksxkA vFkkZr~ tc
O;kid :i
tkurs gSa fd x vkSj
x , p (x)
ax + bx + c
2
ds 'kwU;d gksa] rks ge
ds xq.ku[kaM gksrs gSA vr%]

= k ( a ) (x b ) tgk k ,d vpj gSA
= k [x2 ( + ) x + ]
= k x2 k ( + ) x + k
nksuksa vksj ds
blls%
x2, x
ds xq.kkadksa rFkk vpj inksa dh rqyuk djsa rks gesa yxrk gS fd

a = k, b = k ( + ) vkSj c = k
+ =
b
a
cgqin
27
=
vr% 'kwU;dksa dk ;ksx

'kwU;dksa dk xq.kuiQy
C
a
ab
c
a
(x xq.kkad)
b
2
a
a x dk xq.kkd
vpj in
x dk xq.kkd
a
2
fuEu esa dqN mnkgj.k fn, x, gSaA
mnkgj.k 1 %
x2 + 7x + 10 ds
'kwU;d Kkr dhft, lkFk gh 'kwU;dksa rFkk xq.kkadks dk ijLij lEca/ dh Hkh tkp
dhft,\
gy %
x2 + 7x + 10 = (x + 2) (x + 5)
dk eku 'kwU; gS] tc x + 2 = 0 gS ;k x + 5 = 0 gS] vFkkZr~ tc

2 ;k x= 5 gksA blfy,] x + 7 x + 10 ds 'kwU;d 2 vkSj 5 gSaA vc
blfy,
x2 + 7 x + 10
'kwU;dksa dk ;ksx
(x dk xq.kkad)
(7)
= x 2 dk xq.kkd
a
1
vpj in
10
= (2) (5) = 10 =
= x 2 dk xq.kkd
a
1
= (2) + (5) = (7) =
mnkgj.k 2 %
x2 2x 8
gy %
e; in foHkDr] djus ij
x2 2 x8 = x2 4 x + 2x 8
= x (x 4) + 2 (x 4)
= (x 4) (x + 2)
p (x)
ds 'kwU;kad ds fy,]
p (x) = 0
x (x 4) (x + 2) = 0
x4 =0
;k x + 2 = 0
x = 4 ;k x = 2
x = 4, 2~
vFkkZr~ p (x) ds 'kwU;kad 4 rFkk 2 gSaA
vc 'kwU;kadks dk ;ksx 4 + (2) = 2
x=
28
xf.kr
'kwU;kadks dk xq.kuiQy
2 (x dk x.qkkd
a )
1
x 2 dk x.qkkad
4 (2) 8
8
vpj in
2
1
x dk xq.kkad
mnkgj.k 3 %
4s2 4s + 1
gy %
ekuk
p (s) = 4s2 4s + 1
e; in foHkDr djus ij
4s2 4s + 1 = 4s2 2s 2s +1
= 2s (2s 1) 1 (2s1)
= (2s1) (2s1)
p (s)
vr%
p (s) = 0
(2s = 1) (2s 1) = 0
2s1 = 0 ;k 2s 1 = 0
ds 'kwU;kad gsrq
1
1
;k s =
2
2
1 1
s = ,
2 2
1
1
p (s) ds 'kwU;kad gksxs
vkSj 2
2
1 1
(4)
'kwU;kadks dk ;ksx 2 2 1 4
s =
(x dk
x 2 dk
x.qkkad)
xq.kkad
vpj in
1 1 1
'kwU;kadks dk xq.kuiQy 2 2 4 x 2 dk xq.kkad

vc
mnkgj.k 4 %
6x2 3 7x
gy %
p(x)
p(x)
= 6 x2 3 7x
ds 'kwU;kad gsrq
p(x)
6x2 3 7x
6x2 7x 3
2
6x 9x + 2x 3
3x (2x 3) +1 (2x 3)
=
=
=
=
=
0
0
0
0
0
cgqin
29
vr%
(2x 3) (3x + 1) = 0
(2x 3) = 0
;k
(3x + 1) = 0
1
3
x ;k x =
3
2
1
3
p (x) ds 'kwU;kad gSa
vkSj 3
2
3 1
vc 'kwU;kadksa dk ;ksx = 2 3
3 1 9 2 7 7

2 3
6
6
6
(x dk x.qkkad)
= x 2 dk xq.kkd
a
= 23

'kwU;kdksa dk xq.kuiQy
1
3
vpj in
= 2 6 2
x dk x.qkkad
mnkgj.k 5 %
,d ,slk f}?kkr cgqin Kkr dhft,] ftlds 'kwU;kdksa dk ;ksx
rFkk xq.kuiQy
gy %
ekuk f}?kkr cgqin
ax2 + bx + c
gesa irk gS fd % + = 3 =
gS rFkk blds 'kwU;d rFkk gSaA

b
a
vkSj = 2 = a
;fn a = 1 gS rks b = 3 vkSj c = 2 gksxkA
vr% mijksDr 'krksZ dks iwjk djus okyk f}?kkr cgqin
vkb, bldh tkp djsaA
p (x)
ds 'kqU;kad gsrq
(x+2) (x+1)
x+2
x
= x2 + 3x + 2
= x2 + 2x +x +2
= x (x + 2) +1 (x + 2)
= (x + 2) (x + 1)
p (x) = 0
=0
= 0, x + 1 = 0
= 2, x = 1
= 2 rFkk = 1
= 2 + (1) = 3
x2 + 3 x + 2
gSA
gks\
30
xf.kr
vkSj
(2) (1) = 2
fu"d"kZ
gekjs }kjk fy;k x;k f}?kkr cgqin mijksDr 'krksZ ij fln gksrk gSA lkFk gh vU; dksbZ f}?kkr
cgqin tks] bu 'krksZ dks iwjk djrk gks] k (x2 + 3x + 2) dh rjg dk gksxk] tgk k ,d okLrfod
la[;k gSA
vc ge f=k?kkr cgqin ds 'kwU;dksa vkSj xq.kkadks ds ijLij lEca/ dh tkp djrs gS fd D;k f=k?kkr
cgqin ds 'kwU;dksa rFkk xq.kkadks ds chp Hkh blh izdkj dk lacak gksrk gS ;k ugha\
vkb, p (x) = 2x3 5x2 14x + 8 ysrs gSaA
p (x) ds 'kwU;dksa ds fy, p (x) = 0
2x3 5 x214x + 8 =
2x2 (x + 2) 9x (x+2) +4 (x +2) =
(x+2) (2x2 9x + 4) =
(x+2) (2x2 8x x + 4 ) =
(x+2) (2x(x 4)1 (x4)) =
(x+2) (x 4) (2x1) =
0
0
0
0
0
0
x = 2, 4,
1
2
tSlk fd ge tkurs gSa p (x) ds vf/d ls vf/d 3 'kwU;d gks ldrs gSa] blfy,
14x + 8 ds ;gh 'kwU;d gSaA vr%
'kwU;dksa dk ;ksx
1 5 x 2 dk x.q kkad

2 2 x 3 dk xq. kkad
8
1
3
4 (2) 4
2
2
x

2x3 5 x2
4 + (2)
vpj in
dk x.qkkd
a
;fn vc ge nks 'kwU;dksa dks ,d lkFk ysdj muds xq.kuiQyksa dk ;ksx djsa rks gesa buesa ,d vkSj
lEca/ fn[kkbZ nsxkA
4 (2) (2)
8 1 2 7
bl rjg ge fln dj ldrs gSa fd ;fn

rFkk
b
a
c
a
d
a
9- cgqinksa ds fy, foHkktu ,YxksfjFe
1 1
4
2 2
14 (x dk
2
x dk
x.qkkad)
xq.kkad
f=k?kkr cgqin
ax3 + bx2+ cx+ d ds
'kwU;d gks]a rks
cgqin
31
;fn gesa fdlh f=k?kkrh; cgqin ds fy, dksbZ ,d 'kwU;kad fn;k tk, rks ge mlds ckdh nks
'kwU;kad izkIr djsaxs D;ksafd ge tkurs gSa fd fdlh Hkh f=k?kkrh; cgqin ds vf/dre rhu 'kwU;kd gksrs gSaA
ekuk x3 3x2 x + 3 ,d f=k?kkrh; cgqin gS ftldk ,d 'kwU;kad 1 gSA vr% x 1 bl cgqin dk ,d
xq.ku[kaM gSA blfy, gesa x3 3x2 x + 3 dks x 1 ls Hkkx nsus ij HkkxiQy x2 2x 3 izkIr gksrk gSA
vc ge iqu% x2 2x 3 ds e;in dks xq.kua[kfMr djds blds xq.ku[kaM izkIr dj ldrs gSA tks
fd fuEu izdkj gS%&
x2 2x 3 = x2 3x + x3
= x (x 3) + 1 (x 3)
= (x3) (x +1)
x3 3x2 x + 3 = (x 1) (x3) (x+1)
bl f=k?kkr cgqin ds lHkh 'kwU;kad
1, 1,
vkSj
gSA
iz'ukoyh
1- fuEu f}?kkr cgqinksa ds 'kwU;d Kkr dhft, vkSj 'kwU;dksa rFkk xq.kkadksa ds chp ds laca/ dh
lR;rk dh tkp dhft,%
(i) 4x2 4x +1
(iii) 4u2 + 8u +1
(v) 3x2 x
(ii) 6y2 3 7y
(iv) t2 15
2- ,d f}?kkr cgqin Kkr dhft,] ftlds 'kwU;dksa ds ;ksx rFkk xq.kuiQy e'k% nh xbZ la[;k,
gS%
(i) 1,1
(iii)
(v)
(ii)
1 1
,
4 4
0, 5
1
, 1
4
(iv) 4,1
vc ge ,d cgqin dks nwljs cgqin ls Hkkx nsus dh ,YxksfjFe (dyu fof/) dks mnkgj.k dh
lgk;rk ls le>saxsA
mnkgj.k 6 %
2x2 + 3x +1
dks
x+2
ls Hkkx nhft,A
gy %
ge bldks rc rd Hkkx djrs gS tc rd 'ks"kiQy ;k rks 'kwU; gks tk, ;k bldh ?kkr Hkktd dh
?kkr ls de gks tk,] ;gk HkkxiQy 2x1gS rFkk 'ks"kiQy 3 gSA blds vfrfjDr]
(2x 1)(x + 2) + 3 = 2x2 + 3x 2 +3 = 2x2 + 3x + 1
vFkkZr~ 2x2 + 3x +1 = (x + 2) (2x 1) + 3

vr% HkkT; = Hkktd HkkxiQy + 'ks"kiQy
32
xf.kr
2x 1
x 2 2x 2 3x 1
2x 2 4x
x 1
x 2

3
,d f}?kkr cgqin ls Hkkx nsus ds fy, ;gh izf;k ysrs gSaA
mnkgj.k 7 %
3x3 +x2 +2x + 5
dkss
1 + 2x + x2 ls
Hkkx nhft,A
3x 5
x 2 2x 1 3x 3 x 2 2x 5
3x 3 6x 2 3x
5x 2 x 5
5x 2 10x 5
9x 10
gy %
ge lcls igys Hkktd ,oa HkkT; ds inkas dks ?kVrh gqbZ ?kkrksa ds e esa O;ofLFkr djrs gSA cgqinksa
ds in bl izdkj O;ofLFkr djus dks cgqin dk ekud :i esa fy[kuk dgrs gSA ;gk HkkT;] igys ls
gh ekud :i esa gS rFkk ekud :i esa Hkktd x2 + 2x + 1 gSA
pj.k 1 % vc ge HkkxiQy dk igyk in izkIr djus ds fy,] mPpre ?kkr okys in (vFkkZr~
3
3x ) dks Hkktd ds mPpre ?kkr okys in (vFkkZr~ x2) ls Hkkx nsaxsA ;g 3x gSA rc] Hkkx nsus dh
izf;k djsaxs tks 'ks"k cprk gS og 5x2 x + 5 gSA
pj.k 2 % vc HkkxiQy dk nwljk ij Kkr djus ds fy,] u, HkkT; ds mPpre ?kkr okys in
(vFkkZr~ 5x2) dks Hkktd ds mPpre ?kkr okys in (vFkkZr~ x2) ls Hkkx djsaxsA blls&5 feyrk gSA iqu%
Hkkx nsus dh izf;k 5x2 x + 5 ds lkFk djsaxsA
pj.k 3 % vc 'ks"k cps 9x + 10 dh ?kkr Hkktd x2 + 2x + 1 dh ?kkr ls de gSA blfy,] ge
Hkkx nsus dh f;k dks vkSj ugha dj ldrs gSaA
blfy,] HkkxiQy 3x 5 gS rFkk 'ks"kiQy 9x + 10 gSA blds vfrfjDr]
(x2 + 2x + 1) (3x 5) + (9x + 10) = 3x3 + 6x2 + 3x 5x2 10x 5 + 9x + 10
= 3x3 + x2 + 2x + 5
;gk ge iqu% ns[krs gS fd
cgqin
33
HkkT; = Hkktd HkkxiQy + 'ks"kiQy

ge ;gk ;wfDyM dh foHkktu ,YxksfjFe dk iz;ksx dj jgs gSa ftls ge igys i<+ pqds gSaA blds
vuqlkj
;fn p(x) vkSj g (x) dksbZ nks cgqin gSa tgk g (x) 0 gks rks ge cgqin q (x) vkSj r(x) ,ssls izkIr
dj ldrs gSa fd
p (x) = g (x) q(x) + r (x)
tgk r (x) = 0 gS vFkok r (x) dh ?kkr < g (x) dh ?kkr gSA

;g fu"d"kZ cgqinksa ds fy, foHkktu ,YxksfjFe dgykrk gSA
blds mi;ksx dks n'kkZus ds fy,] vkb, dqN mnkgj.k ysrs gSaA
mnkgj.k 8 %
3x2 x3 3x + 5
dks
x 1 x3
ls Hkkx nhft, vkSj foHkktu ,YxksfjFe dh lR;rk dh tkp
dhft,A
gy %
loZizFke ge fn, gq, cgqin dk ekud :i Kkr djrs gSa
x 2
2
x x 1 x 3 3 x 2 3x 5
x 3 x 2 x

2x 2 2x 5
2x 2 2x 2
ge HkkT; vkSj Hkktd nksuksa dks mudh ?kkrksa ds ?kVrsa e esa fy[krs gSa rkfd ge Hkkx dh f;k
dj ldsA
blfy,] HkkT; = x3 + 3x2 3x + 5 rFkk
Hkktd = x2 + x 1 gSA
Hkkx nsus dh f;k nk;ha vksj fn[kkbZ xbZ gSA
ge ;gk #drs gSa] D;ksafd 3 dh ?kkr 0]
x2 + x 1 dh ?kkr 2 ls de gSA
blfy, Hkkx fd f;k djds 'ks"kiQy 3 rFkk HkkxiQy x 2 izkIr gksrk gSA
vc
Hkktd HkkxiQy + 'ks"kiQy
= (x2 + x1) (x 2) + 3
= x3 + x2 x + 2x2 2x + 2 + 3
34
xf.kr
= x3 + 3x2 3x + 5
=
HkkT;
vr% foHkktu ,YxksfjFe lR;kfir gks x;kA
mnkgj.k 9 %
2x4 3x3 3x2 + 6x 2
2
ds lHkh 'kwU;d Kkr dhft,] ;fn vkidks blds nks 'kwU;d
vkSj
Kkr gSaA
gy %
D;ksafd nks 'kwU;d 2 vkSj 2 gSa blfy, (x 2)(x 2) x 2 2 fn, x, cgqin dk ,d
xq.kd gSA vc vkb, foHkktu ,YxksfjFe dk iz;ksx fn, x, cgqin x2 2 osQ fy, djsaA
2x2 3x 1
x2 2 2x4 3x3 3x2 6x 2
2x4
4x2
3
2
3x x 6x 2
3x3
6x
HkkxiQy dk izFke in
2x 4
2x 2
x2
HkkxiQy dk nwljk in
3x 3
3x
x2
gS
x2
1 gSA
x2
2x4 3x3 3x2 + 6x2 = (x2 2) (2x2 3x1)
HkkxiQy dk rhljk in
blfy,
vc 3 x dks foHkDr djds
blfy,] blds 'kwU;d
2, 2,
1
2
vkSj 1 gSaA
2x2 3x + 1
1
2
vkSj
x = 1
ds xq.ku[kaM
(2x1) (x 1)
izkIr gksrs gSaA
}kjk fn, tk,xsA vr% fn, gq, cgqin ds 'kwU;d
cgqin
35
iz'ukoyh
1- foHkktu ,YxksfjFe dk iz;ksx djds] fuEu esa
'ks"kiQy Kkr dhft,%
(p)x
dks
g(x)
ls Hkkx nsus ij HkkxiQy rFkk
(i) p(x) = x3 3x2 +x +2, g(x) = x2

(ii) p(x) = 4x4 3x3 9x2 + x +2, g(x) = 2x2 1
(iii) p(x) = x4 5x+6 , g(x) = 2x2
2- igys cgqin ls nwljs cgqin dks Hkkx] djds] tkp dhft, fd D;k izFke cgqin f}rh; cgqin
dk ,d xq.ku[kaM gS %
(i)
y2 3, 2y4 + 3y3 2y2 9y 12
2
(ii) t + 3t +1, 3t4 + 5t3 7t2 + 2t+2
(iii) x3 3x+1, x5 4x3 + x2 + 3x +1
3-
3x4+ 6x3 2x2 10x 5
ds vU; lHkh 'kwU;d Kkr dhft,] ;fn blds nks 'kwU;d
5
3
vkSj
5
gSA
3
;fn x3 3x2 + x + 2
dks ,d cgqin g(x) ls Hkkx nsus ij] HkkxiQy vkSj 'ks"kiQy e'k%
x 2 vkSj 2x + 4 gSa rks g(x) Kkr dhft,A
5- cgqinksa p(x), g(x),q(x) vkSj r (x) ds ,sls mnkgj.k nhft, tks foHkktu ,YxksfjFe dks larq"V
djrs gksa rFkk
(i) ?kkr p(x) = ?kkr q(x)
(ii) ?kkr q(x) = ?kkr r(x)
(iii) ?kkr r(x) = 0
4-
lkjka'k
1- ?kkrksa 1, 2 vkSj 3 ds cgqin e'k% jSf[kd cgqin] f}?kkr cgqin ,oa f=k?kkr cgqin dgykrs gSaA
2- ,d f}?kkr cgqin ax2 + bx + c, tgk a, b, c okLrfod la[;k, gSa vkSj a 0 gSa] ds :i dk
gksrk gSA
3- ,d cgqin p(x) ds 'kwU;d mu fcnqavksa ds x funsZ'kkad gksrs gSa tgk y = p (x) dk xzkiQ x
v{k dks izfrPNsn djrk gSA
4- ,d f}?kkr cgqin ds vf/d ls vf/d nks 'kwU;d gks ldrs gSa vkSj ,d f=k?kkr cgqin ds
vf/d ls vf/d rhu 'kwU;d gks ldrs gSaA
5- ;fn f}?kkr cgqin ax2 + bx + c ds 'kwU;d vkSj gksa] rks
6- ;fn
b
,
a
f=k?kkr

b
,
a
c
a
ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0
cgqin
ds 'kwU;d gksa] rks
36
xf.kr

c
a
vkSj a ,
7- foHkktu ,YxksfjFe ds vuqlkj fn, x, cgqin
cgqinksa q(x) rFkk r(x) dk vfLrRo gS fd
p(x)
vkSj 'kwU;srj cgqin
g(x)
ds fy, nks ,sls
p(x) = g(x) q(x) + r (x)
tgk
r(x) = 0
gS ;k ?kkr
r(x) <
?kkr
g (x)
gSA
nks pj okys jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe
37
v;k; 3-

1- Hkwfedk%
ge vius nSfud thou esa fofHkUu ifjfLFkr;ksa dks vuqHko djrs gSaA blh rjg dh ,d fLFkfr ds ckjs
esa fopkj djrs gSaA
lksuw vius fe=kksa ds lkFk ?kweus x;kA ogk ij mlus gkFkh dh lokjh dh vkSj fgaMksyk >wyk dk vkaun
fy;kA vc mlus ftruh ckj fgMksayk >wyk mlls vk/h ckj mlus gkFkh dh lokjh dh 1 ;fn izR;sd ckj dh
lokjh ds fy, mls 3 : rFkk fgMksayk >wyus ds fy, 4 : [kpZ djus iM+s rks ge dSls Kkr djsaxs fd mlus
fdruh ckj gkFkh dh lokjh dh vksj fdruh ckj fgMksayk >wyk] vkSj mlus dqy feykdj 20 : [kpZ fd,A
bl fLFkfr dk gy fudkyus ds fy, ge fofHkUu iz;kl djsxsa tSls fd mlus ,d ckj lokjh dh rks >wyk
fdruh ckj >wyk bR;kfnA gks ldrk gS fd mlus rhu ckj gkFkh dh lokjh dh gks\ ge viuh fiNyh d{kkvksa
ds v;;u ds vkkkj ij bl leL;k dks nks pj okysa jSf[kd lehdj.kksa ds ek;e ls gy dj ldrs gSaA
lksuw }kjk gkFkh dh lokjh djus dh la[;k dks ge x eku ysrs gSa vkSj fgMksayk >wyus dh la[;k dks ge
y ekurs gSaA vc nksuksa fLFkfr;ksa dks nks lehdj.kksa dh lgk;rk ls fu:fir fd;k tk ldrk gSA
1
x
2
3x + 4y = 20
y=
(1)
(2)
bu lehdj.k dks gy ds fy, fofHkUu fof/;ksa dk v;;u ge bl v;k; ds ek;e ls tkusaxsA
2- nks pj esa jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe %

fiNyh d{kkvksa esa geus jSf[kd lehdj.kksa ds mnkgj.k gy fd, gSa tSls&
38
xf.kr
4 x + 5y = 9
x 2y1 = 0
vkSj
ox +y = 2 vFkkZr~ y = 2
ge tkurs gSa fd fdlh lehdj.k ax + by + c = 0 esa tgk a, b vkSj c okLrfod la[;k, gS vkSj a vkSj
b nksuksa 'kwU; ugh gSa] nks pjksa x vkSj y esa ,d jSf[kd lehdj.k dgykrk gSA [tc a vkSj b nksuksa 'kwU; ugha gSa]
ge a2 + b2 0 ls n'kkZrs gSaA]
3- nks pj esa jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe dk gy%

nks pj okys jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe esa blds gy Hkh ekuksa dk ;qXe gksrk gSA lehdj.k esa x vkSj y ds
fy, la[;kvksa dk eku ml lehdj.k dk gy dgykrk gS] tks lehdj.k ds nksuksa i{kksa dks cjkcj dj nsrk
gSA vkb, bls mnkgj.k ds lgk;rk ls tkusaA lehdj.k 3x + 4y = 7 ds ck, i{k (LHS) esa x = 1 vkSj y =
1 j[ksaA rc
ck;k i{k = 3(1) + 4 (1) = 3 + 4 = 7
tks lehdj.k ds nk, i{k (RHS) ds cjkcj gSA
vr% x = 1 vkSj y = 1 lehdj.k 3x + 4y = 7 dk ,d gy gSA
blh lehdj.k esa] x = 1vkSj y = 5 j[kus ij] ck;k i{k
= 3 (1) + 4 (5) = 3 + 9 = 12
tks nk, i{k ds cjkcj ugha gS] vr% L.H.S. R.H.S vr% x = 1 vkSj y = 5 lehdj.k 3x + 4y =7
dk gy ugha gSA blh ds lkFk ge ;g fu"d"kZ dj ldrs gS fd x vkSj y ds og eku ftlls fd lehdj.k
ds nksuksa i{k cjkcj ugha gksrs (LHS RHS) og lehdj.k dk gy ugha gksrk gSA
4- T;kferh; vFkZ%
izR;sd nks pj okys jSf[kd lehdj.k ds fy, mldk gy (x,y), mls fu:fir djus okyh js[kk ij vafdr
gksrk gSA ftl izdkj mijksDr mnkgj.k esa fcanq (1]1) lehdj.k 3x + 4y = 7 }kjk fu:fir js[kk ij fLFkr gS]
tcfd fcanq (1,5) bl ij fLFkr ugha gSA
vr% ge ;g rF; lR;kfir dj ldrs gS] fd fdlh Hkh nks pjksa okys jSf[kd lehdj.k ax + by +
c = 0 dk izR;sd gy (x, y) bl lehdj.k dks fu:fir djus okyh js[kk ds ij fLFkr gksrk gS vkSj bldk
foykse Hkh iw.kZr% lR; gSA
5- jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe %

lehdj.kksa (1) vkSj (2) ij ;ku nhft,A bu lehdj.kksa dks lkFk ysus ij] gesa lksuw ds ?kweus tkus
dh lwpuk izkIr gksrh gSA bu nksuksa lehdj.kksa esa nks pj x vkSj y gSaA vr% og lehdj.k ftuesa ijLij nks pj
fo|eku gksa mUgsa ge nks pjksa ds jSf[kd lehdj.kksa dk ;qXe ;k jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe dgrs gSaA
6- chtxf.krh; n`f"V %
nks pjks
x vkSj y esa
jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe ds lk/kj.k :i dks ge fuEu izdkj fu:fir djrs gSA
39
a 1x + b 1y + c 1 = 0
vkSj
a2 x + b 2 y + c 2 = 0
tgk a1, b1, c1, a2, b2 c2, lHkh okLrfod la[;k, gSa vkSj a12 b12 0,a 22 b22 0 gSA
fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.kksa }kjk ge jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe dh tkudkjh izkIr djrs gSaA
2x + 3y 7 = 0 vkSj 9x2y + 8 = 0
5x = y vkSj 7x + 2y + 3 = 0
x + y = 7 vkSj 17 = y
7- T;kaferh; n`f"V%
fiNYkh d{kk ds v;;u ds ge ;g tkurs gSa fd ,d jSf[kd lehdj.k dks T;kferh; (vFkkZr~ xzkiQh;)
:i ls fu:fir djus ij gesa ,d ^ljyjs[kk* izkIr gksrh gSA vc ge nks pjksa okys jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe dk
T;kferh; :i ns[ksxs tks fd nks ljy js[kk, gS ftUgsa gesa ijLij lkFk iznf'kZr djsaxsA
8- rhu laHkkouk,%
,d ry esa nh xbZ nks js[kkvksa ds fy,] dsoy fuEu rhu laHkkouk, gh gks ldrh gSA
(i) nksuksa js[kk, ,d fcanq ij izfrPNsn djrh gSA
(ii) nksuksa js[kk, izfrPNsn ugha djrh gSa] vFkkZr~ os lekarj gSaA
(iii) nksuksa js[kk, laikrh gSaA
bu lHkh laHkkoukvksa dks ge fuEu vkfr }kjk n'kkZrs gSa %&
vkfr (a) esa] ;s izfrPNsn djrh gSA
vkfr (b) esa ;s lekarj gSaA
vkfr (c) esa] ;s laikrh gSaA
(a)
(b)
(c)
vkfr
jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe dks iznf'kZr djus okyh nksuksa fof/;ksa tks fd chtxf.krh; rFkk T;kferh; gS] dks
lkFk&lkFk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA vkb, mnkgj.k ysaA
mnkgj.k 1 %
lksuw ?kweus tkus ds fy, 20 #i;s ysdj tkrk gSA og gkFkh dh lokjh vkSj fgMksyk >wyrk gS pkgrk gSaA
40
xf.kr
bu nksuksa fLFkfr;ksa dks chtxf.krh; rFkk xzkiQh; (U;ferh;) :iksa esa O;Dr dhft,A
gy%
cuk;k x;k] lehdj.k ;qXe gS%
1
x
2
x 2y = 0
y=
vFkkZr~
vkSj
3x + 4y = 20
vc lehdj.kksa dks xzkiQh; :i ls O;Dr djus ds fy,] ge izR;sd lehdj.k ds nks gy fudkyrs gSaA
;s gy bl izdkj gSa&
lkj.kh 1lkj.kh 2x
y
x
2
x
y
(i)
20 3x
4
0
3
(ii)
jSf[kd lehdj.k ds vifjfer :i ls vusd gy gksrs gSA ge dsoy nks gy pqurs gSa] geus igys rFkk
nwljs lehdj.kksa ds gy ds fy, x = 0 pquk gS] tc ,d pj 'kwU; gks tkrk gS] rks lehdj.k ,d pj ds jSf[kd
lehdj.k esa cny tkrk gS] ftls vklkuh ls gy fd;k tk ldrk gS] mnkgj.k osQ fy, lehdj.k (2) esa
x = 0 j[kus ij] ge ikrs gSa fd 4y = 20 gS] vFkkZr~ y = 5 gSA blh izdkj] lehdj.k (2) esa y = 0 j[kus ij
gesa izkIr gksrk gS%
20
gSA
3
y = 2 pqurs
3x = 20 vFkkZr~ x
dfBu gSA vr% ge
20
pwfd 3 ,d iw.kkZd ugha gS] blfy, bls xzkiQ isij ij vkysf[kr djuk
gS] ftlls x = 4 feyrk gS] tks ,d iw.kkZd gSA
Y
7
6
P (0, 5)
4
Q (4, 2)
3
2
A (0, 0)
X
3x
B (2, 1)
vkfr
2y
+4
y=
6
=0
20
41
vc ge lkj.kh 1 ds fcanq A ( o,o) vkSj B (2,1) ds laxr gyksa dks xzkiQ isij ij vkysf[kr djsxs tks
fd (1) lehdj.k dh js[kk A B gSA rFkk lkj.kh 2 ds fcnaqvks P (0,5) vkSj Q (4,2) ds laxr gyksa dks Hkh
vkysf[kr djsaxs tks lehdj.k (2) dh js[kk PQ gSA
vkfr ls ge vuqHko djrs gSa fd js[kk, A B rFkk P Q nksuksa fcUnq (4,2) ij izfrPNsn djrh gSaA
mnkgj.k% 2 %
lhrk ,d LVs'kujh dh nqdku esa xbZ vkSj 9 : esa 2 isafly rFkk 3 jcM+ [kjhnhA mldh lgsyh xhrk
us lhrk ds ikl ubZ rjg dh isafly vkSj jcM+ ns[kh vkSj mlus Hkh 18 : esa mlh rjg dh 4 isafly vkSj 6
jcM+ [kjhnhA bl fLFkfr dks chtxf.krh; rFkk xzkiQh; (T;kferh;) :iksa esa O;Dr dhft,A
gy %
ekuk 1 isfa ly dk ewY; x : rFkk 1 jcM+ dk ewY; y : gSA rc blds chtxf.krh; lehdj.k fuEu izdkj gS%
2x + 3y = 9
4x + 6y = 18
(1)
(2)
vkSj T;kferh; :i ls budh rqyuk Kkr djus ij gesa izR;sd lehdj.k }kjk fu:fir js[kk ij nks fcanq
izkIr gksrs gSA gesa izR;sd lehdj.k ds nks gy izkIr gksrs gSaA ;s gy fuEu lkj.kh es fn, gS%
x
9 2x
y
3
4.5
x
18 4x
y
6
(i)
(ii)
geus bu fcnqvksa dks ,d xzkiQ isij ij vkysf[kr fd;k vkSj js[kk, [khphA gesa Kkr gqvk nksuksa js[kk,
laikrh gSa (nsf[k, vkfr)A ,slk blfy, gS fd nksuksa lehdj.k rqY; gS] vFkkZr~ ,d dks nwljs ls izkIr fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
Y
4x
5
+6
y=
(0, 3)
18
2
(3, 1)
1
X
1 O
1
vkfr
(4.5,0)
6
2x
+3
y=
X
9
42
mnkgj.k 3%
xf.kr
nks eSVks dh iVfj;ksa dks lehdj.kksa x + 2y 4 = 0 vkSj

fLFkfr dks T;kferh; :i ls O;Dr dhft,A
2x + 4y 12 = 0 }kjk
fu:fir dh gSaA bl
gy%
lehdj.kksa
x + 2y 4 = 0
(1)
2x + 4y 12 = 0
(2)
esa ls izR;sd ds nks gy lkj.kh esa fn, gSa%

lkj.kh
x
4 x
y
6
x
12 2x
y
4
(i)
3)
(ii)
geus fcnqvks R (0, 2) vkSj S(4, 0) dks js[kk RS izkIr djus ds fy, vkysf[kr fd;k vkSj fcanqvksa P (0,
vkSj Q(6,0) dks js[kk PQ izkIr djus ds fy, vkysf[kr fd;k rkfd budk xzkiQh; :i iznf'kZr gks tk,A
Y
5
4
P (0, 3)
2x
R (0, 2)
X
x +2
1 O
1
+4
y
x+4
12
=0
Q (6, 0)
=0
S (4, 0)
Y
vkfr
vkfr esa] pwfd ;s js[kk, dgha ij izfrPNsn ugha djrh gS] vr% os lekarj gSA
bl rjg geus dbZ fLFkfr;ksa dks ,d jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe }kjk iznf'kZr fd;kA geus muds chtxf.krh;
vkSj T;kferh; fu:i.k ns[ksA
43
iz'ukoyh
1- laxhrk ,d fdrkcksa dh nqdku ls uoha d{kk dh 2 xf.kr dh vkSj 10oha d{kk dh 3 xf.kr
dh iqLrdsa 250 : esa [kjhnrh gSA mldh lgsyh ehuw uoha d{kk dh 4 xf.kr dh rFkk 6
nloha d{kk dh xf.kr dh iqLrdsa 500 : esa [kjhnrh gSA bl fLFkfr dks chtxf.krh; ,ao
xzkiQh; :iksa esa O;Dr dhft,A
2- gkWdh Vhe ds ,d dksp us 3900 : esa 3 gkWdh rFkk 6 xsnsa [kjhnhA ckn esa mlus ,d vkSj gkWdh
rFkk mlh izdkj dh 2 xsns 1300 : esa [kjhnhA bl fLFkfr dks chtxf.krh; rFkk T;kferh; :iksa
esa O;Dr dhft,A
3- 2 kg jktek vksj 1 kg Nksys dk ewY; fdlh fnu 160 : FkkA ,d eghus ckn 4 kg jktek vkSj
2 kg Nksys dk ewY; 300 : gks tkrk gSA bl fLFkfr dks chtxf.krh; rFkk T;kferh; :iksa esa O;Dr
dhft,A
jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe dk xzkiQh; fof/ ls gy

1- rhu fLFkfr %
geus ns[kk fd ,d jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe dks xzkiQh; :i esa nks js[kkvksa esa O;Dr djus ij ;s js[kk,
dkVrh gS ;k lekarj gksrh gSa ;k laikrh gksrh gSaA D;k ge mUgsa izR;sd fLFkfr esa gy dj ldrs gS\ vkSj ;fn
,slk gS] rks fdl izdkj\ ge bu iz'uksa ds mkj T;kferh; n`f"V ls nsaxsA
vkb, ge fiNys mnkgj.kksa dks ,d&,d dj ns[ksaA
mnkgj.k 1 dh fLFkfr esa] Kkr dhft, fd lksuw us fdruh ckj gkFkh ij lokjh dh vkSj fdruh ckj
fgaMksyk >wykA
vkfr esa geus ns[kk Fkk fd bl fLFkfr dks fu:fir djus okys lehdj.k T;kferh; :i ls fcanq (4, 2)
ij dkVus okyh nks js[kkvksa dks n'kkZrs gSAa blhfy,] fcanq (4, 2) nksuksa lehdj.kksa x 2y = 0 vkSj 3x + 4y = 20
dks n'kkZus okys okyh js[kkvksa ij fLFkr mHk;fu"B fcanq gSA
vc ge chtxf.krh; :i ls lR;kfir djksxs fd x = 4, y = 2 fn, gq,] lehdj.k ;qXe dk ,d gy
gSA gjsd lehdj.k esa x vkSj y ds eku j[kus ij] gesa] izkIr gksrk gS] fd 4 2 2 = 0 vkSj 3 (4) + 4
(2) = 20 gSA vr% geus geus lR;kfir fd;k gS fd x = 4, y = 2 nksuksa lehdj.kksa dk ,d gy gSA pwfd
(4, 2) nksuksa js[kkvksa dk dsoy ,d mHk;fu"B fcanq gS] blfy, nks pjksa esa jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe dk ,d
vkSj dsoy ,d gy gSA
vr% ge ;g fu"d"kZ fudky ldrs gS] fd lksuw us 4 ckj gkFkh dh lokjh dh vkSj 2 ckj fgMksayk >wykA
mnkgj.k 4 %
ge blh rjg izR;sd isafly vkSj izR;sd jcM+ dk ewY; Kkr dj ldrs gSA
vkfr esa] bl fLFkfr dks T;kferh; :i esa ,d laikrh js[kk ;qXe }kjk n'kkZ;k x;k gSA blfy, bu
lehdj.kksa ds gy buds loZfu"B fcnqvksa (Common Points) }kjk izkIr gksaxsaA
44
xf.kr
D;k bu js[kkvksa esa dksbZ lkoZfu"B fcanq gS\ xzkiQ ls gesa irk pyrk gS fd bl js[kk dk izR;sd fcanq nksuksa
lehdj.kksa dk ,d gy gSA vr% lehdj.kksa 2x + 3y = 9 vkSj 4x + 6y = 18 ds vifjfer :i ls vusd gy
gSaA ;fn ge lehdj.k 4x+6y = 18 dks 2 ls Hkkx nsa] rks gesa 2x + 3y = 9 izkIr gksrk gS] tks fd lehdj.k
(1) gh gSA vr% nksuksa lehdj.k rqY; gSaA vr% js[kk ij dksbZ fcanq izR;sd iasfly vkSj izR;sd jcM+ dk ewY;
nsrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] izR;sd isafly rFkk izR;sd jcM+ dk ewY; e'k% 3 : rFkk 1 : gks ldrk gSA
vFkok izR;sd izR;sd iasfly dk ewY; 3-75 : rFkk jcM+ dk ewY; 0-50 : gks ldrk gS] bR;kfnA
mnkgj.k 5 %
eSVks dh iVfj;k fdl LFkku ij fey ldrh gS] ;s ge Kkr djsxsA pwfd bu nksuksa lehdj.kksa ds T;kferh;
:i dks nks laekrj js[kkvksa ls n'kkZ;k x;k gSA js[kk, izfrPNsn ugha djrh gSa vkSj ;s iVfj;k ,d nwljs ls ugha
feyrh gSA bu lehdj.kksa dk dksbZ mHk;fu"B gy ugha gSA
2- vlaxr ;qXe %
,d jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe] ftldk dksbZ gy ugha gksrk] jSf[kd lehdj.kksa dk vlaxr
;qXe dgykrk gSA
(Inconsistent)
3- laxr ;qXe %
,d jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe] ftldk gy gksrk gS] jSf[kd lehdj.kksa dk laxr
dgykrk gSA
(Consistent)
;qXe
4- vkfJr ;qXe %
nks pjksa ds rqY; jSf[kd lehdj.kksa ds ;qXe ds vifjfer :i ls vusd gy gksrs gSa] mUgs vkfJr ;qXe
dgrs gSaA jSf[kd lehdj.kksa dk vkfJr ;qXe lnSo laxr gksrk gSA
5- lkjka{k %
ge nks pjksa esa ,d jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe }kjk fu:fir js[kkvksa ds O;ogkj dks rFkk gy ds vfLrRo
gksus dk fuEu izdkj ls ,d lkjka'k ds :i esa O;Dr dj ldrs gS%
1- js[kk, ,d fcanq ij izfrPNsn dj ldrh gSA bl fLFkfr esa] lehdj.k ;qXe dk vf}rh; gy
gksrk gS (laxr lehdj.k ;qXe)A
2- js[kk, lekarj gks ldrh gSaA bl fLFkfr esa] lehdj.kksa dk dksbZ gy ugha gksrk gS (vlaxr
lehdj.k ;qXe)A
3- js[kk, laikrh gks ldrh gSaA bl fLFkfr esa] lehdj.kksa ds vifjfer :i ls vusd gy gksrs gSaA
(vkfJe (laxr) lehdj.k ;qXe)A
vkb, vc ge mnkgj.kksa 1] 2 vkSj 3 esa cus jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXeksa ij iqu% fopkj djrs gSA
(i) x 2y = 0 vkSj 3x + 4y 20 = 0
(js[kk, izfrPNsn djrh gSa)
(ii) 2x + 3y 9 = 0 vkSj 4x + 6y 18 = 0
(js[kk, laikrh gSa)

(iii)
45
x + 2y 4 = 0 vkSj 2x + 4y 12 = 0
(js[kk, lekarj gSa)
6- fVIi.kh%
(i)
gesa vius Kkr gy dh lnSo tkp djuh pkfg,A

tc fdlh voLFkk esa x + y = 0 gks] rc x = 0 j[kus ij y = 0 vkrk gS ftlls mldk gy
(o,o) vkrk gSA mlds ckn ge x ds fofHkUu ekuksa ds fy, y ds fofHkUu eku izkIr djds xzkiQ
ij vafdr dj ldrs gSA
(ii)
7- rhu fLFkfr;k %
vxj gekjs ikl nks js[kk,
a1 x + b 1 y + c 1 = 0
vkSj
(1)
dkVrh
(2)
laikrh
(3)
lekarj
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 gS]

a1 b1
gS] rks a b gSA
2
2
a1 b1 c1
gSa] rks a b c gSA
2
2
2
a1 b1 c1
gSa] rks a b c gSaA
2
2
2
rc ;s js[kk,
okLro esa] bldk foykse Hkh fdlh Hkh js[kk ;qXe ds fy, lR; gSA
mnkgj.k 6 %
gesa tkp djuh gS D;k lehdj.k ;qXe
vkSj
x + 3y = 6
(1)
2x 3y = 12
(2)
laxr gSA ;fn ,slk gS] rks ge mUgsa xzkiQ }kjk gy djsaxsA
gy %
vc ge lehdj.kksa (1) vkSj (2) ds xzkiQ [khpsaxs] blds fy,] ge izR;sd lehdj.k ds nks gy Kkr
djsaxs] tks lkj.kh esa fn, gS%
lkj.kh
x
6 x
y
3
x
y
2x 12
3
,d xzkiQ isij ij fcanqvks A (0,2), B(6,0), P(0,4) vkSj Q(3, 2) dks vkysf[kr djsaxs vkSj fcanqvks
dks feykdj js[kk AB vkSj PQ vkfr ds vuqlkj cuka,xsA ge ns[krs gSa fd js[kkvksa AB vkSj PQ esa ,d
46
xf.kr
mHk;fu"B fcanq B (6,0) gSA blfy,] jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe dk ,d gy

fd lehdj.k ;qXe laxr gSA
x = 6, y = 0 gS]
blls fl gksrk gS
Y
A (0, 2)
x+
3y =
1
X
1 O
1
2
Q (3, 2)
2x
3
4
y
3
B (6, 0)
6
4
2
=1
P (0, 4)
Y
vkfr
iz'ukoyh
1- fuEu leL;kvksa esa jSf[kd lehdj.kksa ds ;qXe cukb, vkSj muds xzkiQh; fof/ ls gy Kkr dhft,A
(i) d{kk IX ds cPpksa us ,d foKku dh igsyh izfr;ksfxrk esa Hkkx fy;kA ;fn yM+dksa dh la[;k
yM+fd;ksa dh la[;k ls 4 vf/d gks] rks izfr;ksfxrk esa Hkkx fy, yM+dks vkSj yM+fd;ksa dh
la[;k Kkr dhft,A
(ii)
5 isaV rFkk 7 'kVks dk dqy ewY; 500 gS] tcfd 7 iSaV rFkk 5 'kVZ dk dqy ewY; 460 :
gSA ,d iSaV dk ewY; rFkk ,d 'kVZ dk ewY; Kkr dhft,A
a1 b1
c1
2- vuqikrksa a , b vkSj c dh rqyuk dj Kkr dhft, fd fuEu lehdj.k ;qXe }kjk fu:fir js[kk,
2
2
2
,d fcanq ij dkVrh gSa] lekarj gSa vFkok laikrh gSa%
(i) 5x
7x
(iii) 6x
2x
4y + 8 = 0
+ 6y 9 = 0
3y + 10 = 0
y+9=0
(ii) 9x + 3y + 12 = 0
18x + 6y + 24 = 0
3- fuEu jSf[kd lehdj.kksa ds ;qXeksa esa ls dkSu ls ;qXe laxr@vlaxr gS] ;fn laxr gSa rks xzkiQh; fof/
ls gy Kkr dhft,A
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
4-
x+y=5
xy=8
2x + y 6 = 0
2x 2y 2 = 0
a1 b1
c1
vuqikrksa a , b vkSj c
2
2
2
;k vlaxr%
2x + 2y = 10
3x 3y = 16
4x 2y 4 = 0
4x 4x 5 = 0
dh rqyuk dj Kkr dhft, fd fuEu jSf[kd lehdj.kksa osQ ;qXe laxr gSa

(i) 3x + 2y = 5; 2x 3y = 7
3
5
x y 7; 9x 10y 14
(iii)
2
3
4
x 2y 8; 2x 3y 12
(v)
3
47
(ii) 2x 3y = 8; 4x 6y = 9
(iv) 5x 3y = 11; 10x + 6y = 22
5- ,d vk;rkdkj [ksr ftldh yackbZ] pkSM+kbZ ls 4 m vf/d gS] dk v/Zifjeki 36 m gSA [ksr dh
foek, Kkr dhft,A
6- ,d jSf[kd lehdj.k 2x + 3y 8 = 0 nh xbZ gSA pjksa esa ,d ,slh vkSj jSf[kd lehdj.k fyf[k,
rkfd izkIr ;qXe dk T;kferh; fu:i.k tSlk fd
(i) izfrPNsn djrh js[kk, gksaA
(ii) lekarj js[kk, gksaA
(iii) laikrh js[kk, gksaA
7- lehdj.kksa x y + 1 = 0 vkSj 3x + 2y 12 = 0 dk xzkiQ [khfp,A x v{k vkSj bu js[kkvksa ls cus
f=kHkqt ds 'kh"kksZ ds funsZ'kd Kkr dhft, vkSj f=kHkqtkdkj iVy dks Nk;kafdr dhft,A
,d jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe ds gy djus dh chtxf.krh; fof/%
vHkh geus jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe dks gy djus ds fy, xzkiQh; fof/ dk v;;u fd;k FkkA ijUrq
xzkiQh; fof/ dk mi;ksx lhfer gS D;ksafd tks fcanq funsZ'kd iw.kkZd u gks tSls 3, 2 7 2.75,4.8
9 2
13 , 17
vkfn ds fy, bl fof/ dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldrkA bl rjg ds fcanq la[;k xzkiQh; fof/
esa lgh izdkj ls fu:fir ugha fd, tk ldrs gSaA bu leL;kvksa dks gy djus ds fy, ge chtxf.krh; fof/
dk iz;ksx lh[ksaxsA
izfrLFkkiu fof/% ge izfrLFkkiu fof/ dks dqN mnkgj.k ysdj le>k,xsA
mnkgj.k 7 %
izfrLFkkiuk fof/ }kjk fuEu jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe dks gy dhft,%
x + y = 14
(1)
xy=4
(2)
gy %
pj.k 1% ge fdlh ,d lehdj.k dks ysrs gSa vkSj fdlh ,d pj dks nwljs ds inksa esa fy[krs gSA vkb,
lehdj.k (2)
xy=4
dks geus
pj.k 2%
vFkkZr~
vFkkZr~
blfy,
x=y+4
:i esa fy[kk
x dk ;g eku lehdj.k (1) esa izfrLFkkfir dhft,A ge ikrs gS%
(y + 4) + y = 14
2y + 4 = 14
2y = 14 4
(3)
48
xf.kr
y=
10
5
2
pj.k 1% fn, gq, lehdj.k esa fdlh Hkh pj y dk eku nwljs pj esa j[kdj Kkr djrs gSaA
pj.k 2% y ds bl ekudks nwljs lehdj.k esa izfrLFkkfir djds x ds :i esa cnyrs gS ftls ge x ds
eku ds fy, gy djrs gSA
pj.k 3% vc x ds blh eku dks iqu% lehdj.k esa izfrLFkkfir djus ij ge y dk eku vklkuh ls Kkr
dj ldrs gSaA
fo'ks"k %
,d rF; ;ku nsus ;ksX; gS] pwfd ge blesa igys ,d pj ds eku dks nwljs pj esa izfrLFkkfir djrs
gSa rFkk iqu% nwljs pj ds eku dks igys pj ds fy, izfrLFkkfir djrs gSA blh dkj.koa'k bl fof/ dks
izfrLFkkiu fof/ dgrs gSaA
pj.k 4% y dk ;g eku lehdj.k (3) esa izfrLFkkfir djus ij] ge ikrs gS%
x=5+4
x=9
vr% gy gS%
x = 9, y = 5
lR;kiu% x = 9 vkSj y = 5 dks izfrLFkkfir djus ij geus tkp dh] fd nksuksa lehdj.k (1) vkSj (2)
larq"V gks tkrs gSA
izfrLFkkiu fof/ ds pj.k% izfrLFkkiu fof/ dh Li"Vrk fuEu pj.kksa dh lgk;rk ls gksrh gSA
mnkgj.k 8%
ihNs gy fd, x, mnkgj.k 3 dks ysaA D;k esVks iVfj;k ,d nwljs dks dkVsaxh\
gy%
blesa cuk, x, jSf[kd lehdj.k Fks%
x + 2y 4 = 0
(1)
2x + 4y 12 = 0
(2)
lehdj.k (1) ls x dks y ds inksa esa O;Dr djds] gesa izkIr gksrk gS%&
vc x ds bl eku dks lehdj.k (2) esa izfrLFkkfir djds gesa izkIr gksrk gS%&
2(42y) + 4y 12 = 0
vFkkZr~
8 12 = 0
vFkkZr~
4 = 0
tks fd ,d vlR; dFku gSA
vr% fn, x, lehdj.kksa dk dksbZ lkoZ gy ugha gSA blfy,] nksuksa iVfj;k ,d nwljs dks ugha dkVsxhA
49
iz'ukoyh
1- fuEu jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe dks izfrLFkkiu fof/ ls gy dhft,%
(i) 7x 15y = 2
(ii) s t = 3
s t
6
3 2
(iv) 0.2x + 0.3y = 1.3
0.4x + 0.5y = 2.3
x + 2y = 3
(iii) 3x y = 3
9x 3y = 9
2- nks la[;kvksa dk varj 26 gS vkSj ,d la[;k nwljh la[;k dh rhu xquh gSA mUgsa Kkr dhft,A
3. 2x + 3y = 11 vkSj 2x 4y = 24 dks gy dhft, vkSj blls 'm' dk og eku Kkr dhft,
ftlds fy, y = mx + 3 gksA
4- (i) ,d fdsV Vhe ds dksp us 7 cYys rFkk 6 xsnsa 3800 : esa [kjhnhA ckn esa] mlus 3 cYys
rFkk 5 xsans 1750 : esa [kjhnh izR;sd cYys vksj izR;sd xsan dk ewY; Kkr dhft,A
(ii) ikp o"kZ ckn tSdc dh vk;q mlds iq=k dh vk;q ls rhu xquh gks tk,xhA ikp o"kZ iwoZ tSdc
dh vk;q mlds iq=k dh vk;q dh lkr xquh FkhA mudh orZeku vk;q D;k gS\
(iii) nks laiwjd dks.kksa esa cM+k dks.k NksVs dks.k ls 18 fMxzh vf/d gSA mUgsa Kkr dhft,A
(iv) ,d uxj esa VSDlh ds HkkM+s esa ,d fu;r HkkM+s ds vfrfjDr pyh xbZ nwjh ij HkkM+k lfEefyr
fd;k tkrk gSA 10 km nwjh ds fy, HkkM+k :- 105 gS\ ,d O;fDr dks 25 km ;k=kk djus
ds fy, fdruk HkkM+k nsuk gksxk\
(vi)
;fn fdlh fHkUu ds va'k vkSj gj nksuksa esa 2 tksM+ fn;k tk, rks og
5
9
gks
11
tkrh gSA ;fn va'k
vkSj gj nksuksa esa 3 tksM+ fn;k tk,] rks og 6 gks tkrh gSA og fHkUu Kkr dhft,A
foyksiu fof/ % foyksiu fof/ nks pj okys jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe dks gy djus dh ,d vU; fof/
gSA blesa ge ,d pj dks iwjh rjg ls foyqIr djds nwljs pj dk eku Kkr djrs gSA dqN leL;kvksa esa bl
fof/ dk mi;ksx T;knk ykHknk;d vkSj lqfokktud gSA vkb, bl fof/ ds ckjs esa foLrkj iwoZd o.kZu djsaA
mnkgj.k 9%
nks deZpkfj;ksa dh vk; dk vuqikr 9 % 7 gS vkSj muds [kpks dk vuqikr 4%3 gSA ;fn izR;sd deZpkjh
izfr eghus esa 2000 #- cpk ysrk gS] rks mudh ekfld vk; Kkr dhft,A
gy%
ekuk nksuksa deZpkfj;ksa dh ekfld vk; e'k% 9x #- rFkk 7x #- gS vkSj muds [kpsZ e'k%
3y #- gSA bls ge fuEu lehdj.k }kjk fu:fir dj ldrs gSaA
vkSj
4y #-
vkSj
9x 4y = 2000
(1)
7x 3y = 2000
(2)
50
xf.kr
pj.k 1% y ds xq.kdksa dks cjkcj djus ds fy, lehdj.k (1) dks (3) ls rFkk lehdj.k (2) dks
4 ls xq.kk fd;k gesa fuEufyf[kr lehdj.k izkIr gksrk gS%&
27x 12y = 6000
(3)
28x 12y = 8000
(4)
pj.k 2% vc ge lehdj.k (3) dks lehdj.k (4) esa ls ?kVkrs gSa D;ksafd y ds xq.kkad leku gS bl
rjg y pj dks foyqIr djrs gSaA
(28x 27 x) (12y12y) = 8000 6000
vFkkZr~
pj.k 3%
y = 2000
x dk
eku (1) esa izfrLFkkfir djus ij] gesa Kkr gksrk gS&
9(2000) 4y = 2000
vFkkZr~
y = 4000
vr% lehdj.kksa ds ;qXe dk gy x = 2000, y = 4000 gSA blfy, deZpkfj;ksa dh ekfld vk; e'k%
18000 #- rFkk 14000 #- gSaA
lR;kiu %
18000 : 14000 = 9 : 7 gSA lkFk gh] muds [kpksZ dk vuqikr
18000 2000 : 14000 2000 = 16000: 12000 = 4:3 gSA
fVIi.kh%
1- bl fof/ dks foyksiu fof/ (elimination method) dgrs gS] D;ksafd blesa geus loZizFke
,d pj dks foyqIr fd;k gS vkSj nwljs pj esa ,d jSf[kd lehdj.k Kkr fd;k gSA ge y ;k x fdlh
dks Hkh gy djus dk iz;kl dj ldrs gSaA
2- ge leL;kvksa dks gy djus ds fy, izfrLFkkiu fof/ ;k xzkiQh; fof/ dk iz;ksx Hkh dj ldrs
gSA fofHkUu fof/;ksa dk iz;ksx djds ge lqfo/ktud :i ls gy izkIr dj ldrs gSA
foyksiu fof/ ds pj.k %&

pj.k 1% loZizFke nksuksa lehdj.kksa ds fdlh ,d pj (x ;k y) ds xq.kkadks dks la[;kRed :i esa leku
djus ds fy, mi;qDr 'kwU;srj vpjksa ls xq.kk djrs gSaA
pj.k 2% blds i'pkr~ ,d lehdj.k dks nwljs esa tksM+rs ;k mlesa ls ?kVkrs gS ftlls fd ,d pj
foyqIr gks tkrk gSA ,d pj esa lehdj.k Kkr gksus ij vxys pj.k esa tkrs gSaA
pfn pj.k 2 esa] gesa pj jfgr ,d lR; dFku izkIr gks] rks ewy lehdj.k ;qXe ds vifjfer :i ls
vusd gy gksrs gSaA
;fn pj.k 2 esa] gesa ,d pj jfgr vlR; dFku feys] rks ewy lehdj.k ;qXe dk dksbZ gy ugha gS]
vFkkZr~ ;g valxr gSA
pj.k 3% ge ,d pj (x ;k y) esa izkIr lehdj.k dks] ml pj dk eku Kkr djus ds fy, gy djrs gSAa
pj.k 4% x (;k y) ds bl eku dks ewy lehdj.kksa esa ls fdlh ,d esa] nwljs pj dk eku Kkr djus
ds fy,] izfrLFkkfir djsaxsA
51
vc bls le>us ds fy,] ge dqN vkSj mnkgj.k gy djsaxsA
mnkgj.k 10 %
vc ge foyksiu fof/ dk iz;ksx djds] fuEu jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe ds lHkh laHko gy Kkr djsaxs%
3x + 4y = 10
(1)
6x + 8y = 9
(2)
gy%
pj.k 1% lehdj.k (1) dks 2 ls rFkk lehdj.k (2) dks 1 ls] x ds xq.kkadks dks leku djus ds fy,]
xq.kk dfj,A rc ge fuEu lehdj.k ikrs gS%
6x + 8y = 20
(3)
6x + 8y = 9
(4)
pj.k 2% lehdj.k (4) dks lehdj.k (3) esa ls ?kVkus ij]

(6x 6x) + (8y 8y) = 20 9
vFkkZr~
0 = 11, tks
,d vlR; dFku gSA
mnkgj.k 11%
'kks,c ds ikl eksts rFkk :eky gSa tks dqy 40 gSa] ;fn mlds ikl 5 #eky rFkk 5 eksts vkSj vk tk,
rks ekstksa dh la[;kvks #ekyksa dh la[;k dh 4 xquk gks tk,xh bl fLFkfr dks chtxf.krh; rFkk xzkiQh; :i
esa iznf'kZr dhft,\
ekuk 'kks,c ds ikl ekstks dh la[;k = x rFkk
:ekyksa dh la[;k = y gSA rks
x + y = 40
(i)
x + 5 = 4 (y 5)
x + 5 = 4y 20
x 4y = 25
(ii)
bu nksuksa fLFkfr;ksa dks xzkiQh; :i esa] n'kkZus ds fy, gekjs ikl nks lehdj.k gS] tks fuEu izdkj gS%
lehdj.k (1) ds fy,
x + y = 40
y = 40 x
x
y
lehdj.k (2) ds fy,
x 4y = 25
4y = x + 25
(ii)
20
20
40
0
52
xf.kr
y=
x 25
4
x
y
15
10
55
20
ge xzkiQ issij ij fcanq ysrs gSa A (20, 20) rFkk B (40, 0) tSlk fd igyh lkj.kh esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA rFkk
c(15, 10) vkSj D (55, 20) ysrs gSa tSlk fd nwljh lkj.kh esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA fcanq A rFkk B ls gesa js[kk AB
rFkk fcanq C rFkk D ls js[kk CD izkIr gksrh gS tSlk fd fuEu xzkiQ esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
mijksDr xzkiQ esa geus ns[kk fd nksuksa js[kk, ,d nwljs dks fcanq p(27, 13) ij dkVrh gSaA
Y
C (15,10)
20)
20,
A(
13)
27,
P(
D (55, 20)
B (40, 0)
+
y
4y
X
=
O
25
=
40
iz'ukoyh
1- fuEu lehdj.kksa ds ;qXe dks foyksiu fof/ rFkk izfrLFkkiuk fof/ ls gy dhft,A dkSu&lh fof/
vf/d mi;qDr gS\
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
3x + 4y = 10
x
2
2y
3
vkSj
2x 2y = 2
vkSj
y
3
2x2 x+ y = 5 vkSj 2x 3y = 4
2- fuEu leL;kvksa esa jSf[kd lehdj.kksa ds ;qXe cukb, vkSj muds gy (;fn mudk vfLrRo gks)
foyksiu fof/ ls Kkr dhft,%
53
(1) ikp o"kZ iwoZ lehuk dh vk;q yhyk dh vk;q dh rhu xquh FkhA nl o"kZ i'pkr~ lHkh dh vk;q
yhyk dh vk;q dh nks xquh gks tk,xhA lehuk vkSj yhyk dh vk;q fdruh gSA
(2) ehuk 2000 : fudkyus ds fy, ,d cSd xbZA mlus [ktkph ls 50 : rFkk 100 : ds uksV nsus
ds fy, dgkA ehuk us dqy 25 uksV izkIr fd,A Kkr dhft, fd mlus 50 : vkSj 100 : ds
fdrus&fdrus uksV izkIr fd,A
otzxq.ku fof/%
vc rd geus nks pjksa ds jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe dks gy djus osQ fy,] xzkiQh;] izfrLFkkiu rFkk foyksiu
fof/;ksa dk iz;ksx Hkh lhfer gks tkrk gS] rc gesa fdlh vkSj fof/ dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA vr% ge jSf[kd
lehdj.k dks gy djus ds fy, ,d vkSj chtxf.krh; fof/ ls vkidks ifjfpr djkrs gSaA bl fof/ dks ge
otz xq.ku fof/ dgrs gSA fuEu fLFkr ij ;ku nhft,A
(1) 5 vkeksa vkSj 3 dsyks dk ewY; 35 : rFkk 2 vkeksa vkSj 4 dsyksa dk ewY; 28 : gSA ,d
vke vkSj ,d dsys dk ewY; Kkr dhft,A
(2) fdjk, ij iqLrdsa nsus okys fdlh iqLrdky; dk izFke rhu fnuksa dk ,d fu;r fdjk;k gS rFkk
mlds ckn izR;sd vfrfjDr fnu dk vyx fdjk;k gSA lfjrk us lkr fnuksa rd ,d iqLrd j[kus ds fy, 27
: vnk fd,] tcfd lwlh us ,d iqLrd ikp fnuksa rd j[kus ds 21 : vnk fd,A fu;r fdjk;k rFkk izR;sd
vfrfjDr fnu dk fdjk;k Kkr dhft,A
gy%
ekuk ,d vke dk ewY;
vkSj
x:
vkSj ,d dsys dk ewY;
y:
gSA rc] lehdj.k izkIr gksrk gS%
5x + 3y = 35 vFkkZr~ 5x+ 3y 35 = 0
(1)
2x + 4y = 28 vFkkZr~ 2x + 4y 28 = 0
(2)
foyksiu fof/ ls bu lehdj.kksa dks gy djus ij

lehdj.k (1) dks 4 rFkk lehdj.k (2) dks 3 ls xq.kk djus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS
(4)(5) x + (4) (3)y + (4) (35) = 0
(3)
(3) (2) x + (3) (4)y+ (3)(28) = 0
(4)
lehdj.k (4) dks lehdj.k (3) esa ls ?kVkus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS%&
[(5)(4) (3)(2)] x + [(4)(3)(3)(4)] y + [4(35)(3)(28)] = 0
blfy,
vFkkZr~
4 35 (3) 28
5 4 3 2
(3) 28
4 35
x
5 4 2 3
;fn lehdj.kksa (1) vkSj (2) dks

rks gesa izkIr gksrk gS%
a1x + b1y + c1= 0 rFkk a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 ds
(5)
:i esa fy[kk tk,]
a1 = 5, b1 = 3, c1= 35, a2 = 2, b2 = 4, c2 = 28
54
xf.kr
b1 c 2 b2 c1
a1 b2 a2 b1
c a c2a1
y 1 2
a1 b2 a2 b1
x
rc lehdj.k (5) dks bl izdkj fy[k ldrs gS%

blh izdkj gesa izkIr gksrk gS
lehdj.k (5) dks ljy djus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS%
x=
blh izdkj
84 140
4
20 6
35 2 5 28 70 140 5
20 6
14
vr% x = 4, y = 5 fn, x, lehdj.kksa ds ;qXe dk gy gSA

rc] ,d vke dk ewY; 4 : vkSj ,d dsys dk ewY; 5 : gSA
lR;kiu%
5 vkeksa dk ewY; + 3 osQyksa dk ewY; = 20 : + 15 : = 35 :
2 vkeksa dk ewY; +4 osQyksa dk ewY; = 8 : + 20 : = 28 :
vc ge bl fof/ dk iz;ksx jSf[kd lehdj.kksa ds ;qXe
vkSj
a 1x + b 1y + c 1 = 0
(1)
a2 x + b2y + c2 = 0
(2)
dks gy djus esa djrs gSaA bl fof/ ls x vkSj y ds eku izkIr djus ds fy, ge fuEu pj.kksa dk iz;ksx
djrs gSaA
pj.k 1% lehdj.k (1) dks b2 rFkk lehdj.k (2) dks b1 ls xq.kk djus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS%
b 2 a1 x + b 2 b 1 y + b 2 c 1 = 0
(3)
b1a2x+ b1 b2 y + b1c2 = 0
(4)
lehdj.k (4) dks (3) esa ls ?kVkus ij] ge ikrs gS%

(b2a1 b1a2) x + (b2 b1b1b2) y + (b2c1 b1c1 b1c2) = 0
(b2a1 b1b2) x = b1c2 b2c1
b1 c 2 b2 c1
x = a b a b
1 2
2 1
vFkkZr~
vr%
pj.k 2%
dk (1) eku ;k
vc
tcfd
(2) esa j[kus esa] gesa

c1a 2 c 2 a1
y = a b a b
1 2
2 1
b2a1b1a2 0
(5)
gks
izkIr gksrk gS%
vc nks fLFkfr;k mRiUu gksrh gSa%

fLFkfr 1%
a1b2 a2b1 0 gSA
bl fLFkfr esa]
a1 b1
a 2 b2
gSaA bl fLFkfr esa jSf[kd lehdj.kksa ds ;qXe
dk ,d vf}rh; gy gksrk gSA

fLFkfr 2%
a1b2 a2b1= 0 gSA
;fn
a1 b1
k
a 2 b2
gS rks
a1 = k a2, b1 = kb2 gksrk
gSA

a1 vkSj b1 ds
55
ekuksa dks lehdj.k (1) esa izfrLFkkfir djus ij] ge ikr gS%
k (a2 x+ b2 y) + c1 = 0
(7)
vc ge ns[k ldrs gS fd lehdj.k (7) vkSj (2) nksuksa dsoy rHkh larq"V gks ldrs gSa
;fn
c1 = kc2
c1
k
c2
gks vFkkZr~
gksA rks lehdj.k (2) dk dksbZ Hkh gy lehdj.k (1) dks larq"V
djrk gS vkSj foykser% Hkh ,slk gh gksrk gSA blfy,] ;fn
a1 b1 c1
k
a2 b2 c2
gks] rks (1) vkSj (2) ls
fu:fir jSf[kd lehdj.kksa osQ ;qXe osQ vifjfer :i ls vusd gy gksrs gSa
;fn
c1 kc2
gks] rks lehdj.k (1) dk dksbZ Hkh gy lehdj.k (2) dks larq"V ugha djrk vkSj
foykser% Hkh ,slk gh gksrk gSA vr% bl ;qXe dk dksbZ gy ugha gksrkA
mijksDr nh xbZ jSf[kd lehdj.kksa (1) vkSj (2) dks ge la{ksi esa fuEu izdkj ls ns ldrs gSa%
(i)
tc
(ii)
tc
(iii)
tc
a1 b1
a 2 b2 gS] rks gesa vf}rh; gy izkIr gksrk

a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c 2 gS] rks ;qXe ds vifjfer :i

a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c 2 gS] rks ;qXe dk dksbZ gy ugha
gSA
ls vusd gy gksrs gSA
gksrkA
lehdj.k (5) vkSj (6) }kjk izkIr gy dks ge fuEu izdkj ls fy[k ldrs gS%
x
y
1
b1 c 2 b2 c1 c1a2 c 2 a1 a1 b2 a 2 b1
(8)
bl ifj.kke dks ge fuEu fp=k dh lgk;rk ls vklkuh ls ;kn dj ldrs gSA

x
nks la[;kvksa ds chp cus rhj ds fu'kku crkrs gSa fd bUgsa vkil esa xq.kk djuk gS rFkk nwljs xq.kuiQy
dks izFke esa ls ?kVkuk gSA
bl fof/ ls jSf[kd lehdj.kksa ds ;qXe dks gy djus ds fy,] ge fuEu pj.kksa }kjk vkxs c<+rs gS%
pj.k 1% nh xbZ lehdj.kksa dks (1) vkSj (2) ds :i esa fy[ksxsA
pj.k 2% mi;qZDr fp=k dh lgk;rk ls] (8) esa nh xbZ lehdj.kksa dks fy[ksaxs
pj.k 3% x vkSj y dks Kkr djssaxs tcfd a1b2 a2b1 0 gksA
mi;qZDr pj.k 2 gesa bafxr djrk gS] fd bls otz&xq.ku fof/ D;ksa dgk tkrk gSA
56
mnkgj.k 12%
xf.kr
eqEcbZ ds fdlh cl LVSaM ls ;fn ge nks fVdV ojyh ds rFkk 3 fVdV twgw ds [kjhans] rks dqy ykxr
795 #- gSA iajrq ;fn ge 3 fVdV ojyh ds vkSj 5 fVdV twgw ds [kjhnsa] rks dqy ykxr 1300 #- gSaA cl
LVSaM ls ojyh dk fdjk;k rFkk cl LVSaM ls twgw dk fdjk;k Kkr fdft,A
gy%
ekuk eqEcbZ ds cl LVSaM ls] ojyh dk fdjk;k x #- rFkk twg dk fdjk;k y #- gSA nh xbZ lwpukvksa ls]
ge ikrs gS%
2x + 3y = 795 vFkkZr~ 2x + 3y 795 = 0
(1)
3x + 5y = 1300 vFkkZr~ 3x + 5y 1300 = 0
(2)
otz&xq.ku fof/ ls bu lehdj.kksa dks gy djus ds fy,] ge fuEu izdkj ls fp=k [khaprs gSa%
x
rc
vFkkZr~
vFkkZr~
x
3 1300 5 795
x
3900 3975
x
75
x
75
x
=
=
=
y
1
795 3 1300 2 5 3 3
y
1
2385 2600 10 9
y
1
215 1
y
1
1
vkSj 215 1
1
75 vkSj y = 215
vFkkZr~
=
vFkkZr~
=
vr% eqEcbZ ds cl LVSaM ls] ojyh dk fdjk;k 75 : rFkk twg dk fdjk;k 215 :- gSA
lR;kiu% ge izkjfHkad leL;k esa tkp ldrs gS fd gy tks geus Kkr fd, gS os lgh gSaA
iz'ukoyh
1- fuEu jSf[kd lehdj.kksa ds ;qXeksa esa ls fdldk vf}rh; gy gS] fdldk dksbZ gy ugha gS ;k fdlds
vifjfer :i ls vusd gy gSA vf}rh; gy dh fLFkfr esa] mls otz&xq.ku fof/ ls Kkr dhft,A
(i)
(iii)
x 3y 7 = 0
3x 3y 15 = 0
x 3y 3 = 0
3x 9y 2 = 0
(ii) 3x 5y = 20
6x 10y = 40

2-
57
(i) a
vkSj b ds fdu ekuksa ds fy,] fuEu jSf[kd lehdj.kksa ds ;qXe ds vifjfer :i ls vusd
gy gksxs\
3x 5y = 20
6x 10y = 40
(ii)
ds fdl eku ds fy,] fuEu jSf[kd lehdj.kksa ds ;qXe dk dksbZ gy gy ugha gS\
3x + y = 1
(2p 1) x + (p1) y = 2p +1
3- fuEu jSf[kd lehdj.kksa ds ;qXe dks izfrLFkkiu ,oa otz&xq.ku fof/;ksa ls gy dhft,A fdl
fof/ dks vki vf/d mi;qDr ekurs gS\
x+y=7
2x 3y = 11
4- fuEu leL;kvksa esa jSf[kd lehdj.kksa ds ;qXe cukb, vkSj muds gy (;fn mudk vfLrRo
gks) fdlh chtxf.krh; fof/ ls Kkr dhft,%
(i) A vkSj B nksuksa ds ikl dqN lsc gS] A, B ls dgrk gS fd ;fn rqe eq>s vius 10 lsc ns nks
rks esjs ikl rqEgkjs ikl cps lscks ds nksxqus gks tk,axsA B tokc nsrk gS] fd ;fn rqe eq>s vius
10 lsc ns nks rks esjs ikl Hkh rqEgkjs ikl cps lscksa ds cjkcj lsc gks tk,xsA a vkSj b nksuksa
ds ikl fdrus&fdrus lsc gS\ crkb,\
(ii)
(iii)
,d fHkUu 3 gks tkrh gS] tc mlds va'k ls 1 ?kVk;k tkrk gS vkSj og gks tkrh gS] tc
4
gj esa 8 tksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA og fHkUu Kkr dhft,A
,d vk;kr dk {ks=kiQy 9 oxZ bdkbZ de gks tkrk gS] ;fn mldh yackbZ 5 bdkbZ de dj
nh tkrh gS] vkSj pkSM+kbZ 3 bdkbZ c<+k nh tkrh gSA ;fn ge yackbZ dks 3 bdkbZ vkSj pkSM+kbZ
dks 2 bdkbZ c<+k nsa] rks {ks=kiQy 67 oxZ bdkbZ c<+ tkrk gSA vk;r dh foek, Kkr dhft,A
nks pjksa ds jSf[kd lehdj.kksa ds ;qXe esa cnys tk ldus okys lehdj.k
vc ge ,sls lehdj.kksa ds ;qXeksa ds ckjs esa i<+sxs tks jSf[kd ugha gS] ijarq dqN mi;qDr izfrLFkkiuksa }kjk
bUgsa jSf[kd lehdj.kksa ds :i esa cnyk tk ldrk gSA ge bl izf;k dks fuEu mnkgj.kksa }kjk le> ldrs
gSaA
mnkgj.k 13%
lehdj.kksa osQ fuEu ;qXe dks gy dhft,%
2
x
4
x
3
y
9
y
=2
= 1
58
gy%
xf.kr
gekjs ikl gS
2
x
4
x
1
x
p,
1
y
lehdj.k
3
y
9
y
(i)
=2
(i)
= 1
(ii)
rFkk lehdj.k
(ii)
esa j[kus ij]
2p + 3q 2 = 0
(iii)
4p 9q + 1 = 0
(iv)
foyksiu fof/ }kjk lehdj.k (3) dks 3 ls xq.kk djus ij

6p + 9q 6 = 0
lehdj.k
(iv)
rFkk
(v)
(v)
dks tksM+us ij
10 p = 5
p=
bl eku dks
(iv)
esa j[kus ij
4
vc]
1
2
9q = 1
2
1
q=
3
1
1
,q
p=
x
y
x = 4, y = 9
mnkgj.k 14%
,d uko fjrq/kjk ds vuqdwy 2 ?kaVs esa 20 fdeh- py ldrh gS vkSj /kjk ds izfrdwy 2 ?kaVs esa 4
fd-eh- py ldrh gSA mldh fLFkj ty esa rSjus dh pky rFkk /kjk dh pky crkb,\
gy%
ekuk] 'kkar ty esa uko dh pky = x km/h
rFkk /kjk esa pky = y km/h
rc uko dh /kjk osQ vuqowQy pky = (x + y) km/h
igyh fLFkfr esa
(x + y) =
20
2
59
x + y = 10
(i)
nwljh fLFkfr esa

(x y) =
4
2
xy=2
(ii)
foyksiu fof/ }kjk

lehdj.k (i) rFkk (ii) dks tksM+us ij
2x = 12
x=6
bl eku dks lehdj.k

ge izkIr djrs gSa
(ii)
esa j[kus ij
y = 2 6
y=4
bl izdkj /kjk osQ vuqowQy pky
= x = 6 km/h
iz'ukoyh
1- fuEu lehdj.kksa ds ;qXeksa dks jSf[kd lehdj.kksa ds ;qXe esa cny djds gy dhft,%
(i)
ii
(v)
(vii)
2 3
13
x y
5 4
2
u y
15 2
17
u v
1 1 36

4 V
5
iii
(iv)
7x 2y
5
xy
8x 7y
15
xy
3 2u v 7uv
3 u 3v 11uv
3 1
9
x y
2 3
5
x y
5
1
2
x 1 y 2
6
3
1
x 1 y 2
(vi)
9x 5y 37xy
7x 4y 13xy, x 0,y 0
(viii)
1
12
1
2 2x 3y 7 3x 2y 2
7
4
2
2x 3y 3x 2y
2- fuEu leL;kvksa dks jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe ds :i esa O;Dr dhft, vkSj fiQj muds gy Kkr dhft,A
60
xf.kr
(i)
3-
4-
5-
6-
,d uko 10 ?kaVs esa /kjk ds izfrdwy 30 fdeh- rFkk /kjk ds vuwdwy 44 fdeh- tkrh
gSA 13 ?kaVs esa og 40 fdeh- /kjk ds izfrdwy ,ao 55 fd-eh- /kjk ds vuqdwy tkrh gSA
/kjk dh pky rFkk uko dh fLFkj ikuh esa pky Kkr dhft,A
nks fe=kksa luh vkSj oh: dh vk;q esa 3 o"kZ dk varj gSA luh ds firk /je dh vk;q luh dh vk;q
dh nqxquh vksj oh: dh vk;q viuh cgu ehjk dh vk;q dh nqxquh gSA ehjk vkSj /je dh vk;q
dk varj 30 o"kZ gSA luh vkSj oh: dh vk;q Kkr dhft,A
2 efgyk, ,oa 5 iq:"k ,d flykbZ ds dke dks lkFk&lkFk 4 fnu esa iwjk dj ldrs gS] tcfd
3 efgyk, ,oa 6 iq:"k bldks 3 fnu esa iwjk dj ldrs gSA Kkr dhft, fd blh dk;Z dks djus
esa ,d vdsyh efgyk fdruk le; ysxhA iqu% blh dk;Z dks djus esa ,d iq:"k fdruk le; ysxkA
fuEu lqeu 300 fdeh- nwjh ij fLFkr vius ?kj tkus ds fy, dqN nwwjh jsyxkM+h }kjk rFkk dqN nwjh
cl }kjk r; djrh gSA ;fn og 60 fdeh- jsyxkM+h }kjk rFkk 'ks"k cl }kjk ;k=kk djrh gS rks mls
4 ?kaVs yxrs gSaA ;fn og 100 fdeh- jsyxkM+h ls rFkk 'ks"k cl ls ;k=kk djs] rks mls 10 feuV vf/
d yxrs gSA jsyxkM+h ,oa cl dh e'k% pky Kkr dhft,A
ABCD ,d ph; prqHkZqt gS (nf[k, vkfr 3-7) bl ph; prqHkqZt ds dks.k Kkr dhft,A
C
4x
7 x + 5
3y 5
4y + 2
0
vkfr
7- ,d
ABC
esa
C = 3 B=2 (A+B) gSA
f=kHkqt ds rhuksa dks.k Kkr dhft,A
lkjka'k
bl v;k; esa] geus fuEu rF;ksa dk v;;u fd;k gS%
1- nks pjksa esa nks jSf[kd lehdj.k ,d jSf[kd lehdj.kksa dk ;qXe dgykrk gSA jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe
dk lcls O;kid :i gS%
a1x + b1y + c1 =0
a2 x + b 2 y + c 2 = 0
tgk a1, a2, b1, b2, c1, c2 ,slh okLrfod la[;k, gSa fd a12 b12 0,a22 b22 0 gSA
2- ,d jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe dh xzkiQh; :i esa fu:fir fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj gy fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
61
(i)
xzkiQh; fof/ }kjk

(ii) chtxf.krh; fof/ }kjk
3- xzkiQh; fof/%
nks pjksa esa ,d jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe dk xzkiQ nks js[kk, fu:fir djrk gSA
(i) ;fn js[kk, ,d fcanq ij izfrPNsn djrh gS rks] og fcUnq nksuksa lehdj.k dk vfrh; gy gksrk
gSA bl fLFkfr esa] lehdj.k ;qXe laxr gksrk gSA
(ii) ;fn js[kk, laikrh gSa] rks mlds vifjfer :i ls vusd gy gksrs gS&js[kk ij fLFkr izR;sd fcanq
gy gksrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa] lehdj.k ;qXe vkfJr (laxr) gksrk gSA
(iii) ;fn js[kk, lekarj gSa] rks lehdj.k ;qXe dk dksbZ gy ugha gksrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa] lehdj.k
;qXe vlxar gksrk gSA
4- chtxf.krh; fof/ % geus ,d jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe ds gy Kkr djus ds fy, fuEu fof/;ksa
dh ppkZ dh gS%
(i) izfrLFkkiu fof/
(ii) foyksiu fof/
(iii) otz&xq.ku fof/
5- ;fn fn, x, jSf[kd lehdj.k a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 vkSj a2 + b2 y + c2 = 0 ,d jSf[kd lehdj.k
;qXe dks iznf'kZr djrs gS] rks fuEu fLFkfr;k mRiUu gks ldrh gS%
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
a1 b1
a2 b2 bl
a1 b1 c1
a 2 b2 c 2
a1 b1 c1
a 2 b2 c 2
fLFkfr esa] jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe laxr gksrk gSA

bl fLFkfr esa] jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe vlaxr gksrk gSA
bl fLFkfr esa] jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe vkfJe (laxr) gksrk gSA
6- vusd fLFkfr;k gS ftUgsa xf.krh; :i esa ,slh nks lehdj.kksa ls iznf'kZr fd;k tk ldrk gS] tks izkjaHk
esa jSf[kd ugha gksaA ijarq ge mUgsa ifjofrZr dj ,d jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe esa cny ldrs gS%
62
xf.kr
v;k; 4
f}?kkr lehdj.k
f}?kkr lehdj.k
ge dbZ rjg ds cgqinksa ls ifjfpr gS tSls jSf[kd f}?kkrh;] f=k?kkrh; bR;kfnA okLrfod :i ls] f}?kkr
cgqin ax2 + bx + c, a 0 :i esa gksrk gS vkSj tc ge cgqin dks 'kwU; ds cjkcj j[krs gS] rc gesa ,d
f}?kkr lehdj.k izkIr gksrk gSA vr% f}?kkr lehdj.k dk lgh :i gSA
ax2 + bx + c = 0, a 0
okLrfod thou esa f}?kkr lehdj.k

tc ge vius nSfud thou dh fofHkUu leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djrs gS] rc Hkh ge f}?kkr lehdj.k dks
izkIr djrs gSA gesa viuh NksVh cM+h vusd leL;kvksa dk gy f}?kkr lehdj.k ds :i esa gy djus ls izkIr
gks ldrk gSA
v;k; 2 esa geus fofHkUu izdkj ds cgqinksa dk v;;u fd;k gSA ax2 + bx + c, a 0 ,d izdkj dk
f}?kkr cgqin FkkA tc ge bl cgqin dks 'kwU; ds rqY; dj nsrs gS] rks gesa ,d f}?kkr lehdj.k izkIr gks
tkrh gSA okLrfod thou ls lacf/r dbZ leL;kvksa dks gy djus esa ge f}?kkr lehdj.kksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
mnkgj.kkFkZ] eku yhft, fd ,d ekyh 300 oxZ ehVj {ks=kiQy dk cxhpk cukuk pkgrk gS] ftldh
yackbZ mldh pkSM+kbZ ds nks xqus ls ,d ehVj vf/d gks cxhps dh yackbZ vkSj pkSM+kbZ D;k gksxh\ ekuk cxhps
dh pkSM+kbZ x ehVj gSA rc] mldh yackbZ (2x + 1) ehVj gksuh pkfg,A ge bl lwpuk dks fuEu fp=k }kjk fn[kk
ldrs gSA
f}?kkr lehdj.k
63
x.
300 m2
2x + 1
vkfr
vc cxhps dk {ks=kiQy = (2x + 1). x m2 = (2 x2 + x) m2

blfy,
2x2 + x = 300
(fn;k gSA)
vr%
2x2 + x 300 = 0
blfy, cxhps dh pkSM+kbZ lehdj.k 2x2 + x 300 tks ,d f}?kkr lehdj.k gS] dks larq"V djuk pkfg,A
vr% cxhps dh yackbZ vkSj pkSM+kbZ ge f}?kkr lehdj.k dks gy djds izkIr dj ldrs gSA
f}?kkr lehdj.k ij ,sfrgkfld rF;%

,sfrgkfld :i ls ;fn f}?kkr lehdj.k dh ppkZ dh tk, rks ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd f}?kkr lehdj.k
dks lcls igys gy djus dk Js; cschyksu ds fuokfl;ksa dks tkrk gSA fdUgh nks la[;kvksa ftudk ;ksxiQy
rFkk xq.kuiQy Kkr gks] mu la[;kvksa dks Kkr djus dh rduhd ls og HkfyHkkfr ifjfpr FksA ;s leL;k]
f}?kkr lehdj.k ds bl :i x2 px + q = 0 dks gy djus ds cjkcj FkhA
ax2 + bx + c = 0 dks ge f}?kkr lehdj.k dgrs gSa ftldk pj x gSA blesa a, b, c lHkh okLrfod
la[;k, gS] vkSj a 0 gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, 4x2 + 3x 20 = 0 ,d f}?kkr lehdj.k gSaA blh izdkj
5x2 2x 16 = 0, 2x2 5x12 = 0 vkfn Hkh f}?kkr lehdj.k ds dqN vkSj mnkgj.k gSA
orZeku le; esa ftls ge f}?kkr lehdj.k dk gy dgrs gS mldh [kkst okLro esa ;wukuh xf.krK
;wfDyM us yackb;k Kkr djus dh ,d T;kferh; fof/ ds :i esa dh FkhA
okLro esa] czxqIr (bZ- 598&665) us ax2 + bx = c ds :i ds f}?kkr lehdj.k dks gy djus dk ,d
Li"V lw=k fn;k FkkA ckn esa] Jh/jkpk;Z (bZ- 1025) us ,d lw=k izfrikfnr fd;k] ftls vc f}?kkrh lw=k ds
:i esa tkuk tkrk gS] tks iw.kZ oxZ fof/ ls f}?kkr lehdj.k dks gy djus ij izkIr gqvkA vczkg~e ckj fg;k
gk&uklh ;wjks us 1145 esa Nih viuh iqLrd ^fycj backMksje* esa fofHkUu f}?kkr lehdj.kkas ds iw.kZ gy fn,A
ge ikrs gS] fd f}?kkr lehdj.kksa dks gy djus dk Js; cgq/k izkphu Hkkjr ds xf.krKksa dks tkrk gSA
bl v;k; esa] ge f}?kkr lehdj.kksa vkSj muds gy Kkr djus dh fofHkUUk fof/;ksa dk v;;u djsxsA
nSfud thou dh dbZ fLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh ge f}?kkr lehdj.kksa ds dqN mi;ksx ns[ksxsA
f}?kkr lehdj.k dk ekud :i%

dksbZ Hkh lehdj.k p(x) = 0 tgk p(x) ?kkr 2 dk ,d cgqin gS] ,d f}?kkr lehdj.k gksrk gSA tc
ge p(x) ds in ?kkrksa ds ?kVrs e esa fy[krs gSa] rHkh gesa lehdj.k dk ekud :i izkIr gksrk gSA vFkkZr~
ax2 + bx + c = 0, a 0
64
xf.kr
^f}?kkr lehdj.k dk ekud :i* dgykrk gSA

f}?kkr lehdj.k gekjs nSfud thou dh vusd fLFkfr;ksa ,ao xf.kr ds fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa iz;ksx gksrs gSaA
vkb, ge dqN mnkgj.kksa dh lgk;rk ls bls tkusaA
(i) jes'k vkSj lqjs'k ds ikl dqy feykdj 45 xsan gSA nksuksa viuh ikp&ikp xsns [kks nsrs gSa vkSj
mudh 'ks"k xsnksa dh la[;k dk xq.kuiQy 124 gSA crkb, izkjaHk esa muds ikl fdruh xsans FkhA
(ii) ,d vk;rkdkj Hkw[kaM dk {ks=kiQy 528m2 gSA {ks=k dh yckbZ (ehVjksa esa) pkSM+kbZ mlds nqxqus
ls ,d vf/d gSA gesa Hkw[kaM dh yackbZ vkSj pkSM+kbZ Kkr djuh gSA
gy%
(i) ekuk
fd jes'k dh xsanks dh la[;k x FkhA

rc lqjs'k ds xsanks dh la[;k = 45 x
dqy xsankas dh la[;k = 45
jes'k ds ikl] 5 xsnsa [kks nsus ds ckn] cph xsnksa dh la[;k
lqjs'k ds ikl] 5 xsnsa [kksus ds ckn] cph xsnksa dh la[;k
=
=
=
2
x + 45x 200 =
vr% mudk xq.kuiQy
= x5
= 45 x 5
= 40 x
(x 5) (40 x)
40x x2 200 + 5x
x2 + 45x 200
124 (fn;k gS fd xq.kuiQy = 124)
vc
vFkkZr~
x2 + 45x 324 = 0
vFkkZr~
x2 45x + 324 = 0
vr% jes'k ds ikl ftruh xsans Fkh] tks lehdj.k
x2 45x + 324 = 0
dks larq"V djrh gSA
gy%
(ii)
ekuk vk;r dh yEckbZ = x

vk;r dh pkSM+kbZ = 2x + 1
vk;r dk {ks=kiQy = x (2x + 1)
iz'ukuqlkj]
vk;r dk {ks=kiQy = 528
;k
x (2x + 1) = 528
;k
2x2 + x = 528
;k
2x2 + x 528 = 0
bl lehdj.k vk;r dk {ks=kiQy f}?kkr lehdj.k dks larq"V djrk gSA
2x3 + x 528 = 0, tgk x pkSM+kbZ (ehVj esa) gSA
f}?kkr lehdj.k
mnkgj.k 1%
65
tkp dhft, fd D;k fuEu f}?kkr lehdj.k gSa ;k ugha%

(i)
(iii)
(x + 1)2 = 2(x 3)
(x 2) (x + 1) = (x 1) (x + 3)
(ii) x2 2x = (2) (3 x)
(iv) (x + 2)3 = 2x (x2 1)
gy%
(i)
gekjs ikl gS]

(x + 1)2 = 2 (x 3)
x2 + 2x + 1 = 2x 6
x2 + 2x + 1 2x + 6 = 0
x2 + 7 = 0
ax2 + bx + c = 0 dh voLFkk esa gS] tgk b = 0
bl dkj.k] nh xbZ lehdj.k ,d f}?kkr
x2 2x = (2) (3 x)
x2 + 2x = 6 + 2x
x2 2x + 6 2x = 0
x2 4x + 6 = 0
2
ax + bx + c = 0 osQ :i esa gS bl dkj.k nh
xbZ lehdj.k f}?kkr lehdj.k gSaA
;k
;k
;k
vc ;g
lehdj.k gSaA
(ii) gekjs ikl gSa]
;k
;k
;k
vc ;g
(iii) gekjs ikl gSa]
(x 2) (x + 1) = (x 1) (x + 3)
x2 2x + x 2 = x2 3x x 3
x2 x 2 = x2 + 2x 3
x2 x 2 x2 2x + 3 = 0
;k
;k
;k
;k
;g
ax2 + bx + c = 0
(iv)
gekjs ikl gSa]
;k
;k
;k
;k
;g
(x + 2)3 = 2x (x2 1)
x3 (2)3 + 3x2 (2) + 3 x (2)2 = 2x3 2x
x3 + 8 + 6x2 + 12x = 2x3 2x
3
2
x 6x + 12x + 8 2x3 + 2x = 0
x3 + 6x2 + 14x + 8 = 0
ax2 + bx + c = 0 osQ :i esa ugha gS bl dkj.k nh
3x + 1 = 0
osQ :i esa ugha gS bl dkj.k nh xbZ lehdj.k f}?kkr lehdj.k ugha gSaA
xbZ lehdj.k f}?kkr lehdj.k ugha gSaA
fVIi.kh%
;gk gesa ;ku nsuk gS fd mi;qZDr (iii) esa] fn;k x;k lehdj.k ns[kus esa f}?kkr lehdj.k yxrk gS] ijarq
og f}?kkr lehdj.k ugha gSA tSlk fd ge ns[krs gSa lehdj.k dks ;g r; djus fd ;g f}?kkr gS vFkok ugha]
gesa mldk ljyhdj.k djuk vko';d gSA
66
xf.kr
iz'ukoyh
1- tkp dhft, fd D;k fuEu lehdj.k f}?kkr lehdj.k gS%
(i)
(iii)
(v)
(vii)
(3x 2)2 + 1 = 2x 3
x(2x + 3) = x2 + 1
(ii) x (x+1) +8 = (x + 2) (x 2)
(iv) (x+2)3 = x2 4
1
(2x 1) (x3) = (x + 5) (x 1) (vi) x + = = x2 (x 0)
x
(x + 2)3 = 2x (x21)
(viii) 7x = 2x2
2- fuEu fLFkfr;ksa dks f}?kkr lehdj.kksa ds :i esa fu:fir dhft, %

(i) ,d oqQVhj m|ksx ,d fnu esa oqQN f[kykSus fufeZr djrk gSA izR;sd f[kykSus dk ewY;
(#i;ksa eas) 55 esa ls ,d fnu osQ fuekZ.k fd, x, f[kykSus dh la[;k dks ?kVkus ls izkIr
la[;k osQ cjkcj gSA fdlh ,d fnu oqQy fuekZ.k ykxr 750 #- FkhA gesa ml fnu fuekZ.k
fd, x, f[kykSuksa dh la[;k Kkr djuh gSA
(ii) nhid dh ek mlls 26 o"kZ cM+h gSA mudh vk;q (o"kksZ esa) dk xq.kuiQy vc ls rhu
o"kZ i'pkr~ 360 gks tk,xhA gesa nhid dh orZeku vk;q Kkr djuh gS
(iii) nks ekxr /ukRed iw.kkZdksa dk xq.kuiQy 306 gSA gesa iw.kkZdksa dks Kkr djuk gSA
(iv) ,d jsyxkM+h 480 km dh nwjh leku pky ls r; djrh gSA ;fn bldh pky 8 km/h
de gksrh] rks og mlh nwjh dks r; djus esa 3 ?kaVs vf/d ysrhA gesa jsyxkM+h dh pky
Kkr djuh gSA
xq.ku[kaMksa }kjk f}?kkr lehdj.k dk gy

vc ge xq.ku[kaM fof/ dh lgk;rk ls f}?kkr lehdj.k dk gy Kkr djus dk v;;u djsaxsA
1- f}?kkr lehdj.k ewy %

ekuk ,d f}?kkr lehdj.k 2x2 3x+1 = 0 ;fn ge bl lehdj.k ds ck, i{k esa x dks 1 ls
izfrLFkkfir djsa] rks gesa izkIr gksrk gS% (2 12) (3 1) + 1 = 0 lehdj.k dk nk;k i{kA rks ge
dgrs gSa fd 1 f}?kkr lehdj.k 2x2 3x + 1 = 0 dk ,d ewy gSA bldk ;g Hkh vFkZ gS fd 1
f}?kkr cgqin 2x2 3x + 1 dk ,d 'kwU;d gSA
2- okLrfod la[;k osQ ewy gksus dh fLFkfr%

lk/k.kr% ,d okLrfod la[;k f}?kkr lehdj.k ax2 + bx + c = 0, a 0 dk ,d ewy dgykrh gS]
;fn a2 + b + c = 0 gksA ge ;g Hkh dgrs gSa fd x = f}?kkr lehdj.k dk ,d gy gS vFkok
f}?kkr fd f}?kkr lehdj.k dks larq"V djrk gSA ;ku nhft, fd f}?kkr cgqin ax2 + bx + c ds 'kwU;d
vkSj f}?kkr lehdj.k ax2 +bx + c = 0 ds ewy ,d gh gSA
3- f}?kkr lehdj.k ds ewyksa dh la[;k %

geus v;k; 2 esa ns[kk gS fd ,d f}?kkr cgqin ds vf/d ls vf/d nks 'kwU;d gks ldrs gSA
vr% fdlh f}?kkr lehdj.k ds vf/d ls vf/d ewy gks ldrs gSaA
f}?kkr lehdj.k
4- xq.ku[kaM fof/ }kjk ewy fuf'pr djuk%
67
d{kk IX esa ge e; in dks foHkDr djds ,d f}?kkr cgqin ds xq.ku[kaM Kkr djuk lh[k pqosQ
gSaA vc ge bl Kku dk iz;ksx f}?kkr lehdj.k ds ewy Kkr djus esa djsaxsA vkb, dqN mnkgj.k ysaA
mnkgj.k 2%
x2 3x 10 = 0
xq.ku[kaMu }kjk lehdj.k
osQ ewy Kkr dhft,A
gy%
loZizFke ge e; in 3x dks 5x + 2x [D;ksafd (5x) (+2x) = 10x2 = (5x2) 2] ds :i
esa foHkDr djrs gSA
vr% x2 3x10 = x2 5x + 2x10 = x(x 5)+2 (x 5) = (x 5) (x+2)
blfy, x23x10 = 0 dks (x 5)(x + 2) = 0 ds :i esa iqu% fy[kk tk ldrk gSA
vr% x ds os eku ftuds fy, x2 3x10 ogh gS] tks (x5)(x+2)= 0 ls izkIr gS]
vFkkZr~ x 5 = 0 ;k x + 2 = 0 ls izkIr gksaxsA
vc x 5 = 0, x = 5 nsrk gSa vkSj x + 2 = 0, x = 2 nsrk gSA
vr% x = 5 vkSj x = 2 fn, gq, lehdj.k ds gy gSaA
nwljs 'kCnksa esa 2 vkSj 5 lehdj.k x2 3x10 = 0 ds ewy gSA
tkp dhft, fd ;s gh fn, x, lehdj.k ds ewy gSaA
;ku nhft, fd geus lehdj.k x2 3x10 = 0 ds ewyksa dks x2 3x10 ds nks jSf[kd xq.ku[kaMks
esa xq.ku[kafMr djds vkSj izR;sd xq.ku[kaM dks 'kwU; ds cjkcj djds izkIr fd, gSaA
mnkgj.k 3%
f}?kkr lehdj.k
2x 2 7x 5 2 0 ds
ewy Kkr dhft,
gy%
2x 2 7x 5 2 2x 2 5x 2x 5 2
2x 5 2 2 5
x x 2 2x 5
x
vr% lehdj.k ds ewy
ds os eku gS] ftuds fy,
blfy,
x 2 2x 5 0
x 2 0 ;k 2x 5 0
vFkkZr~
x 2
vr%
2x 2 7x 5 2
;k
x 5
ds ewy
vkSj
5
2
gSA
68
xf.kr
ge ewyksa dk lR;kiu ds fy, ;g tkp djrs gSa fd

dks larq"V djrs gSa ;k ughaA
2 vkSj
5
2
lehdj.k
2x 2 7x 5 2 0
iz'ukoyh
1- xq.ku[kaM fof/ ls fuEu f}?kkr lehdj.kksa ds ewy Kkr dhft,%
(i)
(iii)
(v)
1
0
8
6x 2 x 2 0
2x 2 x
(ii) 100x 2 20x 1 0

(iv) 2x 2 5x 3 0
3x 2 2 6x 2 0
2- ,slh nks la[;k, Kkr dhft,] ftudk ;ksx 27 gks vkSj xq.kuiQy 182 gksA
3- ,d iQSDVjh ,d fnu esa dqN cSxksa dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA ,d fo'ks"k fnu ;g ns[kk x;k fd
izR;sd cSx dh fuekZ.k ykxr (:i;ksa esa) ml fnu ds fuekZ.k fd, cSxks dh la[;k ds nqxqus ls
3 vf/d FkhA ;fn ml fnu dh dqy fuekZ.k ykxr 90 : Fkh] rks fufeZr cSxks dh la[;k vkSj
izR;sd cSx dh ykxr Kkr dhft,A
4- ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt dh pkbZ blds vk/kj ls 7 cm de gSA ;fn d.kZ 13 cm dk gks] rks
vU; nks Hkqtk, Kkr dhft,A
5- nks ekxr /ukRed iw.kkZd Kkr dhft, ftuds oxksZ dk ;ksx 365 gksA
f}?kkr lehdj.k dk iw.kZ oxZ cukdj gy

ge ,d f}?kkr lehdj.k ds ewy Kkr djus dh ,d fof/ i<+ pqds gSaA vc ge ,d vkSj fof/
dk v;;u djsxsA
ge ,d mnkgj.k dh lgk;rk ls bls le>us dk iz;kl djsaxsA
lqys[kk dh nks o"kZ iwoZ vk;q (o"kksZ esa) rFkk vc ls pkj o"kZ mijkar dh vk;q dk xq.kuiQy mldh
orZeku vk;q ds nks xqus ls ,d vf/d gSA mldh orZeku vk;q D;k gS\
bldk mkj nsus ds fy,] ekuk mldh orZeku vk;q (o"kksZ esa)x gSA rc] mldh 2 o"kZ iwoZ vk;q ,oa
vc ls pkj o"kZ mijkar dh vk;q dk xq.kuiQy (x2)(x + 4) gSA
blfy,
(x2) (x+4) = 2x +1
vFkkZr~
x2 + 2x8 = 2x + 1
vFkkZr~
x2 9 = 0
vr% lqys[kk dh orZeku vk;q f}?kkr lehdj.k x2 9 = 0 dks larq"V djrh gSA
ge bls x2 = 9 ds :i esa fy[k ldrs gSA oxZewy ysus ij] ge x = 3 ;k ikrs x = 3 ikrs gSA
D;ksafd vk;q ,d /ukRed la[;k gksrh gS] blfy, x = 3 gh gksxkA
vr% lqys[kk dh orZeku vk;q 3 o"kZ gSA
vc f}?kkr lehdj.k (x+2)2 9 = 0 ij fopkj djrs gSaA gy djus ds fy, ge bls (x +2)2 = 9
ds :i esa fy[k ldrs gSA oxZewy ysus ij] ge x+2 = 3 ;k ikrs x+2 = 3 gSaA
blfy, x = 1 ;k x = 5
f}?kkr lehdj.k
69
vr% (x+2)2 9 = 0 ds ewy 1 vkSj 5 gSaA

bu mnkgj.kksa esa x dks lekfgr djus okyk in iw.kZr;k oxZ ds vanj gS vkSj geus oxZewy ysdj
vklkuh ls ewy Kkr dj fy;kA ijarq gesa lehdj.k x2 + 4x5 = 0 dks gy djus ds fy, xq.ku[kaM
fof/ dk iz;ksx djuk iM+sxkA tc rd fd ge ;g u tku ysa (fdlh izdkj) fd x2 + 4x 5 = (x +
2)2 9 gSA
vr% x2 + 4x 5 = 0 dks ;k (x + 2)2 9 = 0 dks gy djuk ,d tSlk gS tks fd cgqr tYnh
gy gks tkrk gSA okLro esa] ge fdlh Hkh f}?kkr lehdj.k dks (x + a)2 b2 = 0 dh rjg cuk dj blds
ewy vklkuh ls izkIr dj ldrs gSaA vkb, ns[ksa fd D;k ;g laHko gSA vkfr nsf[k,A
bl vkfr esa] ge ns[k ldrs gSa] fd dSls x2 + 4x,(x + 2)2 4 esa cny jgk gSA
x.
x.
=x
+x
x2.
x.
=x
=x
x2 + 4x
+4x
x2 + 2x + 2x
2 =x+2
x=x+2
2
(x + 2) x + 2
x.
2
2
(x + 2) x + 2 x + 2 2
2.
x + 2.
(x + 2)2 22.
vkfr
izf;k fuEu izdkj ls gS%

4 4
x 2 4x x 2 x x
2 2
2
x 2x 2x
x 2 x 2 x
x 2 x 2 x 2 2 2 2
(x 2) x (x 2) 2 2 2
x 2 x 2 22
x 2 4
2
2
2
vr%
x 2 4x 5 x 2 4 5 x 2 9
bl izdkj] x2 + 4x 5 = 0 dks iw.kZ oxZ cukdj (x+2)2 9 = 0 ds :i esa fy[k ldrs gSA bls iw.kZ
oxZ cukus dh fof/ ls tkuk tkrk gSA
70
xf.kr
la{ksi esa ge bls fuEu izdkj ls n'kkZ ldrs gS%
2
4 4
4
x 2 4x x x 4
2
2
2
vr%
x2 + 4x 5 = 0
dks iqu% fuEu :i esa fy[k ldrs gS%

2
x 2 4 5 0
(x +2)2 9 = 0
vFkkZr~
vc lehdj.k 3x2 5x + 2 = 0 ij fopkj djrs gSaA ;ku nhft, fd
gSA blfy,] ge lehdj.k dks 3 ls xq.kk djds ikrs gS%
x2
dk xq.kkad iw.kZ oxZ ugh
9x2 15x + 6 = 0
9x 2 15x 6 (3x)2 2 3x
vc
3x 2 3x
2
5 5 5
6
2 2 2
vr%
5
6
2
5 25
5 1
3x
6 3x
2
4
2 4
2
9x 15x + 6 = 0 dks fuEu :i esa fy[k ldrs gS%
2
5 1
3x 2 4 = 0
3x 2
vFkkZr~
1
4
2
vr%
9x2 15x + 6 = 0
osQ ogh gy gSa] tks
5
1
3x 2 =
4
5
1
5
1
=
;k 3x
2
2
2
2
5
1
(ge bls 3x , tgk ^* /u vkSj .k
2
2
5 1
;k 3x 5 1
3x =
vr%
2 2
2 2
5 1
5 1
;k x
vr%
x =
6 6
6 6
4
blfy,
x = 1 ;k x =
6
2
vFkkZr~
x = 1 ;k x =
3
2
blfy, fn, x, lehdj.k osQ eqy 1 vkSj 3 gSaA
vFkkZr~
osQ gSaA
3x
dks fu:fir djrs gSa] Hkh fy[k ldrs gSaA)
f}?kkr lehdj.k
fVIi.kh%
71
bldks n'kkZus dh ,d nwljh fof/ fuEu gS%

lehdj.k
3x2 5x + 2 = 0
5
2
x2 x 0
3
3
ogh gS tks
x2
vc
gSA
1 5
5
2
1 5
2
x
= x
3
3
2
3
2
3
3

5
2 25
= x
6
3 36
5
1
5
1
x
= x
6
36
6
6
2
3x2 5x + 2 = 0
blfy,
dk ogh gy gS] tks
1
x 6 6 0

5 1 2
x=
gSA
6 6 3
dk gy gSA
vFkkZr~ x 6 6 , vFkkZr~ x = 6 6 1 vkSj

mi;qZDr fof/ dks le>kus osQ fy, vkb, oqQN vkSj mnkgj.k ysrs gSaA
mnkgj.k 4%
2x2 7x + 3 = 0
lehdj.k dks iw.kZ oxZ cukus dh fof/ ls gy dhft,A
gy%
(i)
gekjs ikl gS
2x2 7x + 3 = 0
7
3
2 x2 x = 0
2
2
;k
x2
;k
7
3
x
=0
2
2
7
4

;k
dks lehdj.k
x2
(i)
esa tksM+us o ?kVkus ij
7
3
7
7
x
=0
2
4
4
2

2
;k
7
49 3
x 4 16 2 = 0
;k
7
49 24
=0
x 4 16
72
xf.kr
2
;k
7
25
x 4 16 = 0
;k
x 4
;k
;k
;k
;k
25
16
7
=
4
25
16
7
5
=
4
4
7 5
x =
4 4
12
x =
4
;k
;k
x =3
;k
;k
7 5
4 4
2
x =
4
1
x =
2
x =
(vkb, bu gyksa dh tkp djrs gSaA

2x2
7x + 3 = 0
esa
1
x=
2
j[kus ij]
blh izdkj] ge tkp dj ldrs gSa fd

(ii) gekjs ikl gS]
1
1
ge 2 7 3 0
2

2
x = 3 Hkh fn, x, lehdj.k
ikrs gSa] tks lgh gS)

dks larq"V djrk gSA
2x2 + x 4 = 0
x
2 x2 2 = 0
2
x
2
x 2 = 0
2
;k
;k
1
4

lehdj.k esa tksM+us o ?kVkus ij

x2
x 1
1
2
2 4
4
=0
;k
1
1
x 4 2 16 = 0
;k
1 32 1
=0
x 4
16
;k
;k
1
33
x 4 =
16
33
x 4 =
16
(i)
f}?kkr lehdj.k
73
1
33
=
4
4
33 1
x =
4
4
;k
;k
blfy,
x =
33 1
4
4
;k
x =
33 1
4
4
x =
33 1
4
;k
x =
33 1
4
(vkb, bu gyksa dh tkp djrs gSaA

2x2
+x4=0
x=
esa
33 1
33 1
4
33 1
j[kus ij
33 1
33 1
4 0
4
4
ikrs gSa
=0
8
4
33 2 33 1 2 33 2
4 = 0
8
32
4 = 0
8
33 1
tks fd lR; gSA blh izdkj ge x =

dh Hkh tkp dj ldrs gSaA
4
bl izdkj geus iw.kZ oxZ cukus dh fof/ okys vusd mnkgj.k ns[ksA vr% bl fof/ dk ,d fu"d"kZ
izkIr dj ldrs gSaA f}?kkr lehdj.k ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a 0) ij ;ku nhft,A leLr inksa dks a ls
44=0
Hkkx nsus ij] ge ikrs gSa% x2 a x a = 0

bl lehdj.k dks ge bl izdkj fy[k ldrs gSa%
2
b
c
b
x 2a 2a a = 0

2
b
b2 4ac
=0
2a
4a2
vFkkZr~
blfy, fn, x, lehdj.k osQ ewy ogh gSa] tks

2
b
b2 4ac
b
b2 4ac
0
x
vFkkZ
r
~
2a
2a
4a2
4a2
2
osQ gSaA ;fn b 4 ac 0 gks] rks (1) dk oxZewy ysusa ij]
x
blfy,
b
b2 4ac
=
2a
2a
x =
b b2 4ac
2a
(1)
ge ikrs gSa^
74
xf.kr
b b2 4ac
b b2 4ac
vr%] ax2 + bx + c = 0 osQ ewy

vkSj
gS]a ;fn
2a
2a
gSA ml fLFkfr esa tc b2 4ac < 0 gS] rks lehdj.k osQ okLrfod ewy ugha gksrs gSAa
b2 4ac 0
f}?kkrh lw=k%
vr%] ;fn
b2 4ac 0
gS] rks f}?kkr lehdj.k
b b2 4ac
gSaA
2a
(quadratic formula) dgrs gSaA
ax2 + bx + c = 0
osQ ewy
f}?kkr lehdj.k osQ ewy Kkr osQ bl lw=k dks f}?kkrh lw=k
vc ge f}?kkrh lw=k dks mi;ksx djosQ oqQN mnkgjk.ksa dks gy djsxsaA
mnkgj.k 5%
,d vk;rkdkj Hkw[kaM dk {ks=kiQy 528m2 gSA {ks=k dh yackbZ (ehVjksa esa) pkSM+kbZ osQ nqxqus ls ,d
vf/d gSA gesa Hkw[kaM dh yackbZ vkSj pkSM+kbZ dks f}?kkrh lw=k ls Kkr djuh gSA
gy%
ekuk Hkw[kaM dh pkSM+kbZ x ehVj gSA rc yackbZ (2x + 1) ehVj gSA gesa fn;k gS fd
vFkkZr~ 2x2 + x 528 = 0 gSA
;g ax2 + bx + c = 0 osQ izdkj dk gS] tgk a = 2, b = 1, c = 528 gSA
vr% f}?kkrh lw=k ls] gesa fuEu gy feyrs gSa%
x(2x + 1) = 528,
1 1 4(2)(528) 1 4225 1 65
4
4
4
64
64
x =
;k x
4
4
33
x = 16 ;k x =
2
x =
vFkkZr~
vFkkZr~
f}?kkr lehdj.k
D;ksafd x ,d foek gksus osQ dkj.k .kkRed ugha gks ldrk gS] blfy, Hkw[kaM dh pkSM+kbZ
gS vkSj yackbZ 33m gSA
vc ;g lR;kfir dhft, fd ;s eku leL;k osQ izfrca/ksa dks larq"V djrs gSaA
16 m
mnkgj.k 6%
nks la[;kvksa osQ oxks dk varj
la[;k, Kkr dhft,A
180
gSA NksVh la[;k dk oxZ cM+h la[;k dk vkB xquk gSA nksuksa
gy%
ekuk cM+h la[;k x gS_
rc (NksVh la[;k)2 = 8 (cM+h la[;k)
f}?kkr lehdj.k
75
=8x
= 8x
x2 8x = 180
x2 8x 180 = 0
NksVh la[;k
iz'u osQ vuqlkj] gesa ;g lehdj.k izkIr gksrk gS%
f}?kkrh lw=k dk iz;ksx djosQ] ge ikrs gSa%

x =
=
=
=
=
=
x =
x = 10
b b2 4ac
2a
(tgk
gS)
( 8) ( 8)2 4 (1) (180)

2(1)
8 64 720
2
8 784
2
8 28
2
8 28 8 28
,
2
2
18 10
mi;qDr ugha gS D;ksafd NksVh la[;k
a = 1, b = 8, C = 180
8(10 80 ,
tks fd lgh ugha gS
x = 18
vr% og nks
8x = 8 18 144 12
la[;k, 18] 12 vkSj 18, 12 gSaA
mnkgj.k 7%
lehdj.k 3x 2 4 3x 4 = 0 dk fofoDrdkj Kkr dhft, vkSj fiQj ewyksa dh izfr Kkr
dhft,A ;fn os okLrfod gS] rks mUgsa Kkr dhft,A
gy%
;gk
a = 3, b = 4 3, c = 4
gSA
blfy, fofoDrdj b2 4ac = 4 3 4 3 4 48 48 0 gSA
vr% f}?kkr lehdj.k osQ nks cjkcj okLrfod ewy gSaA

2
;s ewy
b b
,
,
2a 2a
vFkkZr~
4 3 4 3
,
6
6
vFkkZr~
2 3 2 3
,
3
3
vFkkZr~
2 2
,
3 3
gSA
76
xf.kr
iz'ukoyh
1- fuEu f}?kkr lehdj.kksa osQ ewyksa dh izfr Kkr dhft,A ;fn ewyksa dk vfLrRo gks rks mUgsa Kkr
dhft,%
(i) 2x2 3x + 5 = 0
(iii) 2x2 4x + 3 = 0
2- fuEu izR;sd f}?kkr lehdj.k esa

(i) 2x2 + kx + 3 = 0
(ii) 3x 2 4 3x 4 0
1
(iv) 3x 2 2x 0
3
dk ,slk eku Kkr dhft, fd mlosQ nks cjkcj ewy gksaA

(ii) kx (x 2) + 6 = 0
3- D;k fuEu fLFkfr laHko gS\ ;fn gS rks mudh orZeku vk;q Kkr dhft,A nks fe=kksa dh vk;q dk
;ksx 20 o"kZ gSA pkj o"kZ iwoZ mudh vk;q (o"kks esa) dk xq.kuiQy 48 FkkA
4- D;k ifjeki 80 m rFkk {ks=kiQy 400 m2 osQ ,d ikoZQ dks cukuk laHko gS\ ;fn gS] rks mldh
yackbZ vkSj pkSM+kbZ Kkr dhft,A
5- D;k ,d ,slk xqykc dk cxhpk cukuk laHko gS ftldh yackbZ] pkSM+kbZ ls nqxquh gks vkSj mldk
{ks=kiQy 800m2 gks\ ;fn gS] rks mldh yackbZ vkSj pkSM+kbZ Kkr dhft,A
lkjka'k
bl v;k; esa] geus fuEu rF;ksa dk v;;u fd;k gS%
1- pj x esa ,d f}?kkr lehdj.k ax2 + bx + c = 0 osQ izdkj dk gksrk gS] tgk a, b, c okLrfod
la[;k, gSa vkSj a 0 gSA
2- ,d okLrfod la[;k f}?kkr lehdj.k ax2 + bx + c = 0 dk ,d ewy dgykrh gS] ;fn a2
+ b + c = 0 gksA f}?kkr cgqin ax2 + bx + c osQ 'kwU;d vkSj f}?kkr lehdj.k ax2 + bx +
c = 0 osQ ewy ,d gh gksrs gSaA
3- ;fn ge ax2 + bx + c, a 0 osQ nks jSf[kd xq.kdksa esa xq.ku[kaM dj losaQ] rks f}?kkr lehdj.k
ax2 + bx + c = 0 osQ ewy] izR;sd xq.kd dks 'kwU; osQ cjkcj djosQ] izkIr dj ldr gSaA
4- iw.kZ oxZ cukus dh fof/ ls Hkh fn, x, f}?kkr lehdj.k dks gy fd;k tk ldrk gSA
5- f}?kkrh lw=k% f}?kkr lehdj.k
ax2 + bx + c = 0
osQ ewy
b b2 4ac
2a
;fn b2 4ac 0 gksA

6- ,d f}?kkr lehdj.k ax2 + bx + c = 0 esa
(i) nks fHkUu okLrfod ewy gksrs gSa] ;fn b2 4ac > 0 gksA
(ii) nks cjkcj ewy (vFkkZr~ laikrh okLrfod ewy) gksrs gSa] ;fn
(iii) dksbZ okLrfod ewy ugha gksrs gSa] ;fn b2 4ac < 0 gksA
}kjk ns; gksrs gSa]
b2 4ac = 0
gks vkSj
lekarj Jsf<+;k
77
v;k; 5
lekarj Jsf<+;k
;fn ge izfr dks ns[ksa rks gesa vius vkl&ikl dh oLra, ,d fuf'pr izfr:i (Pattern) dk
vuqlj.k djrh gSa] tSls fd e/q&eD{kh dk Nkk] HkqV~Vs ij yxs nkus] vuUukl bR;kfnA
vc vius jkstuk osQ thou osQ mnkgj.k ysrs gSaA
lhrk us ,d ukSdjh dh ftlesa mls 3000 #i;s ekg osru rFkk 500 #i;s lkykuk dh nj ls osru
o`f feyuh r; ik;hA mldk osru igys o"kZ] nwljs o"kZ] rhljs o"kZ] pkSFks o"kZ bR;kfn e'k%
3000] 3500] 4000] - - (ii) fdlh VSDlh dk fdjk;k igys fdyksehVj ij 15 #i;s gksrk gS rFkk izR;sd fdyksehVj ij 8
#- izfrfdyksehVj c<+rk tkrk gS rks
15] 23] 31] 39] - - (iii) fdlh dq, dks [kksnus esa vkus okyk [kpZ igys ,d ehVj ij 150 #- vkrk gS tcfd gjsd
ehVj ij ;g 50 #- izfr ehVj vkrk gS rks 150] 200] 250] - - (iv) Hkqtkvksa 1] 2] 3] - - - ek=kdksa (units) okys oxks esa ek=kd oxks dh la[;k, (nsf[k,
vkfr) e'k% 12] 22] 32] - - - gSaA
vkfr
78
xf.kr
(v)
pwgksa dk ,d ;qXe vius igys eghus esa iztuu djus osQ ;ksX; ugha gSA nwljs vkSj izR;sd vkus
okys eghus esa os ,d u, ;qXe dk iztuu djrs gSaA izR;sd u;k ;qXe vius nwljs eghus vkSj
izR;sd vkus okys eghus esa ,d u, ;qXe dk iztuu djrk gSA ;g ekurs gq, fd fdlh pwgksa
dh e`R;q ugha gksrh gS] igys] nwljs] rhljs] - - - NBs eghus osQ izkjaHk esa pwgksa osQ ;qXeksa dh
la[;k e'k% 1] 1] 2] 3] 5 vkSj 8 gksxhA
1.
1.
2.
3.
5.
8.
vkfr
mijksDr lHkh mnkgj.kksa esa] gesa oqQN izfr:i fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA oqQN mnkgj.kksa esa] mkjkskj in vius ls
igys in esa ,d fLFkj la[;k tksM+us ls izkIr gksrs gSa_ oqQN esa ;s in vius ls igys in dks ,d fuf'pr
la[;k ls xq.kk djosQ izkIr gksrs gSa rFkk oqQN vU; esa ge ;g ikrs gSa fd ;s ekxr la[;kvksa osQ oxZ
gSa] bR;kfnA
vc] ge buesa ls ,d izfr:i dk v;;u djsaxs ftlesa mkjkskj in vius ls igys inksa esa ,d
fuf'pr la[;k tksM+us ij izkIr gksrs gSaA ge ;g Hkh ns[ksaxs fd buosQ nosa inj vkSj nekxr inksa osQ ;ksx
fdl izdkj Kkr fd, tkrs gSa rFkk bl Kku dk iz;ksx oqQN nSfud thou dh leL;kvksa dks gy djs esa
Hkh djsaxsA
lekarj Jsf<+;k
la[;kvksa dh fuEufyf[kr lwfp;ksa (lists) dks nsf[k,%
(i) 1] 2] 3] 4] - - (ii) 100] 70] 40] 10] - - (iii) 3] 2] 1] 0] - - (iv) 3] 3] 3] 3] - - (v) 1-0] 1-5 2-0] 2-+5] - - lwph dh izR;sd la[;k ,d in (term) dgykrk gSA
mijksDr lwfp;ksa esa ls izR;sd lwph eas] ;fn gesa ,d in fn;k gks] rks D;k ge mldk vxyk in
fy[k ldrs gSa\ ;fn gk] rks ge ,slk oSQls djsaxs\ 'kk;n] fdlh izfr:i ;k fu;e dk vuqlj.k djrs gq,]
ge ,slk djsaxsA vkb,] mijksDr lwfp;ksa dks ns[ksa vkSj buesa lac fu;e dks fy[ksaA
lekarj Jsf<+;k
79
(i)
esa izR;sd in vius fiNys in ls 1 vf/d gSA

(ii) esa izR;sd in vius fiNys in ls 30 de gSA
(iii) esa izR;sd in vius fiNys in ls 1 tksM+us ls izkIr gkssrk gSA
(iv) esa lHkh in 3 gSa] vFkkZr~ izR;sd in vius fiNys in esa 'kwU; tksM+dj (;k mlesa ls 'kwU;
?kVk dj 0 izkIr gksrk gSA)
(v) esa izR;sd in vius fiNys in esa 0-5 tksM+dj (vFkkZr~ mlesa ls 0-5 ?kVkdj) izkIr
gksrk gSA
mijksDr lwfp;ksa esa ls izR;sd esa ge ns[krs gSa fd mkjkskj inksa dks buls igys inksa esa ,d fuf'pr
la[;k tksM+dj fd;k x;kA la[;kvksa dh ,slh lwph dks ;g dgk tkrk gS fd os ,d lekarj Js<+h
(Arithmetic Progression ;k A.P.) cuk jgs gSaA
vr% ,d lekarj Js<+h la[;kvksa dh ,d ,slh lwph gS ftlesa izR;sd in (igys in osQ
vfrfjDr) vius in esa ,d fuf'pr la[;k tksM+us ij izkIr gksrk gSA
;g fuf'pr la[;k A.P. dk lkoZ varj (common difference) dgykrh gSA rFkk ;g lkoZ
varj /ukRed] .kkRed ;k 'kwU; gks ldrk gSA
vkb, ,d A.P. osQ igys in dks a1 nwljs in dks a2, ..., nosa in dks an rFkk lkoZ varj dks d
ls O;Dr djsaA rc A.P., a1, a2,a3, . . ., an gks tkrh gSA
vr% a2 a1 = a3 a2 = . . . = an an 1 = d gSA
A.P. osQ oqQN vU; mnkgj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa%
(a) f'keyk esa] tuojh ekl es fdlh lIrkg esa fy, x, U;wure rkieku (fMxzh) lsfYl;l esa)
vkjksgh e esa fy[kus ij
5.1, 5.0, 4.9, 4.8, 4.7, 4.6, 4.5 gS
(b) tc izfr ekl 500 # dh cpr dh tkrh gS] rks 10 ekl osq fy,] izR;sd ekl osQ var esa oqQy
cpr dh jkf'k;k (#i;ksa esa) 500] 1000] 1500] 2000] 2500] 3000] 3500] 4000] 4500
vkSj 5000 gSaA
(c) fdlh LowQy }kj d{kkvksa I ls XII rd osQ lokZf/d vad ikus okys fo|kfFkZk;sa dks fn, tkus
okys udn iqjLdkj (#i;ksa esa) e'k% 200] 250] 300] 350] - - -750 gSaA
(d) fdlh cxhps esa yxh ck<+ osQ MaMksa dh pkbZ (cm eas ) 47, 48, 49, . . ., 57 gSaA
(e) 10000 #- osQ ,d .k esa ls izR;sd ekl 5 .k dh jkf'k okfil djus ij 'ks"k jkf'k;k
(#i;ksa esa) 9500] 9000] 8500] 8000] - - - 500 gSaA
mijksDr dks Li"V djsa fd izR;sd lwph ,d A.P. D;ksa gSA
ge ;g ns[k ldrs gSa fd
a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, . . .
,d lekarj Js<+h dks fu:fir djrh gS] tgk a igyk in gS vkSj d lkoZ varj gSA bls ge A.P.
dk O;kid :i (general form) dgrs gSaA
mijksDr mnkgj.kksa (a) ls (e) easa] inksa dh la[;k ifjfer (finite) gSA ,slh A.P. dks ,d ifjfer
A.P. dgrs gSa ge ;g Hkh ns[k ldrs gSA fd buesa ls izR;sd A.P. dk ,d vafre in (last term)
80
xf.kr
(i) ls (v) esa nh gqbZ A.P. ifjfer A.P. ugha gSaA ;s vifjfer A.P.
(Infinite Arithmetic Progressions) dgykrh gSA ,slh A.P. esa vafre in ugha gksrsA
fdlh A.P. osQ ckjs esa tkuus osQ fy, gesa izFke in a vkSj lkoZ varj d dh tkudkjh gksuk vfr
gSA blh v;k; osQ mnkgj.kksa
vko';d gSA
mnkgj.kkFkZ] ;fn izFke in
a=8
gS vkSj lkoZ varj
d=5
8, 13, 18, 23, ..., A.P.
rFkk ;fn
a=8
gS vkSj
d=2
gS rks
gSA
gS rks
8, 6, 4, 2, 0, 2, ... A.P.
gSA
blh izdkj] tc
a = 7,
a = 1.0,
a = 0,
a = 8,
d = 2,
d = 0.1,
1
d = 2 ,,
2
d = 0,
d Kkr gksa rks A.P.
rks
rks
rks
7, 9, 11, 13, . . . A.P.

1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, . . . A.P.
1
1
2 , 5,7 , 10, . . . A.P.
2
2
8, 8, 8, 8, . . . A.P. gSA
gSA
gSA
gSA
rks
vr% ;fn gedks a vkSj
fy[ks tk ldrs gSaA ysfdu ;fn gesa la[;kvksa dh ,d
lwph nh gqbZ gS] rks D;k ge dg ldrs gSa fd ;g ,d A.P. gS vkSj fiQj blosQ a vkSj d Kkr dj
ldrs gSa\ D;ksafd a izFke in gS] blfy, bls ljyrk ls fy[kk tk ldrk gSA ge tkurs gSa fd ,d
A.P. esa] izR;sd mkjkskj in vius ls igys in esa d tksM+dj izkIr gksrk gSA vr%] ,d A.P. osQ
fy,] mlosQ izR;sd in dks mlls vxys ij esa ls ?kVkus ls izkIr d lHkh inksa osQ fy, ,d gh gksxkA
mnkgj.kkFkZ] la[;kvksa dh lwph
8, 13, 18, 23, ... ,
osQ fy, geas izkIr gSa%
a2 a1 = 13 8 = 5
a3 a2 = 18 13 = 5
a4 a3 = 23 18 = 5
;gk] izR;sd fLFkfr esa] fdUgha nks ekxr inksa dk varj 5 gSA vr%] la[;kvksa dh mijksDr nh gqbZ
lwph ,d A.P. gS] ftldk izFke in a = 8 gS rFkk lkoZ varj d = 5 gSA
8, 6, 4, 2, 0, 2, ..., osQ fy,
la[;kvksa dh lwph%
a2 a1 = 8 6 = 2
a3 a2 = 6 4 = 2
a4 a3 = 4 2 = 2
a5 a6 = 2 0 = 2
a7 a6 = 0 2 = 2
vr% ;g Hkh ,d A.P. gS ftldk izFke in 8 gS vkSj lkoZ varj&2 gSA

O;kid :i esa] A.P. a1, a2, . . ., an osQ fy,]
d = ak + 1 a k
lekarj Jsf<+;k
81
tgk ak + 1 vkSj ak e'k% (k + 1) osa vkSj kosa in gSaA

,d nh gqbZ A.P. dk d Kkr djus osQ fy,] gesa a2 a1, a3 a2, a4 a3, . . . esa ls lHkh dks Kkr
djus dh vko';drk ugha gSA buesa ls fdlh ,d dk Kkr djuk gh i;kZIr gksrsk gSA
la[;kvksa dh lwph 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, . . ., dks ns[ksaA osQoy ns[ku ls gh ;g irk py tkrk gS fd fdUgha
nks ekxr inksa dk varj lnSo leku ugha gSA vr% ;g ,d A.P. ugha gSA
;ku nhft, fd A.P. 8, 6, 4, 2, 0, 2, . . . dk d Kkr djus osQ fy,] geus 6 esa 8 dks ?kVk;k
Fkk] 8 esa ls 6 dks ugha ?kVk;k FkkA vFkkZr~ d Kkr djus osQ fy, gesa (k + 1) osa in esa kosa in dks gh
?kVkuk pkfg,] pkgs (k + 1) ok in NksVk gh D;ksa u gksA
vkb, oqQN mnkgj.kksa dh lgk;rk ls bu vo/kj.kkvksa dks vkSj vf/d Li"V djsaA
mnkgj.k 1%
3 1
1
3
A.P. : , , , ,. . .,
4 4
4
4
osQ fy, izFke in
vkSj lkoZ varj
fyf[k,A
gy%
a =
;gk
3
1 3
,d 1
4
4 4
;fn gesa ;g Kkr gks tk, fd la[;k,

djosQ d Kkr dj ldrs gSaA
gSA
A.P.
esa gSa] rks ge fdUghas Hkh nks ekxr inksa dk iz;ksx
mnkgj.k 2 %
la[;kvksa dh fuEufyf[kr lwfp;ksa esa ls dkSu&dkSu ls
;fn buls dksbZ A.P. rks mlosQ vxys nks in fyf[k,A
(i) 5, 10, 15, 20, ...,
(iii) 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, ....
A.P.
ugha gS\ ;fn buls dksbZ
(ii) 1, 1, 3, 5, ...
(iv) 5, 4, 4, 3, 8, 2, 0, 4, ...
gy %
(i)
a2 a1 = 10 5 = 5
a3 a2 = 15 10 = 5
a4 a3 = 20 15 = 5
vFkkZr~] izR;sd ckj ak + 1 ak ,d gh gSA
vr% nh gqbZ la[;kvksa dh lwph ,d A.P. gS ftldk lkoZ varj d = 5 gSA
blosQ vxys nks in 20 + 5= 25 vkSj 25 + 5 = 30 gSaA
(ii)
a2 a1 = 1 1 = 2
a3 a2 = 3 ( 1) = 3 + 1 = 2
a4 a3 = 5 ( 3) = 5 + 3 = 2
vFkkZr~] izR;sd ckj ak + 1 ak ,d gh gSA
vr%] la[;kvksa dh nh gqbZ lwph ,d A.P. gS ftldk lkoZ d = 2 gSA
A.P.
ugha gSa\
82
xf.kr
blosQ vxys nks in
(iii)
pwfd
a2 a 1
(iv)
5 + ( 2) =
a2 a 1 = 2
a3 a 2 =
a3 a2 gSa] blfy,
a2 a 1 = 1
7 vkSj 7 + ( 2) = 9
( 2) = 2 + 2 = 4
22=4
gSaA
A.P. ugha gSA

1 = 0, a3 a2 = 1 1 = 0, a4 a3 = 2 1 = 1
nh gqbZ la[;kvksa dh lwph ls ,d
;gk]
a2 a1 = a3 a2 a4 a3 gSA
vr%] nh gqbZ la[;kvksa dh lwph ls ,d A.P. ugha gSA
iz'ukoyh
1- fuEufyf[kr fLFkfr;ksa esa ls fdu fLFkfr;ksa esa lac la[;kvksa dh lwph A.P. gS vkSj D;ksa\
(i) ,d lh<+h osQ MaMksa dh yackb;k uhps ls ij dh vksj ,d leku :i ls 2cm ?kVrh tkrh
gSaA lcls uhps okyk MaMk yackbZ esa 45 cm gSA uhps ls] igys] nwljs] rhljs]- - - MaMksa dh
yackbZ;k (cm esa) e'k%
65] 63] 61] 59] 57] 55] 53 vkSj 51 gSaA
vkfr
(ii)
(iii)
fdlh cpr ;kstuk esa] dskbZ /ujkf'k izR;sd 5 o"kkZs osQ ckn Lo;a dh
xquh gks tkrh gSA
2
20]000 #- osQ fuos'k dh 5] 10] 15] vkSj 20 o"kks osQ ckn ifjiDork jkf'k;ka (#i;ksa esa)
e'k% 30]000] 45]000] 67]500] vkSj 1]01]250 gSA
izR;sd ehVj dh lM+d cukus osQ ckn] ,d lM+d cukus osQ ckn] ,d lM+d cukus esa vkbZ
ykxr] tcfd izFke ehVj dh ykxr 950 #- gS vkSj ckn esa izR;sd ehVj cukbZ dh ykxr
50 #- c<+rh tkrh gSA
lekarj Jsf<+;k
83
(iv)
[kkrs esa izR;sd o"kZ dk feJ/u] tcfd 70000 #- dh jkf'k 8 okf"kZd dh nj ls

po`f C;kt ij tek dh tkrh gSA
2- nh gqbZ A.P. osQ izFke pkj in fyf[k,] tcfd izFke in a vkSj lkoZ varj d fuEufyf[kr gSa%
(i)
a = 40,
d=6
(ii)
a = 8,
d=3
(iii) a = 2, d = 0
(v) a = 1, d =
(iv)
3-
a = 1.25, d = 0.25
fuEufyf[kr eas ls izR;sd A.P.
(i) 5, 1, 3, 7, . . .
(iii)
(i)
osQ fy, izFke in rFkk lkoZ varj fyf[k,%

(ii) 3, 1, 1, 3, . . .
0.6, 1.7, 2.8, 3.9, . . .
4- fuEufyf[kr eas ls dkSu&dkSu

buosQ rhu vkSj ij fyf[k,A
1
2
A.P.
1 5 9 13
, , , ,...
3 3 3 3
dksbZ A.P. gS] rk bldk
(iv)
gSa\ ;fn
lkoZ varj Kkr dhft, vSj
3, 3 2, 3 2 2, 3 3 2,. . .
(ii) 1.2, 3.2, 5.2, 7.2, . . .
(iii)
4, 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, . .
(iv) 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, . . .
(v)
4, 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, . . .
(vi)
(vii)
(ix)
(xi)
(xiii)
1, 3, 9, 27, . . .
(viii)
1 1 1 1
, , , ,...
2 2 2 2
2, 8 18, 32, . . .
0, 4, 8, 12, . . .
3, 6, 9, 12, . . .
(x) a, 2a, 3a, 4a

(xii) 12, 32, 52, 72, . . .
3, 6 9, 12, . . .
(xv) 12, 52, 72, 73, . . .
A.P. dk n ok in
vkb, ihNs nh gqbZ ml fLFkfr ij iqu% fopkj djsa ftlesa lhrk us ,d ukSdjh dh ftlesa mls 3000
#- osQ ekfld osru vkSj 500 #- okf"kZd dh osru o`f osQ lkFk fn;k x;k FkkA ikposa o"kZ esa mldk
ekfld osru D;k gksxk\
bldk mkj nsus osQ fy,] vkb, ns[ksa fd mldk ekfld osru nwljs o"kZ eas D;k gksxkA
;g (3000 #- $ 500 #-) = 3500 #- gksxkA blh izdkj] ge rhljs] pkSFks vkSj ikposa o"kks osQ
fy,] mlosQ ekfld osru] fiNys o"kZ osQ osru esa 500 #- tksM+ dj Kkr dj ldrs gSaA vr%] mldk
rhljs o"kZ dk osru = (3500 + 500) #= (3000 + 500 + 500) #= (3000 + 2 500) #= [3000 + (3 1) 500] #- (rhljs o"kZ osQ fy,)
= 4000 #pkSFks o"kZ dk osru = (4000 + 500) #= (3000 + 500 + 500 + 500) #= (3000 + 3 500) #-
84
xf.kr
= (3000 + (4 1) 500]
= 4500
ikposa o"kZ dk osru
#- (pkSFks o"kZ osQ fy,)
#-
= (4500 + 500)
#-
= (3000 + 500 + 500 + 500 + 500)

= (3000 + 4 500)
#-
#-
= (3000 + (5 1) 500]
#- (ikposa o"kZ osQ fy,)
5000 #;ku nhft, fd ;gk gesa la[;kvksa dh fuEufyf[kr lwph fey jgh gS%
3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000, . . .
;s la[;k, ,d A.P. cuk jgh gSaA (D;ksa\)

vc ij cuus okys izfr:i dks ns[kdj D;k ge mldk NBs o"kZ dk ekfld osru Kkr dj ldrs
gSa\ D;k 15osa o"kZ dk ekfld osru Kkr dj ldrs gSa\ lkFk gh] ;g ekurs gq, fd og bl ukSdjh ij
vkxs dh dk;Z djrh jgsxh] 25osa o"kZ osQ fy, mlosQ ekfld osru osQ fo"k; esa ge D;k dg ldrs gSa\
bldk mkj nsus osQ fy,] gesa fiNys o"kZ osQ osru esa 500 #- tksM+dj okafNr osru ifjdfyr djsaxsA D;k
ge bl izf;k dks oqQN laf{kIr dj ldrs gSa\ vkb,] ns[ksaA
15osa o"kZ osQ fy, osru
= 14osa o"kZ osQ fy, osru + 500 #500 500 500 ... 500
= 3000
#- 500 #13 ckj
= [3000 + 14 500]
#-
= [3000 + (15 1) 500]
#- = 10000 #vFkkZr~
izFke osru + (15 1) okf"kZd osru o`f
blh izdkj 25osa lky esa mldk osru gksxk%
[3000 + (25 1) 500] #- = 15000 #= izFke osru + (25 1) okf"kZd osru o`f
bl mnkgj.k ls] vkHkkl gks x;k gS fd ,d A.P. osQ 15osa in] 25osa in vkSj O;kid :i esa] nosa
in dks fdl izdkj fy[kk tk ldrk gsA
eku yhft, a1, a2, a3,... ,d A.P. gS] ftldk izFke in a gS vkSj lkoZ varj d gSA
rc
nwljk in a2 = a + d = a + (2 1) d
rhljk in a3 = a2 + d = (a + d) + d = a + 2d = a + (3 1) d
pkSFkk in a4 = a3 + d = (a + 2d) +d = a + 3d = a + (4 1) d
........
........
bl izfr:i dks ns[krs gq,] ge dg ldrs gSa fd nok in an = a + (n 1) d gSA vr%] izFke in
a vkSj lkoZ varj d okyh ,d A.P. dk nok in an = a + (n 1) d }kjk izkIr gksrk gSA
lekarj Jsf<+;k
85
an
dks A.P. dk O;kid in (general term) Hkh dgrs gSaA ;fn fdlh A.P. esa m in gSa] rks
blosQ vafre in dks fu:fir djrk gS] ftl dHkh&dHkh l }kjk Hkh O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA
vkb, vc oqQN mnkgj.kksa ij fopkj djsaA
am
mnkgj.k 3 %
A.P. : 4, 7, 10, . . .
dk
10ok
in Kkr dhft,A
gy %
a = 4, d = 7 4 = 3 vkSj n = 10 gSA
an = a + (n 1)d gS] blfy,
a10 = 4 + (10 1) 5 = 4 + 45 = 49
A.P. dk 10ok in 49 gSA
;gk
pwfd
vr% nh gqbZ
mnkgj.k 4%
A.P. : 24, 21, 18, . . .
dk dkSu&lk in
81
gS\ lkFk gh D;k bl
A.P.
dk dksbZ in 'kwU; gS\
ldkj.k mkj nhft,A
gy%
;gk
a = 24, d = 21 24 = 3
vr%
an = a + (n 1)d,
;k
81 = 24 + (n 1) ( 3)
;k
81 = 24 3n + 3
;k
108 = 3n
vr%
n = 36
blfy, nh gqbZ A.P. dk 36ok in 81 gSA
vkxs] ge ;g tkuuk pkgrs gSa fd D;k dksbZ n ,slk gS fd
an = 0
gksA ;fn ,slk dksbZ
gS rks
24 + (n 1) ( 3) = 0,
vFkkZr~
;k
vr% 9ok on 0 gSA
3 (n 1) = 24
n=9
mnkgj.k 5 %
og
A.P. fu/kZfjr
dhft, ftldk rhljk in 5 vkSj 7ok in 9 gSA
gy %
gesa izkIr gSA
vkSj
a3 = a + (3 1) d = a + 2d = 5
a7 = a + (7 1) d = a + 6d = 9
(1)
(2)
86
xf.kr
lehdj.kksa
(1)
vkSj
(2)
osQ ;qXe dks gy djus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS%
a = 3,
d=1
vr% okafNrA.P.: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ... gSA
mnkgj.k 6%
lqCck jko us 1995 esa 5000 #- osQ ekfld osru in dk;Z vkjaHk fd;k vkSj izR;sd o"kZ 200 #osru o`f izkIr dhA fdl o"kZ esa mldk osru 7000 #- gks x;k\
gy%
gekjs ikl gS]
lqCck jko dk izkjafHkd osru = 5000 #rFkk o`f = 200 #lqCck jko osQ osru dh Js.kh
5000, 5200, 5400, ...
a = 5000
;gk]
A.P.
dk
th
in
7000
vkSj
d = 5200 5000 = 200
gSA
an = 7000
;k
;k
;k
;k
;k
;k
a + (n 1)d = 7000
5000 + (n 1) 200 = 7000
5000 + 200n 200 = 7000
200n + 4800 = 7000
200n = 7000 4800
200n = 2200
2200
= 11
200
;k
n=
n = 11
blfy, 1995 ls
11
o"kZ ckn lqCck dk osru
7000
#- gks tk;sxkA
1995 + 11= 2006
o"kZ 2006 esa lqCck jko dk osru
7000
#- gks tk;sxkA
iz'ukoyh
1- fdlh A.P. dk 17ok in mlosQ 10osa in ls 7 vf/d gSA bldk lkoZ varj Kkr dhft,A
2- ;fn fdlh A.P. osQ rhljs vkSj ukSosa in e'k% 4 vkSj 8 gSa] rks bldk dkSu&lk in 'kwU;
gksxk\
3- A.P. : 3, 8, 13, 18, . . . dk dkSu&lk in 78 gS\
lekarj Jsf<+;k
87
4- fuEufyf[kr lekarj Jsf<+;ksa esa] fjDr [kkuksa

(i)
(ii)
, 38,
4,
,
,
, 13,
(iii)
(iv)
2,
, 26
(v)
5,
,
,
(boxes)
osQ inksa dks Kkr dhft,%
, 22
,
,6
,3
, 9
1
2
5- fuEufyf[kr esa lgh mkj pqfu, vkSj mldk vkSfpR; nhft,%]

(i) A.P.: 10, 7, 4, . . ., dk 30ok in gS%
(a) 77
(b) 97
(c) 77
(d) 87
6- ,d A.P. esa 50 in gSa] ftldk rhljk in 12 gS vkSj vafre in 106 gSA bldk 29ok in Kkr
dhft,A
7- fuEufyf[kr lekarj Jsf<+;ksa eas ls izR;sd Js<+h esa fdrus in gSa\
(ii) 18, 15
(i) 7, 13, 19, . . ., 205
1
, 13, . . ., 47
2
8- ml A.P. dk 31ok in kr dhft,] ftldk 11ok in 38 gS vkSj 16ok in 73 gSA

9- fuEufyf[kr lkj.kh esa] fjDr LFkkuksa dks Hkfj,] tgk AP dk izFke in a, lkoZ varj d vkSj nok
in an gS%
a
(i) 18.9
L
(ii)
(iii) 18
7
(iv)
(v) 3.5
d
2.5
3
L
3
0
n
L
18
10
8
105
an
3.6
5
0
L
L
10- 10 vkSj 250 osQ chp esa 4 osQ fdrus xq.kt gSa\
11- n osQ@ fdl eku osQ fy,] nksuksa lekarj Jsf<+;lksa 63]65]67] - - - vkSj 3]10] 17] - - - osQ nosa
in cjkcj gksaxs\
12- og A.P. Kkr dhft, ftldk rhljk in 16 gS vkSj 7ok in 5osa in ls 12 vf/d gSA
13- A.P.: 10, 7, 4..., 62 dk vafre in ls (izFke in dh vksj) 11 ok in Kkr dhft,A
14- A.P.: 3, 15, 27, 39, . . . dk dkSu&lk in mlosQ 54osa in ls 132 vf/d gksxk\
15- nks lekarj Jsf<+;ksa dk lkoZ varj leku gSA ;fn buosQ 100 osa inksa dk varj 100 gS] rks buosQ
1000 osa inksa dk varj D;k gksxk\
16- D;k A.P. 5, 11, 17, 23 dk ,d in 301 gS\ D;ksa\
17- 'kdhyk us fdlh o"kZ osQ izFke lIrkg esa 5 #- dh cpr dh vkSj fiQj viuh lkIrkfgd cpr
1-75 #- c<+krh xbZA ;fn nosa lIrkg esa mldh lkIrkfgd cpr 20-75 #- gks tkrh gS] rks n
Kkr dhft,A
88
xf.kr
18- rhu vadks okyh fdruh la[;k, 7 ls foHkkT; gSa\
19- fdlh Jsnh dk 6oka in&10 rFkk 10ok in&26 gS rks mldk 15ok in Kkr dhft,\
19- 1000 #- dh ,d /ujkf'k 8 okf"kZd lk/kj.k C;kt ij fuos'k dh tkrh gSA izR;sd o"kZ osQ
var esa C;kt ifjdfyr dhft,A D;k ;s C;kt ,d A.P. cukrs gSa\ ;fn ,slk gS] rks bl rF;
dk iz;ksx djrs gq, 30 o"kks osQ var esa C;kt ifjdfyr dhft,A
20- fdlh
A.P. a, a2, a3, ... ,
esa ;fn
a4 2
a7 3
gS rks
a6
a8
Kkr dhft,\
21- 1000 #- dh ,d /ujkf'k 8 okf"kZd lk/kj.k C;kt ij fuos'k dh tkrh gSA izR;sd o"kZ osQ
var esa C;klt ifjdfyr dhft,A D;k ;s C;klt ,d A.P. cukrs gSa\ ;fn ,slk gS] rks bl rF;
dk iz;ksx djrs gq, 30 o"kks osQ var esa C;kt ifjdfyr dhft,A
A.P
A.P.. osQ izFke n inksa dk ;ksx
;fn jks'kuh viuh iq=kh dh xqYyd esa] mlosQ 1 o"kZ dh gks tkus ij 100 #- Mkyrh gS] mlosQ nwljs
tUe fnol ij 150 #- Mkyrh gS vkSj mlosQ rhljs tUe fnol ij 200 #- Mkyrh gS vksj ,slk vkxs
tkjh j[krh gSA tc mldh iq=kh 21 o"kZ dh gks tk,xh] rks mldh xqYyd esa fdruh /ujkf'k ,df=kr gks
tk,xh\
;gk] mlosQ izFke] nwljs] rhljs pkSFks] - - - tUe fnolksa ij] mldh xqYyd esa Mkyh xbZ jkf'k;k
(#i;ksa esa) e'k% 100] 150] 200] 250] - - - gSa rFkk ;gh e mlosQ 12osa tUe fnol rd pyrk
jgkA 21osa tUe fnol rd ,df=kr gqbZ oqQy /ujkf'k Kkr djus osQ fy,] gesa mijksDr lwph dh la[;kvksa
dks tksM+us dh vko';drk gksxh vkSj blesa le; Hkh vf/d yxsxkA D;k ge bl izf;k dks laf{kIr cuk
ldrs gSa\ ;g rHkh laHko gksxk] tc ge bldk ;ksx fudkyus dh dksbZ fof/ Kkr dj ysaA vkb, ns[ksaA
ge xkWl dks nh xbZ leL;k ij fopkj djrs gSa] tks mls gy djus osQ fy, ml le; nh xbZ Fkh]
tc og osQoy 10 o"kZ dk FkkA mlls 1 ls 100 rd osQ /u iw.kkdksa dk ;ksx Kkr djus dks dgk x;kA
mlus rqjar mkj nf;k fd ;ksx 5050 gSA vkbZ, tkus fd mlus ,slk oSQls fd;k FkkA mlus bl izdkj
fy[kk%
S = 1 + 2 + 3 + . . . + 90 + 100
fiQj] mlus mYVs e la[;kvksa dks bl izdkj fy[kk%

S =100 +90 + . . . + 3 + 2 + 1
mijksDr dks tksM+us ij mlus izkIr fd;k%

2S = (100 + 1) + (99 + 2) . . . +(3 + 98) + (2 + 99) + (1 + 100)
= 101 + 101 + . . . + 101 + 101 (100 ckj)
100 101
vr%
S =
= 5050, vFkkZr~ ;ksx = 5050
2
vc] ge blh rduhd dk mi;ksx djrs gq,] ,d A.P. osQ izFke n inksa osQ ;ksx dks O;Dr djrk
gSA rc
S = a +(a + d) + (a + 2d) + . . . + [a + (n 1) d]
inksa dks foijhr e esa fy[kus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS%
(1)
lekarj Jsf<+;k
89
S = [a + (n 1)d] + [a + (n 2)d] + . . . +(a + d) + a
(2)
vc] (1) vkSj (2) dks inksa osQ vuqlkj tksM+us ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS%
2S =
2S = n [2a + (n 1)d]
;k
n
[2a + (n 1)d]
2
izFke n inksa dk ;ksx S
pwfd blesa
in gSa)
S =
;k
vr% fdlh
[2a (n 1)d] [2a (n 1)d] [2a (n 1)d] [2a (n 1)d]

n ckj
A.P.
osQ
S =
fuEufyf[kr lw=k ls izkIr gksrk gS%
n
[2a + (n 1) d]
2
ge bls bl :i esa Hkh fy[k ldrs gSa

S =
vFkkZr~
vc] ;fn fdlh
ns[krs gSa fd
S =
A.P.
esa
S =
n
[a + a + (n 1) d]
2
n
(a an )
2
osQoy n gh
(3)
in gSa] rks
an
vafre in l osQ cjkcj gksxkA vr% (3) ls ge
n
(a l)
2
(4)
ifj.kke dk ;g :i ml fLFkfr esa mi;ksxh gS] tc A.P. osQ izFke vkSj vafre in fn, gksa rFkk lkoZ
varj ugha fn;k x;k gksA
vc ge mlh iz'u ij okil vk tkrs gSa] tks jks'kuh dh iq=kh dh xqYyd esa mlosq igys] nwljs]
rhljs] - - -] tUe fnolksa ij Mkyh xbZ /ujkf'k;k (#i;ksa esa) e'k% 100] 150] 200] 250] - - - gSaA
;g ,d A.P. gSA gesa mlosQ 21osa tUefnol rd ,df=kr gqbZ oqQy /ujkf'k Kkr djuh gS] vFkkZr~
gesa bl A.P. osQ izFke 21 inksa dk ;ksx Kkr djuk gSA
;gk a = 100, d = 50 vkSj n = 21 gSA lw=k
S =
n
[2a (n 1)d]
2
S =
21
21
[2 100 (21 1) 50]
[200 100]
2
2
dk iz;ksx djus ij]
21
1200 12600
2
vr% mlosQ 21osa tUe fnol rd ,df=kr gqbZ xqYyd esa /ujkf'k 12600 #- gSA
D;k lw=k osQ iz;ksx ls iz'u gy djuk ljy ugha gks x;k gS\
fdlh A.P. osQ n inksa osQ ;ksx dks O;Dr djus osQ fy,] ge S osQ LFkku ij Sn dk Hkh iz;ksx djrs
gSaA izFke n inksa osQ ;ksx osQ lw=k esa] pkj jkf'k;k S, a, d vkSj n laca gSaA ;fn buesa ls dksbZ rhu jkf'k;k
Kkr gksa] rks pkSFkh jkf'k Kkr dh tk ldrh gSA
90
xf.kr
fu"d"kZ% fdlh A.P. dk nok in mlosQ izFke

varj osQ cjkcj gSA vFkkZr~ an = Sn Sn1 gSA
inksa osQ ;ksx vkSj izFke
(n 1)
mnkgj.k 7 %
fuEufyf[kr lekarj Js.kh dk ;ksx Kkr dhft,%
37, 33, 29, ... 12 inksa rdA
gy %
gekjs ikl gS
37, 33, 29, ... to
;gk a = 37,
in
d = 33 ( 37) = 4
n = 12
n
2a (n 1)d
2
12
2 (37) (12 1) 4
=
2
= 6 ( 74 + 44)
Sn =
;k
;k
S12
blfy,
vkSj
S12 = 6 ( 30) = 180

A.P. 37, 33, 29... osQ inksa dk ;ksx 180
gSA
mnkgj.k 8 %
636 ;ksx izkIr djus osQ fy,]
A.P. : 9, 17, 25, ...
osQ fdrus in ysus pkfg,\
gy %
gekjs ikl gS]
9, 17, 25, ...
;gk a = 9 vkSj d = 17 9 = 8
ekuk ge A. P. osQ n in dk ;ksx
636 gSA
ge tkurs gSa fd
n
2a (n 1)d
2
n
636 = 2 9 (n 1) 8
2
Sn =
;k
;k
;k
;k
;k
n
18 (n 1)8
2
636 2 = n (18 + 8n 8)
636 =
1272 = n (10 + 8n)

1272 = 10n + 8n2
8n2 + 10n 1272 = 0
inksa osQ ;ksx osQ
lekarj Jsf<+;k
;k
;k
;k
;k
91
4n2 + 5n 636
4n2 + 53n 48n 636
n (4n + 53) 12 (4n + 53)
(4n2 + 53) (n 12)
=
=
=
=
0
0
0
0
53
n = 12
vkSj n =
4
ijarq inksa dh la[;k ve ugha gks ldrh
53
4
n = 12
blfy,
A. P. 9, 17, 25 ...
osQ
n =
NksM+us ij
12
636
in ;ksx
nsrs gSaA
mnkgj.k 9%
fuekZ.k dk;Z ls lacaf/r fdlh BsosQ esa] ,d fuf'pr frfFk osQ ckn dk;Z dks fcyac ls iwjk djus
osQ fy,] tqekZuk yxkus dk izko/ku bl izdkj gS% igys fnu osQ fy, 200 #- nwljs fnu osQ fy, 250
#-] rhljs fnu osQ fy, 300 #- bR;kfn] vFkkZr~ izR;sd mkjkskj fnu dk tqekZuk vius ls Bhd igys fnu
osQ tqekZus ls 50 #- vf/d gSA ,d BsosQnkj dks tqekZus osQ :i esa fdruh jkf'k vnk djuh iM+sxh] ;fn
og bl dk;Z esa 30 fnu dk foyac dj nsrk gS\
gy%
,d fuf'pr frfFk osQ ckn dk;Z dks fcyac ls iwjk djus osQ fy, tqekZuk bl izdkj gS%
;g ,d A.P. osQ :i esa gSa] tgk a = 200 vkSj d = 50
Sn =
n
2a (n 1)d
2
30
2 200 (30 1)50
2
= 15 [400 + 1450]
= (15 1850) = 27750
S30 =
BsosQnkj dks
27750
#- tqekZus osQ :i esa nsus iM+rs gSaA
iz'ukoyh
1- ;fn fdlh A.P. osQ izFke 14 inksa dk ;ksx 1050 gS rFkk bldk izFke in 10 gS rks 20ok in
Kkr dhft,\
2- A.P.: 8, 3 : 2, . . . osQ izFke 22 inksa dk ;ksx Kkr dhft,\
3- A.P.: 24, 21, 18, . . . osQ fdrus in fy, tk,] rkfd mudk ;ksx 78 gks\
4- fuEufyf[kr dk ;ksx Kkr dhft,%
(i) izFke 1000 /u iw.kkd
(ii) izFke n /u iw.kkd
92
xf.kr
5- la[;kvksa dh ml lwph osQ izFke 24 inksa dk ;ksx Kkr dhft,] ftldk xok in ax = 3 + 2n
ls fn;k tkrk gS\
6- dEI;wVj dk fuekZrk rhljs o"kZ esa 600 dEI;wVj rFkk 7osa o"kZ esa 700 dEI;wVjksa dk mRiknu
djrk gSA ;g ekurs gq, fd izR;sd o"kZ mRiknu esa ,d leku :i ls ,d fuf'pr la[;k esa
o`f gksrh gS rks Kkr dhft,%
(i) izFke o"kZ esa mRiknu
(ii) 10osa o"kZ esa mRiknu
(iii) izFke 7 o"kks esa oqQy mRiknu
7. fdlh A. P. osQ rhljs vkSj lkrosa inksa dk ;ksx 6 gS vkSj mudk xq.kuiQy 8 gSA bl A.P. osQ
izFke 16 inksa dk ;ksx Kkr dhft,A
8. ,d iafDr osQ edkuksa dks ekxr :i ls la[;k 1 ls 49 rd vafdr fd;k x;k gSA n'kkZb,
fd x dk ,d ,slk eku gS fd x ls vafdr edku ls igys osQ edkuksa dh la[;kvksa dk ;ksx
mlosQ ckn edkuksa dh la[;kvksa osQ ;ksx osQ cjkcj gSA x dk eku Kkr dhft,A
[laosQr% Sx1 = S49 Sx]
[igyh
9.
lh<+h dks cukus esa yxh dahV dk vk;ru
(i) d = 5
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
1 1
50m3 ]
4 2
vkSj a9 Kkr dhft,A

a = 2, d = 8 vkSj Sn = 90 fn;k gSA n vkSj an Kkr dhft,A
a3 = 15 vkSj S10 = 125 fn;k gSA d vkSj a10 Kkr dhft,A
a = 7 vkSj a13 = 35 fn;k gSA d vkSj S13 Kkr dhft,A
a = 8, an = 62 vkSj Sn = 210 fn;k gSA n vkSj d Kkr dhft,A
an = 4, d = 2 vkSj Sn = 14 fn;k gSA n vkSj a Kkr dhft,A
l = 28, S = 144 vkSj oqQy 9 in gSaA a Kkr dhft,A
a = 3, n = 8 vkSj S = 192 fn;k gSA d Kkr dhft,A
vkSj
S9 = 75
fn;k gSA
lkjka'k
bl v;k; esa] geus fuEufyf[kr rF;ksa dk v;;u fd;k gS%
1- ,d lekarj Js<+h la[;kvksa dh ,slh lwph gksrh gS] ftlesa izR;sd in (izFke in osQ vfrfjDr)
vius ls Bhd igys in esa ,d fuf'pr la[;k d tksM+dj izkIr gksrk gSA ;g fuf'pr la[;k d
bl lekarj Js<+h dk lkoZ varj dgykrh gSA
,d A.P. dk O;kid :i a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, . . . gSA
2- la[;kvksa dh ,d nh gqbZ lwph A.P. gksrh gS] ;fn varjksa a2 a1, a3 a2, a4 a3, . . ., ls
,d gh (leku) eku izkIr gks] vFkkZr~ k osQ fofHkUu ekuksa osQ fy, ak + 1 ak ,d gh gksA
3- izFke in a vkSj lkoZ varj d okyh A.P. dk nok in (;k O;kid in) an fuEufyf[kr lw=k
}kjk izkIr gksrk gS%
an = a + (n 1)d
lekarj Jsf<+;k
4- fdlh
93
A.P.
5- ;fn ,d
dk ;ksx
n inksa dk ;ksx S lw=k

n
S = [2a (n 1)d] ls izkIr gksrk gSA
2
ifjfer] A.P. dk vafre in (eku yhft, n ok
S lw=k
n
S = (a l) ls izkIr gksrk gSA
2
osQ izFke
in) l gS] rks bl
A.P. osQ
lHkh inksa
fVIi.kh
;fn
a, b, c, A.P.
esa gSa rc
b=
ac
2
vkSj
b, a
rFkk
dk lekarj ek; dgykrk gSA
94
xf.kr
v;k; 6
f=kHkqt
f=kHkqt
geus fiNyh d{kkvksa esa f=kHkqt] f=kHkqt osQ fofHkUu izdkjksa vkSj muosQ xq.kksa osQ ckjs esa foLrkj iwoZd
i<+k gSA bl v;k; esa ge f=kHkqt dh oqQN vkSj eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa ls ifjfpr gksxsa tks fd cgqr gh jkspd
Hkh gSaA
1- lokxl f=kHkqt% f=kHkqt dh lokxlerk ls ge igys ls gh ifjfpr gSA nks f=kHkqt tc muosQ
vkdkj (Shape) rFkk eki (Size) nksuksa gh leku gksrs gSa] rc mUgsa lokxle (Congruent) f=kHkqt
dgrs gSaA
2- le:i f=kHkqt% oqQN vkfr;k ,slh gksrh gSa mudh eki rks vyx&vyx gksrh gS] ijUrq og ,d
gh vkdkj dh gksrh gSaA vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd nks f=kHkqt tks vkdkj esa leku gksrs gSa tcfd mudh
eki vyx Hkh gks ldrk gS] le:i f=kHkqt gksrs gSaA
bl v;k; esa ge eq[;r% le:i f=kHkqtksa osQ ckjs esa gh v;;u djsaxsA
3- le:irk dh vko';drk% vkfr;ksa dh le:irk dk gekjs thou esa Hkh cgqr egRio gS
ioZrksa dh pkba;k tSls fd ekaV ,ojsLV vkfn ;k dbZ nwjLFk oLrqvksa dks ge fdlh iQhrs dh lgk;rk
ls ugha eki ldrs gSaA bu nwfj;ksa vkSj apkb;ksa dks ge budh le:irk osQ vk/kj ij ekirs gSa tks fd
vizR;{k ekiu (Indirect Measurement) dh ,d fof/ gSA
4- le:i vkfr;k% fiNyh d{kk esa geus i<+k Fkk fd leku (,d gh) f=kT;k okys lHkh o`k
lokxle gksrs gSa] leku yackbZ dh Hkqtk okys lHkh oxZ lokxle gksrs gSa rFkk leku yackbZ dh Hkqtk okys
lHkh leckgq f=kHkqt lokxle gksrs gSaA
f=kHkqt
95
(i)
(ii)
(iii).
vkfr
vkfr (i) esa o`kksa ij ;ku nhft,A D;k ;s lokxle gSa\ pwfd buesa ls lHkh dh f=kT;k leku ugha
gS] blfy, ;s ijLij lokxle ugha gSaA ;ku nhft, fd buesa oqQN lokxle gSa vkSj oqQN lokxle ugha
gSa] ijarq buesa ls lHkh osQ vkdkj leku gSaA vr%] ;s lHkh os vkfr;k gSa ftUgsa ge le:i (Similar)
dgrs gSaA nks le:i vkfr;ksa osQ vkdkj leku gksrs gSa ijarq buosQ vkeki leku gksus vko';d ugha gSA
vr% lHkh o`k le:i gksrs gSaA nks (;k vf/d) oxks osQ ckjs esa vFkok nks (;k vf/d) leckgq f=kHkqtksa
osQ ckjs esa ;ku nhft,A nsf[k, vkfr (ii) vkSj (iii) lHkh o`kksa dh rjg gh] ;gk lHkh oxZ le:i gSa
rFkk lHkh leckgq f=kHkqt le:i gSaA
fVIi.kh%
vr% ge ;g fu"d"kZ fudky ldrs gSa fd lHkh lokxle vkfr;k le:i gksrh gSa] ijarq lHkh
le:i vkfr;ksa dk lokxle gksuk vko';d ugha gSA
le:i u gksuk% ,d o`k vkSj ,d oxZ dHkh le:i ugha gks ldrs gSaA blh rjg ls] ,d f=kHkqt
vkSj ,d oxZ Hkh dHkh le:i ugha gks ldrs gSaA ;s rF; fliZQ bu vkfr;ksa dks ns[kus ek=k ls Kkr gks
tkrk gSA
;k
vkfr
5- le:irk dh ifjHkk"kk dh vko';drk% nks prqHkqZtksa ABCD vkSj PQRS osQ ckjs esa ge crk
ldrs gSa fd (vkfr) ;s le:i gSa ;k ughaA ;s vkfr;k le:i&lh izrhr gks jgh gSa] ijarq ge ;g
96
xf.kr
fuf'pr :i ls ugha crk ldrsA vr% gesa vkfr;ksa dh le:irk tkuus osQ fy, ,d ifjHkk"kk dh
vko';drk gksrh gS rkfd mldh lgk;rk ls ge ;g lqfuf'pr dj losQ fd nks nh gqbZ vkfr;k le:i
gSa ;k ughaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa ge dg ldrs gSa fd le:irk osQ lgh ekinaM osQ fy, ,d ifjHkk"kk
vfrvko';d gSA
A
C Q
vkfr
6- nks vkfr;ksa dh le:irk dk lkj%

(i) vkb, fuEu fp=k dh vksj ;ku ls ns[ksaA
vkfr
ge vklkuh ls dg ldrs gSa fd ;s ,d gh Lekjd (rktegy) osQ fp=k gSa] ijarq buosQ vkeki
(Size) fHkUu&fHkUu gSaA ge dg ldrs gSa fd ;s fp=k le:i gSaA
(ii) vc ge ,d gh O;fDr osQ ,d gh vkeki okys nks fp=kksa osQ ckjs esa ppkZ djsaxsA ftuesa
ls ,d esa mldh 8 o"kZ gS rFkk nwljs esa mldh 30 o"kZ gSA vc bu fp=kksa osQ ckjs esa ge
dgrs gSaA fd ;s fp=k leku vkeki osQ gSa] ijarq fuf'pr :i ls ;s leku vkdkj osQ ugha
gSaA vr%] ;s le:i ugha gSaA
(iii) blh izdkj ,d i+QksVksxzkiQj ,d gh fuxsfVo ls fofHkUu ekiksa osQ iQksVks fizaV fudkyrh gS]
tSls LVSai lkbk ,oa iksLV dkMZ lkbk i+QksVks (;k fp=kksa) vkfn ftuls ge HkfyHkkfr
ifjfpr gSaA og lkekU; :i ls ,d NksVs vkeki (lkbt) dh fi+Ye (film), tks 35 mm
vkeki okyh fi+QYe gS] ij i+QksVks [khaprh gS vkSj fiQj mls ,d cM+s vkeki] tSls 45 mm
(;k 55 mm) vkeki] okyh i+QksVks osQ :i esa cnyrh gSA blh izdkj] ;fn ge NksVs fp=k
osQ fdlh ,d js[kk[kaM dks ysa] rks cM+s fp=k esa bldk laxr js[kk[kaM] yackbZ esa igys
js[kk[kaM dk 45 ;k 55 xquk gksxkA okLro esa bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd NksVs fp=k dk
35
35
izR;sd js[kk[kaM 35%45 (;k 35%55) osQ vuqikr esa vkof/Zr gks (c<+) x;k gSA bls ;s Hkh
dgk tk ldrk gS fd cM+s fp=k dk izR;sd js[kk[akM 45%35 (;k 55%35) osQ vuqikr esa
?kV (de gks) x;k gSA lkFk gh] ;fn ge fofHkUu vkekiksa osQ nks fp=kksa esa laxr js[kk[kaMksa
osQ fdlh Hkh ;qXe osQ chp cus >qdkoksa [vFkok dks.kksa] dks ysa] rks ge ns[ksaxs fd ;s >qdko
f=kHkqt
97
(;k dks.k) lnSo cjkcj gksaxsA ;gh nks vkfr;ksa rFkk fo'ks"kdj nks cgqHkqtksa dh le:irk
dk lkj gSA
ifjHkk"kk%
Hkqtkvksa dh leku la[;k okys nks cgqHkqt le:i gkssrs gSa] ;fn (i) muosQ laxr dks.k cjkcj gksa rFkk
(ii) budh laxr Hkqtk, ,d gh vuqikr eas (vFkkZr~ lekuqikrh) gksaA
cgqHkqtksa osQ fy, laxr Hkqtkvksa osQ bl ,d gh vuqikr dks LosQy xq.kd (scale factor) [vFkok
izfrfuf/Ro fHkUu (Representative Fraction)] dgk tkrk gSA fo'o ekufp=k [vFkkZr~ Xykscy ekufp=k]
rFkk Hkouksa osQ fuekZ.k osQ fy, cuk, tkus okyh :i js[kk ,d mi;qDr LosQy xq.kd rFkk oqQN ifjikfV;ksa
dks ;ku esa j[kdj cuk, tkrs gSaA
7- ,d f;kdyki% vkfr;ksa dh le:irk dks vf/d Li"V :i ls le>us osQ fy,] vkb,
fuEufyf[kr f;kdyki djsa%
f;kdyki%
viuh d{kk osQ dejs dh Nr osQ fdlh fcanq O ij izdk'k ;qDr cYc yxkb, rFkk mlls Bhd uhps
,d est jf[k,A vkb, ,d lery dkMZcksMZ esa ls ,d cgqHkqt] eku yhft, prqHkqZt ABCD, dkV ysa
rFkk bl dkMZcksMZ dks Hkwfe osQ lekarj est vkSj tyrs gq, cYc osQ chp esa j[ksaA rc] est ij ABCD
dh ,d Nk;k (shadow) iM+sxhA bl Nk;k dh ckgjh :ijs[kk dks A'B'C'D' ls fpfr dhft, (nsf[k,
vkfr)A
vkfr
;ku nhft, fd prqHkqt

Z A'B'C'D' prqHkZt ABCD dk ,d vkdkj ifjo/Zu (;k vko/Zu) gSA ;g
izdk'k osQ bl xq.k/eZ osQ dkj.k gS fd izdk'k lh/h js[kk esa pyrh gSA vki ;g Hkh ns[k ldrs gSa fd A
fdj.k OA ij fLFkr gS] B fdj.k OB ij fLFkfr gS] C fdj.k OC ij fLFkr gS rFkk D fdj.k OD ij
fLFkr gSA bl izdkj] prqHkqt
Z ABCD vkSj ABCD leku vkdkj osQ gS_a ijarq buosQ eki fHkUu&fHkUu gSAa
98
xf.kr
vr% prqHkqZt ABCD prqHkZqt ABCD osQ le:i gSaA ge ;g Hkh dg ldrs gSa fd prqHkqZt
ABCD prqHkqZt ABCD osQ le:i gSaA
;gk] vki ;g Hkh ns[k ldrs gSa fd 'kh"kZ A 'kh"kZ A osQ laxr gSa] 'kh"kZ B 'kh"kZ B osQ laxr gS] 'kh"kZ
C 'kh"kZ C osQ laxr gS rFkk 'kh"kZ D 'kh"kZ D osQ laxr gSA lkaoQs frd :i ls bu laxrrkvksa (correspondences)
dks AA, BB, C C vkSj D D ls fu:fir fd;k tkrk gSA nksuksa prqHkqZtksa osQ dks.kksa vkSj
Hkqtkvksa dks okLrfod :i ls eki dj] vki bldk lR;kiu dj ldrs gSa fd
(i) A = A, B = B, C = C, D = D vkSj
(ii)
AB
BC
CD
DA
.
A B BC CD DA
fo'ks"k%
blls iqu% ;g ckr Li"V gksrh gS fd Hkqtkvksa dh leku la[;k okys nks cgqHkqt le:i gksrs gSa] ;fn
lHkh laxr dks.k cjkcj gksa rFkk (ii) mudh lHkh laxr Hkqtk, ,d gh vuqikr (lekuqikr) esa gksaA
8- oqQN mnkgj.k% vkb, oqQN mnkgj.kksa dh lgk;rk ls bls tkusaA
(i) mijksDr osQ vk/kj ij] gesa vklkuh ls ;g dg ldrs gSa fd vkfr
prqHkZt ABCD vkSj PQRS le:i gSaA
(i)
(i) muosQ
esa fn, x,
4.8 cm
70
S
85
C
2.4 cm
D
70
5.0 cm
85
4.2 cm
2.5 cm
2.1 cm
105
A
100
1.5 cm
105
P
3.0 cm
100
vkfr
tkp% ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd fn, x, cgqHkqtksa osQ lHkh laxr dksa.k cjkcj gSa rFkk lkFk gh budh
lHkh laxr Hkqtk, Hkh ,d gh vuqikr esa gSaA
fVIi.kh% ge ,d vkSj rF; Hkh lR;kfir djrs gSa fd ;fn ,d cgqHkqt fdlh vU; cgqHkqt osQ
le:i gks vkSj ;g nwljk cgqHkqt ,d rhljs cgqHkqt osQ le:i gks] rks igyk cgqHkqt rhljs cgqHkqt osQ
le:i gksxkA tSls A ~ B vksj B ~ C, rc A ~ C (le:i = ~)
(i) ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd vkfr (ii) osQ nks prqHkqZtksa (,d oxZ vkSj ,d vk;r) esa] laxr
dks.k cjkcj gSa] ijarq budh laxr Hkqtk, ,d gh vuqikr esa ugha gSaA vr%] ;s nksuksa prqHkqZt
le:i ugha gSaA
f=kHkqt
99
3 cm
3 cm
3 cm
3 cm
3 cm
3.5 cm
3 cm
Q
3.5 cm
vkfr
mijksDr cgqHkqt le:irk vkfr (i) osQ osQoy ,d 'krZ dks gh iwjk djrs gSaA
(iii) blh izdkj ns[k ldrs gSa fd vkfr (i) osQ nks prqHkqZtksa (,d oxZ vkSj ,d leprqHkZqt)
eas] laxr Hkqtk, ,d gh vuqikr esa gSa] ijarq buosQ laxr dks.k cjkcj ugha gSaA iqu% nksuksa
cgqHkqt (prqHkqZt) le:i ugha gSaA
D
2.1 cm
4.2 cm
C
4.2 cm
2.1 cm
2.1 cm
P
2.1 cm
4.2 cm
4.2 cm
vkfr
uksV% bl izdkj] ge ns[kr ldrs gSa fd nks cgqHkqtksa dh le:irk osQ izfrca/ksa
fdlh ,d dk gh larq"V gksuk mudh le:irk osQ fy, i;kZIr ugha gSA
(i)
vkSj
(ii)
esa ls
iz'ukoyh
1- dks"Bdksa esa fn, 'kCnksa esa ls lgh 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq,] fjDr LFkkuksa dks Hkfj,%
(i) lHkh oxZ gksrs gSaA (le:i] lokxle)
(ii) lHkh f=kHkqt le:i gksrs gSaA (lef}ckgq] leckgq)
(iii) Hkqtkvksa dh leku la[;k okys nks cgqHkqt le:i gksrs gSa] ;fn (i) muosQ laxr dks.k
gksa rFkk (ii) mudh laxr Hkqtk, gksaA (cjkcj] lekuqikrh)
(iv) lHkh o`k gksrs gSaA (lokxle] le:i)
2- fuEufyf[kr ;qXeksa osQ nks fHkUu&fHkUu mnkgj.k nhft,%
(i) le:i vkfrk;k
(ii) ,slh vkfr;k tks le:i ugha gSaA
3- crkb, fd fuEufyf[kr prqHkqZt le:i gSa ;k ugha%
D
1.5 cm
1.5 cm
P
3 cm
3 cm
3 cm
1.5 cm
1.5 cm
vkfr
3 cm
100
f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk%
xf.kr
1- f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk% ge tkurs gSa fd f=kHkqt Hkh ,d cgqHkqt gh gSA blfy,] f=kHkqtksa dh
le:irk osQ fy, Hkh ogh izfrca/ gSa] tks cgqHkqtksa dh le:irk osQ fy, geus igys crk, Fks
vFkkZr~ nks f=kHkqt le:i gksrs gSa] ;fn
(i) muosQ laxr dks.k cjkcj gksa rFkk
(ii) mudh laxr Hkqtk, ,d gh vuqikr esa (vFkkZr~ lekuqikrh) gksaA
uksV% (;fn nks f=kHkqtksa osQ laxr dks.k cjkcj gksa] rks os lekudksf.kd f=kHkqt (equiangular
triangles) dgykrs gSaA
2- nks lekudksf.kd f=kHkqtksa dk bfrgkl% ,d izfl ;wukuh xf.krK FksYl (Thales) us nks
lekudksf.kd f=kHkqtksa ls lacaf/r ,d egRoiw.kZ rF; izfrikfnr fd;k] tks fd bl izdkj gS&
nks lekudksf.kd f=kHkqtksa es mudh laxr Hkqtkvksa dk vuqikr lnSo leku jgrk gSA
,slk fo'okl fd;k tkrk gS fd blosQ fy, mUgksaus ,d ifj.kke dk iz;ksx fd;k ftls vk/kjHkwr
lekuqikfrdrk izes; (vktdy FksYl izes;) dgk tkrk gSA
3- ,d f;kdyki% vk/kjHkwr lekuqikfrdrk izes; (Basic Proportionality Theorem) dks
le>us osQ fy,] vkb, fuEufyf[kr f;kdyki djsa%
C
A
P
B
X
vkfr
f;kdyki%
dksbZ dks.k XAY [khapk rFkk mldh ,d Hkqtk AX ij oqQN fcanq (eku yhft, ikp fcanq) P, Q, D,
R vkSj B bl izdkj vafdr fd;k fd AP = PQ = QD = DR = RB gSA
vc] fcanq B ls gksrh gqbZ dksbZ ,d js[kk [khaph] tks Hkqtk AY dks fcanq C ij dkVrh gSA (nsf[k,
vkfr)A
lkFk gh] fcanq D ls gksdj BC osQ lekarj ,d js[kk [khaph tks AC dks E ij dkVrh gSA
ge viuh jpukvksa ls ;g ns[krs gSa fd
AE
Hkh 3
EC
2
AD 3
DB 2
gSa vc
AE
vkSj
EC
dks ekirs gSaA geus ns[kk

AD
AE
osQ cjkcj gSA bl izdkj] ge ns[krs gSa fd f=kHkqt ABC es]a DE BC gS rFkk DB EC gSA
gesa ;g rF; bl izes; osQ dkj.k izkIr gksrk gS] ftls vk/kjHkwr lekuqikfrdrk izes; dgk tkrk gSA
4- vk/kjHkqr lekuqikfrdrk% izes;% (a) ;fn fdlh f=kHkqt dh ,d Hkqtk osQ lekarj vU; nks
Hkqtkvksa dks fHkUu&fHkUu fcanqvksa ij izfrPNsn djus osQ fy, ,d js[kk [khaph tk,] rks ;s vU;
nks Hkqtk, ,d gh vuqikr esa foHkkftr gks tkrh gSaA
f=kHkqt
101
miifk% gesa ,d f=kHkqt ABC fn;k gS] ftlesa Hkqqtk BC osQ lekarj [khaph xbZ ,d js[kk vU; nks
Hkqtkvksa AB vkSj AC dks e'k% D vkSj E ij dkVrh gSa (nsf[k, vkfr)A
A
N
E
B
C
vkfr
AD
AE
gesa fl djuk gS fd DB EC
vkb, B vkSj E rFkk C vkSj D dks feyk, vkSj fiQj
vc]
ADE
dk {ks=kiQy
1
2
vk/kj
fiNyh d{kk esa geus i<+k Fkk fd

vr%
blh izdkj
vr%
rFkk
DM AC
,oa
EN AB
[khpsaA
pkbZ 1 AD EN
ADE
osQ {ks=kiQy dks
ar (ADE)
ls O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA
1
AD EN
2
1
ar (BDE) =
DB EN,
2
1
1
ar (ADE) =
AE DM rFkk ar(DEC) =
EC DM
2
2
1
AD EN
ar(ADE)
AD
= 2
(1)
1
ar(BDE)
DB
DB EN
2
1
AE DM
ar(ADE)
AE
= 2
(2)
1
ar(DEC)
EC
EC DM
2
BDE vkSj DEC ,d gh vk/kj DE rFkk lekraj js[kkvksa BC vkSj DE osQ
;ku nhft, fd
chp cus nks f=kHkqt gSaA
vr%
blfy, (1)] (2) vkSj
ar (ADE) =
ar(BDE) = ar (DEC)
(3), ls gesa izkIr gksrk gS%
AE
AD
=
EC
DB
(3)
5- ,d f;kdyki% vkb, tkp djsa fd bl izes; dk foykse Hkh lR; gS ;k ughaA bldh tkp
djus osQ fy,] vkb, fuEufyf[kr f;kdyki djsa%
102
xf.kr
f;kdyki%
B
viuh vH;kl iqfLrdk eas ,d dks.k XAY [khafp, rFkk fdj.k

bl izdkj vafdr dhft, fd AB1 = B1B2 = B3B4 = B4B gksA
AX
ij fcanq
B 1, B 2, B 3, B 4
vkSj
A
B1
C1
C2
B2
B3
C3
C4
B4
B
vkfr
AY, ij fcanq C1, C2, C3, C4 vkSj C bl izdkj vafdr dhft,
C1C2 = C2C3 = C3C4 = C4C gksA fiQj B1C1 vkSj BC dks feykb, (nsf[k, vkfr)A
blh izdkj] fdj.k

;ku nhft, fd
AB1
AC1
=
B1 B
C1C
vki ;g Hkh ns[k ldrs gSa fd js[kk,

blh izdkj]
1
4
B1 C1
(izR;sd
B1C1 BC
e'k% B2 C2, B3C3
fd
AC1 =
osQ cjkcj gS)

vkSj
BC
ijLij lekraj gSa] vFkkZr~

(1)
vkSj
B 4C 4
dks feykdj vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd
AB2
=
B2 B
AC2
C2 C
2
3
vkSj
B 2C 2
BC
(2)
AB3
=
B3 B
AC3
C3C
3
2
vkSj
B 3C 3
BC
(3)
AB4
AC4 4
=
B4 B
C4 C 1
(1), (2), (3) vkSj (4)
vkSj
B4C4
BC
(4)
ls] ;g ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd ;fn dksbZ js[kk fdlh f=kHkqt dh nks Hkqtkvksa dks
,d gh vuqikr esa foHkkftr djs] rks og js[kk rhljh Hkqtk osQ lekarj gksrh gSaA
ge fdlh vU; eki dk dks.k XAY [khapdj rFkk Hkqtkvksa AX vkSj AY ij fdrus Hkh leku Hkkx
vafdr dj] bl f;kdyki dks nksgjk ldrs gSaA izR;sd ckj] ge ,d gh ifj.kke ij igqpsaxsA bl izdkj]
ge fuEufyf[kr izes; izkIr djrs gSa] tks izes; 6(a) dk foykse gS%
6- vk/kjHkqr lekuqikfrdrk% izes; dk foykse% izes; (b) ;fn ,d js[kk fdlh f=kHkqt dh nks
Hkqtkvksa dks ,d gh vuqikr esa foHkkftr djs] rks og rhljh Hkqtk osQ lekarj gksrh gSA
f=kHkqt
103
A
E
D
vkfr
bl izes; dks fl fd;k tk ldrk gS] ;fn ge ,d js[kk
gks rFkk
vc ;fn
Q
DE
bl izdkj ysa fd
AE
AD
=
EC
DB
DE Hkqtk BC osQ lekarj
(1)
u gks (nsf[k, vkfr)A

DE Hkqtk BC osQ lekarj ugha gS] rks BC osQ lekarj ,d js[kk
DE
[khafp,A
DE 11 BC
vk/kjHkqr lekuqikfrdrkizes; }kjk]d
(1)
vkSj
(2)
AE
AD
=
EC
DB
osQ }kjk
AE
=
EC
AE
1 =
EC
AE EC
=
EC
AC
=
EC
E laikrh gSA
(2)
E vkSj
DE BC
AE
EC
AE
1 [nksuks
EC
AE EC
EC
AC
EC
rjiQ 1 tksM+us ij]
mijksDr izes;ksa dk iz;ksx Li"V djus osQ fy, vkb, oqQN mnkgj.k ysaA
mnkgj.k 1%
;fn dksbZ js[kk ,d
Hkqtk
BC
ABC
dh Hkqtkvksa
osQ lekarj gks] rks fl dhft, fd
AB
vkSj
AC
AD AE
=
AB
AC
dks e'k%
vkSj
ij izfrPNsn djs rFkk
gksxk(nsf[k, vkfr 6-13)A
104
gy%
xf.kr
DE
BC (fn;k gS)
AE
AD
=
(izes; 6)
AC
DB
vr%
vkfr
DB
AD
DB
1
AD
AB
AD
AD
AB
vFkkZr~
;k
;k
vr%
EC
AE
EC
=
1
AE
AC
=
AE
AE
=
AC
mnkgj.k 2%
ABCD
n'kkZb, fd
,d leyac gS ftlesa
AO CO
BO DO
AB
DC
gS rFkk blosQ fod.kZ ijLij fcanq
ij izfrPNsn djrs gSaA
gSA
gy%
D ADC
AB
DC
MO
DC
(fn;k gS)
es]a
[tgk MO
AO
AM
=
OC
MD
DC, AD dks M ij
(1)
feyrk gS]
(jpuk ls)
(vk/kjHkqr lekuqikfrdrk izes;)
f=kHkqt
BAD
105
MO AB
OB
AM
=
...(1) [vk/kjHkwr
DO
MD
esa] gekjs ikl gS
lekuqikfrdrk izes;]
leh (1) rFkk (2) ls

OB
AO
=
OD
OC
AO
OC
=
OB
OD
;k]
bfr fle~
mnkgj.k 3%
vkfr esa
f=kHkqt gSA
PS PT
SQ TR
gS rFkk
PST = PRQ
gSA fl dhft, fd
PQR
,d lef}ckgw
gy%
;g fn;k gS fd]
PS PT
SQ TR
P
vkfr
vr%
ST QR
blfy,
PST = PQR
lkFk gh ;g fn;k gS fd
(izes; 6-2)
(laxr dks.k)
PST = PRQ
vr%
PRQ = PQR [(1) vkSj (2)
blfy,
PQ = PR
vFkkZr~ PQR ,d lef}ckgw f=kHkqt gSA
(1)
(2)
ls]
(leku dks.kksa dh lEeq[k Hkqtk,)
iz'ukoyh
1- fdlh PQR dh Hkqtkvksa PQ vkSj PR ij e'k% fcanq E vkSj F fLFkr gSaA fuEufyf[kr esa ls
izR;sd fLFkfr osQ fy,] crkb, fd D;k EF QR gS%
(i) PE = 3.9 cm, EQ = 3 cm, PF = 3.6 cm vkSj FR = 2.4 cm
(ii) PE = 4 cm, QE = 4.5 cm, PF = 8 cm vkSj RF = 9 cm
(iii) PQ = 1.28 cm, PR = 2.56 cm, PE = 0.18 cm vkSj PF = 0.36 cm
106
xf.kr
2- vkfr 2
(i)
vkSj
(ii)
DE
esa]
BC
gSA
(i)
esa
EC
vkSj
(ii)
esa
A
D
1.5 cm
D
AD
1 cm
E
1.8 cm
E
7.2 cm
5.4 cm
3 cm
(i)
Kkr dhft,%
(ii)
vkfr 2
3- vkfr esa
DE
AC
DF
vkSj
AE
gSA fl dhft, fd
BF BE
FE EC
gSA
(vkfr)
4- vkfr esa ;fn
LM
CB
vkSj
LN
CD
gks rks fl dhft, fd
AM AN
AB AD
gSA
B
M
L
N
D
vkfr
5- vkfr 5 esa
DE P OQ
DF P AE
vkSj
gSA fl dhft, fd
BF BE
FE EC
gSA
A
D
E
O
Q
vkfr 5
vkfr 6
f=kHkqt
107
6- vkfr 6 esa e'k% OP, OQ vkSj OR ij fLFkr fcanq A, B vkSj C bl izdkj gSa fd AB
PQ vkSj AC PR gSA n'kkZb, fd BC QR gSA
7- izes; 6(b) dk iz;ksx djrs gq, fl dhft, fd ,d f=kHkqt dh fdUghsa nks Hkqtkvksa osQ e;
fcanqvksa dks feykus okyh js[kk rhljh Hkqtk osQ lekarj gksrh gSA (;kn dhft, df vki d{kk IX
esa ,slk dj pqosQ gSa)A
8- izes; 6(b) dk iz;ksx djrs gq, fl dhft, fd ,d f=kHkqt dh ,d Hkqtk osQ e;&fcanq ls
gksdj nwljh Hkqtk osQ laekrj [khaph xbZ js[kk rhljh Hkqtk dks lef}Hkkftr djrh gSA (;kn
dhft, fd vki bls d{kk IX esa fl dj pqosQ gSa)
9- ,d prqHkqZt ABCD osQ fod.kZ ijLij fcanq
gSA n'kkZb, fd ABCD ,d leyac gSA
ij bl izdkj izfrPNsn djrs gSa fd
AO CO
BO DO
f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk osQ fy, dlkSfV;k

1- le:irk dk losaQr% ge tkurs gSa fd nks f=kHkqt le:i gksrs gSa ;fn (i) muosQ laxr dks.k
cjkcj gksa rFkk (iii) mudh laxr Hkqtk, ,d gh vuqikr esa (lekuqikrh gksa)A vFkkZr~
;fn ABC vkSj DEF es]a
(i) A = D, B = E, C = F gS rFkk
(ii)
AB BC CA
DE EF FD
gS rks nksuksa f=kHkqt le:i gksrs gSa (nsf[k, vkfr)
A
D
E
B
F
C
vkfr
;gk ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd A, D osQ laxr gS_ B, E osQ laxr gS rFkk C, F osQ laxr gSA lkaosQfrd
:i ls] bu f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk dks ' ABC ~ DEF' fy[kk tkrk gS rFkk ^f=kHkqt ABC le:i gS
f=kHkqt DEF osQ* i<+rs gSaA laosQr '~' ^le:i* dks izdV djrk gSA fiNyh d{kk esa geus ^lokxle* osQ
fy, laosQr '' dk iz;ksx fd;k FkkA
bl ckr ij vo'; ;ku nsuk pkfg, fd tSlk f=kHkqtksa dks lokxlerk dh fLFkr esa fd;k x;k Fkk
f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk dks Hkh lkaosQfrd :i ls O;Dr djus osQ fy,] muosQ 'kh"kks dh laxrrkvksa dks lgh
e esa fy[kk tkuk pkfg,A mnkgj.kkFkZ] f=kHkqtksa ABC vkSj DEF osQ fy,] ge ABC ~ EDF vFkok
ABC ~ FED ugha fy[k ldrsA ijarq ge BAC ~ EDF fy[k ldrs gSaA
2- nks f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk dh fuEurj vko';drk,% vc ge ;g tkp djsaxs fd nks f=kHkqtksa]
eku yhft, ABC vkSj DEF dh le:irk osQ fy, D;k gesa lnSo muosQ laxr dks.kksa osQ lHkh ;qXeksa dh
lekurk (A = D, B = E, C = F) rFkk mudh laxr Hkqtkvksa osQ lHkh ;qXeksa osQ vuqikrksa dh
108
xf.kr
AB
BC
CA
lekurk DE EF FD ij fopkj djuk pkfg,A fiNyh d{kk esa geus nks f=kHkqtksa dh lokxlerk
osQ fy, oqQN ,slh dlkSfV;k (criteria) izkIr dh Fkha ftuesa nksuksa f=kHkqtksa osQ laxr Hkkxks (;k vo;oksa)
osQ osQoy rhu ;qXe gh fufgr FksA ;gk Hkh] ge nks f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk osQ fy,] oqQN ,slh dlkSfV;k
izkIr dju dh dksf'k'k djsaxsa] ftuesa bu nksuksa f=kHkqtksa osQ laxr Hkkxksa osQ lHkh N% ;qXeksa osQ LFkku ij] bu
laxr Hkkxksa osQ de ;qXeksa osQ chp laca/ gh fufgr gksa (blosQ fy,] vkb, fuEufyf[kr f;kdyki djsa%)
f;kdyki
fHkUu&fHkUu yckb;ksa] eku yhft, 3 cm vkSj 5 cm okys e'k% nks js[kk, BC vkSj EF [khap,A fiQj
fcanqvksa B vkSj C ij e'k% PBC vkSj QCB fdUgha nks ekiksa] eku yhft, 60 vkSj 40, osQ
[khafp,A lkFk gh] fcanqvksa E vkSj F ij e'k% REF = 60 vkSj 40, osQ [khafp,A lkFk gh] fcanqvksa E
vkSj F ij e'k% REF = 60 vkSj SFE = 40 [khafp, (nsf[k, vkfr)A
R
S
Q
P
A
60
40
3 cm
60
40
5 cm
vkfr
ekuk fdj.k BP vkSj CQ ijLij fcanq A ij izfrPNsnm djrh gSa rFkk fdj.k ER vkSj FS ijLij fcanq
D ij izfrPNsn djrh gSaA bu nksuksa f=kHkqtksa ABC vkSj DEF esa] vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd B = E,
C = F vkSj A = D gSA vFkkZr~ bu f=kHkqtksa osQ laxr dks.k cjkcj gSA vc budh laxr Hkqtkvksa osQ
ckjs esa ppkZ djrs gSaA ;ku djrs gSaA ;ku nhft, fd
ekius ij ge ikrs gSa fd
AB
DE
vkSj
CA
FD
BC 3
0.6
EF 5
gSA
AB, DE, CA
vkSj
FD
dks
Hkh 0-6 osQ cjkcj gSa]
;fn ekiu esa dksbZ =kqfV gS)A bl izdkj] AB BC CA gSA ge leku laxr dks.k okys f=kHkqtksa
DE EF FD
osQ vusd ;qXe [khapdj bl f;kdyki dks nqgjk ldrs gSaA gj ckj] ge ;g ikrs gSa fd mudh laxr
Hkqtk, ,d gh vuqikr esa (lekuqikrh) gSaA
4- izes;% mijksDr f;kdyki dh lgk;rk ls gesa nks f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk dh fuEufyf[kr dlkSVh
izkIr gksrh gSA
izes; 6 (C): ;fn nks f=kHkqtksa esa] laxr dks.k cjkcj gksa] rks mudh laxr Hkqtk, ,d gh vuqikr esa
(lekuqikrh) gksrh gSa vkSj blhfy, ;s f=kHkqt le:i gksrs gSaA
mijksDr dlkSVh dks nks f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk dh AAA (dks.k&dks.k&dks.k) dlkSVh dgk tkrk gSA
f=kHkqt
109
D
A
C E
vkfr
bl izes; dsk nks ,sls f=kHkqt ABC vkSj DEF ysdj] ftuesa A = D, B = E vkSj
F gks] fl fd;k tk ldrk gS (nsf[k, vkfr)A
DP = AB vkSj DQ = AC dkfV, rFkk P vkSj Q dks feykb,A
ABC vkSj DPQ es]a
AB = DP vkSj AC = DQ
blls
ijUrq
BAC = PDQ
ABC DPQ
B = P
B =E
P =E
(AS
lokxlerk dlkSVh)
(fn;k gS)
ijUrq ;s laxr dks.kksa dk ,d ;qXe cukrs gSa
PQ
EF
DQ
DP
=
(vk/kjHkqr lekuqikfrdrk izes;
QF
PE
QF
PE
=
(foykse ysus ij)
DQ
DP
QF
PE
1
1 =
(nksuksa rjiQ 1 tksM+us ij)

DQ
DP
QF DQ
PE DP
=
DQ
DP
DF
DE
=
DQ
DP
DF
DE
=
(jpuk }kjk)
AC
AB
AB
AC
=
(foykse ysus ij)
DE
DF
AB
BC
AB BC AC
blh rjg]
=
vkSj blfy,
DE
EF
DE EF DF
ABC ~ DEF).
}kjk)
C =
110
fVIi.kh%
xf.kr
;fn ,d f=kHkqt osQ nks dks.k fdlh vU; f=kHkqt osQ nks dks.kksa osQ e'k% cjkcj gksa] rks f=kHkqt osQ
dks.k ;ksx xq.k/eZ osQ dkj.k] buosQ rhljs dks.k Hkh cjkcj gksaxsA blhfy,] AAA le:irk dlkSVh dks
fuEufyf[kr :i ls Hkh O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gS%
;fn ,d f=kHkqt osQ nks dks.k ,d vU; f=kHkqt osQ e'k% nks dks.kksa osQ cjkcj gksa] rks nksuksa f=kHkqt
le:i gksrs gSaA
mijksDr dks nks f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk dh AA dlkSVh dgk tkrk gSA
5- izes; dk foykse% ;fn ,d f=kHkqt osQ rhu dks.k e'k% nwljs f=kHkqt osQ rhuksa dks.kksa osQ cjkcj
gksa] rks mudh laxr Hkqtk, lekuqikrh (,d gh vuqikr esa) gksrh gSaA vc ge bl dFku osQ foykse osQ
ckjs esa ppkZ djsaxsA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ;fn ,d f=kHkqt dh Hkqtk, e'k% nwljs f=kHkqt dh Hkqtkvksa osQ
lekuqikrh gksa] rks bu f=kHkqtksa osQ laxr dks.k cjkcj gksrs gSaA
6- ,d f;kdyki% vkb, ,d f;kdyki }kjk mijksDr izes; dh tkp djsaA
f;kdyki
ABC vkSj DEF bl izdkj [khafp, fd AB = 3 cm, BC = 6 cm, CA = 8 cm, DE =
4.5 cm, EF = 9 cm vkSj FD = 12 cm gks (nsf[k, vkfr)A
nks f=kHkqt
D
A
12 cm
4.5 cm
8 cm
3 cm
B
6 cm
9 cm
vkfr
AB
BC
EA
rc gesa izkIr gksrk gS%

(izR;sd 3 osQ cjkcj gSa)
DE EF FD
vc A, B, C, D, E, vkSj F dks ekikA ge ns[krs gSa fd A = D, B =
E vkSj C = F gS] vFkkZr~ nksuksa f=kHkqtksa osQ laxr dks.k cjkcj gSaA
blh izdkj osQ vusd f=kHkqtksa osQ ;qXe [khapdj (ftuesa laxr Hkqtkvksa osQ vuqikr ,d gh gksa)] ge
bl f;kdyki dks iqu% dj ldrs gSaA izR;sd ckj ge ;g ikrs gSa] fd bu f=kHkqtksa osQ laxr dks.k cjkcj
gSaA ;g nks f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk dh fuEufyf[kr dlkSVh osQ dkj.k gSa%
izes; 7(d)% ;fn nks f=kHkqtksa esa ,d f=kHkqt dh Hkqtk, nwljs f=kHkqt dh Hkqtkvksa osQ lekuqikrh
(vFkkZr~ ,d gh vuqikr esa) gksa] rks buosQ laxr dks.k cjkcj gksrs gSa] vkSj blhfy, nksuksa f=kHkqt le:i
gksrs gSaA
bl dlkSVh dks nks f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk dh SSS (Hkqtk&Hkqtk&Hkqtk) dlkSVh dgk tkrk gSA
mijksDr izes; dks ,sls nks f=kHkqt ABC vkSj

fd;k tk ldrk gS (nsf[k, vkfr)%
DEF
ysdj] ftuesa
AB BC CA
( 1)
DE EF FD
gks] fl
f=kHkqt
DEF
111
esa
DP = AB
vkSj
DQ = AC
dkfV, rFkk
vkSj
dks feykb,A
D
A
C E
vkfr
vc
AB
CA
=
DE
FP
DP
DQ
=
DE
FD
FD
DE
=
DQ
DP
FD
DE
1 =
1
DQ
DP
FD DQ
DE DP
=
DQ
DP
QF
PE
=
DQ
DP
DQ
DP
=
QF
PE
PQ EF
(foykse ysus ij)

(nksuksa rjiQ 1 ?kVkus ij)
(foykse ysus ij)
(vk/kjHkwr lekuqikfrdrk izes; dk foykse)

blfy,
P = E
Q = F
(laxr dks.k)
blfy,
DP
DQ PQ
=
DE
DF EF
(izes; }kjk)
AB
AC PQ
=
DE
DF EF
ijUrq
vc
AB
AC BC
=
DE
DF EF
ABC (vkSj DPQ
AB
AC
BC
ABC
= DP (jpuk
= DQ (jpuk
= PQ (fl
DPQ
es)a
}kjk)
}kjk)
fd;k gS)
112
xf.kr
(SSS
vr%
lokxle dlkSVh)
A
B
C
ABC
=
=
=
~
D
P=E
Q=F
DEF.
fVIi.kh%
nks cgqHkqtksa dh le:irk osQ nksuksa izfrca/ksa] vFkkZr~ (i) laxr dks.k cjkcj gksa vkSj (ii) laxr Hkqtk,
,d gh vuqikr esa gksa] esa ls osQoy fdlh ,d dk gh larq"V gksuk mudh le:irk osQ fy, i;kZIr ugha
gksrkA ijarq izes;ksa 6(c) vkSj 6(d) osQ vk/kj ij] ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd nks f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk dh
fLFkfr esa] bu nksuksa izfrca/ksa dh tkp djus dh vko';drk ugha gS] D;ksafd ,d izfrca/ ls Lor% gh
nwljk izfrca/ izkIr gks tkrk gSA
8- f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk dlkSVh dh SAS lokxlerk dlkSVh ls rqyuk%
ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd SSS le:irk dlkSVh dh rqyuk SSS lokxlerk dlkSVh ls dh tk ldrh
gSA blls gesa ;g laosQr feyrk gS fd f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk dh ,slh dlkSVh izkIr djus dk iz;Ru fd;k
tk, ftldh f=kHkqtksa dh SAS lokxlerk dlkSVh ls rqyuk dh tk losQA blosQ fy,] vkb, ,d
f;kdyki djsaA
9- ,d f;kdyki%
nks f=kHkqt ABC vkSj DEF bl izdkj [khap, fd AB = 2 cm, A = 50, AC = 4 cm, DE = 3
cm, D = 50 vkSj DF = 6 cm gks (nsf[k, vkfr)A
D
50
6 cm
50
3 cm
4 cm
2 cm
B
vkfr
;gk ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd
AB AC
DE DF
(izR;sd
2
3
osQ cjkcj gSa) rFkk
A (Hkqtkvksa AB
vkSj
AC
osQ varxZr dks.k) = D (Hkqtkvksa DE vkSj DF osQ varxZr dks.k) gSA vFkkZr~ ,d f=kHkqt dk ,d dks.k
nwljs f=kHkqt osQ ,d dks.k osQ cjkcj gS rFkk bu dks.kksa dks varxZr djus okyh Hkqtk, ,d gh vuqikr esa
(lekuqikrh) gSaA vc] vkb, B, C, E vkSj F dks ekisaA
ge ik,xsa fd B = B vkSj C = F gSA vFkkZr~] A = D, E vkSj C = F gSA
blfy,] AAA le:irk dlkSVh ls ABC ~ DEF gSA ge ,sls vusd f=kHkqtksa osQ ;qXeksa dks [khapdj]
ftuesa ,d f=kHkqt dk ,d dks.k nwljs f=kHkqt osQ ,d dks.k osQ cjkcj gks rFkk bu dks.kksa dks varxZr djus
okyh Hkqtk, ,d gh vuqikr esa (lekuqikrh) gkas] bl f;kdyki dks nksgjk ldrs gSaA izR;sd ckj] ge
f=kHkqt
113
;g ik,xsa fd nksuksa f=kHkqt le:i gSaA ;g f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk dh fuEufyf[kr dlkSVh osQ dkj.k gSa%
10- izes;%
izes; 6(e) ;fn ,d f=kHkqt dk ,d dks.k nwljs f=kHkqt osQ ,d dks.k osA cjkcj gks rFkk bu dks.kksa
dks varxZr djus okyh Hkqtk, lekuqikrh gksa] rks nksuksa f=kHkqt le:i gksrs gSaA
bl dlkSVh dks nks f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk dh SAS (Hkqtk&dks.k&Hkqtk) dlkSVh dgk tkrk gSA
D
A
C E
vkfr
AB
AC
igys dh gh rjg] bl izes; dks Hkh nks f=kHkqt ABC vkSj DEF ,sls ysdj fd
(< 1)
DE DF
gks rFkk A = D gks (nsf[k, vkfr) rks fl fd;k tk ldrk gSA D DEF esa DP = AB vkSj DQ
= AC dkfV, rFkk P vkSj Q dks feykb,
gy%
vc
AB
DE
DP
DE
DE
DP
DP PE
DP
PE
1
DP
PE
DP
DP
PE
PQ
vr%
vkSj
ABC
vkSj
P
Q
DPQ
AB
AC
AC
DF
DQ
=
DF
DF
=
DQ
DQ QF
=
DQ
QF
= 1
DQ
QF
=
DQ
DQ
=
QF
EF
= E
=F
(foykse ysus ij)
(foykse ysus ij)

(vk/kjHkwr lekuqikfrdrk izes; dk foykse)
(laxr dks.k)
es]a
= DP
= DQ
(jpuk }kjk)
(jpuk }kjk)
114
xf.kr
vr%
A = D
ABC DPQ
A =D
B = P = E
C = Q = F
ABC ~ DEF (izes; 6(c)
(SAS
lokxle dlkSVh)
blfy,]
}kjk)
vkb, vc ge bu dlkSfV;ksa osQ iz;ksx dks iznf'kZr djus osQ fy,] oqQN mnkgj.k ysaA
mnkgj.k 4%
vkfr esa] ;fn
PQ
RS
gS] rks fl dhft, fd
POQ ~ SOR
gSA
R
P
vkfr
gy%
vr%
vkSj
lkFk gh
blfy,
PQ Rs
P = S
Q = R
POQ = SOR
POQ ~ SOR
(fn;k gS)
(,adkrj dks.k)
(,adkrj dks.k)
('kh"kkZfHkeq[k dks.k)
(AAA le:irk dlkSVh)
mnkgj.k 5%
90 cm dh yackbZ okyh ,d yM+dh cYc yxs ,d [kaHks osQ vk/kj ls ijs 1.2 m/s dh pky ls
py jgh gSA ;fn cYc Hkwfe ls 3.6cm dh pkbZ ij gS] rks 4 lsdaM ckn ml yM+dh dh Nk;k dhb
yackbZ Kkr dhft,A
gy%
eku yhft, AB cTc yxsa [kaHks dks rFkk CD yM+dh }kjk [kaHks osQ vk/kj ls ijs 4 lsoaM pyus osQ
ckn mldh fLFkfr dks izdV djrs gSa (nsf[k, vkfr)A
vkfr ls vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd DE yM+dh dh Nk;k dh yackbZ gSA eku yhft, DE, xm gSA
vc]
BD = 1.2 m 4 = 4.8 m
f=kHkqt
115
A
vkfr
;ku nhft, fd
ABE
CDE es]a
B= D
vkSj
(izR;sd 90 dk gS] D;ksafd cYc yxk
[kaHkk vkSj ydM+h nksuksa gh Hkwfe ls okZ/j [kM+s gSa)

rFkk
E= E
vr%
DABE ~ D CDE
(leku dks.k)
(AA le:irk dlkSVh)
AB
BE
=
CD
DE
blfy,
(le:i f=kHkqtksa dh laxr Hkqtk,a)
3.6
4.8 x
=
0.9
x
vFkkZr~
(90 cm =
vFkkZr~
4.8 + x = 4x
vFkkZr~
3x = 4.8
vFkkZr~
x = 1.6
vr% 4 lsdaM pyus osQ ckn yM+dh dh Nk;k dh yackbZ
1.6 m
90
m = 0.9 m)
100
gSA
iz'ukoyh
1- crkb, fd vkfr esa fn, f=kHkqtksa osQ ;qXeksa esa ls dkSu&dkSu ls ;qXe le:i gSaA ml le:irk
dlkSVh dks fyf[k, ftldk iz;ksx vkius mkj nsus esa fd;k gS rFkk lkFk gh le:i f=kHkqtksa dks
lkaosQfrd :i esa O;Dr dhft,A
P
P
A
60
60
B
80
2
40
C Q
80
40
RB
3
2.5
C Q
116
xf.kr
P
D
L
2.7
70
2.5
P
(iii)
70
L Q
P
D
70
2.5 80
B
10
80
( )
80
80
F Q
30
vkfr
2- leyac
ABCD,
O ij izfrPNsn djrs gSaA

OA OB
dh le:irk dlkSVh dk iz;ksx djrs gq,] n'kkZb, fd OC OD gSA
esa] OCD ~ OBA, BOC = 125 vkSj CDO = 70 gSA DOC, CDO
ftlesa
AB
DC
gS] osQ fod.kZ
AC
BD
vkSj
ijLij
nks f=kHkqtksa
3- vkfr 3
vkSj OAB Kkr dhft,A
4- PQR dh Hkqtkvksa PR vkSj QR ij e'k% fcanq S vkSj T bl izdkj fLFkr gSa fd
RTS gSA n'kkZb, fd RPQ ~ RTS gSA
5- vkfr 5 esa] ;fn ABE ACD gS] rks n'kkZb, fd ADE ~ ABC gSA
P =
A
D
C
70
125
A
vkfr 3
6- vkfr 6 esa]
QR QT
QS PR
rFkk
vkfr 5
1=C
2
gSA n'kkZb, fd
D PQS ~ D TQR
gSA
P
P
2
S
vkfr 6
vkfr 7
vkfr 8
f=kHkqt
117
7- vkfr 7 esa]
dhft, fd%
ABC vkSj AMP nks
ledks.k f=kHkqt gSa] ftuosQ dks.k
B vksj M ledks.k
gSaA fl
(i) ABC ~ AMP

CA BC
(ii)
PA MP
8- vkfr 8 es]a ABC osQ 'kh?kZyca AD vkSj CE ijLij fcanq P ij izfrPNsn djrs gSAa n'kkZb, fd%
(i) AEP ~ CDP
(ii) ABD ~ CBE
(iii) AEP ~ ADB
(iv) PDC ~ BEC
9- lekarj prqHkqZt ABCD dh c<+kbZ xbZ Hkqtk AD ij fLFkr E ,d fcanq gS rFkk BE Hkqtk CD
dks F ij izfrPNsn djrh gSA n'kkZb, fd ABE ~ CFB gSA
10- CD vkSj GH e'k% ACB vkSj EGF osQ ,sls lef}Hkktd gSa fd fcanq D vkSj H e'k%
ABC vkSj FEG dh Hkqtkvksa AB vkSj FE ij fLFkr gSaA ;fn ABC ~ FEG gS] rks
n'kkZb, fd%
CD AC
GH FG
(ii) DCB ~ HGE
(i)
(iii) DCA ~ HGF

11- ,d f=kHkqt ABC dh Hkqtk, AB vkSj BC rFkk ekf;dk AD ,d vU; f=kHkqt PQR dh
e'k% Hkqtkvksa PQ vkSj QR rFkk ekf;dk PM osQ lekuqikrh gSa (nsf[k, vkfr 11)A n'kkZb,
fd ABC ~ PQR gSA
A
P
vkfr 12
vkfr 11
12- vkfr 12 esa] AB = AC okys] ,d lef}ckgq f=kHkqt ABC dh c<+kbZ xbZ Hkqtk CB ij fLFkr
E ,d fcanq gSA ;fn AD vkSj EF AC gS rks fl dhft, fd ABD ~ ECF gSA
13- Ad vkSj PM f=kHkqtksa ABC vkSj PQR dh e'k% ekf;dk, gSa] tcfd ABC ~ PQR gSA
fl dhft, fd
AB AD
PQ PM
gSA
14- ,d f=kHkqt ABC dh Hkqtk BC ij ,d fcanq

gSA n'kkZb, fd CA2 = CB.CD gSA
bl izdkj fLFkr gS fd
ADC = BAD
118
xf.kr
15- ,d f=kHkqt ABC dh Hkqtk, AB vkSj AC rFkk ekf;dk AD ,d vU; f=kHkqt dh Hkqtkvksa PQ
vkSj PR rFkk ekf;dk PM osQ e'k% lekuqikrh gSaA n'kkZb, fd ABC ~ PQR gSA
16- yackbZ 6m okys ,d okZ/j LraHk dh Hkqfe ij Nk;k dh yackbZ 4 m gS] tcfd mlh le;
,d ehukj dh Nk;k dh yackbZ 28 m gSA ehukj dh pkbZ Kkr dhft,A
le:i f=kHkqtksa osQ {ks=kiQy

ge tkurs gSa fd nks le:i f=kHkqtksa esa] mudh laxr Hkqtkvksa osQ vuqikr ,d gh (leku) jgrs gSaA
vkb, vc bu f=kHkqtksa osQ {ks=kiQyksa osQ vuqikr vkSj budh laxr Hkqtkvksa osQ vuqikr esa laca/ dh tkp
djsaA ge tkurs gSa fd {ks=kiQy dks oxZ ek=kdksa (square units) esa ekik tkrk gSA vr% ge dg ldrs
gSa fd {ks=kiQyksa dk vuqikr budh laxr Hkqtkvksa osQ vuqikr osQ oxZ osQ cjkcj gksxkA ;g dFku lR; gS
vkSj bls ge vxyh izes; esa fl djsaxsA
1- izes;% (f) nks le:i f=kHkqtksa osQ {ks=kiQyksa dk vuqikr budh laxr Hkqtkvksa osQ vuqikr osQ oxZ
osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA
P
vkfr
miifk%
gesa nks f=kHkqt
ABC
vkSj
PQR
,sls fn, gSa fd

2
gesa fl djuk gS fd
ABC ~ PQR
2
gS (nsf[k, vkfr)A
ar(ABC) AB
BC
CA
ar(PQR)
PQ
QR
RP
nksuksa f=kHkqtksa osQ {ks=kiQy Kkr djus osQ fy,] ge buosQ e'k% 'kh"kZyac
vc
rFkk
vr%
vc]
ABM
vkSj
B=Q
vkSj
vr%
AM
1
ar (ABC) = BC AM
2
1
ar (PQR) = QR PN
2
1
BC AM
BC AM
2
ar (ABC)
=
1
QR PN
ar (PQR)
QR PN
2
D PQN es]a
M=N
ABM ~ PQN
vkSj
PN
[khaprs gSaA
(1)
(D;ksafd
ABC ~ PQR gS)
(izR;sd 90 dk gS)
(AA le:irk dlkSVh)
f=kHkqt
blfy,
lkFk gh
blfy,
vr%
119
AM
PN
ABC
AB
PQ
ar (ABC)
ar (PQR)
=
~
=
=
=
AB
PQ
PQR
BC CA
QR RP
AB AM
PQ PN
AB AB
PQ PQ
AB
=
PQ
(2)
(fn;k gS)
(3)
vc (3) dk iz;ksx djosQ] gesa izkIr gksrk gSA

2
2
2
ar (ABC)
AB
BC
CA
RP
ar (PQR) = PQ
QR
2- mnkgj.k%
vkb, ge bl izes; dk iz;ksx n'kkZus osQ fy, ,d mnkgj.k ysaA
mnkgj.k 6%
vkfr esa] js[kk[kaM
XY
f=kHkqt
ABC
AC osQ
AX
vuqikr
AB
dh Hkqtk
{ks=kiQyksa okys nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr djrk gSA
lekarj gS rFkk bl f=kHkqt dks og cjkcj

Kkr dhft,A
A
X
vkfr
gy%
gesa izkIr gS%
vr%
blfy,
XY
AC
BXY ~ A vkSj BYX = C

ABC ~ XBY
(fn;k gS)
(laxr dks.k)
(AA le:irk dlkSVh)
vr%
lkFk gh
vr%
ar (ABC)
AB
ar (XBY) ~ XB
ar (ABC) = 2 ar (XBY)
ar (ABC)
2
ar (XBY) = 1
(izes; 6-6 (1)

(fn;k gS)
(2)
120
xf.kr
blfy, (1) vkSj (2) ls
2
;k
;k
;k
AB XB
AB
AB
XB
XB
AB
XB
1
AB
2 1
, vFkkZr~
2
=
=
2
AB
2
, vFkkZr ~
1
XB
1
1
gSA
= 1
AX
AB
2
2 1
2
2 2
2
gSA
iz'ukoyh
ftlesa AB DC gS] osQ fod.kZ ijLij fcanq O ij izfrPNsn djrs gSaA ;fn
AB = 2 CD gks rks f=kHkqtksa AOB vkSj COD osQ {ks=kiQyksa dk vuqikr Kkr dhft,A
2- eku yhft, ABC ~ DEF gS vkSj buosQ {ks=kiQy e'k% 64 cm2 gSaA ;fn EF = 15.4
cm2 gks] rks BC Kkr dhft,A
3- vkfr 3 esa ,d gh vk/kj BC ij nks f=kHkqt ABC vkSj DBC cus gq, gSaA ;fn AD, BC dks
1- ,d leyac
ABCD
ij izfrPNsn djs] rks n'kkZb, fd
ar (ABC)
ar (DBC)
AO
DO
gSA
vkfr
4- fl dhft, fd ,d oxZ dh fdlh Hkqtk ij cuk, x, leckgq f=kHkqt dk {ks=koQy mlh oxZ
osA ,d fod.kZ ij cuk, x, leckgq f=kHkqt osQ {ks=kiQy dk vk/k gksrk gSA
5- fl dhft, fd nks le:i f=kHkqtksa osQ {ks=kiQyksa dk vuqikr budh laxr ekf;dkvksa osQ
vuqikr dk oxZ gksrk gSA
6- ,d f=kHkqt ABC dh Hkqtkvksa AB, BC vkSj CA osQ e;&fcanq e'k% D, E vkSj F gSaA DEF
vkSj D ABC osQ {ks=kiQyksa dk vuqikr Kkr dhft,A
7- ;fn nks le:i f=kHkqtksa osQ {ks=kiQy cjkcj gksa rks fl dhft, fd os f=kHkqt lokxle gksrs gSaA
lgh mkj pqfu, vkSj vius mkj dk vkSfpR; nhft,%s

8-
ABC vkSj BDE nks

ABC vkSj BDE osQ
(a) 2 : 1
leckgq f=kHkqt bl izdkj gSa fd

{ks=kiQyksa dk vuqikr gS%
(b) 1 : 2
Hkqtk
(c) 4 : 1
BC
dk e;&fcanq gSA f=kHkqtksa

(d) 1 : 4
f=kHkqt
121
9- nks le:i f=kHkqtksa dh Hkqtk, 4 % 9 osQ vuqikr esa gSaA bu f=kHkqtksa osQ {ks=kiQyksa dk vuqikr gS%
(a) 2 : 3
(b) 4 : 9
(c) 81 : 16
(d) 16 : 81
ikbFkkxksjl izes;
ge ikbFkkxksjl izes; osQ ckjs esa fiNyh d{kkvksa esa cgqr vPNh rjg i<+ pqosQ gSaA geus bl ij
vkkkfjr vusd f;kdykiksa rFkk iz'uksa dks Hkh gy fd;k gSA bldh miifk osQ ckjs esa Hkh ge i<+ pqosQ
gSaA vc f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk dh vo/kj.kk dks ge bl izes; dh lgk;rk ls fl djsaxsA bls fl djus
osQ fy, ge ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt osQ d.kZ ij lEeq[k 'kh"kZ ls Mkys x,s yac osQ nksuksa vksj cus le:i
f=kHkqtksa ls lacaf/r ,d ifj.kke dk iz;ksx djsaxsA
vc] vkb, ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt ABC ysa ftldk dks.k B ledks.k gSA eku yhft, BD d.kZ AC
ij yac gS (nsf[k, vkfr)A
vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd ADB vkSj ABC esa
A=A
B
vkfr
vkSj
ADB = ABC
(ledks.k)
vr%
ADB ~ ABC
(AAA lokxlerk) (1)
blh izdkj
BDC ~ ABC
(2)
vr% (1) vkSj (2) osQ vuqlkj] yEc BD osQ nksuksa vksj osQ f=kHkqt laiw.kZ f=kHkqt ABC osQ le:i gSaA
lkFk gh] D;ksafd
ADB ~ ABC gS
vkSj
BCD ~ ABC gS
blfy,
ADB ~ BDC
(f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk osQ vk/kj ij)
mijksDr ppkZ ls] ge fuEufyf[kr izes; ij igqprs gSa%
izes; 6(g): ;fn fdlh ledks.k f=kHkqt osQ ledks.k okys 'kh"kZ ls d.kZ ij yac Mkyk tk, rks bl
yac osQ nksuksa vksj cus f=kHkqt laiw.kZ f=kHkqt osQ le:i gksrs gSaA rFkk ijLij Hkh le:i gksrs gSaA
vkb, ikbFkkxksjl izes; dks fl djus osQ fy, mijksDr izes; dk iz;ksx djsaA
izes; 6(h): ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt esa d.kZ dk oxZ 'ks"k nks Hkqtkvksa osQ oxks osQ ;ksx osQ cjkcj
gksrk gSA
miifk%
gesa ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt ABC fn;k gS ftldk
gesa fl djuk gS fd AC2 = AB2 +BC2
ledks.k gSA
122
xf.kr
vkb,
BD AC
[khpsa (nsf[k, vkfr 6-46)A

B
vkfr
vc
vr%
;k
lkFk gh
vr%
;k
(1) vkSj
ADB ~ ABC
AB
AD
=
AC
AB
AD . AC = AB2
BDC ~ ABC
(izes; 6-7)
(Hkqtk, lekuqikrh gSa)
(1)
(izes; 6-7)
CD
BC
=
BC
AC
CD . AC = BC2
(2) dks tksM+us ij

AD . AC + CD . AC
AC (AD + CD)
AC . AC
AC2
=
=
=
=
AB2
AB2
AB2
AB2
(Hkqtk, lekuqikrh gSa)

(2)
+
+
+
+
BC2
BC2
BC2
BC2
;k
;k
;k
,d izkphu Hkkjrh; xf.krK ckS/k;u (yxHkx 800 bZ-iw- us mijksDr izes; dks fuEufyf[kr :i esa
fn;k Fkk%&
,d vk;r dk fod.kZ Lo;a ls mruk gh {ks=kiQy fufeZr djrk gS] ftruk mldh nksuksa Hkqtkvksa
(vFkkZr~ yackbZ vkSj pkSM+kbZ) ls feydj curk gSA
bldk vFkZ gS% fdlh vk;r osQ fod.kZ ls cus oxZ dk {ks=kiQy bldh nksuksa vklUu Hkqtkvksa ij cus
oxks osQ ;ksx osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA
blh dkj.k] bl izes; dks dHkh&dHkh ckSkk;u izes; Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
ikbFkkxksj izes; dk foykse

ikbFkkxksjl izes; osQ foykse dh ge fiNyh d{kkvksa esa tkp dj pqosQ gSa fd ;g foykse Hkh lR;
gSA vc ge bls ,d izes; osQ :i esa fl djsaxsA
izes; 6(i) ;fn fdlh f=kHkqt dh ,d Hkqtk dk oxZ vU; nks Hkqtkvksa osQ oxks osQ ;ksx osQ cjkcj gks
rks igyh Hkqtk dk lEeq[k dks.k ledks.k gksrk gSA
miifk%
;gk gesa ,d f=kHkqt ABC fn;k gS ftlesa
gesa fl djuk gS fd B = 90 gSA
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
gSA
f=kHkqt
123
bls izkjaHk djus osQ fy, ge ,d

QR = BC (nsf[k, vkfr)A
PQR
Q = 90, PQ = AB
dh jpuk djrs gSa ftlesa
vkSj
vkfr
vc]
;k
ijarq
vr%
vc]
PQR
ABC
ls gesa izkIr gS%
vkSj
PR2
PR2
AC2
AC
PQR esa
AB
BC
AC
ABC
B
B
B
=
=
=
=
PQ2 + QR2
AB2 + BC2
AB2 + BC2
PR
=
=
=
=
=
=
PQ
QR
PR
PQR
Q
90
90
(ikbFkkxksjl izes;] D;ksafd Q = 90 gS)

(jpuk ls) (1)
(fn;k ) (2)
[(1) vkSj (2) ls]
(jpuk ls)
(jpuk ls)
[ij (3) esa fl fd;k gSA]
(SSS lokxlerk)
(CPCT)
(jpuk ls)
vr%
blfy,
ijarq
vr%
mnkgj.k% vkb, bu izes;ksa dk iz;ksx n'kkZus osQ fy, oqQN mnkgj.k ysaA
mnkgj.k 7%
vkfr esa
ACB = 90
rFkk
CD AB
gSA fl dhft, fd
BC2
2
AC
BD
AD
gSA
gy%
ACD ~ ABC
(izes; 6-7)
vkfr
124
xf.kr
vr%
;k
blh izdkj
AD
AC
=
AC
AB
AC2 = AB . AD
BCD ~ BAC
BD
BC
=
BC
BA
2
BC = BA . BD
(izes;
vr%
;k
vr% (1) vkSj (2) ls
BC2
2
AC
(1)
61g)
(2)
BA . BD BD
= AB . AD AD
iz'ukoyh
1- oqQN f=kHkqtkssa dh Hkqtk, uhps nh xbZ gSaA fu/kZfjr dhft, fd buesa ls dkSu&dkSu ls f=kHkqt
ledks.k f=kHkqt gSaA bl fLFkfr esa d.kZ dh yackbZ Hkh fyf[k,A
2-
(i) 7 cm, 24 cm, 25 cm

(ii) 3 cm, 8 cm, 6 cm
(iii) 50 cm, 80 cm, 100 cm
(iv) 13 cm, 12 cm, 5 cm
ABC ,d lef}ckgq f=kHkqt gS ftldk dks.k C ledks.k gSA fl dhft,
fd
AB2 = 2AC2
gSA
3-
PQR ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt gS ftldk dks.k P ledks.k gS rFkk OQ ij

gS fd PM QR gSA n'kkZb, fd PM2 = QM . MR gSA
fcanq
M bl
izdkj fLFkr
4- fl dhft, fd ,d leprqHkqZt dh Hkqtkvksa osQ oxks dk ;ksx mlosQ fod.kks osQ oxks osQ ;ksx
osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA
5- ,d leckgq f=kHkqt ABC dh Hkqtk 2a gSA mlosQ izR;sd 'kh"kZyac dh yackbZ Kkr dhft,A
6- ABC ,d lef}ckgq f=kHkqt gS ftlesa AC = BC gSA ;fn AB2 = 2 AC2 gS] rks fl dhft,
fd ABC ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt gSA
7- 18 m aps ,d okZ/j [kaHks osQ ijh fljs ls ,d rkj dk ,d fljk tqM+k gqvk gS rFkk rkj
dk nwljk fljk ,d [kwVsa ls tqM+k gqvk gSA [kaHks osQ vk/kj ls [kwsVs dks fdruh nwjh ij xkM+k tk,
fd rkj ruk jgs tcfd rkj dh yackbZ 24 m gSA
8- ,d gokbZ tgkt vM~Ms ls mkj dh vksj 1000 km/hr dh pky ls mM+rk gSA blh le; ,d
vU; gokbZ rgkt mlh gokbZ vM~Ms ls if'pe dh vkSj 1200 km/hr dh pky ls mM+rk gSA
1 ?kaVs osQ ckn nksuksa gokbZ rgktksa osQ chp dh nwjh fdruh gksxh\
9- nks [kaHks ftudh pkbZ;k 6 m vkSj 11 m gSa rFkk ;s lery Hkwfe ij [kM+s gSaA ;fn buosQ ijh
fljksa osQ chp dh nwjh 12 m gS rks buosQ ijh fljksa osQ chp dh nwjh Kkr dhft,A
10- 10 m yach ,d lh<+h ,d nhokj ij fVdkus ij Hkwfe ls 8 m dh pkbZ ij fLFkr ,d f[kM+dh
rd igqprh gSA nhokj osQ vk/kj ls lh<+h osQ fupys fljs dh nwjh Kkr dhft,A
11- lgh mkj pqudj mldk vkSfpR; nhft,% ABC esa] AB = 6 3 cm, AC = 12 cm vkSj
BC = 6 cm gSA dks.kZ B gS%
f=kHkqt
125
(a) 120
(c) 90
(b) 60
(d) 45
1
12- fdlh leckgq f=kHkqt ABC dh Hkqtk BC ij ,d fcanq D bl izdkj fLFkr gS fd BD = 3 BC

gSA fl dhft, fd 9 AD2 = 7 AB2 gSA
13- fdlh leckgq f=kHkqt esa] fl dhft, fd mldh ,d Hkqtk osQ oxZ dk frxquk mlosQ ,d
'kh"kZyac osQ oxZ osQ pkj xqus osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA
lkjka'k
bl v;k; esa] vkius fuEufyf[kr rF;ksa dk v;;u fd;k gS%
1- nks vkfr;k ftuosQ vkdkj leku gksa] ijarq vko';d :i ls vkeki leku u gksa] le:i
vkfr;k dgykrh gSaA
2- lHkh lokxle vkfr;k le:i gksrh gSa ijarq bldk foykse lR; ugha gSA
3- Hkqtkvksa dh leku la[;k okys nks cgqHkqt le:i gksrs gSa] ;fn (i) muosQ laxr dks.k cjkcj gksa
rFkk (ii) mudh laxr Hkqtk, ,d gh vuqikr esa (lekuqikrh) gksaA
4- ;fn fdlh f=kHkqt dh ,d Hkqtk osQ laekrj vU; nks Hkqtkvksa dks fHkUu&fHkUu fcanqvksa ij
izfrPNsn djus osQ fy,] ,d js[kk [khaph tk,] rks ;s vU; nks Hkqtk, ,d gh vuqikr esa
foHkkftr gks tkrh gSaA
5- ;fn ,d js[kk fdlh f=kHkqt dh nks Hkqtkvksa dks ,d gh vuqikr esa foHkkftr djs] rks ;g js[kk
rhljh Hkqtk osQ laekrj gksrh gSA
6- ;fn nks f=kHkqtksa esa] laxr dks.k cjkcj gksa] rks mudh laxr Hkqtk, ,d gh vuqikr esa gksrh gSa
vkSj blhfy, nksuksa f=kHkqt le:i gksrs gSa (AAA le:irk dlkSVh)A
7- ;fn nks f=kHkqtksa esa] ,d f=kHkqt osQ nks dks.k e'k% nwljs f=kHkqt osQ nks dks.kksa osQ cjkcj gksa] rks
nksuksa f=kHkqt le:i gksrs gSa (AA le:irk dlkSVh)A
8- ;fn nks f=kHkqtksa esa] laxr Hkqtk, ,d gh vuqikr esa gksa] rks muosQ laxr dks.k cjkcj gksrs gSaA
vkSj blhfy, nksuksa f=kHkqt le:i gksrs gSaA (SSS le:irk dlkSVh)
10- nks le:i f=kHkqtksa osQ {ks=kiQyksa dk vuqikr mudh laxr Hkqtkvksa osQ vuqikr osQ oxZ osQ cjkcj
gksrk gSA
11- ;fn ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt osQ ledks.k okys 'kh"kZ ls mlosQ d.kZ ij yac Mkyk tk, rks yac osQ
nksuksa vkSj cuus okys f=kHkqt laiw.kZ f=kHkqt osQ le:i gksrs gSa rFkk ijLij Hkh le:i gksrs gSaA
12- ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt esa] d.kZ dk oxZ 'ks"k nks Hkqtkvks osQ oxks osQ ;ksx osQ cjkcj gksrsk gSA
(ikbFkkxksjl izes;)A
13- ;fn ,d f=kHkqt esa] fdlh ,d Hkqtk dk oxZ vU; nks Hkqtkvksa osQ oxks osQ ;ksx osQ cjkcj gks]
rks igyh Hkqtk dk lEeq[k dks.k ledks.k gksrk gSA
126
xf.kr
v;k; 7
funs'Z kkad T;kfefr

Hkqt rFkk dksfV%
ge fiNyh d{kk esa i<+ pqosQ gSa fd fdlh ry ij fdlh fcanq dh fLFkfr funsZ'kkad v{kksa osQ ;qXe
osQ cxSj fu/kZfjr ugha dh tk ldrhA fdlh fcanq dh y v{k ls nwjh ml fcanq dk x-funsZ'kkad ;k Hkqt
(abscissa) dgykrh gSA x-v{k ij fLFkr fdlh fcanq osQ funsZ'kkad (x, 0) osQ :i osQ rFkk y-v{k ij
fLFkr fdlh fcanq osQ funsZ'kkad (0, y) osQ :i osQ gksrs gSaA
ge ;g ns[k pqosQ gSa fd ax + by + c = 0 (tgk a vkSj b nksuksa ,d lkFk 'kwU; u gksa) osQ :i dh
nks pjksa okyh ,d lehdj.k dks tc vkys[kh; :i ls fu#fir djrs gSa] rks ,d ljy js[kk izkIr gksrh
gSA lkFk gh ge ;g ns[k pqosQ gSa fd y = ax2 + bx + c (a 0) dk vkys[k,d i[ky; (Parabola) gksrk
gSA oLrqr% funsZ'kkad T;kfefr (Coordinate geometry) ,d chth, lk/u (algebraic tool) osQ :i esa
fodflr dh xbZ gS ftlosQ }kjk vkfr;ksa dh T;kfefr dk v;;u fd;k tkrk gSA rFkk chtxf.kr dks
T;kfefr }kjk le>us es Hkh lgk;d gksrh gSA funsZ'kkad 'kkL=k lEca/h (siesmology) rFkk dyk esa fd;k
tkrk gSA
bl v;k; esa] ge ;g lh[ksaxs fd nks fcnqvksa ftuosQ funsZ'kkad fn, gq, gSa osQ chp dh nwjh fdl
izdkj Kkr dh tkrh gS rFkk rhu fn, gq, fcanqvksa ls cus f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy fdl izdkj Kkr fd;k tkrk
gSA ge bldk Hkh v;;u djsaxs fd fn, gq, nks fcanqvksa dks feykus ls cus js[kk [kaM dks ,d fuf'pr
vuqikr esa foHkkftr djus okys fcanqvksa osQ funsZ'kkad fdl izdkj Kkr fd, tkrs gSaA
vkb, oqQN mnkgj.kksa dh enn ls tkusa%
funsZ'kkad T;kfefr
mnkgj.k 1%
127
fdlh eSnku esa pkj f[kykM+h fcanqvksa A, B, C rFkk D ij [kM+s gSa tSlk fd vkfr esa fn[kk;k x;k
gSA jktw vkSj jkew eSnku esa vkrs gSa vkSj oqQN nsj ns[kus osQ ckn] jktw] jkew ls dgrk gS fd A, B, C,
D ,d oxZ gS tcfd jkew dgrk gS fd gy% gekjs ikl pkj fcanq A (3,4). B (6, 7) C (9, 4) vkSj D
(6, 1) gSA
vkfr
gy%
nwjh lw=k dk iz;ksx djosQ
AB =
;k
(6 3)2 (7 4)2
(3)2 (3)2 9 9 18
= 3 2
BC =
;k
(x 2 x1 )2 (x 2 y1 )2
(x 2 x1 )2 (y2 y1 )2
(9 6)2 (4 1)2
(3)2 (3)2 9 9 18
= 3 2
CD =
(x 2 x1 )2 (y2 y1 )2
(6 9)2 (1 4)2
( 3)2 ( 3)2 =
9 9 = 18 3 2
128
xf.kr
DA =
=
=
leh- (1)] (2) (3) vkSj (4)

D;ksafd AB = BC = CD = DA =
vr% jktw lgh gSA
(x 2 x1 )2 (y2 y1 )2
(6 3)2 (1 4)2
(3)2 ( 3)2 9 9 18 3 2
ls ge ns[krs gSa fd ABCD ,d oxZ gSA
3 2
mnkgj.k 2%
fcanqvksa (0]0) vkSj (36] 15) osQ chp dh nwjh Kkr dhft,A
gy%
fp=k ls ge fcanq B osQ funsZ'kkad = (36, 15)
fcanq A rFkk B osQ chp dh nwjh
AB =
(x 2 x1 )2 (y1 y1 )2
(36 0)2 (15 0)2
(36)2 (15)2
1296 225 =
1521 = 39.
mnkgj.k 3%
;fn O (0, 1) fcanqvksa P (5, 3) vkSj
QR vkSj PR Hkh Kkr dhft,A
R (x, 6),
ls lenwjLFk gS] rks
osQ eku Kkr dhft,A nwfj;k
gy%
nwjh lw=k dk iz;ksx djosQ
QR =
(x 2 x1 )2 (x 2 y1 )2
(x 0)2 (6 1)2
x 2 (5)2 x 2 25
QP =
=
(5 0)2 (3 1)2
(5)2 (4)2 25 16 14
iz'ukuqlkj]
QR = QP
x 2 25 = 41
x2 + 25 = 41
(nksuksa i{kksa dk oxZ djus ij)
funsZ'kkad T;kfefr
129
x2
= 41 25
= 16
x=4
Q (0, 1), P (5, 3) vkSj R (4, 6)
x2
vc fcanqvksa
blfy, nwjh lw=k dk iz;ksx djosQ
QR =
=
PR =
vkSj
(0 4)2 (6 1)2
( 4)2 (5)2 16 25 41
(4 5)2 (6 (3)2
(4 5)2 (6 3)2 ( 1)2 (9)2
1 81 82
PR =
rFkk
gSA
( 4 5)2 {6 (3)}2
tc
x = +4
tc
x = 4
92 92 162 2 9 9 9 2
iz'ukoyh
1- D;k cnq (3, 2), (2, 3) vkSj (2, 3) ,d f=kHkqt cukrs gSa\ ;fn gk] rks crkb, fd fdl izdkj
dk f=kHkqt curk gSA
2- n'kkZb, fd cnq (1, 7), (4, 2), (1, 1) vkSj ( 4, 4) ,d oxZ osQ 'kh"kZ gSaA
3- vkfr 7.6 fdlh d{kk esa j[ks MsLdksa (desks) dh O;oLFkk n'kkZrh gSA vkf'kek] Hkkjrh vkSj
oSQfeyk e'k% A(3, 1), B(6, 4) vkSj C(8, 6) ij cSBh gSaA D;k vki lksprs gSa fd os ,d gh
lh/ (in a line) esa cSBh gSa\ ldkj.k mkj nhft,A
vkfr 7-6
vkSj y esa ,d laca/ Kkr dhft,] rkfd cnq (x, y) cnqvksa (7] 1) vkSj (3] 5) ls
lenwjLFk (equidistant) gksA
foHkktu lw=k (Section Formula): tSlk fd geus mijkskQ mnkgj.k gy fd, rks gesa ,d le>
izkIr gqbZ ftldh enn ls vc ge foHkktu dk O;kid lw=k izkIr djus dk iz;kl djsaxsA
4-
130
xf.kr
ekuk fcanq P (x,

foHkkftr djrk gS] rks
y)
js[kk [kaM
AB
dks
m1
PA
= m
PB
2
m1 : m2
osQ vuqikr esa vkarfjd :i ls
(internally)
gS
B (x , y )
2
2
y
m2
(x, y)
m1
A
(x1, y1)
vkfr
x-v{k ij
dlkSVh ls]
AR, PS
vkSj
BT
yac [khapkA
x-v{k
osQ laekrj
AQ
vkSj
PC
[khapkA rc
AA
le:irk
PAQ ~ BPC
AQ PQ
PA
=
PC BC
BP
AQ = RS = OS OR = x x1
vr%
vc
(a)
PC = ST OT OS = x2 x
PQ = PS QS = PS AR = y y1
BC = BT CT = BT PS = y2 y
mijksDkQ ekuksa dk
(a)
esa j[kus ij
m1
x x1 y y1
=
m2
x 2 x y2 y
m1
x x1
m x m2 x1
=
ysus ij x = 1 2
m2
x2 x
m1 m2
m
y y1
1 y 2 m 2 y1
m1
=
ysus ij y = m m
y2 y
1
2
m2
A(x, y) vkSj B(x2, y2) dks tksM+us okys js[kk[kaM AB
vr% nks fcanqvksa

vkarfjd :i ls foHkkftr djus okys fcanq
P (x, y) osQ
funsZ'kkad gS%
m1 x 2 m2 x1 m1 y 2 m2 y1
,
m1 m2
m1 m2
dks
m1 : m2
osQ vuqikr esa
funsZ'kkad T;kfefr
131
mijkskQ lw=k dks A, P vkSj

izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
B ls y-v{k
ij yac Mkydj vkSj ij viukbZ izf;k nqckjk viukdj Hkh
;fn P js[kk[kaM AB dks k : 1 osQ vuqikr esa foHkkftr djs] rks cnq P osQ funs'Z kkad
fof'k"V fLFkfr : ,d js[kk[kaM dk e;&cnq mls
kx 2 x1 ky2 y1
,
kl
k 1
gksxa As
1 : 1 osQ
vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrk gSA vr%] cnqvksa

A(x1, y1) vkSj B(x2, y2) dks tksM+us okys js[kk[kaM AB osQ e;&cnq osQ funsZ'kkad
1 x1 1 x 2 1 y1 1 y 2
x1 x 2 y1 y 2
,
,
1
1
1
2
gksaxsA
vr% nks cnqvksa A(x1, y1) vkSj B(x2, y2) dks tksM+us okys js[kk[kaM
vkarfjd :i ls foHkkftr djus okys cnq P(x, y) osQ funsZ'kkad gSa %
AB
dks
m1 : m2
osQ vuqikr esa
m1 x 2 m2 x1 m1 y2 m2 y1
,
m1 m2
m1 m2
;gh foHkktu lw=k
(section formula) dgykrk
(2)
gSA
mnkgj.k 4%
ml fcanq osQ funsZ'kkad Kkr dhft,] tks fcanqvksa
2 % 3 osQ vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrk gSA
( 1, 7)
vkSj
(4, 3)
dks feykus okys js[kk[kaM dks
gy%
ekuk P fcanqvksa (1, 7) rFkk (4, 3) dks tksM+us okys js[kk[kaM dk e;fcanq gS ekuk
(x, y) gSA
gekjs ikl gS x1 = 1, y1= 7, x2 = 4, y2 = 3 vkSj m1 = 2, m2 = 3
x=
m1 x 2 m2 x1
m1 m2
2 4 3 ( 1)
23
83
x
5
5
x=
5
x=1
vkSj
y=
vkSj
y=
vkSj
y=
;k
vkSj
;k
vkSj
bl dkj.k (1] 3) okafNr fcanq gSA
y=
;k
y=
m1 y2 m2 y1
m1 m2
2 (3) 3 7
23
6 21
5
15
5
3
osQ funsZ'kkad
132
xf.kr
iz'ukoyh
1.
ml fcanq osQ funsZ'kkad Kkr dhft, tks fcanqvksa (4, 3) vkSj (8, 5) dks tksM+us okys js[kk[kaM dks
vkarfjd :i ls 3 : 1 osQ vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrk gS\
2. fcanq (4, 6) fcanqvksa A (6, 10) vkSj B (3, 8) dks tksM+us okys js[kk[kaM dks fdl vuqikr esa
foHkkftr djrk gS\
3.- fcanqvksa A (2, 2) vkSj B (7, 4) dks tksM+us okys js[kk[kaM dks le&f=kHkkftr djus okys fcanqvksa
osQ funsZ'kkad Kkr dhft,\
4. fcanqvksa (5, 6) vkSj (1, 4) dks tksM+us okys js[kk[kaM dks y-v{k fdl vuqikr esa foHkkftr
djrh gS\ bl izfrPNsn fcanq osQ funsZ'kkad Hkh Kkr dhft,A
5.- ;fn fcanq A (6, 1), B(8,2), C(9, 4) vkSj D (p, 3) ,d lekarj prqHkqZt osQ 'kh"kZ blh e esa
gksa] rks p dk eku Kkr dhft,A
6. cnq A osQ funsZ'kkad Kkr dhft,] tgk AB ,d o`k dk O;kl gS ftldk osaQnz (2, 3) gS rFkk B
osQ funsZ'kkad (1, 4) gSaA
7. ;fn A vkSj B e'k% ( 2, 2) vkSj (2, 4) gks rks cnq P osQ funsZ'kkad Kkr dhft, rkfd AP
=
8.
9.
3
AB gks
7
vkSj
P js[kk[kaM AB ij
cnqvksa ( 3, 10) vkSj (6, 8) dks tksM+us okys js[kk[kaM dks cnq ( 1, 6) fdl vuqikr esa foHkkftr
djrk gSA
,d leprqHkqZt dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft, ftlosQ 'kh"kZ] blh e esa] (3, 0), (4, 5), ( 1, 4) vkSj
( 2, 1) gSaA [laosQr : leprqHkqZt
10.
fLFkr gksA
dk {ks=kiQy
1
2
(mlosQ fod.kks dk xq.kuiQy)]
og vuqikr Kkr dhft, ftlesa cnqvksa A(1, 5) vkSj B( 4, 5) dks feykus okyk js[kk[kaM x-v{k
ls foHkkftr gksrk gSA bl foHkktu cnq osQ funsZ'kkad Hkh Kkr dhft,A
f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy
geus fiNyh d{kkvksa esa] i<+k gS fd vk/kj vkSj laxr 'kh"kZyac (pkbZ) fn, jgus ij] f=kHkqt dk
{ks=kiQy fdl izdkj ifjdfyr fd;k tkrk gSA geus fuEufyf[kr lw=k dk iz;ksx fd;k Fkk%
f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy
vk/kj
'kh"kZyac
fiNyh d{kk esa] geus f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy Kkr djus osQ fy,] ghjksu osQ lw=k dk Hkh v;;u fd;k FkkA
vc ;fn fdlh f=kHkqt osQ rhuksa 'kh"kks osQ funsZ'kkad fn, gksa] rks D;k ge bldk {ks=kiQy Kkr dj ldrs gSa\
;k rks ge nwjh lw=k dk iz;ksx djosQ f=kHkqt dh rhuksa Hkqtk, Kkr djsa vkSj fiQj ghjksu osQ lw=k dk iz;ksx
djosQ {ks=kiQy Kkr dj ysaA ijarq ;g fof/ tfVy gks ldrh gS] fo'ks"k :i ls rc tc Hkqtk, vifjes;
la[;kvksa osQ :i esa izkIr gks tk,A vkb, ns[ksa fd D;k bldh dksbZ vU; ljy fof/ gSA
funsZ'kkad T;kfefr
133
ekuk ABC ,d f=kHkqt gS] ftlosQ 'kh"kZ A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) vkSj C(x3, y3) gSaA e'k% cnqvksa A, B
vkSj C ls x-v{k ij yac AP, BQ vkSj CR [khafp,A Li"Vr% prqHkZqt ABQP, APRC vkSj BQRC leyac
gSa (nsf[k, vkfr)A
vc] vkfr ls] ;g LiV gS fd ABC dk {ks=kiQy = leyac ABQP dk {ks=kiQy + leyac APRC
dk {ks=kiQy leyac BQRC dk {ks=kiQy vki ;g Hkh tkurs gSa fd
,d leyac dk {ks=kiQy
vr%
ABC dk
{ks=kiQy
1
2
(lekarj Hkqtkvksa dk ;ksx)
(muosQ
chp dh nwjh)
1
1
1
(BQ + AP) QP + (AP + CR) PR
(BQ + CR) QR
2
2
2
vkfr
1
1
(y2 y2) (x1 x2) (y1 y3) (x3 x1) (y2 y3) (x3 x2)
2
2
1
= x1 (y2 y3 ) x 2 (y 3 y1 ) x 3 (y1 y2 )
2
1
x1 (y2 y3 ) x 2 (y 3 y1 ) x 3 (y1 y2 ) dk
ABC dk {ks=kiQy O;atd
2
vr%]
eku gS
vkb, bl lw=k dk mi;ksx n'kkZus osQ fy,] oqQN mnkgj.kksa ij fopkj djsaA
la[;kRed
iz'ukoyh
12345-
ml f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft, ftlosQ 'kh"kZ (1, 1), ( 4, 6) vkSj ( 3, 5) gSaA
fcanqvksa A(5, 2), B(4, 7) vkSj C(7 4) ls cuus okys ABC dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,\
fcanqvksa P( 1.5, 3), Q(6, 2) vkSj R( 3, 4) ls cuus okys f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,\
k dk eku Kkr dhft,] ;fn fcanq A(2, 3), B(4, k) vkSj C(6, 3) lajs[kh gSaA
;fn A( 5, 7). B( 4, 5), C(1, 6) vkSj D(4, 5) ,d prqZHkqt ABCD osQ 'kh"kZ gSa] rks bl
prqHkqZt dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,\
134
xf.kr
6- 'kh"kks (0, 1), (2, 1) vkSj (0, 3) okys f=kHkqt dh Hkqtkvksa osQ e; cuus okys f=kHkqt dk
{ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A bl {ks=kiQy dk fn, gq, f=kHkqt osQ {ks=kiQy osQ lkFk vuqikr Kkr
dhft,A
7. d{kk IX esa vkius i<+k gS (v;k; 9] mnkgj.k 3) fd fdlh f=kHkqt dh ,d ekf;dk mls cjkcj
{ks=kiQyksa okys nks f=kHkqtksa esa foHkkftr djrh gSA ml f=kHkqt ABC osQ fy, bl ifj.kke dk lR;kiu
dhft, ftlosQ 'kh"kZ A(4, 6), B(3, 2) vkSj C(5, 2) gSaA
8. ml prqHkqZt dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft, ftlosQ khkZ] blh e esa] ( 4, 2), ( 3, 5), (3, 2)
vkSj (2, 3) gSaA
lkjka'k
1. P(x1, y1) vkSj Q(x2, y2) osQ chp dh nwjh (x 2 x1 )2 (y2 y1 )2 gSA
2. cnq P(x, y) dh ewycnq ls nwjh x 2 y2 gksrh gSA
3. ml cnq P(x, y) osQ funsZ'kkad tks cnqvksa A(x1, y1) vkSj B(x2, y2) dks tksM+us okys js[kk[kaM dks
: m2 osQ vuqikr esa vkarfjd :i ls foHkkftr djrk gS] fuEufyf[kr gksrs gSa%
m1
m1 x 2 m2 x1 m1 y2 m2 y1
,
m 1 m2
m 1 m2
4.
cnqvksa
P(x1, y1)
5.
x1 x 2 y1 y 2
,
gksrs gSaA
2
2
cnq v ks a (x1, y1), (x2, y2)
vkSj
Q(x2, y2)
vkS j
1
x1 (y2 y3 ) x 2 (y3 y1 ) x3 (y1 y2 )
2
dks tksM+us okys js[kk[kaM
(x 3, y 3)
PQ
osQ e;cnq osQ funsZ'kkad
ls cuus okys f=kHkq t dk {ks = kiQy O;a t d
dk la[;kRed eku gksrk gSA
f=kdks.kfefr dk ifjp;
135
gekjs nSfud thou esa ledks.k f=kHkqt%
ge fiNyh d{kkvksa esa f=kHkqtksa fo'ks"kdj ledks.k f=kHkqtksa osQ ckjs esa i<+ pqosQ gSa rFkk buls ifjfpr gSa]
vc ge vius nSfud thou esa cuus okys f=kHkqtksa dh dYiuk djrs gSaA
1- ekuk jke vius nksLr dks cqykus mlosQ ?kj igqpk mldk nksLr vius ?kj dh Nr ij Fkk jke
us lM+d ls vius nksLr dks ns[kk rks ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt cuus dh dYiuk dh tk ldrh gSA
tSlk fd vkfr esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA D;k jke fcuk ekis vius nksLr osQ ?kj dh Nr dh pkbZ
crk ldrk gS\
vkfr
2- ekuk lqeu lM+d osQ fdukjs vius edku osQ >Tts ij cSBh gS vkSj og bl lM+d osQ nwljs
fljs ij fLFkr viuh lgsyh fiz;k osQ ?kj dh uhps dh lh<+h ij j[ks xeys dks ns[k jgh gS rks
,d ledks.k f=kHkqt cuus dh dYiuk dh tk ldrh gSA tSlk fd vkfr esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA
D;k lqeu fcuk ekis viuh lgsyh osQ ?kj rd dh nwjh vFkok lM+d dh pkSMk+ bZ crk ldrh gS\
136
xf.kr
vkfr
3.
ekuk ,d xeZ gok okyk xqCckjk gok esa mM+ jgk gSA vkleku esa mM+us ij bl xqCckjs dks ,d yM+dh
ns[k ysrh gS vkSj bl ckr dks crkus osQ fy, og viuh ek osQ ikl nkSM+dj tkrh gSA xqCckjs dks
ns[kus osQ fy, mldh ek rqjar ?kj ls ckgj fudy vkrh gSA vc ekuk fd tc igys&igy yM+dh
xqCckjs dks ns[krh gS] rc xqCckjk cnq A ij FkkA tc ek&csVh nksuksa gh xqCckjs dks ns[kus osQ fy, ckgj
fudydj vkrh gSa rc rd xqCckjk ,d vU; cnq B rd vk pqdk gksrk gSA D;k vki tehu osQ
ml LFkku ls] tgk ek vkSj csVh nksuksa [kM+h gSa] B dh pkbZ Kkr dj ldrs gSa\
vkfr
bu lHkh fLFkfr;ksa esa nwfj;k vFkok pkbZ;k oqQN xf.krh; rduhdksa dks] tks f=kdks.kfefr uked xf.kr
dh ,d 'kk[kk ls lacaf/r gSa] osQ }kjk Kkr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
,sfrgkfld rF;%
vaxzsth 'kCn 'trigonometry' dh O;qRifk xzhd 'kCnksa tri (ftldk vFkZ gS rhu)] gon (ftldk vFkZ
gS] Hkqtk) vkSj metron (ftldk vFkZ gS eki) ls gqbZ gSA oLrqr% f=kdks.kfefr esa ge ,d f=kHkqt dh Hkqtkvksa
vkSj dks.kksa osQ chp osQ laca/ksa dk v;;u dj ldrs gSaA izkphu dky esa f=kdks.kfefr esa felz vkSj cschykWu
osQ dk;Z dk mYys[k feyrk gSA izkphu dky osQ [kxksyfon~ f=kdks.kfefr dk iz;ksx i`Foh ls rkjksa vkSj xzgksa dh
nwfj;k ekius esa Hkh djrs FksA vkt Hkh bathfu;jx vkSj HkkSfrd foKku esa iz;qDr vf/dka'k izkS|ksfxdh; mUur
fof/;k f=kdks.kferh; ladYiukvksa ij vk/kfjr gSaA
vr% ;g dFku lR; gh izrhr gksrk gS%
There is perhaps nothing which so occupies the
middle position of mathematics as trigonometry.
(laHkor% f=kdks.kfefr osQ vfrfjDr xf.kr dh dksbZ ,slh 'kk[kk

ugha gS] tks mldh e; fLFkfr dk LFkku ys losQA
J.F. Herbart (1890)
3- f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr%
137
,d ledks.k f=kHkqt dh Hkqtkvksa dk mlosQ U;wu dks.kksa osQ lkis{k oqQN vuqikr gksrs gSa] bUgsa ge
^dks.kksa osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr dgrs gSaA bu vuqikrksa dk foLrkj fofHkUu izdkj osQ dks.kksa osQ fy, fd;k
tk ldrk gS] ijUrq ;gk ge fliZQ U;wu dks.kksa dh gh ppkZ djsaxsA
;gk ge 0 vkSj 90 osQ eki okys dks.kksa osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa dks Hkh ifjHkkf"kr djsaxsA ge oqQN
fof'k"V dks.kksa osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr ifjdfyr djsaxs vkSj bu vuqikrksa ls lacaf/r oqQN loZlfedk,
(identities), ftUgsa f=kdks.kferh; loZlfedk, dgk tkrk gS] LFkkfir djsaxsA
ge igys gh fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa esa cus oqQN ledks.k f=kHkqtksa dh dYiuk dj pqosQ gSaA
vkb, ge ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt ABC ysa] tSlkfd vkfr 1 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA
vkfr 1-0
;gk] CAB (;k la{ksi esa dks.k A) ,d U;wu dks.k gSA dks.k A osQ lkis{k Hkqtk BC dh fLFkfr ij ;ku
nhft,A ;g Hkqtk dks.k A osQ lkeus gSA bl Hkqtk dks ge dks.k A dh lEeq[k Hkqtk dgrs gS]a Hkqtk AC ledks.k
f=kHkqt dk d.kZ gS vkSj Hkqtk AB, A dk ,d Hkkx gSA vr% bls ge dks.k A dh layXu Hkqtk dgrs gSAa
uksV% ge ns[k jgs gS fd] dks.k A osQ LFkku ij dks.k C ysus ij Hkqtkvksa dh fLFkfr cny tkrh gSA (nsf[k,
vkfr 2)
dh layXu Hkqtk
dks.k
d.kZ
d.kZ
dh lEeq[k Hkqtk
vkfr 2-
fiNyh d{kkvksa esa ge vuqikr dh ladYiuk osQ ckjs esa v;;u dj pqosQ gSaA ;gk vc ge ledks.k
f=kHkqt dh Hkqtkvksa ls lacfa /r oqQN vuqikrksa dks] ftUgsa ge f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr dgrs gS]a ifjHkkfkr djsxa As
ledks.k f=kHkqt ABC (nsf[k, vkfr 8-4) osQ dks.k A osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr fuEu izdkj ls
ifjHkkf"kr fd, tkrs gSa%
dks.k A dh lEeq[k Hkqtk BC
A dk sine =
AC
d.kZ
dks.k A dh lEeq[k Hkqtk AB
A dk cosine =
AC
d.kZ
138
xf.kr
A
dk
tangent =
dks.k
dk.sk
A
A
dh lEeq[k Hkt
q k
dh layXu Hkt
q k
BC
AB
d.kZ
AC
BC
dks.k A dh lEeq[k Hkqtk
1
d.kZ
AC
A dk secant = A dk cos ine

BC
dks.k A dh lEeq[k Hkt
q k
dk.sk A dh ly
a Xu Hkt
q k AB
1
A dk cotangent = A dk tan gent
dks.k A dh lEeq[k Hkqtk BC
ij ifjHkkf"kr fd, x, vuqikrksa dks la{ksi esa e'k% sin A, cos A, tan A, cosec A, sec A vkSj cot
A fy[kk tkrk gSA ;ku nhft, fd vuqikr cosec A, sec A vkSj cot A vuqikrksa sin A, cos A vkSj tan A
osQ e'k% O;qRe gksrs gSaA
A dk cosecant = A
vkSj vki ;gk ;g Hkh ns[k ldrs gSa fd
dk sine
BC
BC AC sin A
tan A =
AB AB cos A
AC
vkSj
cot A =
cos A
sin A
vr% ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt osQ ,d U;wu dks.k osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr f=kHkqt osQ dks.k vkSj mldh
Hkqtkvksa dh yackbZ osQ chp osQ laca/ dks O;Dr djrs gSaA
dks.k C osQ fy, f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr% vkb, ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt osQ dks.k C osQ f=kdks.kferh;
vuqikrksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djus dk iz;kl djsa (nsf[k, vkfr 2)A
dks.k C dh lEeq[k Hkqtk AB
C dk sine =
AC
d.kZ
dks.k C dh lEeq[k Hkqtk BC
C dk cosine =
AC
d.kZ
dks.k C dh lEeq[k Hkt
q k AC
C dk tangent =
dk.sk C dh layXu Hkt
q k BC
1
d.kZ
AC
C dk cosecant = A dk sine
1
d.kZ
AB
C dk secant = C dk cos ine

BC
dks.k C dh lEeq[k Hkt
q k
dk.sk C dh ly
a Xu Hkt
q k BC
1
C dk cotangent = C dk tan gent
fVIi.kh%
(i)
;ku nhft, fd izrhd sin A dk iz;ksx dks.k A osQ sin osQ laf{kIr :i esa fd;k x;k gSA ;gk
sinA, sin vkSj A dk xq.kuiQy ugha gSA A ls vyx jgdj sin dk dksbZ vFkZ gh ugha gksrkA blh
izdkj cosA, cos vkSj A dk xq.kuiQy ugha gSA bl izdkj dh O;k[;k vU; f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa
osQ lkFk Hkh dh tkrh gSA
139
(ii) vc]
ge ledks.k f=kHkqt ABC osQ d.kZ AC ij ,d cnq P ysa ;k c<+h gqbZ Hkqtk AC ij cnq Q
ysa vkSj AB ij yac PM MkykA vkSj c<+h gqbZ Hkqtk AB ij yac QN Mkyk (nsf[k, vkfr 3)A
vkfr 3
vc AA le:irk dlkSVh dks ykxw djus ij ge ikrs gSa fd f=kHkqt PAM vkSj
le:i f=kHkqtksa osQ xq.k/eZ osQ vuqlkj bu f=kHkqtksa dh laxr Hkqtk, vkuqikfrd gSaA
CAB le:i
gSaA vr%
PAM ~ CAB
vr%
blls gesa ;g
AP MP
AM
=
AC BC
AB
MP BC
izkIr gksrk gS BC = AC sin A
AB
MP BC
AM
cos A,
tan A vkfn&vkfn
=
AC
AM AB
AP
pyrk gS fd PAM osQ dks.k A osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr vkSj CAB osQ
blh izdkj
dks.k A osQ
blls ;g irk
f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa esa dksbZ varj ugha gksrkA
blh izdkj ge ;g Hkh tkp dj ldrs gSa fd QAN esa Hkh sinA dk eku (vkSj vU; f=kdks.kferh;
vuqikrksa dk eku) leku cuk jgrk gSA
vius izs{k.kksa ls vc ;g LiV gks tkrk gS fd ;fn dks.k leku cuk jgrk gks] rks ,d dks.k osQ
f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa osQ ekuksa esa f=kHkqt dh Hkqtkvksa dh yackb;ksa osQ lkFk dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksrkA
fVIi.kh%
osQ LFkku ij ge ek% sin2A, cos2A vkfn fy[k ldrs gSaA
ijarq cosec A = (sin A)1 sin1 A (bls lkbu buolZ A dgk tkrk gS)A sin1 A dk ,d vyx vFkZ gksrk
gS ftl ij ppkZ ge vxyh d{kkvksa esa djsaxsA blh izdkj dh ijaijk, vU; f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa ij Hkh ykxw
gksrh gSaA dHkh&dHkh xzhd v{kj (FkhVk) dk iz;ksx dks.k dks izdV djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
vklkuh osQ fy,
(sinA)2, (cosA)2, vkfn
5- ikp vuqikr Kkr djuk tcfd ,d vuqikr Kkr gks%

;gk geus ,d U;wu dks.k osQ N% f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa osQ ckjs esa ppkZ dhA ;fn gesa dksbZ ,d vuqikr
Kkr gS] rks ge vU; vuqikrksa dks Hkh Kkr dj ldrs gSaA vkb, bls foLrkj ls tkusaA
140
xf.kr
1
BC
;fn ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt ABC esa sin A = 3 , rc bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd AC 3 , vFkkZr~ f=kHkqt
ABC dh Hkqtkvksa BC vkSj AC dh yackb;k 1 : 3 osQ vuqikr esa gSa (nsf[k, vkfr)A vr% ;fn BC, k osQ
cjkcj gks] rks AC, 3k osQ cjkcj gksxh] tgk k ,d /u la[;k gSA dks.k A osQ vU; f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr Kkr
djus osQ fy, gesas rhljh Hkqtk AB dh yackbZ Kkr djuh gksrh gSA ikbFkkxksjl izes; osQ }kjk (fod.kZ)2 =
(vk/kj)2 + yackbZ)2 vkb, ge ikbFkkxksjl izes; dh lgk;rk ls visf{kr yackbZ AB Kkr djsaA
C
3k
vkfr
2
AB = AC BC2 = (3k)2 (k)2 = 8k2 = (2

AB = 2 2 k
AB = 2 2 k (Q AB 2
vr%
vr% gesa izkIr gksrk gS
cos A =
vc
blh izdkj] ge dks.k
A osQ
2 k)2
gks ldrk)
AB 2 2k 2 2
AC
3k
3
vU; f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr izkIr dj ldrs gSaA
fVIi.kh
D;ksafd ledks.k f=kHkqt dk d.kZ] f=kHkqt dh lcls yach Hkqtk gksrk gS] blfy,
lnk gh 1 ls de gksrk gS (;k fo'ks"k fLFkfr esa 1 osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA)
vkb, vc ge oqQN mnkgj.k ysasA
mnkgj.k 1
;fn
tan A =
4
, rks
3
dks.k
A osQ
vU; f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr Kkr dhft,A
gy
vkb, lcls igys ge ,d ledks.k
(nsf[k, vkfr 8-8)A
ABC [khapsa
vkfr
sin A ;k cos A dk
eku
141
BC
vc] ge tkurs gSa fd tan A = AB3 3

vr% ;fn BC = 4k, rc AB = 3k, tgk k /u la[;k gSA vc ikbFkkxksjl izes; ykxw djus ij gesa ;g
izkIr gksrk gS
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 = (4k)2 + (3k)2 = 25k2
AC = 5k
blfy,
vc ge budh ifjHkk"kkvksa dh lgk;rk ls lHkh f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr fy[k ldrs gSaA
BC 4k 4
AC 5k 5
AB 3k 3
cos A =
AC 5k 5
sin A =
vr%
cot A =
1
3
1
5
,cos ec A
tan A 4
sin A 4
vkSj
1
5
sec A = cos A 3
mnkgj.k 2%
;fn
A vkSj B U;wu
dks.k gks] tgk
cos A = cos B,
rks fn[kkb, fd
A = B rks
A = B
C
vkfr
gy%
ekuk nks ledks.k f=kHkqt APC vkSj BOR
tc]
cos A = cos B
gekjs ikl gS]
APC esa
cos A=
AP
AC
cos B=
QB
RB
BOR esa
iz'ukuqlkj leh
(i) = leh (ii)

AP
QB
=
AC
RB
AP
AC
=
= m (fy;k)
QB
RB
ikbFkkxksjl izes; }kjk
fn[kkb, fd
142
xf.kr
PC =
AC2 AP2
4vkSj
RQ =
RB2 QB2
PC
=
RQ
AC2 AP2
blfy,
=
=
RB2 QB2
m2 RB2 m2QB2
2
RB QB
AC mRB
AP mQB
m RB2 QB2
=m
RB2 QB2
(iv)
(iii) vkSj (iv) ls
AB
AC PC
=
QB
RB RQ
(v)
APC vkSj BOR esa
AB
AC PC
=
QB
RB RQ
APC ~ BOR [SSS le:irk]
A = B bfrfle
mnkgj.k 3%
ABC
esa] ftldk dks.k
ledks.k gS] ;fn
A=
,rks fuEufyf[kr
3
(i) sin A cos C + cos A sin C (ii) cos A cos C sin A sin C
f=kHkqt
osQ eku Kkr dhft,%

C
gy%
(i)
ledks.k gS vkSj
ABC
gedks fn;k gS fd
tan A =
,d ledks.k f=kHkqt gS tks dks.k
ij
1
3

AC2 = AB2 + BC2
=
AC =
(1)2 3 1
4 2
(ii) gedks fn;k x;k gS

sin A. cos C + cos A sin C
vkfr
1 1
3
3

2 2 2
2
13 4
1
=;
4
4
sin A. cos A + cos A. sin A = 1
=
143
(ii) gedks fn;k x;k gS

cos A. cos C sin A. sin C
=
3 1 1
3

2 2 2 2
3
3
=0
4
4
cos A. cos C sin A. sin C = 0
iz'ukoyh
1.
ABC esa]
ftldk dks.k
Kkr dhft, %
(i) sin A, cos A

(ii) sin C, cos C
2. ;fn 15 cot A = 8 gks
rks
B ledks.k
gS]
AB = 24 cm vkSj BC = 7 cm gSA
sin A vkSj sec A dk
fuEufyf[kr dk eku
eku Kkr dhft,A
3.
;fn
4.
5.
;fn
;fn
13
, gks rks vU; lHkh f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr ifjdfyr dhft,A
12
3
sin A = , rks cos A vkSj tan A dk eku ifjdfyr dhft,A
4
B vkSj ,sls U;wudks.k gksa] ftlesa fd sin B = sin , rks fl dhft,
6.
;fn
cot =
7.
PQR esa]
8.
9.
sec =
fd
B =
(1 sin )(1 sin )

7
, rks (i) (1 cos )(1 cos ) , (ii) cot2 dk eku fudkfy,\
8
ftldk dks.k Q ledks.k gS] PR + QR = 25 cm vkSj PQ = 5 cm gSA sin P, cos P
vkSj tan P osQ eku Kkr dhft,A

,d ledks.k f=kHkqt ABC esa] ftldk dks.k B ledks.k gS] ;fn tan A = 1 rks lR;kfir dhft,
fd 2 sin A cos A = 1
crkb, fd fuEufyf[kr dFku lR; gSa ;k vlR;A dkj.k lfgr vius mkj dh iqf"V dhft,A
(i) tan A dk eku lnSo 1 ls de gksrk gSA
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
12
fdlh eku osQ fy, sec A = 5

cos A, dks.k A osQ cosecant osQ fy, iz;qDr ,d laf{kIr :i gSA
cot A, cot vkSj A dk xq.kuiQy gksrk gSA
dks.k
A osQ
fdlh Hkh dks.k osQ fy,
sin =
4
3
oqQN fof'k"V dks.kksa osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr%

T;kfefr osQ v;;u ls ge 30, 45, 60 vkSj 90 osQ dks.kksa dh jpuk ls HkfyHkkfr ifjfpr gSaA bl
vuqPNsn esa ge bu dks.kksa vkSj lkFk gh 0 okys dks.k osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa osQ eku Kkr djsaxsA
144
xf.kr
1. 45
osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr%
ABC esa]
ftldk dks.k B ledks.k gS] ;fn ,d dks.k

vFkkZr~ A = C = 45 (nsf[k, vkfr)A
45 dk
gks] rks vU; dks.k Hkh
45 dk
gksxk
vkfr
vr%
BC = AB
[leku dks.kksa osQ lEeq[k Hkqtk, Hkh leku gksrh gSa]
vc eku yhft,
BC = AB = a
rc ikbFkkxksjl izes; osQ vuqlkj AC2 = AB2 + BC2 = a2 + a| = 2a2
blfy,
AC = a 2
f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa dh ifjHkkkkvksa dks ykxw djus ij gesa ;g izkIr gksrk gS %
45 osQ dks.k dh lEeq[k Hkqtk BC
a
1
sin 45 =
AC a 2
d.kZ
2
45 oQs dks.k dh ly
a Xu Hkqtk AB a 1
cos 45 =
AC a 2
d.kZ
2
45 osQ dk.sk dh lEeq[k Hkqtk BC a
1
tan 45 =
45 oQs dk.sk dh layXu Hkqtk AB a
vkSj
cosec 45 =
30 vkSj 60 osQ
1
1
1
2, sec 45
2, cot 45
1
sin 45
cos 45
tan 45
f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr%
vkb,] vc ge 30 vkSj 60 osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr ifjdfyr djsaA ,d leckgq f=kHkqt ABC ij
fopkj djsaA D;ksafd leckgq f=kHkqt dk izR;sd dks.k] 60 dk gksrk gS] blfy, A = B = C = 60
A ls Hkqtk BC ij yac AD Mkfy, (nsf[k, vkfr)A
vkfr
145
ABD vkSj ACD es]a

AB = AC
AB
BAD
ABD
ADB
=
=
=
=
AD
CAD
ACD = 60
ADC = 90 vkSj
(fn;k gS)
(mHk;fu"B Hkqtk)
,d f=kHkqt osQ rhuksa dks.kksa dk ;ksx 180 gksrk gSA

vr%
ABD ACD
(SAS lokxlerk dlkSVh)
blfy,
BD = DC
(CPCT)
vkSj
BAD = CAD
(CPCT)
vc ge ;g ns[k ldrs gSa fd%
ABD ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt gS ftldk dks.k D ledks.k gS] vkSj tgk BAD = 30 vkSj ABD
= 60 (nsf[k, vkfr)A
tSlk fd ge tkurs gSa] fd f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa dks Kkr djus oQs fy, geas f=kHktq dh Hkqtkvksa dh
yackb;k Kkr djus dh vko;drk gksrh gSA vkb,] ge ;g eku ysa fd AB = 2a
rc
vkSj
blfy,
vc
vkSj
1
BD = BC a
2
AD2 = AB2 BD2 = (2a)2 (a)2 = 3a2
AD = a 3
BD a 1
AD a 3
3
,cos 30
AB 2a 2
AB
2a
2
BD
a
1
tan 30 = AB
a 3
3
1
1
2
cosec 30 = sin 30 2, sec 30 cos 30
3
1
3
cot 30 =
tan 30
sin 30 =
blh izdkj
AD a 3
3
1
, cos 60 , tan 60 3
AB
2a
2
2
2
1
, sec 60 2 vkSj cot 60
cosec 60 =
3
3
sin 60 =
0 vkSj 90 osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr
vc ns[krs gSa fd ;fn ledks.k f=kHkqt ABC osQ dks.k A dks rc rd vkSj NksVk djsaxs] tc rd fd
;g 'kwU; ugha gksrk] rc bl fLFkfr esa dks.k A osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa ij D;k izHkko iM+rk gS (nsf[k,
vkfr)A tSls&tSls A NksVk gksrk tkrk gS] oSls&oSls Hkqtk BC dh yackbZ de gksrh tkrh gSA cnq C, cnq
146
xf.kr
B osQ
fudV vkrk tkrk gS vkSj var esa] tc

tkrk gS tks fd AB gS (nsf[k, vkfr)A
A, 0 osQ
dkiQh fudV gks tkrk gS rc
vkfr
(i)
vkfr
(ii)
AC yxHkx
ogh gks
BC
tc A, 0 osQ vR;f/d fudV gksrk gS rc BC, 0 osQ vR;f/d fudV vk tkrk gSA rc sin A = AC
dk eku 0 osQ vR;f/d fudV vk tkrk gSA vkSj] tc A, 0 osQ vR;fkd fudV gksrk gS] rc AC
yxHkx ogh gksrk gS tks fd
AB gksrk
gS vkSj
cos A =
AB
AC
dk eku 1 osQ vR;f/d lehi gksrk gSA
vc ge sin A vkSj cos A osQ eku ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrs gSa tcfd

0 = 1 ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSaA
budk iz;ksx djus ij gesa ;s izkIr gksrs gSa%
sin 0
1
tan 0 = cos 0 0,cot 0 tan 0
sec 0 =
1
1
cos 0
rFkk
A = 0, ge sin 0 = 0 vkSj cos
tks fd ifjHkkf"kr ugha gS D;ksafd
1
cosec 0 = sin 0 , vkSj
dh Hkkx ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSA
;g Hkh ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSA D;ksafd
dh Hkkx
ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSA

vkb, vc ge ml fLFkfr esa ns[ksa fd A osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa osQ lkFk D;k gksrk gS tcfd
ABC osQ bl dks.k dks rc rd cM+k fd;k tkrk gS] tc rd fd 90 dk ugha gks tkrkA A tSls&tSls cM+k
gksrk tkrk gS] C oSls&oSls NksVk gksrk tkrk gSA vr% ij okyh fLFkfr dh Hkkfr Hkqtk AB dh yackbZ de
gksrh tkrh gSA cnq A, cnq B osQ fudV gksrk tkrk gS vkSj] var esa tc A, 90 osQ vR;f/d fudV vk
tkrk gS] rks C, 0 osQ vR;fkd fudV vk tkrk gS vkSj Hkqtk AC Hkqtk BC osQ lkFk yxHkx laikrh gks tkrh
gS (nsf[k, vkfr iii)A
147
vkfr
(iii)
tc C, 0 osQ vR;f/d fudV gksrk gS rks A, 90 osQ vR;f/d fudV gks tkrk gS vkSj Hkqtk AC
yxHkx ogh gks tkrh gS] tks Hkqtk BC gSA vr% sin A, 1 osQ vR;f/d fudV gks tkrk gS vkSj] tc A ,
90 osQ vR;f/d fudV gksrk gS] rc C, 0 osQ vR;fkd fudV gks tkrk gS vkSj Hkqtk AB yxHkx 'kwU;
gks tkrh gSA vr% cos A, 0 osQ vR;f/d fudV gks tkrk gSA
vr% ge ;g ifjHkkfkr djrs gSa% sin 90 = 1 vkSj cos 90 = 0
sin 90 1
tks fd ifjHkkf"kr ugha gS
cos 90 0
cos 90 0
cot 90 = sin 90 1 0
1
1
cosec 90 = sin 90 1 1
1
1
sec 90 = cos 90 0 tks fd ifjHkkf"kr ugha gS D;ksafd 0 ls Hkkx
blh izdkj] gekjs ikl gS
vkSj
tan 90 =
rqjar lanHkZ lkj.kh% vc ge rqjar lanHkZ osQ fy, ,d lkj.kh osQ :i esa
D;ksafd 0 ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSA
ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSA
0, 30, 45, 60
vkSj 90 osQ
lHkh f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa osQ eku izLrqr dj jgs gSaA
lkj.kh
(ii)
30
45
60
90
sin A
1
2
3
2
cos A
3
2
1
2
tan A
cos ec A
vifjHkkf"kr
sec A
cot A
vifjHkkf"kr
1
3
2
2
3
3
2
2
1
2
22
1
3
2
3
0
1
3
vifjHkkf"kr
1
vifjHkkf"kr
0
148
fVIi.kh %
xf.kr
mi;qZDr lkj.kh ls ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd tSls&tSls A dk eku 0 ls 90 rd c<+rk tkrk gS] sin A
dk eku 0 ls c<+dj 1 gks tkrk gS vkSj cos A dk eku 1 ls ?kVdj 0 gks tkrk gSA
vkb,] vc ge oqQN mnkgj.k ysdj ij dh lkj.kh esa fn, x, ekuksa oQk iz;ksx djosQ] mUgsa gy djsaA
mnkgj.k 4
ABC esa
ftldk dks.k B ledks.k gS]

vkSj AC dh yackb;k Kkr djsaA
AB = 5 cm vkSj ACB = 30 (nsf[k,
vkfr)A Hkqtkvksa
BC
vkfr
gy
Hkqtk
Hkqtk
BC dh
yackbZ Kkr djus osQ fy, ge ml f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr dks ysaxs ftlesa BC vkSj nh gqbZ
AB gksA D;ksafd BC dks.k C dh layXu Hkqtk gS] vkSj AB dks.k C dh lEeq[k Hkqtk gS] blfy,
AB
= tan C
BC
5
1
= tan 30
BC
3
BC = 5 3 cm izkIr gksrk
vFkkZr~
ftlls
Hkqtk AC dh yackbZ Kkr djus osQ fy, ge
AB
ysrs
AC
5
1
=
AC
2
AC = 10 cm
sin 30 =
gSA
gSa
(D;ksa\)
vFkkZr~
vFkkZr~
;ku nhft, fd ij osQ mnkgj.k esa rhljh Hkqtk dh yackbZ Kkr djus osQ fy, fodYi osQ :i esa ge
ikbFkkxksjl izes; dks ykxw dj ldrs Fks]
AC = AB2 BC2 52 (5 3)2 cm 10 cm
vFkkZr~
mnkgj.k 5
PQR esa]
ftldk dks.k
vkSj PRQ Kkr dhft,A
Q ledks.k
gS (nsf[k, vkfr)]
PQ = 3 cm vkSj PR = 6 cm gSA QPR
149
vkfr
gy %
fn;k gqvk gS
blfy,
PQ = 3 cm vkSj PR = 6 cm
PQ
= sin R
PR
3 1
sin R =
6 2
PRQ = 30
;k
vr%
vkSj] blfy,
QPR = 60
(D;ksa\)
ge ;gk ;g ns[k ldrs gSa fd ;fn ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt dh ,d Hkqtk vkSj dksbZ ,d vU; Hkkx (tks
;k rks U;wu dks.k gks ;k dksbZ ,d Hkqtk gks) Kkr gks] rks f=kHkqt dh 'ks"k Hkqtk, vkSj dks.k Kkr fd, tk ldrs gSaA
iz'ukoyh
1.
fuEufyf[kr osQ eku fudkfy, %

(i)
(iii)
sin 30 tan 45 cos ec 60

sec 30 cos 60 cot 45
5cos2 60 4 sec2 30 tan 2 45
2
sin 30 cos 30
(v) 2 tan2 45 + cos2 30 sin2 60
2.
(ii) sin 60 cos 30 + sin 30 cos 60

cos 45
(iv) sec 30 cos ec 30
lgh fodYi pqfu, vkSj vius fodYi dk vkSfpR; nhft,%

(i) sin 2A = 2 sin A rc lR; gksrk gS] tcfd A cjkcj gS%
(ii)
(a) 0
2 tan 30
1 tan 2 30
(a) cos 60
2
(iii)
(iv)
1 tan 45
1 tan 2 45
(a) tan 90
2 tan 30
1 tan 2 30
(a) sin 60
(b) 30
(c) 45
(d) 60
(b) sin 60
(c) tan 60
(d) sin 30
(b) 1
(c) sin 45
(d) 0
(b) cos 60
(c) tan 60
(d) sin 30
cjkcj gS%
150
xf.kr
3.
4.
;fn sin (A B) = , cos (A + B) = , 0 < A + B 90 rks A vkSj B Kkr dhft,A

2
2
crkb, fd fuEufyf[kr esa dkSu&dkSu lR; gSa ;k vlR; gSaA dkj.k lfgr vius mkj dh iqf"V
dhft,A
(iii)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
sin (A + B) = sin A + sin B.

esa o`f gksus osQ lkFk sin osQ
eku esa Hkh o`f gksrh gSA

esa o`f gksus osQ lkFk cos osQ eku esa Hkh o`f gksrh gSA
osQ lHkh ekuksa ij sin = cos
A = 0 ij cot A ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSA
iwjd dks.kksa osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr

1- iwjd dks.k% ge tkurs gSa fd nks dks.kksa dks iwjd dks.k rc dgk tkrk gS tcfd mudk ;ksx 90
osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA
ABC] ftldk dks.k B ledks.k gS] esa A vkSj C blh izdkj osQ dks.kksa dk ;qXe cukrs gSaA (nsf[k,
vkfr)A
D;ksafd A + C = 90, vr% buls iwjd dks.kksa dk ,d ;qXe dgrs gaSA
A osQ fy, f=kdks.kfefr; vuqikr% ge tkurs gSa fd
2-
BC
AC
AC
cos ec A
BC
sin A
AB
AC
AC
sec A
AB
cos A
BC
AB
AB
cot A
BC
tan A
(1)
vkfr
3. C = 90 A osQ
fy, f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr%

vkb,] vc ge C = 90 A osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr ns[ksaA
vklkuh osQ fy, ge 90 A osQ LFkku ij 90 A fy[k jgs gSaA
ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd AB dks.k 90 A dh lEeq[k Hkqtk gS vkSj BC layXu Hkqtk gSA vr%
AB
BC
,
cos (90 A)
,
AC
AC
AC
AC
cos ec, (90 A)
, sec(90 A)
,
AB
AB
sin(90 A)
AB
BC
BC
cot (90 A)
AB
t an (90 A)
(2)
151
4. nks
f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr dh rqyuk%

vc (1) vkSj (2) osQ vuqikrksa dh rqyuk djus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS fd
AB
BC
cos A vkjS cos (90 A)
sin A.
AC
AC
AB
BC
tan (90 A)
cot A, cot(90 A)
tan A
vkSj
BC
AB
AC
AC
sec (90 A)
cos ec A, cos ec (90 A)
sec A
BC
AB
sin (90 A) = cos A,
cos (90 A) = sin A.
tan (90 A) = cot A,
cot (90 A) = tan A
sec (90 A) = cosec A,
cosec (90 A) = sec A
dks.k A osQ lHkh eku 0 vkSj 90 osQ chp fLFkr gSaA
sin(90 A)
vr%
tgk
fVIi.kh%
tan 0 = 0 = cot 90, sec 0 = 1 = cosec 90
vkSj
sec 90, cosec 0, tan 90
vkSj
cot 0
ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSaA

vkb, vc ge oqQN mnkgj.kksa dh enn ls bls le>sA
mnkgj.k 6%
tan 26 tan 26
1
cot 64 = tan 26
gy%
tSlk fd ge tkurs gSa fd cot A = tan (90 A)
vr%
cot 64 = tan (90 64) = tan 26
vFkkZr~
tan 26
tan 26
1
=
cot 64
tan 26
mnkgj.k 7
;fn
tan 2A = cot (A 18)]
tgk]
2 A ,d
U;wu dks.k gS rks
A dk
eku Kkr dhft,A
gy %
gedks fn;k gS
tan 2A = cot (A 18)
;k
;k
;k
cot (90 2A ) = cot (A 18)

90 2A = A 18
3A = 108
108
A=
= 36
3
[Q cot (90 ) = tan ]
152
xf.kr
bl izdkj
A dk
eku
A = 36
iz'ukoyhs
1.
fuEufyf[kr dk eku fudkfy,%

sin 24
cos 66
(iii) cos 58 sin 32
(i)
2.
tan 65
cot 25
(iv) cosec 48 sec 42
(ii)
fn[kkb, fd
(i) tan 48 tan 23 tan 42 tan 67 = 1

(ii) cos 38 cos 52 sin 38 sin 52 = 0
3. ;fn sin 3A = cos (A 26), gks tgk] 3A ,d
U;wu dks.k gS rks A dk eku Kkr dhft,A

4. ;fn A, B vkSj C f=kHkqt ABC osQ var%dks.k gksa] rks fn[kkb, fd
5. ;fn sec 4A = cosec (A 20), tgk 4A ,d U;wu dks.k gS] rks A dk eku Kkr dhft,A
6. ;fn tan A = cot B, rks fl dhft, fd A + B = 90
7. cot 85 + cos 75 dks 0 vkSj 45 osQ chp osQ dks.kksa osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa osQ inksa esa O;Dr
dhft,A
f=kdks.kferh; loZlfedk,
1- f=kdks.kferh; loZlfedk, %&
ge tkurs gSa fd ,d lehdj.k dks ,d loZlfedk rc dgrs gSa ;g lacaf/r pjksa osQ lHkh ekuksa osQ fy,
lR; gksA blh izdkj ,d dks.k osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa ls lacaf/r loZlfedk dks f=kdks.kferh;
loZlfedk dgrs gSA tcfd ;g lacaf/r dks.k (dks.kksa) osQ lHkh ekuksa osQ fy, lR; gksrk gSA
vkfr
2- rhu vk/kjHkqr f=kdks.kferh; loZlfedk, %&

bl Hkkx esa] ge ,d f=kdks.kferh; loZlfedk fl djsaxs vkSj bldk iz;ksx vU; mi;ksxh f=kdks.kferh;
loZlfedkvksa dks fl djus esa djsaxsA
(i)
cos2A + sin2A = 1, 0 A 90
gy%
153
ABC esa]
tks B ij ledks.k gS (nsf[k, vkfr) yhft,A

gesa ;g izkIr gS AB2 + BC2 =AC2
(1) osQ izR;sd in dks AC2 ls Hkkx nsus ij gesa ;g izkIr gksrk gS
AB2
AC2
BC2
AC2
;k
vFkkZr~
vFkkZr~
;g lHkh
AC2
AC2
AB BC
AC
AC AC = AC
(cos A)2 + (sin A)2 = 1
cos2 A + sin2 A = 1
A osQ
fy,] tgk
(1)
(2)
0 A 90, lR;
gksrk gSA vr% ;g ,d f=kdks.kferh; loZlfedk gSA
(ii) 1 + tan A = sec A, 0 A 90
gy%
vkb,] vc ge
(1) dks AB2 ls

B
AB2
2
;k
BC
Hkkx nsaA ,slk djus ij gesa ;g izkIr gksrk gSA
AB2
AC2
AB2
AB BC
AC
AB AB = AB
1 + tan2 A = sec2 A
vFkkZr~
;g lehdj.k] A = 0 osQ fy, lR; gS A = 90 osQ fy,
(3)] ,sls lHkh A osQ fy, lR; gksrk gS] tgk 0 A < 90
(iii)
(3)
tan A vkSj sec A ifjHkkf"kr
ugha gSA vr%
cot2 A + 1 = cosec2 A, 0 A 90
gy% vkb, ge ;g ns[ksa fd (1) dks

2
BC2 ls
Hkkx nsus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gSA
AB
BC
AC
2
2 =
BC
BC
BC2
2
vFkkZr~
AB BC
AC2
BC BC =
BC2
2
cot A + 1 = cosec2 A
vFkkZr~
;ku nhft, fd A = 0 osQ fy,
lR; gksrk gS tgk 0 < A 90
cosec A vkSj cot A ifjHkkf"kr
ugha gSA vr% ,sls lHkh
A osQ
fy,
(4)
3- f=kdks.kfefr; loZlfedkvksa dk mi;ksx%

bu loZlfedkvksa dk iz;ksx djosQ ge izR;sd f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr dks vU; f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa osQ
inksa esa O;Dr dj ldrs gSa vFkkZr~ ;fn dksbZ ,d vuqikr Kkr gks] rks ge vU; f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa osQ eku
Hkh Kkr dj ldrs gSaA
154
mnkgj.k
xf.kr
1
eku yhft, gesa
tan A =
D;ksafd
sec2 A = 1 + tan2 A = 1
sin A =
vkSj] D;kasfd
Kkr gSA rc
cot A =
2
1 4
,
, sec A =
3 3
3
1 cos2 A 1
3 1
4 2
blfy,
vkSj
cos A =
3
2
cosec A = 2
mnkgj.k 9
f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa
sin A, sec A vkSj tan A dks cot A osQ
inksa esa O;Dr dhft,A
gy%
ge tkurs gSa fd
1
sin A = cos ec A
sin A =
1 cot2 A
Q 1 cot 2 A cos ec2 A
(i)
or cos ec A 1 cot 2 A
vkSj
sec A =
cos ec A
cot A
1 cot2 A
cot A
sec A =
iqu% ge tkurs gSa fd

1
tan A = cot A
mnkgj.k 10
fl dhft, fd
1 cos
(cosec cot )2 = 1 cos
gy%
(i) L.H.S.
;k
;k
;k
(cosec cot )2
cosec2 + cot2 2 cosec.. cot
1
2
sin
1
2
sin
cos2
2
sin
cos2
2
sin
1 cos
.
sin sin
2 cos
sin 2
(Q (a b)2 = a2 + b2 2ab)
1
cos
cos ec
,cot
sin
sin
;k
;k
;k
;k
;k
155
1 cos2 2 cos
sin 2
(1 cos )2
sin
Q a2 b2 2ab (a b)2
(1 cos )2
(Q 1 cos2 sin 2 )
1 sin 2
(1 cos )(1 cos )
(1 cos )(1 cos )
1 cos
= R.H.S.
1 + cos
Q a2 b2 (a b)(a b)
mnkgj.k 11
cos A sin A + 1
fl dhft, fd cos A sin A 1 cos ec A cot A

loZlfedk cosec2A = 1 + cot2 A dks ykxw djosQ
gy %
L.H.S.
cos A sin A + 1
cos A sin A 1
(cos A sin A) + 1 (cos A + sin A) + 1
blfy,
(cos A sin A) 1
(cos A sin A) 1
(cos A sin A)(cos A sin A) (cos A sin A) cos A sin A 1
(cos A sin A)2 1
;k
;k
;k
;k
;k
cos2 A sin 2 A cos A sin A cos A sin A 1

cos2 A sin 2 A 2 cos A sin A 1
cos2 A sin2 A 2cos A 1
1 2 cos A sin A 1
2
cos A (1 sin2 A) 2cos A
2 cos A sin A
cos2 A cos2 A 2 cos A
2cos A sin A
2
2cos A 2cos A 2 cos A(cos A 1)
2cos A sin A
2 cos A sin A
cos A
1
=
= cot A + cosec A = R.H.S.
sin A sin A
mnkgj.k 12
(ix) (cosec A sin A) (sec A cos A) =
1
tan A cot A
156
gy%
xf.kr
L.H.S
(cosec A sin A) (sec A cos A)
1
1
sin A
cos A
=
sin A
cos A
=
R.H.S.
1 sin 2 A 1 cos2 A cos2 A sin2 A
sin A cos A
sin A
cos A
sin A
cos A
1
1
sin A cos A
sin A cos A
sin
A
cos
A
tan A cot A
sin 2 A cos2 A
cos A sin A
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
iz'ukoyh
1.
2.
f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa
eku fudkfy, %
(i)
(ii)
3.
4.
cos A, tan A
vkSj
sec A
dks
sin A
osQ inksa esa O;Dr dhft,A
sin 25 cos 65 + cos 25 sin 65

sin 2 23 sin 2 57
cos2 27 cos2 63
A osQ
vU; lHkh f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa dks sec A osQ inksa eas fyf[k,A
lgh fodYi pqfu, vkSj vius fodYi dh iqf"V dhft, %
(i) (1 + tan + sec ) (1 + cot cosec ) cjkcj gS%
(ii)
(a) 0
(b) 1
(sec A + tan A) (1 sin A) cjkcj
(a) sec A
(b) sin A
(c) 2
(d) 1
(c) cosec A
(d) cos A
(c) cot2 A
(d) tan2 A
(c) 8
(d) 0
gS%
(iii)
(iv)
5.
1 tan A
cjkcj gS%
1 cot 2 A
(a) sec2 A
(b) 1
2
2
9 sec A 9 tan A cjkcj gS%
(a) 1
(b) 9
fuEufyf[kr loZlfedk, fl dhft,] tgk os dks.k] ftuosQ fy, O;atd ifjHkkf"kr gS] U;wu dks.k
gS %
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
sec A(1 sin A) (sec A + tan A) = 1

tan
cot
1 sec cos ec
1 cot 1 tan
[laosQr% O;atd dks sin vkSj cos osQ inksa
cos A
1 sin A
2 sec A
1 sin A
cos A
esa fyf[k,]
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
[laosQr%
(vii)
(viii)
(x)
(ix)
157
1 sin A
sec A tan A
1 sin A
cot A cos A cos ec A 1
cot A cos A cos ec A 1

1 sec A
sin 2 A
sec A
1 cos A
oke i{k vkSj nk;k i{k dks vyx&vyx ljy dhft,A]

1 tan2 A 1 tan A 2
2

tan A
2
1
cot
A
1
cot
A
sin 2sin3
tan
2 cos3 cos
(sin A + cosec A)2 + (cos A + sec A)2 = 7 + tan2 A + cot2 A
sin cos 1
tan 1 sec
loZlfedk sec2 7 1 + tan2 dks ykxw djosQ sin cos 1 tan 1 sec
lkjka'k
1. ledks.k f=kHkqt ABC esa] ftldk dks.k B ledks.k gS]
sin A =
cos A =
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
tan A =
cosec A = ;sec A = 1 ; tan A = 1 , tan A = sin A
;fn ,d U;wu dks.k dk ,d f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr Kkr gks] rks dks.k osQ 'ks"k f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr
ljyrk ls Kkr fd, tk ldrs gSaA
0, 30, 45, 60 vkSj 90 osQ dks.kksa osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa osQ ekuA
sin A ;k cos A dk eku dHkh Hkh 1 ls vf/d ugha gksrk] tcfd sec A ;k cosec A dk eku lnSo
1 ls vf/d ;k 1 osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA
sin (90 A) = cos A, cos (90 A) = sin A;
tan (90 A) = cot A, cot (90 A) = tan A;
sec (90 A) = cosec A, cosec (90 A) = sec A.
sin2 A + cos2 A = 1
sec2 A tan2 A = 1 tgk 0 A < 90
cosec2 A = 1 + cot2 A tgk 0 < A 90
158
xf.kr
f=kdks.kfefr osQ oqQN vuqi;z ksx

1- f=kdks.kfefr dk mi;ksx%
f=kdks.kfefr ,d ,slk fo"k; gS ftldk mi;ksx gekjs nSfud thou rFkk vklikl osQ okrkoj.k esa ckj&ckj
gksrk gSA vc rd ge f=kdks.kfefr osQ vuqikrksa dk v;;u dj pqosQ gaSa ijUrq vc ge blosQ vusd iz;ksxksa
ls lacaf/r fof/;ksa dks tkusaxsA f=kdks.kfefr dk iz;ksx vkt osQ thou esa gh ugha vfirq izkphudky ls gh gksrk
vk;k gS] ftldk v;;u iwjs txr esa fo}ku djrs vk, gSaA f=kdks.kfefr dh [kxksy dh vko';drk gsrq
vkfo"dkj fd;k x;k FkkA gekjh i`Foh ls xzgksa vkSj rkjksa dh nwfj;ksa dks ifjdfyr djus osQ fy, [kxksyfonksa
us bldk gh iz;ksx fd;k gSA ;gh ugha cfYd f=kdks.kfefr dk mi;ksx Hkwxksy vkSj ukSpkyu osQ fy, Hkh fd;k
tkrk gSA lkFk gh bldk iz;ksx ekufp=kksa dh jpuk rFkk ns'kkarj (logitude) ;k v{kka'k (latitude) osQ lkis{k
f}iksa dh fLFkfr Kkr djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
2- ,sfrgkfld rF;
losZ{kd 'krkfCn;ksa ls f=kdks.kfefr dk iz;ksx dj jgs gSaA mUuhloha 'krkCnh dh ^c`gr~ f=kdks.kferh;
losZ{k.k* fczrkuh Hkkjr dh ,d ,slh fo'kky losZ{k.k ifj;kstuk Fkh ftlosQ fy, nks c`gke fFk;ksMksykbV dk
fuekZ.k fd;k x;k FkkA 1852 esa losZ{k.k djus osQ nkSjku fo'o osQ lcls ps ioZr dh [kkst dh FkhA 160
km ls Hkh vf/d nwjh ij fLFkr vyx&vyx N% osaQnzksa ls bl ioZr osQ f'k[kj dk izs{k.k fd;k x;kA 1856
esa bl f'k[kj dk ukedj.k lj tkWtZ ,ojsLV osQ uke ij fd;k x;k ftlus loZizFke fo'kky fFk;ksMksykbV dks
vf/r fd;k vkSj budk iz;ksx fd;kA vc ;s fFk;ksMksykbV nsgjknwu esa fLFkr Hkkjr losZ{k.k osQ laxzgky; esa
izn'kZu osQ fy, j[ks x, gSa
bl v;k; esa ge ;g ns[ksaxs fd fdl izdkj okLro esa ekiu fd, fcuk gh f=kdks.kfefr dk iz;ksx
fofHkUu oLrqvksa dh pkb;k vkSj nwfj;k Kkr djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
f=kdks.kfefr osQ oqQN vuqiz;ksx

3- pkb;k vkSj nwfj;k% vkb;s vkfr 1 ij fopkj djsa ftls uhps [khapk x;k gSA
C
n`f V js[kk
A
E
mUu;u dks.k
159
n`f V js[kk
mUu;u dks.k
B
D
vkfr 1-
bl vkfr esa] jke dh vk[k ls ?kj dh Nr rd [khaph xbZ js[kk AC dks n`f"V&js[kk (line of sight)
dgk tkrk gSA jke osQ ?kj dh Nr dh vksj ns[k jgk gSA n`f"V&js[kk vkSj {kSfrt js[kk ls cus dks.k BAC dks
jke dh vk[k ls ehukj osQ f'k[kj dk mUu;u dks.k (angle of elevation) dgk tkrk gSA
izs{kd dh vk[k osQ ml oLrq osQ cnq dks feykus okyh js[kk dks ftls izs{kd ns[krk gS n`f"V js[kk dgrs
gSaA ns[ks x, cnq dk mUu;u dks.k ml fLFkfr esa] n`f"V&js[kk vkSj {kSfrt js[kk ls cuk dks.k gksrk gS] tcfd
ns[kk tk jgk cnq {kSfrt Lrj ls ij gksrk gS vFkkZr~ og fLFkfr tcfd oLrq dks ns[kus osQ fy, gesa viuk
flj mBkuk gksrk gSA (nsf[k, vkfr 2)A
vkfr 2
(ii) vkb,
vc ge vkfr 3 esa nh xbZ fLFkfr ij fopkj djsaA ckyduh esa cSBh yM+dh viuh lgsyh
dh lh<+h ij j[ks xeys dks uhps dh vksj ns[k jgh gSA bl fLFkfr esa] n`f"V&js[kk {kSfrt Lrj ls uhps gSA
n`f"V&js[kk vkSj {kSfrt js[kk ls bl izdkj cus dks.k dks voueu dks.k (angle of depression) dgk tkrk gSA
vr% ns[kh tk jgh oLrq ij fLFkr cnq dk voueu dks.k ml fLFkfr esa n`f"V&js[kk vkSj {kSfrt js[kk ls
cuk dks.k gksrk gS tcfd cnq {kSfrt js[kk ls uhps gksrk gS vFkkZr~ og fLFkfr tcfd ns[ks tkus okys cnq dks
ns[kus osQ fy, gesa viuk flj uhps >qdkuk gksrk gS (nsf[k, vkfr 3)A
vkfr 3
160
4- pkbZ fuf'pr djuk%
xf.kr
vkb, ge vkfr (1) dks iqu% ns[ksaA ;fn ge okLro esa fcuk ekis gh ?kj dh pkbZ CD Kkr djuk
pkgrs gSa rks blosQ fy, gesa fuEufyf[kr tkudkjh dh vko';drk gksrh gSA rc gesa fuEufyf[kr rF;ksa dk Kku
gksuk vko';d gksrk gS%
(i) nwjh DE tgk jke ?kj osQ ikn&cnq ls bl nwjh ij [kM+k gSA
(ii) ?kj dh Nr dk mUu;u dks.k BAC
(iii) jke dh pkbZ AE
;fn mijksDr rhuksa tkudkfj;k gesa Kkr gks rks ge bl izdkj ehukj dh pkbZ Kkr dj ldrs gSaA
vkfr esa CD = CB + BD ;gk BD = AE gS tks fd jke dh pkbZ gSA
BC Kkr djus osQ fy, ge BAC ;k A osQ f=kdks.kfefr vuqikrksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
ABC esa] Hkqtk BC Kkr dks.k A osQ laca/ esa lEeq[k Hkqtk gSA ;gk gesa ;g tkuuk vko';d gSA fd
ge fdu f=kdks.kfefr vuqikrksa dk iz;ksx djsaA buesa ls gesa dkSu ls nks eku Kkr gS vkSj gesa dkSu&lk eku Kkr
djus dh vko';drk gSA tan A ;k cot A dk iz;ksx djus ls gekjh ;g [kkst vklku gks tkrh gS] D;ksafd bu
vuqikrksa esa AB vkSj BC dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
vr%
tan A =
BC
AB
BC vkSj AE tksM+us
;k
cot A =
AB
, ftls
BC
gy djus ij gesa
BC izkIr
gks tk,xkA
ij ?kj dh pkbZ izkIr gks tkrh gSA
5- mnkgj.k% vkb, vc ge oqQN mnkgj.k gy djosQ vHkh&vHkh pfpZr fd, x, ize dh O;k[;k djsAa
mnkgj.k 1%
/jrh ij ,d ehukj okZ/j [kM+h gSA /jrh osQ ,d cnq ls] tks ehukj osQ ikn&cnq ls 30
ehukj osQ f'k[kj dk mUu;u dks.k 30 gSA ehukj dh pkbZ Kkr dhft,A
m nwj
gS]
gy %
iz'u dh vklkuh osQ fy, bls ge fu:fir djus osQ fy, ,d ljy vkjs[k cuk, (nsf[k, vkfr (i))A
;gk AB ehukj dks fu:fir djrk gS] ( ehukj ls cnq dh nwjh gS vkSj ACB mUu;u dks.k gSA ge ehukj
dh pkbZ vFkkZr~ AB Kkr djuk pkgrs gSa vkSj] ;gk ACB ,d f=kHkqt gS tks B ij ledks.k gSA
iz'u dks gy djus osQ fy, ge f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr tan 60 (;k cot 60) ysrs gSa] D;ksafd bl vuqikr
esa AB vkSj BC nksuksa gksrs gSa
vc
tan 30 =
1
vFkkZr~
vFkkZr~
vr% ehukj dh pkbZ
AB
BC
AB
30
3
AB = 30 3
30 3 m gSA
161
vkfr (i)
mnkgj.k 2
vk/h vkus ls ,d isM+ VwV tkrk gS vkSj VwVk gqvk Hkkx bl rjg eqM+ tkrk gS fd isM dk f'k[kj tehury
dks Nwus yxrk gS vkSj blosQ 30 dk dks.k cukrk gSA isM+ osQ ikn&fcanq dh nwjh] tgk isM+ dk f'k[kj tehu
dks Nwrk gS 8 m gSA isM+ dh pkbZ Kkr dhft,A
gy %
ekuk AB isM+ dh yEckbZ tks C fcanq ij VwVrk gS rFkk CB Hkkx tehu ls
gSA ;g fn;k x;k fd OA = 5 ehVj rFkk AOC = 30
ekuk AC = x vkSj CB = y rc] CO = y
OAC esa
B
C
y
30
8m
vkfr
AC
OA
1
x
=
3
8
8
x=
3
tan 30 =
CO dh
fLFkfr dks izkIr djrk
162
xf.kr
vkSj
cos 30 =
y=
OA
3 8
OC
2
y
16
3
= (x + y) m
isM+ dh pkbZ
8 16
24
24
3
=
3
3
3
3
3
24 3
8 3m
=
3
mnkgj.k 3
leqnz&ry ls 75 m ph ykbV gkml osQ f'k[kj ls ns[kus ij nks leqnzh tgktksa osQ voueu dks.k 30
vkSj 45 gSA ;fn ykbV gkml osQ ,d gh vksj ,d tgkt nwljs tgkt osQ Bhd ihNs gks rks nks tgktksa osQ chp
dh nwjh Kkr dhft,A
gy %
fp=k esa AB ykbV gkml dh pkbZ rFkk C rFkk D nks tgkt gSa tks ,d nwljs osQ ihNs gSA ykbV gkml
osQ f'k[kj ls fcanq rFkk D osQ voueu dks.k e'k% 60 o 30 gSA
A
30
45
75 m
60
B
30
C
vkfr
ABC esa
AB
BC
75
3 = BC
75
BC =
3
tan 60 =
ABD esa
tan 30 =
AB
BD
163
1
75
BD
3
BD = 75 3
(ii)
bl izdkj nks tgktksa osQ chp dh nwjh gS

CD = BD BC
75
(3 1)
2
= 75 3 1 = 75
75
3
3
3
3
2
3
2 3
= 75
75
25 2 3
3
3
3
= 50 3m
= 75 3
iz'ukoyh
1.
loZQl dk ,d dykdkj ,d 20m yach Mksj ij p<+ jgk gS tks vPNh rjg ls ruh gqbZ gS vkSj Hkwfe
ij lhks yxs [kaHks osQ f'k[kj ls ca/k gqvk gSA ;fn Hkwfe Lrj osQ lkFk Mksj }kjk cuk;k x;k dks.k
30 dk gks rks [kaHks dh pkbZ Kkr dhft, (nsf[k, vkfr)A
vkfr
2.
3.
Hkwfe ls 60 m dh pkbZ ij ,d irax mM+ jgh gSA irax esa yxh Mksjh dks vLFkk;h :i ls Hkwfe
osQ ,d cnq ls cka/ fn;k x;k gSA Hkwfe osQ lkFk Mksjh dk >qdko 60 gSA ;g ekudj fd Mksjh esa
dksbZ <hy ugha gS] Mksjh dh yackbZ Kkr dhft,A
Hkwfe osQ ,d cnq ls] tks ehukj osQ ikn&cnq ls 15m dh nwjh ij gS] ehukj osQ f'k[kj dk mUu;u
dks.k 60 gSA ehukj dh pkbZ Kkr dhft,A
164
xf.kr
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
,d BsosQnkj cPpksa dks [ksyus osQ fy, ,d ikoZQ esa nks fiQlyuiV~Vh yxkuk pkgrh gSA 5 o"kZ ls
de mez osQ cPpksa osQ fy, og ,d ,slh fiQlyuih yxkuk pkgrh gS ftldk f'k[kj 1.5 m dh
pkbZ ij gks vkSj Hkwfe osQ lkFk 30 osQ dks.k ij >qdk gqvk gks] tcfd blls vfkd mez osQ cPpksa
osQ fy, og 3m dh pkbZ ij ,d vf/d <ky dh fiQlyuih yxkuk pkgrh gS] tks Hkwfe osQ
lkFk 60 dk dks.k cukrh gksA izR;sd fLFkfr esa fiQlyuih dh yackbZ D;k gksuh pkfg,\
Hkwfe osQ ,d fcanq P ls ,d 10 m ps Hkou osQ f'k[kj dk mUu;u dks.k 30 gSA Hkou osQ f'k[kj
ij ,d ot dks ygjk;k x;k gS vkSj P ls ot osQ f'k[kj dk mUu;u dks.k 45 gSA otnaM dh
yackbZ vkSj fcUnq P ls Hkou dh nwjh Kkr dhft,A (;gk vki 3 = 1.732 ys ldrs gSaA)
,d 80 m pkSM+h lM+d osQ nksuksa vksj vkeus&lkeus leku yackbZ okys nks [kaHks yxs gq, gSaA bu nksuksa
[kaHkksa osQ chp lM+d osQ ,d cnq ls [kaHkksa osQ f'k[kj osQ mUu;u dks.k e'k% 60 vkSj 30 gSA [kaHkksa
dh pkbZ vkSj [kaHkksa ls cnq dh nwjh Kkr dhft,A
,d ehukj osQ ikn&cnq ls ,d Hkou osQ f'k[kj dk mUu;u dks.k 30 gS vkSj Hkou osQ ikn&cnq ls
ehukj osQ f'k[kj dk mUu;u dks.k 60 gSA ;fn ehukj 50m ph gks] rks Hkou dh pkbZ Kkr dhft,A
,d isMLVy osQ f'k[kj ij ,d 1.6 m ph ewr yxh gSA Hkwfe osQ ,d cnq ls ewr osQ f'k[kj dk
mUu;u dks.k 60 gS vkSj mlh cnq ls isMLVy osQ f'k[kj dk mUu;u dks.k 45 gSA isMLVy dh
pkbZ Kkr dhft,A
Hkwfe osQ ,d cnq ls ,d 20 m ps Hkou osQ f'k[kj ij yxh ,d lapkj ehukj osQ ry vkSj f'k[kj
osQ mUu;u dks.k e'k% 45 vkSj 60 gSA ehukj dh pkbZ Kkr dhft,A
,d lery tehu ij [kM+h ehukj dh Nk;k ml fLFkfr esa 40 m vf/d yach gks tkrh gS tcfd
lw;Z dk mUurka'k 60 ls ?kVdj 30 gks tkrk gS vFkkZr~ Nk;k osQ ,d fljs ls ehukj osQ f'k[kj dk
mUu;u dks.k 60 gS vkSj DB Nk;k dh yackbZ gS tcfd mUu;u dks.k 30 gS ehukj dh pkbZ Kkr
dhft,A (nsf[k, vkfr)
A
30
40 m
60
C
vkfr 11
11. 1.2 m yach
vkfr 12
,d yM+dh Hkwfe ls 88.2 m dh pkbZ ij ,d {kSfrt js[kk esa gok esa mM+ jgs xqCckjs
dks ns[krh gSA fdlh Hkh {k.k yM+dh dh vk[k ls xqCckjs dk mUu;u dks.k 60 gSA oqQN le; ckn
mUu;u dks.k ?kVdj 30 gks tkrk gS (nsf[k, vkfr 12)A bl varjky osQ nkSjku xqCckjs }kjk r;
dh xbZ nwjh Kkr dhft,A

12.
13.
14.
15.
165
,d cgqefa ty Hkou osQ f'k[kj ls ns[kus ij ,d 8 m ps Hkou osQ f'k[kj vkSj ry osQ voueu dks.k
e'k% 30 vkSj 45 gS cgqefa ty Hkou dh pkbZ vkSj nks Hkouksa osQ chp dh nwjh Kkr dhft,A
7 m ps Hkou osQ f'k[kj ls ,d osQcy VkWoj osQ fk[kj dk mUu;u dks.k 60 gS vkSj blosQ ikn
dk voueu dks.k 45 gSA VkWoj dh pkbZ Kkr dhft,A
,d unh osQ iqy osQ ,d fcanq ls unh osQ lEeq[k fdukjksa osQ voueu dks.k e'k% 30 vkSj 45
gSaA ;fn iqy fdukjksa ls 3 m dh pkbZ ij gks rks unh dh pkSM+kbZ Kkr dhft,A
ehukj osQ vk/kj ls vkSj ,d ljy js[kk esa 4 m vkSj 9 m dh nwjh ij fLFkr nks cnqvksa ls ehukj
osQ f'k[kj osQ mUu;u dks.k iwjd dks.k gSaA fl dhft, fd ehukj dh pkbZ 6 m gSA
lkjka'k
bl v;k; esa] vkius fuEufyf[kr rF;ksa dk v;;u fd;k gS %
1. (i) n`f"V&js[kk iz{s kd dh vk[k ls iz{s kd }kjk ns[kh xbZ oLrq osQ cnq dks feykus okyh js[kk gksrh gSA
(ii) ns[kh xbZ oLrq dk mUu;u dks.k n`f"V&js[kk vkSj {kSfrt js[kk ls cuk dks.k gksrk gS tcfd ;g
{kSfrt Lrj ls ij gksrk gS vFkkZr~ og fLFkfr tcfd oLrq dks ns[kus osQ fy, gesa vius flj
dks ij mBkuk gksrk gSA
(iii) ns[kh xbZ oLrq dk voueu dks.k n`f"V&js[kk vkSj {kSfrt js[kk ls cuk dks.k gksrk gS tcfd
{kSfrt js[kk {kSfrt Lrj ls uhps gksrh gS vFkkZr~ og fLFkfr tcfd oLrq dks ns[kus osQ fy, gesa
vius flj dks >qdkuk iM+rk gSA
2. f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa dh lgk;rk ls fdlh oLrq dh pkbZ ;k yackbZ ;k nks lqnwj oLrqvksa osQ chp
dh nwjh Kkr dh tk ldrh gSA
166
xf.kr
10
o`k
o`k
1- o`k%
o`k ,d ry osQ mu cnqvksa dk lewg gksrk gS tks ,d fu;r cnq (osQa nz) ls vpj nwjh (f=kT;k) ij gksrs gSAa
2- o`k vkSj ,d ry esa ,d js[kk%

o`k ls lacafkr vokkj.kkvksa tSls thok] o`k[kaM] f=kT;[kaM] pki vkfn ls ge HkfyHkkfr ifjfpr gaSA
vkb, vc ,d ry esa fLFkr ,d o`k rFkk ,d js[kk dh fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa ij fopkj djsaA
vkb,] ge ,d o`k rFkk ,d js[kk PQ ij ;ku nsaA nh xbZ fuEu vkfr esa rhu laHkkouk, gks ldrh gSaA
vkfr
(i)
vkfr (i) esa] js[kk PQ o`k osQ lkis{k vizfrPNsnh js[kk dgykrh gSa] D;ksafd js[kk
o`k esa dksbZ mHk;fu"B fcUnq ugha gSA
PQ
rFkk
o`k
167
(ii)
vkfr (ii) esa js[kk PQ o`k dh ^Nsnd js[kk* dgykrh gS] D;ksafd js[kk PQ rFkk o`k esa
nks mHk;fu"B cnq A vkSj B gSaA
(iii) vkfr (iii) esa js[kk PQ dks o`k dh ^Li'kZ js[kk* dgrs gSa] D;ksafd js[kk PQ rFkk o`k esa
,d vkSj osQoy ,d mHk;fu"B cnq A gSA
blosQ vfrfjDr] ,d js[kk dh o`k osQ lkFk dksbZ vkSj laHkkouk ugha gks ldrh gSA vc ge o`k dh
Li'kZ js[kk osQ ckjs esa rFkk muosQ oqQN xq.kksa dk Hkh v;;u djsaxsA
3- o`k dh Li'kZ js[kk dk ,d mnkgj.k%

geus vDlj oqQ, osQ ij fLFkj dh gqbZ ,d f?kjuh dks ns[kk gS ftldk mi;ksx oqQ, ls ikuh fudkyus
osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA vkfr dks nsf[k,A ;gk f?kjuh osQ nksuksa vksj dh jLlh dks ;fn fdj.k dh rjg le>sa
rks og f?kjuh }kjk fu:fir o`k ij Li'kZ js[kk dh rjg izrhr gksrk gSA
vkfr
4- o`k dh Li'kZ js[kk

fdlh o`k dh Li'kZ js[kk og js[kk gS tks o`k dks osQoy ,d cnq ij izfrPNsn djrh gSA
5- oqQN f;kdyki%
o`k osQ fdlh cnq ij Li'kZ js[kk osQ vfLrRo dks le>us osQ fy, vkb, ge fuEu f;kdyki djsaA
f;kdyki 1
,d o`kkdkj rkj yhft, rFkk o`kkdkj rkj osQ ,d cnq P ij ,d lhkk rkj AB bl izdkj tksfM+, fd
og cnq P osQ ifjr% ,d lery esa ?kwe losQA bl iz.kkyh dks ,d est+ ij jf[k, rFkk rkj AB dks cnq P
osQ ifjr% /hes&/hes ?kqekb, ftlls lhks rkj dh fofHkUu voLFkk, izkIr gks losaQ nsf[k, vkfr (i)A
fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa esa rkj] o`kkdkj rkj dks cnq P ,oa ,d vU; cnq Q1 ;k Q2 ;k Q3 vkfn ij
izfrPNsfnr djrk gSA ,d fLFkfr esa] vki ns[ksaxs fd og o`k dks osQoy ,d cnq P ij gh izfrPNsfnr djsxk
(AB dh fLFkfr ABdks nsf[k,)A ;s ;g n'kkZrk gS fd o`k osQ ,d cnq ij ,d Li'kZ js[kk dk vfLrRo gSA
iqu% ?kqekus ij vki izs{k.k dj ldrs gSa fd AB dh vU; lHkh fLFkfr;ksa esa og o`k dks cnq P rFkk ,d vU;
cnq R1 ;k R2 ;k R3 vkfn ij izfrPNsn djrk gSA bl izdkj vki isz{k.k dj ldrs gSa fd ô`k osQ ,d cnq
ij ,d vkSj osQoy ,d Li'kZ js[kk gksrh gSA*
168
xf.kr
vkfr
(i)
mi;qZDr f;kdyki esa geus ;g vuqHko fd;k fd tSls&tSls fLFkfr AB ls fLFkfr ABdh vksj c<+rh
gS] js[kk AB vkSj o`k dk mHk;fu"B cnq Q1, mHk;fu"B cnq P dh vksj fudV vkrk tkrk gSA varr%] AB
dh fLFkfr ABesa og cnq P osQ laikrh gks tkrk gSA iqu% ;ku nhft, fd D;k gksrk gS tc ABP osQ
ifjr% nf{k.kkorZ ?kqek;k tkrk gS rc mHk;fu"B cnq R3 /hjs&/hjs cnq P dh vksj vxzlj gksrk gS rFkk varr%
P ls laikrh gks tkrk gSA bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa%
uksV% fdlh o`k dh Li'kZ js[kk Nsnd js[kk dh ,d fof'k"V n'kk gS tc laxr thok osQ nksuksa fljs laikrh
gks tk,A
f;kdyki 2
,d dkxt ij ,d o`k vkSj o`k dh Nsnd js[kk PQ [khafp,A Nsnd js[kk osQ lekarj nksuksa vksj vusd
js[kk, [khafp,A gesa izkIr gksrk gS fd oqQN pj.kksa osQ ckn js[kkvksa }kjk dkVh xbZ thok dh yackbZ /hjs&/hjs de
gks jgh gS vFkkZr~ js[kk rFkk o`k osQ nksuksa izfrPNsn cnq ikl vk jgs gSa [nsf[k, vkfr (ii)]A ,d fLFkfr esa Nsnd
js[kk osQ ,d vksj ;g yackbZ rFkk nwljh fLFkfr esa ;g nwljh vksj 'kwU; gks tkrh gSA Nsnd js[kk dh fLFkfr;ksa
PQrFkk PQdh vkfr (ii) esa voyksdu dhft,A ;s nksuksa js[kk, nh x;h Nsnd js[kk PQ osQ lekarj nks
Li'kZ js[kk, gSa blls gesa ;g tkuus esa enn feyrh gS fd ,d Nsnd js[kk osQ lekarj o`k dh nks ls vf/d
Li'kZ js[kk, ugha gksrh gSaA
vkfr
(iii)
bl f;kdyki ls ;g fu"d"kZ Hkh fudyrk gS fd Li'kZ js[kk Nsnd js[kk dh ,d fo'ks"k fLFkfr gS tc
mldh laxr thok osQ nksuksa fljs laikrh gks tk,A
Li'kZ js[kk vkSj o`k osQ mHk;fu"B cnq dks Li'kZ cnq dgrs gSa rFkk Li'kZ js[kk dks o`k osQ mHk;fu"B cnq
ij Li'kZ djuk dgrs gSaA
o`k
6- xfr'khy lkbfdy%
169
vkb, vius pkjksa vksj ns[ksaA geus ,d lkbfdy vFkok ,d cSyxkM+h dks pyrs ns[kk gSA buosQ ifg;ksa
dh rjiQ ;ku nsaA ,d ifg, dh lHkh rhfy;k bldh f=kT;kvksa osQ tSlh fn[kha gSaA vc ifg, dh fLFkfr dk
kjrh ij xfr djus osQ lkis{k O;k[;k dhft,A (nsf[k, vkfr)A okLro esa ifg;k ,d js[kk dh fn'kk esa xfr
djrk gS tks ifg;s dks fu:fir djus okys o`k ij Li'kZ js[kk gSA ge ;g Hkh ns[krs gSa fd lHkh fLFkfr;ksa esa
/jrh osQ Li'kZ cnq ls tkus okyh f=kT;k Li'kZ js[kk ij yac fn[kkbZ nsrh gS (nsf[k, vkfr)A vkb, Li'kZ js[kk
osQ bl xq.k dks fl djsaxsA
vkfr
7- izes; I%
o`k ossQ fdlh cnq ij Li'kZ js[kk Li'kZ cnq ls tkus okyh f=kT;k ij yac gksrh gSA
miifk%
gesa osaQnz O okyk ,d o`k fn;k gS vkSj ,d cnq P ij Li'kZ js[kk XY nh gSA
fl djuk gS% gesa fl djuk gS fd OP, XY ij yac gSA
jpuk% XY ij P osQ vfrfjDr ,d cnq Q yhft, vkSj OQ dks feykb, (nsf[k, vkfr)A
gy% cnq Q o`0k osQ ckgj gksuk pkfg, (D;ksafd ;fn Q o`k osQ vanj gS rks XY o`k dh ,d Nsnd js[kk
gks tk,xh vkSj og o`k dh Li'kZ js[kk ugha gksxh)A vr%] OQ f=kT;k OP ls cM+h gSA vFkkZr~
vkfr
OQ > OP
D;ksafd ;g cnq P osQ vfrfjDr XY osQ izR;sd cnq osQ fy, lR; gS]
dh U;wure nwjh gSA blfy, OP, XY ij yac gSA
OP cnq O ls XY osQ
vU; cnqvksa
170
fVIi.kh %
1.
2.
xf.kr
mi;qZDr izes; ls ge ;g Hkh fu"d"kZ fudky ldrs gSa fd o`k osQ fdlh cnq ij ,d vkSj osQoy
,d Li'kZ js[kk gksrh gSA
Li'kZ cnq ls f=kT;k dks lekfgr djus okyh js[kk dks o`k osQ ml cnq ij ^vfHkyac* Hkh dgrs gSaA
iz'ukoyh
1.
,d o`k dh fdruh Li'kZ js[kk, gks ldrh gSa\

2. fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwr dhft,%
(i) fdlh o`k dh Li'kZ js[kk mls ----------------------- cnqvksa ij izfrPNsn djrh gSA
(ii) o`k dks nks cnqvksa ij izfrPNsn djus okyh js[kk ----------------------- dks dgrs gSaA
(iii) ,d o`k dh ----------------------- lekarj Li'kZ js[kk, gks ldrh gSaA
(iv) o`k rFkk mldh Li'kZ js[kk osQ mHk;fu"B cnq ----------------------- dks dgrs gSaA
3. ,d o`k [khafp, vkSj nks ,d nh xbZ js[kk osQ lekarj nks ,slh js[kk, [khafp, fd muesa ls ,d Li'kZ
js[kk gks rFkk nwljh Nsnd js[kk gksA
4. 5 lseh f=kT;k okys ,d o`k osQ cnq P ij Li'kZ js[kk PQ osaQnz O ls tkus okyh ,d js[kk ls cnq
Q ij bl izdkj feyrh gS fd OQ = 12 lsehA PQ dh yackbZ gS%
(a) 8.5 lseh
(b) 119 lseh
(c) 12 lseh
(d) 13 lseh
,d cnq ls ,d o`k ij Li'kZ js[kkvksa dh la[;k

1- ,d f;kdyki%
vkb, fdlh cnq ls o`k ij [khaph xbZ Li'kZ js[kkvksa dh la[;k osQ ckjs esa tkuus osQ fy, fuEu f;kdyki
djrs gSaA
f;kdyki
,d dkxt+ ij ,d o`k [khafp,A ,d cnq P blosQ vanj yhft,A ml cnq ls o`k ij Li'kZ js[kk [khapus
dk iz;Ru dhft,A vki D;k ikrs gSa\ vki ikrs gSa fd blls [khaph xbZ izR;sd js[kk o`k dks nks cnqvksa ij
ifjPNsn djrh gS blfy, bu js[kkvksa esa ls dksbZ Li'kZ js[kk ugha gks ldrh [nsf[k, vkfr (i)]A
vkfr
o`k
171
iqu%] o`k ij ,d cnq P yhft, rFkk bl cnq ls Li'kZ js[kk, [khafp,A geus igys ls gh izs{k.k fd;k
gS fd o`k osQ bl cnq ij ,d gh Li'kZ js[kk gksrh gS [nsf[k, vkfr (ii)]A
var esa o`k osQ ckgj ,d cnq P yhft, vkSj o`k ij bl cnq ls Li'kZ js[kk, [khapus dk iz;kl dhft,A
ge ik,xs fd bl cnq ls o`k ij nks vkSj osQoy nks Li'kZ js[kk, [khapha tk ldrh gSa (nsf[k, vkfr (iii)]A
2- lkj.kh%
la{ksi esa ge bu rF;ksa dks fuEu fLFkfr;ksa esa O;Dr dj ldrs gSaA
fLFkfr 1% o`k osQ vanj fLFkr fdlh cnq ls tkus okyh o`k ij dksbZ Li'kZ js[kk ugha gSA
fLFkfr 2% o`k ij fLFkr fdlh cnq ls o`k ij ,d vkSj osQoy ,d Li'kZ js[kk gSA
fLFkfr 3% o`k osQ ckgj fLFkr fdlh cnq ls tkus okyh o`k ij nks vkSj osQoy nks Li'kZ js[kk, gSaA
3- Li'kZ js[kk dh yackbZ%

vkfr (iii) esa Li'kZ js[kkvksa PT1 rFkk PT2 osQ e'k% T1 rFkk T2 Li'kZ cnq gSaA
ok cnq P ls o`k osQ Li'kZ cnq rd Li'kZ js[kk [kaM dh yackbZ dks cnq P ls o`k ij Li'kZ js[kk dh
yackbZ dgrs gSaA
;ku nhft, fd vkfr (iii) esa PT1 vkSj PT2 cnq P ls o`k ij Li'kZ js[kkvksa dh yackb;k gSaA yackb;ksa
PT1 vkSj PT2 esa ,d mHk;fu"B xq.k gSA
;fn ge PT1 vkSj PT2 dks ekirs gSa] rc ge ikrs gSa fd ;s cjkcj gSA okLro esa ges'kk ,slk gh gksrkTgSA
4- izes;
II :
ok cnq ls o`k ij [khaph xbZ Li'kZ js[kkvksa dh yackb;k cjkcj gksrh gSA
miifk% gesa osaQnz O okyk ,d o`k] o`k osQ ckgj dk ,d cnq P rFkk P ls o`k ij nks Li'kZ js[kk,
PR nh gS (nsf[k, vkfr)A gesa fl djuk gS% PQ = PR
PQ,
vkfr
jpuk% blosQ fy, ge OP, OQ vkSj OR dks feykrs gSaA rc OQP rFkk ORP ledks.k gSa D;ksafd
;s f=kT;kvksa vkSj Li'kZ js[kkvksa osQ chp osQ dks.k gSa vkSj izes; I ls ;s ledks.k gSA vc ledks.k f=kHkqtksa OQP
rFkk ORP es]a
OQ = OR (,d gh o`k dh f=kT;k,)
OP = OP
(mHk;fu"B)
vr%
OQP ORP (RHS lokxlerk }kjk)
blls izkIr gksrk gS
PQ = PR
(CPCT)
172
fVIi.kh
xf.kr
1.
izes; dks ikbFkkxksjl izes; dk iz;ksx djosQ Hkh fuEu izdkj ls fl fd;k tk ldrk gS%
PQ = OP2 OQ2 = OP2 OR2 = PR2 (D;ksafd OQ = OR)
ftlls izkIr gksrk gS fd PQ = PR
2. ;g Hkh ;ku nhft, fd OPQ = OPR A vr% OP dks.k QPR dk v/Zd gS] vFkkZr~ o`k dk
osaQnz Li'kZ js[kkvksa osQ chp osQ dks.k v/Zd ij fLFkr gksrk gSA
vkb,] vc oqQN mnkgj.k ysaA
2
mnkgj.k 1
fl dhft, fd Li'kZ fcanq ls Li'kZ js[kk ij [khapk x;k yac o`k osQ osaQnz ls gksdj tkrk gSA
gy%
fn;k gS% OP, js[kk l osQ ij yEc gSA
fl djuk gS% yEc o`k osQ osQUnz esa gksdj xqtjrk gSA
jpuk% (i) AB l cuk;kA
M
P
vkfr
(ii) O ls A rFkk O ls B dks
mRifk% tcfd
AB
l
OMB = MPQ
ijarq
vc
feyk;kA
OMA vkSj
[laxr
MPQ = 90
OMB = 90
OMB esa
OA = OB
[f=kT;k,]
OM = OM
[mHk;fu"B]
OMB = OMA
dks.k]
[izR;sd 90]
OMA OMB
AM = MB
OMA = OMB = 90
vc
lehdj.k (1) rFkk (2) ls ge dg ldrs gSa fd
gSa fd lefHkktd o`k osQ osQUnz ls gksdj tkrk gSA
OM, AB dk
[RHS lokx lerk]

(1) [c. p. c. t.]
(2)
yEc lefHkktd gS vkSj ge tkurs
o`k
mnkgj.k 2
173
fl dhft, fd fdlh ckg~; fcanq ls fdlh o`k ij [khaph xbZ Li'kZ js[kkvksa osQ chp dk dks.k Li'kZ
fcanqvksa dks feykus okys js[kk[kaM }kjk osaQn ij varfjr dks.k dk laiwjd gksrk gSA
A
vkfr
gy%
fn;k gS% nks Li'kZ js[kk, PA vkSj PQ tks ckg~; fcanq
fl djuk gS% APB + AOB = 180
jpuk% OA vkSj OB dks feyk;k
P ls
[khaph xbZ gSA
A rFkk
Li'kZ fcanq gSA
miifk%
OA PA OAP = 90
Li'kZ js[kk rFkk f=kT;k osQ chp cuk dks.k
90 dk
(i)
gksrk gSA
OB PB = OBP = 90
prqHkqZt OAPB esa

(prqHkqZt osQ dks.kksa dk ;ksx
360 dk
(ii)
gksrk gSA)
OAP + APB + OBP + AOB = 360
APB + AOB = 360 (OAP + OBP)

= 360 180
APB + AOB = 180 bfrfln~/eA
mnkgj.k 3
,d o`k osQ ifjxr ,d prqHkqZt
ABCD [khapk
x;k gS (nsf[k, vkfr)A fl dhft,%
gy%
fl djuk gS% ,d o`k osQ ifjxr ,d prqHkqZt
fl djuk gS% AB + CD = AD + BC
jpuk% OP, OQ, OR vkSj OS,
mRifk% gekjs ikl gS
ABCD [khapk
x;k gSA
174
xf.kr
AP, PB, BQ, QC, CR, RD, DS vkSj SA o`k
P, Q, R vkSj S muosQ
ij [khaph xbZ Li'kZ js[kk, gSaA
Li'kZ fcanq gSaA
SA = AP
AP = SA
PB = BQ
rc] ge izkIr djrs gSa

vkSj
QC = CR
CR = QC
rc
RD = DS
(ckg~; fcanq
(ckg~; fcanq
(ckg~; fcanq
A ls
B ls
C ls
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
[khaph xbZ Li'kZ js[kk,)

(iv)
(v)
(ckg~; fcanq
D ls
(vi)
R
D
S
A
P
vkfr
(ii), (iii), (v) vkSj (vi), dks
tksM+us ij
(AP + PB) + (CR + RD)
= SA + BQ + QC + DS
(AP + PB) + (CR + RD)
= (DS + SA) + (BQ + QC)
AB + CD = AD + BC
bfrfle
iz'ukoyh
iz'u la- 1] 2] 3 esa lgh fodYi pqfu, ,oa mfpr dkj.k nhft,A
1. vkfr (i) esa] ;fn TP, TQ osaQnz O okys fdlh o`k ij nks Li'kZ js[kk, bl izdkj gSa fd
= 110, rks PTQ cjkcj gS%
(a) 70
(c) 90
2.
;fn ,d cnq P ls O osaQnz okys fdlh

gksa] rks POA cjkcj gS %
(a) 50
(c) 70
3.
(b) 80
(d) 60
o`k ij PA, PB Li'kZ
80 osQ
dks.k ij >qdh
(b) 60
(d) 80
,d cnq Q ls ,d o`k ij Li'kZ js[kk dh yackbZ 24

dh f=kT;k gS%
(a) 24.5 cm
js[kk, ijLij
POQ
(b) 7 cm
cm rFkk Q dh
osaQnz ls nwjh 25
cm gSA
o`k
o`k
175
4.
(c) 12 cm
,d cnq A ls]
(d) 15 cm
5 cm nwjh ij gS]
tks ,d o`k osQ osaQnz ls

o`k ij Li'kZ js[kk dh yackbZ 4 cm gSA
o`k dh f=kT;k Kkr dhft,A
5. nks laosaQnzh; o`kksa dh f=kT;k, 5 cm rFkk 3 cm gSaA cM+s o`k dh ml thok dh yackbZ Kkr dhft,
tks NksVs o`k dks Li'kZ djrh gksA
6. fl dhft, fd fdlh o`k osQ fdlh O;kl osQ fljksa ij [khaph xbZ Li'kZ js[kk, lekarj gksrh gSaA
7- fl dhft, fd fdlh o`k osQ ifjxr lekarj prqHkqZt leprqHkqZt gksrk gSA
9. osaQnz O okys o`k ij ck fcanq T ls nks Li'kZ js[kk, TP rFkk TQ [khaph xbZ gSA fl dhft, fd
PTQ = OPQ gSA
10- fl dhft, fd nks losaQnzh; o`kksa esa cMs+ o`k dh thok tks NksVs o`k dks Li'kZ djrh gS] Li'kZ fcanq
ij lef}Hkkftr gksrh gSA
lkjka'k
bl v;k; esa] vkius fuEu rF;ksa dk v;;u fd;k gS%
1. o`k dh Li'kZ js[kk dk vFkZA
2. o`k dh Li'kZ js[kk Li'kZ cnq ls tkus okyh f=kT;k ij yac gksrh gSA
3. ck cnq ls fdlh o`k ij [khaph xbZ nksuksa Li'kZ js[kkvksa dh yackb;k leku gksrh gSaA
176
xf.kr
11
jpuk,
1- Hkwfedk
jpukvksa osQ fcuk ge T;kfefr dh dYiuk Hkh ugha dj ldrsA geus fiNyh d{kkvksa esa Hkh dbZ izdkj
dh jpuk, dh Fkha tSls fdlh dks.k dks lef}Hkkftr djuk] fdlh js[kk[kaM dk yac lef}Hkktd [khapuk] oqQN
f=kHktksa vkSj o`kksa dh jpuk, djuk bR;kfnA vc ge oqQN vkSj ubZ jpukvksa dk v;;u djsaxsa tks fd fiNyh
jpukvksa ls Hkh laca/ j[krh gSaA bu jpukvksa dks cukus dk dkj.k rFkk buls lacaf/r oqQN xf.krh; O;k[;k Hkh
djsaxsaA
2- js[kk[kaM dk foHkktu
ekuk ,d js[kk[kaM fn;k gS vkSj gesa mls ,d fn, x, vuqikr] ekuk 3 : 2 esa foHkkftr djuk gSA ge
bldh yackbZ eki dj rFkk fn, x, vuqikr osQ vuqlkj ,d cnq fpfr dj ldrs gSaA ijarq ;fn gekjs ikl
bls lgh&lgh ekius dh dksbZ fof/ u gks rks ge bls lgh :i ls ugha eki ldrsA bl izdkj osQ cnq dks izkIr
djus osQ fy,] ge fuEufyf[kr nks fof/;k iz;ksx djrs gSa%
3- jpuk
(i) ,d
js[kk[kaM dks fn, gq, vuqikr esa foHkkftr djukA

,d js[kk[kaM AB fn;k gS] ge bldks m : n osQ vuqikr esa foHkkftr djuk pkgrs gSaA izf;k dks le>us
esa lgk;rk djus osQ fy,] ge m = 3 vkSj n = 2 ysaxsA
jpuk osQ pj.k%

1.
AB ls
U;wudks.k cukrh dksbZ fdj.k
AX [khafp,A
jpuk,
2.
177
AX ij 5 (= m + n) cnq A1, A2, A3, A4 vkSj A5 bl
izdkj vafdr dhft, fd
AA1 = A1A2
= A2A3 = A3A4 = A4A5 gksA

3.
4.
BA5 dks
feykb,A
cnq A3 (m = 3) ls gksdj tkus okyh A5B osQ lekarj ,d js[kk (A3 ij AA5B osQ cjkcj dks.k
cukdj) AB dks ,d cnq C ij izfrPNsn djrh gqbZ [khafp, (nsf[k, vkfr 1)A
rc] AC : CB = 3 : 2 gSA
vkfr
vkb, ns[ksa fd ;g fof/ oSQls gesa vHkh"V foHkktu nsrh gSA

D;ksafd A3C, A5B osQ lekarj gS]
AA 3
AC
=
A3 A5
CB
vr%
jpuk ls]
AA 3
A3 A5
3
2
(vk/kjHkwr lekuqikfrdrk izes; }kjk)
AC 3
gSA
CB 2
C, AB dks 3 : 2 vuqikr
gSA vr%
blls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd fcanq
esa foHkkftr djrk gSA
oSdfYid fof/
jpuk osQ pj.k %
1.
AB ls
U;wudks.k cukrh dksbZ fdj.k AX [khafp,A

2. BAX osQ cjkcj ABY cukdj AX osQ lekarj ,d fdj.k BY [khafp,A
3. AX ij cnq A1, A2, A3 (m = 3) vkSj BY ij fcanq B1, B2 (n = 2) bl izdkj vafdr dhft, fd
AA1 = A1A2 = A2A3 = BB1 = B1B2 gksA
4. A3B2 dks feykb,A ekuk ;g AB dks cnq C ij izfrPNsn djrh gS (nsf[k, vkfr)A
rc] AC : CB = 3 : 2 gSA
vkb, ns[kas fd bl fof/ ls gesa vHkhV jpuk fdl izdkj izkIr gksrk gS\
;gk AA3C ~ BB2C (AA le:irk dlkSVhj)
rc
ijarq jpuk }kjk
AA 3
AC
=
BB2
BC
AA 3
3
BB2 = 2 gSA
(vk/kjHkqr lekuqikfrdrk izes; }kjk)

vr%
AC
3
BC
2
178
xf.kr
vkfr
uksV% okLro esa bu fof/;ksa }kjk fn;s x;s js[kk[kaM dks fdlh Hkh vuqikr esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
bl jpuk dh nks fLFkfr;k gSa%
(a) ftl f=kHkqt dh jpuk djuh gS] og fn, x, f=kHkqt ls NksVk gksA
(b) ftl f=kHkqt dh jpuk djuh gS] og fn, x, f=kHkqt ls cM+k gksA
LosQy xq.kd% LosQy xq.kd dk vFkZ jpuk djus okys f=kHkqt dh Hkqtkvksa rFkk fn, gq, f=kHkqt dh laxr
Hkqtkvksa osQ vuqikr ls gSA bu jpukvksa dks le>us osQ fy, vkb, fuEu mnkgj.k ysaA
jpuk% (ii) ,d fn, x, LosQy xq.kd osQ vuqlkj fn, x, f=kHkqt osQ le:i ,d f=kHkqt dh jpuk
djukA
;gh fof/ O;kid fLFkfr esa Hkh ykxw gksxhA
mnkgj.k 1
4 cm, 5 cm vkSj 6 cm
Hkqtkvksa okys ,d f=kHkqt dh jpuk dhft, vkSj fiQj blosQ le:i ,d vU;
f=kHkqt dh jpuk dhft,] ftldh Hkqtk, fn, gq, f=kHkqt dh laxr Hkqtkvksa dh
2
3
dh xquh gksaA
gy%
pki
jpuk osQ pj.k% igys ge ,d js[kk[kaM AB = 6 cm [khaprs gSa rFkk ,d pki AC = 4 cm rFkk nwljh
gSa tks C ij dkVrh gSa] A dks C ls vkSj B dks C ls feykrs gSaA
BC = 4 cm [khaprs
vkfr
jpuk,
179
bl izdkj ge
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
D ABC izkIr
djrs gSaA
AB ls U;wudks.k cukrh gqbZ ,d fdj.k
AX
AX
[khaprs gaS)A
ij rhu fcanq ( 3 esa 2 vkSj 3 esa ls cM+h la[;k)

dhft, fd AA1 = AA2 = AA3A
A1, A2
vkSj
A 3,
bl izdkj vafdr
BA3
dks feykb, vkSj A2 (nwljk fcanq ;gk 3 esa 2 vkSj 3 esa ls 2 NksVh gS) ls gksdj
tkus okyh BA3 osQ lekarj ,d js[kk AB dks B ij izfrPNsn djrh gqbZ [khafp, A2B
A3B vkSj ( AA3B = AA2B).
(iv) B ls gksdj tkus okyh BC osQ lekarj ,d js[kk AC dk C ij izfrPNsn djrh gS fd B
C B, C,vkSj ABC = ABCA
vr% ABC ,d vHkh"V f=kHkqt gSaA
mnkgj.k 3%
,d f=kHkqt
ABC cukb,]
ftlesa
BC = 7 cm, ABC dh
laxr Hkqtkvksa dh
4
3
xquh gksaA
gy%
jpuk osQ pj.k%
(i) ,d js[kk[kaM BC = 7cm.
(ii) B ij B = 45 cuk;k ( A + B + C = 180)
(iii) C ij C = 30 cuk;kA nksuksa fdj.ksa A ij dkVrh gSA bl izdkj
ABC
izkIr gksrk gSA
105
45
vkfr
(iv)
BC
ij U;wu dks.k cukrh fd ,d fdj.k BX [khaphA

(v) fcanqvksa B1, B2, B, vkSj B4 dks vafdr djrs gSa fd BB1 = B1B2 = B2B3 = B3B4.
(vi) B2C dks feykrs gSaA
(vii) B4 ls gksrh gqbZ js[kk B4C B3C [khaph (BB3C = BB4C)
(viii) C ls gksrh gqbZ js[kk CAP AC osQ [khaph ( BCA = BCA)
vr% A BC ,d vHkh"V f=kHkqt gS
180
mnkgj.k 4%
xf.kr
4 cm rFkk 3 cm yackbZ
5
laxr Hkqtkvksa dh 3 xquh
,d ledks.k f=kHkqt dh jpuk dhft,] ftldh Hkqtk, (d.kZ osQ vfrfjDr)

gksAa fiQj ,d vU; f=kHkqt dh jpuk dhft,] ftldh Hkqtk, fn, gq, f=kHkqt dh
dh
gksAa
gy% jpuk osQ pj.k%

cuk;k rFkk B = 90 A
(ii) BA = 3 cm dh pki dkVh] A dks B ls rFkk C ls feyk;kA bl izdkj ABC ,d
ledks.k f=kHkqt izkIr djrh gSA
(iii) BC ij U;wudks.k cukrh ,d fdj.k BX [khaphA
(iv) B1, B2, B3, B4, B5 dks vafdr djrs gSa fd BBB1 B2 = B2 B3 = B3 B4
(v) B3 dks C ls feyk;kA
(vi) B5C, B3C osQ lekarj [khaph tks BC dks C ij dkVrh gSA
(vii) ,d fdj.k B1,CA AC osQ [khaph tks AB dks A ij dkVrh gSA
vr% ABC ,d vHkh"V f=kHkqt gSA
(i)
BC = 4 cm
iz'ukoyh
fuEu esa ls izR;sd osQ fy, jpuk dk vkSfpR; Hkh nhft,%
1. 7.6 cm yack ,d js[kk[kaM [khafp, vkSj bls 5 : 8 vuqikr esa foHkkftr dhft,A nksuksa Hkkxksa dks ekfi,A
2. ,d fn, x, f=kHkqt ABC osQ le:i ,d f=kHkqt dh jpuk dhft,] ftldh Hkqtk, fn, x, f=kHkqt
3
3.
ls (vFkkZr~ LosQy xq.kd

gS)A
dh laxr Hkqtkvksa dh
4
4
vk/kj 8 cm rFkk pkbZ 4 cm osQ ,d lef}ckgq f=kHkqt dh jpuk dhft, vkSj fiQj ,d vU;
f=kHkqt dh jpuk dhft,] ftldh Hkqtk, bl lef}ckgq f=kHkqt dh laxr Hkqtkvksa dh
1
2
xquh gksaA
fdlh o`k ij Li'kZ js[kkvksa dh jpuk

1- ,d o`k osQ ,d fcUnq ij Li'kZ js[kk%
ge tkurs gSa fd] ;fn dksbZ cnq o`k osQ vanj fLFkr gS] rks bl cnq ls tkus okyh o`k dh dksbZ Li'kZ
js[kk ugha gks ldrh gSA ijarq ;fn cnq o`k ij fLFkr gS] rks ml cnq ij o`k dh ,d vkSj osQoy ,d Li'kZ
js[kk gksrh gS] tks ml cnq ls tkus okyh f=kT;k ij yac gksrh gSA vr% ;fn ge o`k osQ fdlh cnq ij Li'kZ
js[kk [khapuk pkgrs gSa] rks osQoy ml cnq ls tkus okyh f=kT;k [khafp, vkSj mlh cnq ij bldh yac js[kk
[khafp,A rc] ;gh vHkh"V Li'kZ js[kk gksxhA
uksV% ;fn cnq o`k osQ ckgj fLFkr gS] rks bl cnq ls o`k ij nks Li'kZ js[kk, gksrh gSaA
vc ge ns[kasxs fd oSQls bu Li'kZ js[kkvksa dks [khapk tkrk gSA
jpuk (iii) ,d o`k osQ ckgj fLFkr ,d cnq ls ml ij Li'kZ js[kkvksa dh jpuk djukA
jpuk,
181
gesa ,d o`k ftldk osaQnz

js[kk, [khapuh gaSA
O gS
rFkk blosQ ckgj ,d cnq
P fn,
gq, gSaA gesa
P ls
o`k ij nksuksa Li'kZ
jpuk osQ pj.k %

1.
PO dks
2.
M dks
feykb, vkSj bls lef}Hkkftr dfj,A ekuk PO dk e; cnq M gSA

osaQnz eku dj rFkk MO f=kT;k ysdj ,d o`k [khafp,A ekuk ;g fn, x, o`k dks
R ij izfrPNsn djrk gSA
Q vkSj
vkfr
3.
P dks Q rFkk R ls
feykb;sA
rc] PQ vkSj PR vHkh"V nks Li'kZ js[kk, gSA
(nsf[k, vkfr)A
gy%
OQ dks
feykb,A rc]
PQO vkZo`k
esa cuk ,d dks.k gS vkSj blhfy,
PQO = 90
Q OQ
D;ksafd] OQ fn, o`k dh f=kT;k gS] blfy, PQ o`k dh Li'kZ js[kk gh gksxhA blh izdkj] PR Hkh o`k
dh Li'kZ js[kk gSA
fVIi.kh : ;fn o`k dk osaQnz ugha fn;k gS] rks ge dksbZ nks vlekarj thok, ysdj rFkk muosQ yac
lef}Hkktdksa osQ izfrPNsn cnq osQ :i esa osaQnz Kkr dj ldrs gSaA blosQ ckn] ge mi;qZDr :i ls vkxs c<+
ldrs gSaA
vkb, oqQN mnkgj.kksa dh lgk;rk ls bldk vH;kl djsa%&
mnkgj.k% 1
1.6 cm f=kT;k dk ,d o`k [khafp,A osaQnz ls 10 cm nwj fLFkr ,d fcanq ls o`k ij Li'kZ js[kk ;qXe dh
jpuk dhft, vkSj mudh yackb;k ekfi,A
gy%
jpuk osQ pj.k% (i) 6 cm f=kT;k dk o`k cuk;kA
(ii) O dks X rd c<+k;kA OP = 10 cm dkVkA
182
xf.kr
(iii)
OP dk
yEc lef}Hkktd
ST [khapk
tks
OP dk M ij
dkVrk gSA
vkfr
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
M dks
osaQnz ekurs gq, OM f=kT;k dk o`k [khapk tksn igys [khaps x, o`k dks
dkVrk gS
PQ rFkk PR dks feyk;kA
PQ rFkk PR dh yEckbZ ekirs gSaA PQ = PR = 8 cm gSA
PQ =
vkSfpR;%
Q rFkk R ij
PQ2 OQ2
106 62 100 36
64 8 cm
S
Q
6 cm
R
T
10 cm
vkfr
PR =
vkSj
=
PR =
PO2 OQ2
102 62 100 36
64 = 8 cm
vr%
PQ = PR = 8 cm.
tkp% OQ vkSj OR dks feykb,A
pwfd OQP and ORP v/Zo`k osQ dks.k gSaA
pwfd
OQ vkSj
OQP = 90 = ORP
OR o`k dh f=kT;k, gSa vkSj PQ vkSj PR fcUnq Q vkSj R ij
o`k dh Li'kZ js[kk, gSaA
jpuk,
183
ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd O;kl

gh [khaph tk ldrh gSA
OP o`k
dh nks fcUnqvksa ij izfrPNsn djrk gS vr% osQoy nks Li'kZ js[kk,
mnkgj.k 2%
3.3 cm f=kT;k
nks fcanq
dk ,d o`k [khafp,A blosQ fdlh c<+k, x, O;kl ij osaQnz ls

bu nksuksa fcanqvksa ls o`k js[kk, [khafp,A
7 cm dh
nwjh ij fLFkr
P vkSj Q yhft,A
gy%
jpuk osQ pj.k% (i) O dks osaQnz ekurs gq, 3 cm f=kT;k dk ,d o`k [khapkA
(ii) o`k osQ ckgj nks fcanq P vkSj Q bl izdkj fy, fd OP = 7 cm vkSj
e; fcanq M rFkk OQ dk N fy;kA
A
OQ = 7 cm OP dk
vkfr
(iii)
(iv)
rFkk N dks osasQnz ekurs gq, e'k% OM rFkk ON f=kT;k okys o`k [khapsA nksuksa o`k
igys eq[; o`k dks R, S, T vkSj U ij dkVrs gSaA
P dks R vkSj S ls feyk;k rFkk Q dks R o U ls feykb,A PR, PS vkSj NT, NU okafNr
Li'kZ js[kk, gSaA
vkSfpR;% ck;sa o`k osQ fy,
PRO = 90 (v/Zo`k
OR PR
esa cuk dks.k)
vr% PR, Li'kZ js[kk gSA (o`k dh Li'kZ js[kk rFkk f=kT;k osQ chp
QT, vkSj QU Li'kZ js[kk, gSaA
tkp% OR rFkk OS dks feykb,A
rc PRO ,d v/Zo`k oQk dks.k gS] blfy,
PRO = 90
PR OR
90 dk
dks.k gksrk gSA blh rjg
PS,
184
xf.kr
pwfd OR fn, gq, o`k dh f=kT;k gS] blfy, PR o`k dh Li'kZ js[kk gSA blh rjg ls
dh Li'kZ js[kk gSA
vc OT vkSj OU dksn feykb,A
rc QTO ,d vkZo`k dk dks.k gS] blfy,
PS Hkh
bl o`k
QU Hkh
o`k dh
QTO = 90
pwfd OT fn, x, o`k dh f=kT;k gS] blfy,

Li'kZ js[k gSA
QT o`k
dh Li'kZ js[kk gSaA blh rjg ls]
mnkgj.k 3%
6 cm yack
,d js[kk[kaM AB [khafp,A A dks osaQnz ekudj 4 cm f=kT;k dk ,d o`k rFkk B dks osaQnz ysdj
3 cm f=kT;k dk ,d vU; o`k [khafp,A izR;sd o`k ij nwljs o`k osQ osQanz ls Li'kZ js[kkvksa dh jpuk dhft,A
gy%
(i)
,d js[kk[kaM
AB = 8 cm cuk;k
rFkk bldks lef}Hkkftr fd;kA ekuk
e; fcanq gSA
R
s
M, AB dk
vkfr
osQUnz ekurs gq, 4 cm f=kT;k dk o`k [khapk rFkk B dks osQUnz ekurs gq, 3 cm f=kT;k
dk o`k [khapkA M dks osQUnz ekurs gq, MA f=kT;k dk o`k [khapk tks nksuksa o`kksa dks P,
Q vkSj R, S ij dkVrk gSA
(iii) A dks R o S ls feyk;kA B dks P o Q ls feyk;kA
bl izdkj BP vkSj AR Li'kZ js[kk, gSaA blh rjg AS vkSj BQ Li'kZ js[kk, gSaA
tkp% BP vkSj BQ dks feykb,A
rc APB, ,d v/Zo`k dk dks.k gS] blfy,
(ii)
A dks
APB = 90
vkSj
BP AP
pwfd AP o`k dh f=kT;k gS ftldk osQUnz A gS] vkSj
fiQj vc AR vkSj AS dks feykb,A
rc ARB = 90] ,d v/Zo`k dk dks.k gSaA
vr%
AR BR
BP o`k
dh Li'kZ js[kk gS ftldk osQUnz
A gSA
jpuk,
pwfd BR o`k dh f=kT;k gS ftldk osQUnz
Hkh B osQUnz okys o`k dh Li'kZ js[kk gSA
185
B gS
vkSj
AR mlh
o`k dh Li'kZ js[kk gSA blh rjg ls
AS
iz'ukoyh
1. 4 cm f=kT;k osQ ,d o`k ij 6 cm f=kT;k osQ ,d losaQnzh; o`k osQ fdlh cnq ls ,d Li'kZ js[kk
dh jpuk dhft, vkSj mldh yackbZ ekfi,A ifjdyu ls bl eki dh tkp Hkh dhft,A
2. 5 cm f=kT;k osQ ,d o`k ij ,slh nks Li'kZ js[kk, [khafp,] tks ijLij 60 osQ dks.k ij >qdh gksaA
3. ekuk ABC ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt gS] ftlesa AB = 6 cm, BC = 8 cm rFkk B = 90 gSA B ls AC
ij BD yac gSA fcanqvksa B, C, D ls gksdj tkus okyk ,d o`k [khapk x;k gSA A ls bl o`k ij Li'kZ
js[kk dh jpuk dhft,A
4. fdlh pwM+h dh lgk;rk ls ,d o`k [khafp,A o`k osQ ckgj ,d cnq yhft,A bl cnq ls o`k ij
Li'kZ js[kkvksa dh jpuk dhft,A
lkjka'k
bl v;k; esa] vkius ns[kk gS fd fuEu jpuk, fdl izdkj dh tkrh gSa %
1. ,d js[kk[kaM dks ,d fn, x, vuqikr esa foHkkftr djukA
2. ,d fn, x, f=kHkqt osQ le:i f=kHkqt dh jpuk djuk tcfd LosQy xq.kd fn;k x;k gks (LosQy
xq.kd ,d ls de ;k ,d ls vf/d gks ldrk gS)A
3. fdlh ck cnq ls fdlh o`k ij ,d Li'kZ js[kk ;qXe dh jpuk djukA
186
xf.kr
12
o`kksa ls lacfa /r {ks=kiQy

1- o`kh; vkfr;ksa osQ ifjeki vkSj {ks=kiQy dh mi;ksfxrk%
ifjeki rFkk {ks=kiQy fudkyus dh dbZ fof/;ksa dk v;;u geus igys Hkh fd;k gSA geus ljy lery
vkfr;ksa tSls vk;r] oxZ] f=kHkqt] lekarj prqHkqZt vkSj o`kksa osQ ifjeki vkSj {ks=kiQy Kkr djus dh fof/;ksa
dks lh[kk gSA gekjs nSfud thou esa budh cgqr mi;ksfxrk gSA blh izdkj] o`kh; vkfr;ksa osQ ifjekiksa vkSj
{ks=kiQyksa dks Kkr djus ls lacaf/r leL;k, Hkh gekjs O;kogkfjd thou esa vkrh jgrh gSA o`kh; vkfr;ksa
ls gekjk rkRi;Z bu vkfr;ksa tSls& xksy osQd] ukuh dk <Ddu] pwfM+;k] o`kkdkj iFk] lkbfdy dk ifg;k]
Bsyk] ikiM+] ok'kj] iwQyksa dh D;kfj;k bR;kfnA bl rjg dh vkfr;k ge vius nSfud thou ns[krs jgrs gSaA
vc ge bu vkfr;ksa ls lacaf/r ifjeki rFkk {ks=kiQy Kkr djus dh fof/;ksa dh leh{kk djsxsaA lkFk gh o`kh;
{ks=k (laf{kIr :i ls o`k) osQ nks fo'ks"k ^Hkkxksa* osQ {ks=kiQy Kkr djus esa djsaxs] ftUgsa f=kT;[kaM (sector) vkSj
o`k[kaM (segment of a circle) dgrs gSaA ge ;g Hkh ns[ksaxs fd o`kksa ;k muosQ Hkkxksa ls lac lery
vkfr;ksa osQ oqQN la;kstuksa osQ {ks=kiQy Hkh Kkr djsxsaA
2- o`k dk ifjeki
,d o`k osQ vuqfn'k ,d ckj pyus esa r; dh xbZ nwjh mldk ifjeki gksrk gS] ftls izk;% ifjf/
(circumference) dgk tkrk gSA ge ;g Hkh tkurs gSa fd o`k dh ifjf/ dk mlosQ O;kl osQ lkFk ,d vpj
vuqikr gksrk gSA bl vpj vuqikr dks ,d ;wukuh v{kj (ftls îkbZ* i<+k tkrk gS) ls O;Dr fd;k tkrk
gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa]
ifjf/
=
O;kl
o`kksa ls lacaf/r {ks=kiQy
187
ifjf/ = O;kl
= 2r (tgk r o`k dh f=kT;k gS)
;k
= 2r
3- ,sfrgkfld rF;%
,d egku Hkkjrh; xf.krK vk;ZHk
=
(476 550 bZ-iw-) us dk
,d lfUudV eku fn;kA mUgksaus dgk fd
62832
20000
gksrk gS] tks yxHkx 3.1416 osQ cjkcj gSA bl ckr ij ;ku nsuk Hkh #fpiw.kZ gS fd ,d egku
izfrHkk'kkyh Hkkjrh; xf.krK Jhfuokl jkekuqtu (18871920) dh ,d loZlfedk dk iz;ksx djosQ dk eku
n'keyo osQ yk[kksa LFkkuksa rd ifjdfyr djus esa leFkZ gks losQ gSaA ge tkurs gSa fd ,d vifjes;
(irrational) la[;k gS vkSj bldk n'keyo izlkj vuolkuh vkSj vukorhZ non-terminating and nonrepeating) gksrk
gSA ijarq O;kogkfjd dk;ks osQ fy, ge izk;% ;g eku yxHkx
22
7
;k 3-14 ysrs gSaA
4- o`k dk {ks=kiQy%
ge tkurs gSa fd o`k dk {ks=kiQy r2 gksrk gSA tgk r o`r dh f=kT;k gksrh gSA ge bldh tkp] ,d o`k
dks vusd f=kT;[kaMksa eas dkV dj vkSj fiQj mUgsa vkfr (ii) esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj iquZO;ZofLFkr dj ldrs gSaA
vkfr
ge vkfr esa vkdkj ns[k ldrs gSa] ,d vk;r dh yxHkx yackbZ

lq>ko feyrk gS fd o`k dk {ks=kiQy
1
2r r = r2 gSA
2
1
2r r gS
2
vkjS pkMSk+bZ r gS blls
mnkgj.k 1 %
fdlh dkj osQ izR;sd ifg, dk O;kl 80 cm gSA ;fn ;g dkj
gS] rks 10 feuV esa izR;sd ifg;k fdrus pDdj yxkrh gS\
66 km
izfr ?kaVs dh pky ls py jgh
gy%
ifg;s dk O;kl = 80 cm
80
ifg;s dh f=kT;k = cm 40 cm
2
ifg;s dh ifjf/ = 2 (40) cm
= 80 cm
ifg;s
}kjk ,d pDdj esa r; dh xbZ nwjh
= 80 cm = 80
22
cm
7
188
xf.kr
1760
cm
7
xbZ nwjh = 66 km
= 6600000 cm
6600000
dh xbZ nwjh = 60 10 cm
= 1100000 cm
ifg;s
}kjk 1 ?kaVs esa r; dh
ifg;s
}kjk 10 feuV esa r;
ifg;s
}kjk yxk;s x, pDdjksa dh la[;k
1100000
4375.
1760 / 7
iz'ukoyh
=
22
dk
7
cm vkSj
(tc
rd vU;Fkk u dgk tk,]
1.
nks o`kksa dh f=kT;k, e'k% 19

9 cm gSaA ml o`k dh f=kT;k Kkr dhft, ftldh ifjf/
bu nksuksa o`kksa dh ifjfk;ksa osQ ;ksx osQ cjkcj gSA
,d o`kkdkj [ksr ij 24 #- izfr ehVj dh nj ls ckM+ yxkus dk O;; 5280 #- gSA bl [ksr dh
0-50 #- izfr oxZ ehVj dh nj ls tqrkbZ djkbZ tkuh gSA [ksr dh tqrkbZ djkus dk O;; Kkr dhft,
2.
( =
3.
22
7
iz;ksx dhft,)
yhft,)
fuEufyf[kr esa lgh mkj pqfu, rFkk vius mkj dk vkSfpR; nhft,%
;fn ,d o`k dk ifjeki vkSj {ks=kiQy la[;kRed :i ls cjkcj gS] rks ml o`k dh f=kT;k gS%
(a) 2 ek=kd
(b) ek=kd
(c) 4 ek=kd
(d) 7 ek=kd
f=kT;[kaM vkSj o`k[kaM osQ {ks=kiQy
1- ,d o`k osQ f=kT;[kaM vkSj o`k[kaM%

ge 'kCnksa f=kT;[kaM (sector) vkSj o`k[kaM (segment of a circle) ls iwoZ ifjfpr gSaA ge tkurs gSa fd
,d o`kh; {ks=k dk og Hkkx tks nks f=kT;kvksa vkSj laxr pki ls f?kjk (ifjc) gks] ml o`k dk ,d f=kT;[kaM
dgykrk gS rFkk o`kh; {ks=k dk og Hkkx tks ,d thok vkSj laxr pki osQ chp esa ifjc gks ,d o`k[kaM
dgykrk gSA bl izdkj] vkofr 1 esa] Nk;kafdr Hkkx OAPB osaQnz O okys o`k dk ,d f=kT;[kaM gSA AOB
bl f=kT;[kaM dk dks.k dgykrk gSA ;ku nhft, fd blh vkfr esa vNk;kafdr Hkkx OAQB Hkh o`k dk
f=kT;[kaM gSA Li"V :i ls OAPB ,d y?kq f=kT;[kaM (minor sector) dgykrk gS rFkk OAQB ,d nh?kZ
f=kT;[kaM (major sector) dgykrk gSA ge ;g Hkh ns[k ldrs gSa fd bl nh?kZ f=kT;[kaM dk dks.k 360
AOB gSA
189
vkfr 1
vkfr 2
vc vkfr 2 dks ns[krs gSa] ftleas AB osaQnz O okys o`k dh ,d thok gSA vr% Nk;kafdr Hkkx APB
,d o`k[kaM gSA ge ;g Hkh ns[k ldrs gSa fd vNk;kafdr Hkkx AQB Hkh thok AB }kjk fuer ,d vU;
o`k[kaM gSA Li"V dkj.kksa ls] APB y?kq o`k[kaM dgykrk gS rFkk AQB nh?kZ o`k[kaM dgykrk gSA
fVIi.kh %
tc rd vU;Fkk u dgk tk,] ô`k[kaM* vkSj ^f=kT;[kaM* fy[kus ls gekjk rkRi;Z e'k% y?kq o`k[kaM
vkSj y?kq f=kT;[kaM ls gksxkA
vkfr 3
o`kksa
okys f=kT;[kaM dk {ks=kiQy
ekuk OAPB osaQnz O vkSj f=kT;k r okys o`k dk ,d f=kT;[kaM gS (nsf[k, vkfr 3)A ekuk
dk va'kh; (degree) eki gSA
AOB
190
xf.kr
ge tkurs gSa fd ,d o`k oLrqr% ,d o`kh; {ks=k ;k pdrh (disc) dk {ks=kiQy r2 gksrk gSA
,d :i ls] ge bl o`kh; {ks=k dks osaQnz O ij 360 dk dks.k cukus okyk (va'kh; eki 360) ,d
f=kT;[kaM eku ldrs gSaA fiQj ,sfdd fof/ (Unitary Method) dk iz;ksx djosQ] ge f=kT;[kaM OAPB dk
{ks=kiQy uhps n'kkZ, vuqlkj Kkr dj ldrs gaS%
tc osaQnz ij cus dks.k dk va'kh; eki 360 gS] rks f=kT;[kaM dk {ks=kiQy = r2
r 2
360
r 2
\
r 2
=
360
360
vr%] tc osaQnz ij cus dks.k dk vakh; eki 1 gS] rks f=kT;[kaM dk {ks=kiQy
blfy, tc osaQnz ij cus dks.k dk va'kh; eki gS] rks f=kT;[kaM dk {ks=kiQy
bl izdkj] ge o`k osQ ,d f=kT;[kaM osQ {ks=kiQy osQ fy,] fuEufyf[kr laca/ (;k lw=k) izkIr djrs gSa%
dk.sk okys f =kT; [kaM dk {ks =kiQy

tgk r o`k dh f=kT;k gS vkSj
3- dks.k
f=kT;[kaM
r 2
360
dk va'kksa esa dks.k gSA
okys f=kT;k[kaM osQ laxr pki dh yackbZ%
blh izdkj ge bl f=kT;[kaM dh laxr pki APB dh yackbZ Kkr dj ldrs gSaA iqu%] ,sfdd fof/ dk
iz;ksx djus rFkk laiw.kZ o`k (360 dks.k okys) dh yackbZ 2r ysus ij] ge pki APB dh okafNr yackbZ
2r izkIr
30
vr%
djrs gSaA
dk.sk okys f =kT; [kaM oQs lxar pki dh ycakbZ
2r
360
4- o`k[kaM dk {ks=kiQy%
vkb, vc osaQnz O vkSj f=kT;k r okys o`k[kaM APB osQ {ks=kiQy ij fopkj djsa (nsf[k, vkfr 4)A ge
ns[k ldrs gSa fd o`k[kaM APB dk {ks=kiQy = f=kT;[kaM OAPB dk {ks=kiQy OAB dk {ks=kiQy
r 2 OAB
360
fVIi.kh %
e'k% vkfr 3 vkSj vkfr 4 ls] ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd nh?kZ f=kT;[kaM OAQB dk {ks=kiQy
y?kq f=kT;[kaM OAPB dk {ks=kiQy
rFkk nh?kZ o`k[kaM AQB dk {ks=kiQy = r2 y?kq o`k[kaM APB dk {ks=kiQy
vc vkb, bu vo/kj.kkvksa (;k ifj.kkeksa) dks le>us osQ fy, oqQN mnkgj.k ysaA
= r2
mnkgj.k 4
f=kT;k 6 cm okys ,d o`k osQ f=kT;[kaM dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,] ftldk dks.k
nh?kZ f=kT;[kaM dk {ks=kiQy Hkh Kkr dhft,A
60 gSA
lkFk gh] laxr

(= 3.14 dk
191
iz;ksx dhft,)A
vkfr
gy%
fn;k gqvk f=kT;[kaM
OAPB gS
(nsf[k, vkfr)A
r 2
360
60
3.14 6 6cm 2
=
360
132
cm2 18.85 cm2
=
7
f=kT;[kaM dk {ks=kiQy =
(yxHkx)
laxr nh?kZ f=kT;[kaM dk {ks=kiQy

= r2 f=kT;[kaM OAPB dk {ks=kiQy
= (3.14 36 18.85) cm2
= 94.19 cm2 = 94.20 cm2 (yxHkx)
oSdfYid :i ls]
(360 )
xr 2
360
360 60
2
=
3.14 36 cm
360
300
3.14 36 cm 2
=
360
= 94.20 cm2 (yxHkx)
nh?kZ f=kT;[kaM dk {ks=kiQy =
mnkgj.k 5
f=kT;k
21 cm okys
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
o`k dk ,d pki osaQnz ij 60 dk dks.k varfjr djrk gSA Kkr dhft,%

pki dh yackbZ
pki }kjk cuk, x, f=kT;[kaM dk {ks=kiQy
laxr thok }kjk cuk, x, o`k[kaM dk {ks=kiQy
192
xf.kr
21
cm
O
60
]vkfr
gy%
gekjs ikl gS
o`k dh f=kT;k = 21 cm
pki }kjk osQUnz ij cuk;k x;k dks.k
(i) ge tkurs gSa fd
= 60
2r
360
60
22
2
21 22 cm
=
360
7
= 22 cm
pki dh yackbZ =
bl dkj.k pki
(ii) f=kT;[kaM
(iii) f=kT;[kaM
AB dh
yackbZ
dk {ks=kiQy
dk {ks=kiQy
r 2
360
60 22
21 21
=
360 7
= 231 cm2
= f=kT;[kaM
[Q =
22
,r 21 cm vkjS 60]
7
dk {ks=kiQy leckgq f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy
3
(21)2 a2
4
3
(21)2
= 231
4
3
21 21
= 231
4
441 3 2
= 231 4 cm
= 231
(leh
(ii) ls
(Q leckgq
{ks=kiQy
dh
= 231 cm2)`
Hkqtk
= 21 cm)`
mnkgj.k 6%
15 cm f=kT;k
okys ,d o`k dh dksbZ thok osaQnz ij 60 dk dks.k varfjr djrh gSA laxr y?kq vkSj nh?kZ
o`r[kaMksa osQ {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A ( = 3.14 vkSj 3 = 1.73 dk iz;ksx dhft,A)
193
15
cm
O
60
vkfr
gy%
gekjs ikl gS
thok }kjk osQUnz ij cuk;k x;k dks.k
OAB esa
60 dk
gSA
OA = OB
A =B
A = B = 60
ABC ,d
(o`k dh f=kT;k,)
(o`k dh f=kT;k,)
leckgq f=kHkqt gSA
vc]
y?kq o`k[kaM dk {ksk=kiQy
=
y?kq f=kT;[kaM dk {ks=kiQy leckgq f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy
3 2
r 2
a
360
4
r 2 vkSj leckgq
=
360
y?kq
f=kT;[kaM dk {ks=kiQy
f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy
60
3
3.14 15 15
15 15
360
4
(Q fn;k
1
1.73
15 15
= 3.14 15 15
6
4
1
1.73
225
= 3.14 225
6
4
3.14 1.73
= 225
4
6
3 2
a
4
vr% y?kq o`k[kaM dk {ks=kiQy
6.28 5.19
= 225
12
1.09
= 225
= 20.4375 cm2
12
20.4375 cm2 gSA
gS
= 3.14 vkSj r = 15)
194
xf.kr
iqu% ge tkurs gSa fd
c`gr[kaM dk {ks=kiQy = o`k dk {ks=kiQy y?kq o`k[kaM dk {ks=kiQy
= r2 20.437
vr% c`gr[kaM dk {ks=kiQy
(iz'u osQ igys Hkkx ls)
= 3.14 15 15 20.437
= 706.5 20.437 = 686.0625 cm2
676.0625 cm2 gSA
mnkgj.k% 8
,d xksy eskiks'k ij N% leku fMtkbu cus gq, gSa tSlkfd vkfr esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA ;fn eskiks'k dh
f=kT;k 28 cm gS] rks 0.35 #- izfr oxZ lsaVhehVj dh nj ls bu fMtkbuksa dks cukus dh ykxr Kkr dhft,A
( 3 1.7 dk iz;ksx dhft,A)
vkfr
gy%
f=kT;k = 28 cm
igys fMtkbu osQ chp cuk dks.k =
f=kT;[kaM
AOB dk
{ks=kiQy
360
6
360
22
(28)2
=
360 6 7
= 410.67 cm2
D AOB dk
3 2
a
4
{ks=kiQy =
28
A
O
60
28
B
vkfr
lw = k dk iz;ksx

2
360 r A
195
3
(28)2 333.20 cm2
4
= f=kT;[kaM dk {ks=kiQy AOB dk
=
fMtkbZu dk {ks=kiQy
[a = 28]
{ks=kiQy
= 410.67 333.20 = 77.47
o`k esa
6 fMtkbZu
gS
6 fMtkbZuksa dk {ks=kiQy = 77.47 6
= 464.82 cm2
0.35 izfr
oxZ ls-eh- dh nj ls fMtkbZuksa dks yxus dk [kpZ
= Rs. (464.82 0.35)
= Rs. 162.68
ykxr = Rs. 162.68
iz'ukoyh
22
(tc rd vU;Fkk u dgk tk,] = 7 dk iz;ksx dhft,A)

1. 4 cm f=kT;k okys ,d ok osQ ,d f=kT;[kaM dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,] ftldk dks.k 30 gSA
2. ,d o`k] osQ prqFkk'k (quadrant) dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,] ftldh ifjf/ 22 cm gSA
3. 10 lseh f=kT;k okys ,d o`k dh dksbZ thok osaQnz ij ,d ledks.k varfjr djrh gSA fuEufyf[kr
osQ {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,%
(i) laxr y?kq o`k[kaM
(ii) laxr nh?kZ f=kT;[kaM (= 3.14 dk iz;ksx dhft,)A
4. ,d ?kM+h dh feuV dh lqbZ ftldh yackbZ 14 cm gSA bl lqbZ }kjk 5 feuV esa jfpr {ks=kiQy Kkr
dhft,A
5. f=kT;k 12 cm okys ,d o`k dh dksbZ thok osaQnz ij 120 dk dks.k varfjr djrh gSA laxr o`k[kaM
dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A
(= 3.14 vkSj 3 = 1.73 dk iz;ksx dhft,A)
6. tgkt+ksa dks leqnz esa tyLrj osQ uhps fLFkr pkuksa dh psrkouh nsus osQ fy,] ,d ykbV gkml
(light house) 80 dks.k okys ,d f=kT;[kaM esa 16.5 km dh nwjh rd yky jax dk izdk'k iSQykrk
gSA leqnz osQ ml Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft, ftlesa tgkt+ksa dks psrkouh nh tk losQA
(= 3.14 dk iz;ksx dhft,A)
7. fdlh dkj osQ nks okbij (Wipers) gSa] ijLij dHkh vkPNkfnr ugha gksrs gSaA izR;sd okbij dh ikh
dh yackbZ 25 cm gS vkSj 115 osQ dks.k rd ?kwe dj liQkbZ dj ldrk gSA ifk;ksa dh izR;sd cqgkj
osQ lkFk ftruk {ks=kiQy lkiQ gks tkrk gS] og Kkr dhft,A
8. fuEufyf[kr esa lgh mkj pqfu,%
f=kT;k R okys o`k osQ ml f=kT;[kaM dk {ks=kiQy ftldk dks.k p gS] fuEufyf[kr gS%
(a)
p
2R
180
(b)
p
p
R 2 (c)
2R
180
360
(d)
p
2R2
720
196
xf.kr
lery vkfr;ksa osQ la;kstuksa osQ {ks=kiQy

vHkh rd geus fofHkUu vkfr;ksa osQ {ks=kiQy i`Fkd&i`Fkd :i ls Kkr fd, gSaA vkb, vc lery
vkfr;ksa osQ oqQN la;kstuksa (combinations) osQ {ks=kiQy Kkr djus dk iz;Ru djsaA gesa bl izdkj dh
vkfr;k nSfud thou esa rFkk fofHkUu jkspd fMt+kbuksa osQ :i esa ns[kus dks feyrh gaSA iwQyksa dh D;kfj;k]
ukfy;ksa osQ <Ddu] f[kM+fd;ksa osQ fMt+kbu] est+ iks'kksa ij cus fMt+kbu vkfn ,slh vkfr;ksa osQ oqQN mnkgj.k
gSaA bu vkfr;ksa osQ {ks=kiQy Kkr djus dh izf;k dks ge oqQN mnkgj.kksa }kjk Li"V djsaxsA
mnkgj.k 10
vkfr esa] 56 m Hkqtk okys ,d oxkZdkj ykWu (lawn) ABCD osQ nks vksj cuh gqbZ nks o`kkdkj iwQyksa
dh D;kfj;k n'kkZbZ xbZ gSaA ;fn izR;sd o`kkdkj D;kjh dk osaQnz ykWu osQ fod.kks dk izfrPNsn cnq O gS] rks
oxkZdkj ykWu rFkk iwQyksa dh D;kfj;ksa osQ {ks=kiQyksa dk ;ksx Kkr dhft,A
(=
22
7
dk iz;ksx dhft,)A
vkfr
gy
oxkZdkj ykWu
eku yhft,
vr%
;k
;k
ABCD dk
(1)
x2 + x2 = 562
2x2 = 56 56
vc f=kT;[kaM
lkFk gh
{ks=kiQy = 56 56 m2
OA = OB = x ehVj gSA
OAB dk
OAB dk
blfy, D;kjh
AB dk
x2 = 28 56
90
1
{ks=kiQy = 360 x 2 4 x 2
1 22
28 56m2
=
4 7
1
{ks=kiQy = 56 56m2 ( AOB 90)
4
1
1 22
2
{ks=kiQy = 4 7 28 56 4 56 56 m
1
22
28 56
2 m2
4
7
(2)
[(2)
ls] (3)
(4)
[(3) vkSj (4) ls]
197
1
8
28 56 m 2
4
7
1
8
dk {ks=kiQy = 4 28 56 7 m2
1
8 1
8 2
{ks=kiQy = 56 56 4 28 56 7 4 28 56 7 m
blh izdkj] nwljh D;kjh

vr%
laiw.kZ
(5)
(6)
[(1),(5)vkSj (6)
ls]
2 2 2
= 28 56 2 m
7 7
18 2
2
= 28 56 m 4032 m
7
oSdfYid gy
laiw.kZ {ks=kiQy = f=kT;[kaM
OBC dk {ks=kiQy
OAB dk
{ks=kiQy
+ f=kT;[kaM ODC dk
{ks=kiQy
+ OAD dk
{ks=kiQy
90 22
90 22
28 56
28 56
=
360 7
360 7
1
1
56 56 56 56 m2
4
4
1
22 2
28 56
2 2 m2
4
7
7
7 56
22 22 14 14 m2
7
= 56 72 m2 = 4032 m2
mnkgj.k 11
Hkqtk 4 cm okys ,d oxZ osQ izR;sd dksus ls 1 cm f=kT;k okys o`k dk ,d prqFkk'k dkVk x;k gS rFkk
chp esa 2cm O;kl dk ,d o`k Hkh dkVk x;k gS] tSlkfd vkfr 12-23 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA oxZ osQ 'ks"k Hkkx
dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A
vkfr
gy%
okfNr {ks=kiQy
= oxZ
dk {ks=kiQy NksVs o`k dk {ks=kiQy pkj f=kT;k [kaM+ksa dk {ks=kiQy
198
xf.kr
=
=
=
=
vr%
oxZ osQ
90
(1)2 cm2
(4cm)2 (1)2 cm2 4
360
22
1 22
2
16 7 1 4 4 7 cm
22 22
2
16 7 7 cm
68
112 22 22
cm 2
cm 2
7
7
68
'ks"k Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy = 7 cm2
mnkgj.k 12
vkfr esa] ABCD Hkqtk 14 cm okyk ,d oxZ gSA A,B,C vkSj D dks osaQnz ekudj] pkj o`k bl izdkj
[khaps x, gSa fd izR;sd o`k rhu 'ks"k o`kksa esa ls nks o`kksa dks ck :i ls Li'kZ djrk gSA Nk;kafdr Hkkx dk
{ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A
A
vkfr
gy%
oxZ ABCD dk {ks=kiQy = 14 cm
oxZ ABCD dk {ks=kiQy = (14)2 = 196 cm2
;gk izR;sd o`k dh f=kT;k
90
(7)2
360
90 22
77
=
360 7
1
77
cm2
= 22 7
4
2
= 4 ,d f=kT;[kaM dk
,d f=kT;[kaM dk {ks=kiQy =
4 f=kT;[kaMksa
dk {ks=kiQy
= 4
Nk;kafdr Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy
= oxZ
{ks=kiQy
77
15cm2
2
dk {ks=kiQy 4 f=kT;[kaMksa dk {ks=kiQy

= 196 154 = 42 cm2

mnkgj.k 13
199
vkfr esa] AB vkSj CD osaQnz O okys ,d o`k osQ nks ijLij yac O;kl gSA ;fn
Nk;kafdr Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A
OA = 7 cm gS]
rks
gy%
AB CD,
COB = COA
blfy,
DOA = DOB = 90

{ks=kiQy
= NksVs
o`k dk {ks=kiQy
+ o`k[kaM BMC dk
{ks=kiQy
+ o`k[kaM ANC dk
7 2 72 x 90
72 x 90
sin
90
sin 90 cm2
2
=
2 180
2 180

22 49 49 22 90
49 22 90
,
1
1 cm2
=
4
2 7 180
2 7 180
154 49 4 49 4

cm2
=
4
2
7
2
7
154 28 28
2
=
cm
2
2
4
154 56 56
266 2
2
2
=
cm 4 cm 66.5 cm
4
vkfr
vr%
66.5 cm2 gSA
mnkgj.k 14
,d leckgq f=kHkqt ABC dk {ks=kiQy 17320.5 cm2 gSA bl f=kHkqt osQ izR;sd 'kh"kZ dks osaQnz ekudj
f=kHkqt dh Hkqtk osQ vk/s osQ cjkcj dh f=kT;k ysdj ,d o`k [kkhapk tkrk gSA (nsf[k, vkfr)A Nk;kafdr
Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A
200
xf.kr
(= 3.14 vkSj
3 = 1.73205 yhft,A)
gy
leckgq
ABC dk
{ks=kiQy
3
4
= 17320.5 cm2
(Hkqtk)2 = 17320.5 cm2

(Hkqtk)2 =
17320.5 4
cm2
3
17320.5 4
cm2 200 cm
=
1.73205
= 4000 cm2 = 200 cm
Hkqtk
pwafd ABC ,d leckgq f=kHkqt gS A = B B = C = 60
;gk ij 3 leku f=kT;[kaM gS ftudh izR;sd dh f=kT;k 100 cm gS rFkk osQUnz ij cuk dks.k
60 dk
gSA
200
Q 2 100 cm
vr% Nk;kafdr Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy
= DABC dk
{ks=kiQy
3 (f=kT;[kaM
dk {ks=kiQy)
60
(100)2 cm2
= 17320.5 cm2 3
360
2
= 17320.5 cm2 3.14 10000 cm
6
= 17320.5 cm2 (5000 3.14) cm2
= (17320.5 15700) cm2 = 1620.5 cm2

vr% Nk;kafdr
Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy
1620.5 cm2
mnkgj.k 17
vkfr esa] Nk;kafdr fMtkbu dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,] tks
osQ chp mHk;fu"B gSA
8 cm f=kT;kvksa
8 cm
8 cm
8 cm
90
90
8 cm
vkfr
okys nks o`kksa osQ prqFkk'kksa

gy%
f=kT;[kaM
ABD dk
201
{ks=kiQy =
=
=
=
=
f=kT;[kaM
DCB dk
{ks=kiQy =
nksuksa dk {ks=kiQy =
=
r 2
360
90 22
(8)2
360 7
1 22
64
4 7
22 16
7
352
cm2
7
352
cm2
7
352 352
7
7
704
cm2
7
(8)2 = 64 cm2
oxZ dk {ks=kiQy =
Nk;kafdr Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy = nksuksa f=kT;kvksa dk {ks=kiQy
oxZ
dk {ks=kiQy
704
64
7
704 448
=
7
256
cm2
=
7
iz'ukoyh
(tc
1.
22
rd vU;Fkk u dgk tk,] = 7 dk iz;ksx dhft,A)

vkfr 1 esa] Nk;kafdr Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,] ;fn
dk osaQnz gSA
vkfr 1
PQ = 24 cm, PR = 7 cm rFkk O o`k
202
xf.kr
2.
ABCD Hkqtk
vkfr 2 esa] Nk;kafdr Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,] ;fn

rFkk APD vkSj BPC nks v/Zo`k gSaA
14
cm dk
,d oxZ gS
vkfr 2
3.
vkfr 3 esa] Nk;kafdr Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,] tgk Hkqtk 12 cm okys ,d leckgq f=kHkqt
OAB osQ 'kh"kZ O dks osaQnz eku dj 6 lseh f=kT;k okyk ,d o`kh; pki [khapk x;k gSA
vkfr
4.
vkfr 4 esa Nk;kafdr {ks=k dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,] tgk

A
ABCD Hkqtk 14 cm dk
,d oxZ gSA
vkfr 4
5.
,d o`kkdkj est+iks'k] ftldh f=kT;k 32 cm gS] esa chp esa ,d leckgq f=kHkqt ABC NksM+rs gq,
,d fMt+kbu cuk gqvk gS] tSlkfd vkfr 12-24 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA bl Nk;kafdr fMt+kbu dk
{ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A
203
vkfr 5
6.
vkfr 6 esa Nk;kafdr fMtkbu dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,] tgk ABCD Hkqtk 10 cm dk ,d oxZ
gS rFkk bl oxZ dh izR;sd Hkqtk dks O;kl dj v/Zo`k [khpsa x, gSa (p = 3.14 dk iz;ksx dhft,A)
A
vkfr
7.
vkfr 7 ,d nkSMu+ s dk iFk
(racing track) n'kkZrh
gS] ftlosQ ck, vkSj nk, fljs vkZo` kkdkj gSAa
vkfr 7
nksuksa vkarfjd lekarj js[kk[kaMksa osQ chp dh nwjh 60 m gS rFkk buesa ls izR;sd js[kk[kaM 106 m yack gS
;fn ;g iFk 10 m pkSM+k gS] rks Kkr dhft,A
(i) iFk osQ vkarfjd fdukjksa osQ vuqfnk ,d iwjk pDdj yxkus esa pyh xbZ nwjh
(ii) iFk dk {ks=kiQy
8. ,d oxkZdkj :eky ij] ukS o`kkdkj fMt+kbu cus gSa] ftuesa ls izR;sd dh f=kT;k 7 cm gS (nsf[k,
vkfr 8)A :eky osQ 'ks"k Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A
vkfr 8
204
xf.kr
9.
vkfr 9 esa] ,d prqFkk'k OPBQ osQ varxZr ,d oxZ OABC cuk gqvk gSA ;fn
gS] rks Nk;kafdr Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A (= 3.14 yhft,A)
OA = 20 cm
vkfr 9
10. AB vkSj CD osaQnz O rFkk
f=kT;kvksa 21 cm vkSj 7 cm okys nks laosaQnzh; o`kksa osQ e'k% nks pki
gSa (nsf[k, vkfr 10)A ;fn AOB = 30 gS] rks Nk;kafdr Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A
vkfr 10
vkfr 11
lkjka'k
bl v;k; esa] vkius fuEufyf[kr cnqvksa dk v;;u fd;k gS%
1. f=kT;k r okys o`k dh ifjf/ = 2 r
2. f=kT;k r okys o`k dk {ks=kiQy = r2
3. f=kT;k r okys o`k osQ ,d f=kT;[kaM] ftldk dks.k va'kksa esa gS] osQ laxr pki dh yackbZ 360
2 r gksrh gSA
4. f=kT;k r okys ok osQ ,d f=kT;[kaM] ftldk dks.k vakksa eas gS] dk {ks=kiQy 360 r2 gksrk gSA
5. ,d o`k[kaM dk {ks=kiQy = laxr f=kT;[kaM dk {ks=kiQy laxr f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy
i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy vkSj vk;ru
205
13

1- ,d ifjp;%
ge vius iwoZvH;kl ls fofHkUu izdkj dh Bksl vkfr;ksa lkFk gh ge bu vkfr;ksa dk i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy
vkSj vk;ru Kkr djuk Hkh tkurs gSaA
vkfr
2- Bksl dk la;kstu%
vius nSfud thou esa ge ,sls vusd Bksl ns[krs tks mijksDr nks ;k vf/d vk/kjHkwr Bkslksa osQ la;kstuksa
ls (vFkkZr~ budks feykdj) curs gSaA
(i) geus izk;% ,d Vd osQ ihNs j[ks cM+s oaQVsuj (container) dks ns[kk gksxk (nsf[k, vkfr)]
ftlesa ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku rd rsy ;k ikuh ys tk;k tkrk gSA bldk vkdkj mijksDr
pkjksa Bkslksa ls fdl izdkj feyrk gSA ge ;g vuqeku yxk ldrs gSa fd ;g Bksl ,d csyu
vkSj mlosQ nksuksa fljksa ij nks v/Zxksys yxus ij cuk gSA
206
xf.kr
vkfr
(ii)
iqu%] geus ,slh oLrq Hkh vo'; ns[kh gS tks vkfr esa n'kkZbZ xbZ gSA ;g fuf'pr :i ls
,d ij[k uyh (test tube) gSA ge bldk iz;ksx viuh foKku iz;ksx'kkyk esa djrs gSA ;g
ij[kuyh Hkh ,d csyu vkSj ,d vkZxksys ls feydj cuh gSA blh izdkj] ;k=kk djrs
le; Hkh mijksDr Bkslksa osQ la;kstuksa ls cus vusd cM+s vkSj lqanj Hkouksa vFkok Lekjdksa
dks gesa ns[kus dk volj feyrk gSA
vkfr
;fn gesa] vki bu Bkslksa osQ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy ;k vk;ru ;k /kfjrk Kkr djuh gks rks ;g gekjs fy, vklku
ugha gSA D;ksafd ge bu Bkslksa dks vc rd i<+h gqbZ pkjksa Bksl vkfr;ksa esa ls fdlh ,d osQ :i esa oxhZr
ugha dj ldrsA
3- Bkslksa osQ la;kstu dk i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy

(i)
fLFkfr% vkb, ml oaQVsuj ij fopkj djsa tks geus vkfr esa ns[kk FkkA ge bldk i`"Bh;
{ks=kiQy Kkr djuk pkgrs gSaA vc] tc Hkh gekjs le{k dksbZ ubZ leL;k vkrh gS rks ge
loZizFke ;g ns[kus dk iz;Ru djrs gSa fd fdl izdkj ge bls ,slh NksVh leL;kvksa esa rksM+
ldrs gSa ftUgsa ge igys gy dj pqosQ gSaA ge ns[k pqosQ gSa fd ;g Bksl ,d csyu osQ nksuksa
fljksa ij ,d&,d v/Zxksyk yxkus ls cuk gSA ;g vkfr esa fn[kk, Bksl tSlk yxsxk] tcfd
ge lHkh VqdM+ksa dks ,d lkFk feyk ysrs gSaA
vkfr
207
;fn ge u;h cuh gqbZ oLrq dks ns[ks]a rks gesa osQoy nksukas vkZxksyksa rFkk csyu osQ osQoy oi`"B fn[kkbZ nsxa As
blfy, bl Bksl dk laiw.kZ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy rhuksa Hkkxksa osQ o i`"Bh; {ks=kiQyksa osQ ;ksx osQ cjkcj gksxkA
blls gesa izkIr gksrk gS%
Bksl dk laiw.kZ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy (TSA) = ,d v/Zxksys dk o i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy (CSA)
+ csyu dk o i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy
+ nwljs v/Zxksys dk o i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy
(i) fLFkfr 2% vkb, ,d vU; fLFkfr ij fopkj djsaA eku yhft, ge v/Zxksys vkSj ,d
'kaoqQ dks tksM+dj ,d f[kykSuk cuk jgs gSaA vkb, ge mu pj.kksa dks ns[ksa ftudk ge
vuqlj.k djsaxsA
igys ge ,d 'kaoqQ vkSj ,d v/Zxksyk ysaxs vkSj fiQj muosQ likV i`"Bksa dks lkFk&lkFk ykus dk iz;Ru
djsaxsA fuLlansg] f[kykSus osQ i`"B dks fpduk j[kus osQ fy, ge 'kaoqQ osQ vk/kj dh f=kT;k v/Zxksys dh f=kT;k
osQ cjkcj ysaxsA bl f[kykSus osQ cukus esa lac pj.k vkfr esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj gksaxs%
vkfr
vius iz;Ru osQ iQyLo:i gesa ,d xksy vk/kj okyk laqnj f[kykSuk izkIr gks tkrk gSA vc] ge ;fn ;g
tkuuk pkgsa fd bl f[kykSus osQ i`"B ij jax djokus osQ fy, fdrus isaV dh vko';drk gksxh] rks gesa bl
f[kykSus osQ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy dks Kkr djus dh vko';drk gS] tks v/Zxksys osQ CSA vkSj 'kaoqQ osQ CSA dks
feykdj curk gSA
vr%] ge dg ldrs gSa fd
f[kykSus dk laiw.kZ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy = v/Zxksys dk CSA + 'kaoqQ dk CSA
vc] vkb, oqQN mnkgj.k ysaA
mnkgj.k 1
,d f[kykSuk O;kl 3.5 cm okys 'kaoqQ osQ vkdkj dk gS] tks mlh f=kT;k okys ,d v/Zxksys ij v;kjksfir
gSA bl f[kykSus dh iwjh pkbZ 5 cm gSA bl f[kykSus dk laiw.kZ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A
(nsf[k, vkfr)A yV~Vw dh iwjh pkbZ 5 cm gS vkSj bldk O;kl 3.5 cm gSA
(=
22
= yhft,A)
7
208
xf.kr
vkfr
gy%
;g yV~Vw fcYoqQy ml oLrq tSlk gS ftldh ppkZ geus igys vkfr esa dh FkhA vr%] ge ogk ij
izkIr ifj.kke dks lqfo/ktud :i ls ;gk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA vFkkZr~
f[kykSus dk TSA = v/Zxksys dk CSA + 'kaoqQ dk CSA
vc] v/Zxksys dk o i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy
1
(4 r 2 ) 2r 2
2
22 3.5 3.5 2
cm
= 2
7
2
2
lkFk gh] 'kaoqQ dh pkbZ
= f[kykSus
dh pkbZ
v/Zxksyh;
Hkkx dh pkbZ (f=kT;k)
3.5
cm 3.25 cm
= 5
2
vr% 'kaoqQ dh fr;Zd pkbZ
(l ) =
blfy, 'kaoqQ dk i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy
3.5
2
r 2 h2
(3.25) cm 3.7 cm
2
(yxHkx)
22 3.5
3.7 cm 2
= rl =
2
7
blls f[kykSus dk izkIr i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy

22 3.5 3.5
22 3.5
cm2
3.7
= 2
7
2
2
2
2
cm
22 3.5
11
(3.5 3.7) cm2

(3.5 3.7) cm2 39.6cm2 (yxHkx)
7
2
2
ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd f[kykSus dk laiw.kZ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy v/Zxksys vkSj 'kaoqQ osQ laiw.kZ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQyksa
osQ ;ksx osQ cjkcj ugha gSA

mnkgj.k 2
209
Hkqtk 7 cm okys ,d ?kukdkj CykWd osQ ij ,d v/Zxksyk j[kk gqvk gSA v/Zxksys dk vf/dre O;kl
D;k gks ldrk gS\ bl izdkj cusa Bksl dk i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A
gy
v/Zxksys dk vf/dre O;kl
v/Zxksys dh f=kT;k
r =
= 7 cm (?ku
dh Hkqtk)
7
cm
2
Bksl dk {ks=kiQy
=
?ku dk laiw.kZ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy

= v/Zxksys osQ vk/kj dk {ks=kiQy
= v/Zxksys dk o i`"B {ks=kiQy
7 cm
vkfr
2
= 6 (Hkqtk) (r2) + 2r2

= 6 (7)2
22 7 7
22 7 7
2

7 2 2
7 2 2
77
77
2
588 77 154
=
2
= 322.5 cm2
= 294
mnkgj.k 3
dksbZ racw ,d csyu osQ vkdkj dk gS ftl ij ,d 'kaoqQ v;kjksfir gSA ;fn csyukdkj Hkkx dh pkbZ
vkSj O;kl e'k% 2.1 m vkSj 4 m gS rFkk 'kaoqQ dh fr;Zd pkbZ 2.5 m gS rks bl racw dks cukus esa iz;qDr
oSQuol (canvas) dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A lkFk gh 500 #- izfr m2 dh nj ls blesa iz;qDr oSQuol dh
ykxr Kkr dhft,A (;ku nhft, fd racw osQ vk/kj dks oSQuol ls ugha <dk tkrk gSA)
210
xf.kr
csyu dk O;kl = 4 m
4
csyd dh f=kT;k = m 2m
2
'kaoqQ osQ vk/kj dh f=kT;k = 2 m
gy%
= 2 rH + rl
= r (2H + l) =
22
2 (2 2.1 2.8)
7
l = 2.8 m
4m
2.1 m
vkfr
44
(4.2 2.8)
7
44
(4.2 2.8)
=
7
44
(7.0) 44m2
=
7
dk [kpZ = #- (44 500)
= Rs. 22,000
Rs. 500/m2 dh
nwj ls oSQuol
mnkgj.k 4
ydM+h osQ ,d Bksl csyu osQ izR;sd fljs ij ,d v/Zxksyk [kksndj fudkyrs gq,] ,d oLrq cukbZ xbZ
gS] tSlkfd vkfr 13.11 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA ;fn csyu dh pkbZ 10 cm gS vkSj vk/kj dh f=kT;k 3.5 cm
gS rks bl oLrq dk laiw.kZ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A
gy%
csyu dh f=kT;k = v/Zxksys dh f=kT;k
= r = 3.5 cm.
csyu dh pkbZ = 10 cm.

oLrq dk laiw.kZ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy
211
10 cm
3.5 cm
vkfr
=
csyu dk o i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy

$ nksuksa fljksa dk v/Zxksyksa dk {ks=kiQy
= (2 rh + + 2 2 r2) cm2.
= 2r (h + 2r) cm2.
22
3.5 (10 7)
= 2
7
iz'ukoyh
22
tc rd vU;Fkk u dgk tk,] = 7 yhft,A

1. dksbZ crZu ,d [kks[kys v/Zxksys osQ vkdkj dk gS ftlosQ ij ,d [kks[kyk csyu v;kkjksfir gSA
v/Zxksys dk O;kl 14 cm gS vkSj bl crZu (ik=k) dh oqQy pkbZ 13 cm gSA bl crZu dk vkarfjd
i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A
2. nks ?kuksa] ftuesa ls izR;sd dk vk;ru 64 cm3 gS] osQ layXu iQydksa dks feykdj ,d Bksl cuk;k
tkrk gSA blls izkIr ?kukHk dk i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A
3. ,d ?kukdkj CykWd osQ ,d iQyd dks vanj dh vksj ls dkV dj ,d v/Zxksykdkj xM~<k bl
izdkj cuk;k x;k gS fd v/Zxksys dk O;kl ?ku osQ ,d fdukjs osQ cjkcj gSA 'ks"k cps Bksl dk
i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A
4. ltkoV osQ fy, iz;ksx gksus okyk CykWd nks Bkslksa ls feydj cuk gSA buesa ls ,d ?ku vkSj nwljk
v/Zxksyk gSA bl CykWd (block) dk vk/kj 5 cm dksj ;k fdukjs (edge) okyk ,d ?ku gS vkSj
mlosQ ij yxs gq, v/Zxksys dk O;kl 4.2 cm gSA bl CykWd dk laiw.kZ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy Kkr
22
5.
dhft,A ( = 7 yhft,)
lehj dks tUefnu osQ migkj osQ :i esa ,d yV~Vw feyk] ftl ij jax ugha fd;k x;k FkkA og bl
ij vius eksfe;k jaxksa (crayons) ls jax djuk pkgrk gS ;g yV~Vw ,d 'kaoqQ osQ vkdkj dk gS
ftlosQ ij ,d v/Zxksyk v;kjksfir gSA (nsf[k, vkfr 3)A yV~Vw dh iwjh pkbZ 15.5 cm gS
vkSj mldh f=kT;k 3.5 cm gSA
212
xf.kr
3.5 cm
15.5 cm
vkfr
6.
7.
ydM+h dk f[kykSuk jkWosQV (rocket) ,d 'kaoqQ osQ vkdkj dk gS tks ,d csyu ij v;kjksfir gSA
laiq.kZ jkWosQV dh pkbZ 26 cm gSS] tcfd 'kDokdkj Hkkx dh pkbZ 6 cm gSA 'kaDokdkj osQ Hkkx
osQ vk/kj dk O;kl 5 cm vkSj csyukdkj Hkkx osQ vk/kj dk O;kl 3 cm gSA ;fn 'kaDokdkj Hkkx
ij ukjaxh jax fd;k tkuk gS vkSj csyukdkj Hkkx ij ihyk jax fd;k tkuk gS] rks izR;sd jax }jk jkWosQV
dk jaxs tkus okys Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft, (= 3.14 yhft,)
jksgu us vius cxhps osQ fy, ,d i{kh Lukukxkj (birdbath) cuk;k ftldk vkdkj ,d [kks[kys
csyu tSlk gS ftlosQ ,d fljs ij v/Zxksykdkj crZu cuk gqvk gSA csyu dh pkbZ 1.45 m gS vkSj
mldh f=kT;k 30 cm gSA bl i{kh Lukukxkj dk laiw.kZ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A (nsf[k, vkfr)
30 cm
1.45 cm
vkfr
Bkslksa osQ la;kstu dk vk;ru

geus ;g ppkZ dh gS fd nks vk/kjHkwr Bkslksa osQ la;kstu ls cus Bkslksa osQ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy fdl izdkj
Kkr fd, tkrs gSaA vc ge bl izdkj osQ Bkslksa osQ vk;ru fdl izdkj ifjdfyr fd, tkrs gSaA ;ku nhft,
fd i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy ifjdfyr djus esa geus nksuksa ?kVdksa (Bkslksa) osQ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQyksa dks tksM+k ugha Fkk D;ksafd
budks feykus dh izf;k esa i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy dk oqQN Hkkx yqIr gks x;k FkkA ijarq vk;ru ifjdfyr djus dh
fLFkfr esa ,slk ugha gksxkA nks vk/kjHkwr Bkslksa osQ la;kstu ls cus Bksl dk vk;ru okLro esa nksuksa ?kVdksa osQ
vk;ruksa osQ ;ksx osQ cjkcj gksrk gS] tSlkfd ge uhps fn, mnkgj.k esa ns[ksaxsA

mnkgj.k 5
213
,d xqykc tkequ esa mlosQ vk;ru dh yxHkx 30% phuh dh pk'kuh gksrh gSA 45 xqykc tkequksa esa
yxHkx fdruh pk'kuh gksxh] ;fn izR;sd xqykc tkequ ,d csyu osQ vkdkj dk gS] ftlosQ nksuksa fljs
vkZxksykdkj gS rFkk bldh yackbZ 5 cm vkSj O;kl 2.8 cm gSA (nsf[k, vkfr)A
1.4 cm
2.2 cm
1.4 cm
vkfr
gy%
csyu dk vk;ru = r2h
v/Zxksys dk vk;ru =
2 3
r
3
,d xqykc tkequ dk vk;ru

=
csyu dk vk;ru $ 2 (v/Zxksys dk vk;ru)
2 3
= pr2h + 2 r
3
2
= r h e
3
22
4
1.4 1.4 2.2 1.4

7
3
= 4.4 1.4 (2.2 + 1.87)

= 4.4 1.4 4.066
= 22.05
2.8
1.4 cm vkSj pkbZ = 5 cm blfy,
=r=
2
(xqykc
tkequ dh f=kT;k
(2.8) = 2.2
45 xqykc
tkequksa dk vk;ru = 25.05 45

bldk
= 1127.279
1127.279 30
30% =
100
= 338.18 = 338 cm3.
csyu dh pkbZ
(h) = 5
214
mnkgj.k 6
xf.kr
pkbZ 220 vm vkSj vkkkj O;kj 24 cm okys ,d crZu] ftl ij pkbZ 60 cm vkSj f=kT;k 8 cm okyk
,d vU; csyu vkjksfir gS] ls yksgs dk ,d LraHk cuk gSA bl LraHk dk nÒ;eku Kkr dhft,] tcfd fn;k
gSA 1 cm3 yksgs dk nzO;eku yxHkx 8 g gksrk gSA ( = 3.14 yhft,)
gy%
= 220 cm vkSj f=kT;k = 12 cm
V1 = r2h ( = 3.14)
= 3.14 12 12 220 cm. = 9945.2 cm3.
csyu dh pkbZ = 60 cm
cM+s csyu dh pkbZ

ij yxs
60 cm
8 cm
220
24 cm
vkfr
f=kT;k = 8 cm
LraHk dk oqQy
vc
1 cm3 yksgs
rc
dk
V2 =
=
=
vk;ru =
=
=
nzO;eku =
r2h
3.14 8 8 60
1207.6 cm3.
V 1 + V2
(99475.2 + 12057.6) cm3.
111532.8 cm3
8g
111532.8 8gm = 892262.4 gm.
LraHk dk vk;ru =
892262.4
kg 892.26 kg.
1000
mnkgj.k 7
,d Bksl esa] pkbZ 120 cm vkSj f=kT;k 60 cm okyk ,d 'kaoqQ lfEefyr gS] tks 60 cm f=kT;k okys
,d v/Zxksys ij vkjksfir gSA bl Bksl dks ikuh ls Hkjs gq, ,d yac o`kh; csyu esa bl izdkj lh/k Mky
fn;k tkrk gS fd og csyu dh ryh dks Li'kZ djsA ;fn csyu dh f=kT;k 60 cm gS vkSj pkbZ 180 cm gS
rks csyu esa 'ks"k cps ikuh dk vk;ru Kkr dhft,A

gy%
215
'kaoqQ dh pkbZ = 120 cm

v/Zxksys dh f=kT;k = 'kaoqQ dh f=kT;k = 60 cm
csyu dh f=kT;k = 60 cm,vkSj pkbZ = 180 cm.
csyus esa cps ikuh dk vk;ru = csyu dk vk;ru
180 cm
120 cm
60 cm
60 cm
vkfr
('kaoqQ
dk vk;ru $ v/Zxksys dk vk;ru)
2 3
1 2
= r2h r H r
3
3
1
2
2
3
= r h H r cm
3
3
=
=
=
=
=
=
22
2
1
60 60 180 120 60 cm3

7
3
3
22
3600 180 (40 40)cm3
7
22
3600 100 cm3
7
1
22 36 100 100
1cm 100 m
cm3
7
22 36 100 100
cm3
7 100 100 100
792 3
m 1.31 m3
700
iz'ukoyh
22
(tc rd vU;Fkk u dgk tk,] = 7 yhft,A)

1. ,d bathfu;jx osQ fo|kFkhZ jpsy ls ,d iryh ,Y;wehfu;e dh 'khV dk iz;ksx djrs gq, ,d
ekWMy cukus dks dgk x;k tks ,d ,sls csyu osQ vkdkj dk gks ftlosQ nksuksa fljksa ij nks 'kaoqQ tqM+s
gq, gksaA bl ekWMy dk O;kl 3 cm gS vkSj bldh yackbZ 12 cm gSA ;fn izR;sd 'kaoqQ dh pkbZ 2
216
xf.kr
cm gks
3.
rks jpsy }kjk cuk, x, ekWMy esa varo"V gok dk vk;ru Kkr dhft,A (;g eku yhft,
fd ekWMy dh vkarfjd vkSj ckgjh foek, yxHkx cjkcj gSaA)
,d Bksl ,d v/Zxksys ij [kM+s ,d 'kaoqQ osQ vkdkj dk gS ftudh f=kT;k, 1 cm gaS rFkk 'koaQq dh
pkbZ mldh f=kT;k osQ cjkcj gSA bl Bksl dk vk;ru osQ inksa esa Kkr dhft,A
,d twl (Juice) cspus okyk vius xkzgdksa dks vkfr (3) esa n'kkZ, fxyklksa esa twl nsrk FkkA
csyukdkj fxykl dk vkarfjd O;kl 5 cm Fkk] ijUrq fxykl osQ fupys vk/kj (ryh) esa ,d mHkjk
gqvk v/Zxksyk Fkk] ftlus fxykl dh /kfjrk de gks tkrh FkhA ;fn ,d fxykl dh pkbZ 10 cm
Fkh rks fxykl dh vkHkklh (apparent) /kfjrk rFkk mldh okLrfod /kfjrk Kkr dhft,A
( = 3.14 yhft,)
vkfr
4.
,d crZu ,d mYVs 'kaoqQ osQ vkdkj dk gSA bldh pkbZ 8 cm gS vkSj blosQ ijh fljs (tks [kqyk
gqvk gS) dh f=kT;k 5 cm gSA ;g ij rd ikuh ls Hkjk gqvk gSA tc bl crZu esa lhls dh oqQN
xksfy;k ftuesa izR;sd 0.5 cm f=kT;k okyk ,d xksyk gS] Mkyh tkrh gSa] rks blesa ls Hkjs gq, ikuh
dk ,d pkSFkkbZ Hkkx ckgj fudy tkrk gSA crZu esa Mkyh xbZ lhls dh xksfy;ksa dh la[;k Kkr
dhft,A
,d Bksl dk ,d vkdkj ls nwljs vkdkj esa :ikarj.k

geus dbZ izdkj dh eksecfk;k vo'; ns[kh gSaA lkekU;r% ;s csyu osQ vkdkj dh gksrh gaSA geus i'kqvksa
osQ vkdkj dh Hkh oqQN eksecfk;k ns[kh gSa (nsf[k, vkfr)A
vkb;s ns[ksa ;s fdl izdkj cukbZ tkrh gSaA ;fn ge fdlh fof'k"V izdkj dh ekseckh cukuk pkgrs gSa]
rks gedks ,d /krq osQ crZu (ik=k) esa ekse dks rc rd xeZ djuk iM+rk gS tc rd og iw.kZr;k nzo esa u
cny tk,A fiQj ge bls ,d vU; ,sls crZu ;k ik=k esa (lkps esa) Mkyrs gSa ftldk vkdkj ogh gks ftl
vkdkj dh ge ekseckh cukuk pkgrs gSaA
mnkgj.kkFkZ] ,d Bksl csyu osQ vkdkj dh ekseckh yhft,] bls fi?kykb, rFkk fi?kyh gqbZ iwjh ekse dks
[kjxks'k osQ vkdkj okys ,d lkps esa Mky nhft,A BaMk djus ij vkidks [kjxks'k osQ vkdkj dh ekseckh izkIr
gks tk,xhA u;h ekseckh dk vk;ru ogh gksxk tks igyh ekseckh dk FkkA ;gh ckr gesa rc Hkh ;kn j[kuh
pkfg,] tc ge ,d Bksl dks vU; vkdkj osQ ,d nwljs Bksl esa ifjorr gksrs gq, ns[krs gSa vFkok tc dksbZ
nzo inkFkZ ,d vkdkj osQ crZu ls ,d vU; vkdkj osQ crZu esa Mkyk tkrk gS] tSlk vki vkfr esa ns[krs gSaA
uksV% vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd ,d inkFkZ dks :ikrafjr djus ij mldk vk;ru ugha cnyrk gS vFkkZr~
ogh jgrk gSA

mnkgj.k 8
217
f=kT;k 4.2 cm okys /krq osQ ,d xksys dks fi?kykdkj

csyu dh pkbZ Kkr dhft,A
6 cm okys
,d csyu osQ :i esa <kyk tkrk gSA
gy%
xksys dh f=kT;k = 4.2 cm
xksys dk vk;ru =
4 2
r
3
4.2 cm
6 cm
vkfr
4 22
4.2 4.2 4.2

3 7
= 4 22 0.6 1.4 4.2 = 310.64 cm2
esa <kyk tkrk gS ftldh f=kT;k = 6 cm
vc xksys dks fi?kykdj csyu

blfy,]
csyu dk vk;ru = r2h
22
66h
7
22 36
h
=
7
xkssys dk vk;ru
= csyu
dk vk;ru
22 36
h
7
310.464 cm3 = 113.142 cm3h
310.464
h=
cm3
113.142
h = 2.74 cm.
pkbZ = 2.74 cm.
310.464 cm3 =
vr% csyu dh
mnkgj.k 9
32 cm ph
vkSj vk/kj f=kT;k 18 cm okyh ,d csyukdkj ckYVh jsr ls Hkjh gqbZ gSA bl ckYVh dks
Hkwfe ij [kkyh fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bl jsr dk ,d 'kaDokdkj <sjh cukbZ tkrh gSA ;fn 'kaDokdkj <sjh dh pkbZ
24 cm gS] rks bl <sjh dh f=kT;k vkSj fr;Zd pkbZ Kkr dhft,A
218
gy%
xf.kr
= 32 cm vkSj
= 18 cm
f=kT;k
24 cm
csyu dh pkbZ
32 cm
18 cm
vkfr
vkfr
csyu dk vk;ru = r
=
=
'kaDokdkj <sjh dh pkbZ
=
=
22
(18)2 32 cm3
7
22
324 32 cm3
7
32585.14 cm3.
2 cm ekuk f=kT;k = r, fr;Zd
1
(r)2 h
3
1
= r 24
3
1 22 2
r 24
=
3 7
csyu dk vk;ru
= 'kaDokdkj
<sjh dk vk;ru
3
blfy,
3258.14 cm = 25.1428r2 cm2.

32585.14
1296 cm2
r2 =
25.1428
r = 1296 = 36 cm.
fr;Zd pkbZ
'kDokadkj <sjh dh pkbZ
l=
h2 r 2
(24)2 (36)2
576 1296 1872
144 13 12 13 cm.
= 12 13 cm.
iz'ukoyh
(tc rd vU;Fkk u dgk tk,]
22
7
yhft,A)
pkbZ
=l

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
ekWMy cukus okyh feV~Vh ls pkbZ 24 cm vkSj vk/kj f=kT;k 6 cm okyk ,d 'kaoqQ cuk;k x;k
gSA ,d cPps us bls xksys osQ vkdkj esa cny fn;k xksys dh f=kT;k Kkr dhft,A
e'k% 6 cm, 8 cm vkSj 10 cm f=kT;kvksa okys /krq osQ rhu Bksl xksyksa dks fi?kykdj ,d cM+k
Bksl xksyk cuk;k tkrk gSA bl xksys dh f=kT;k Kkr dhft,A
O;kl 3 m dk ,d oqQvk 14 m dh xgjkbZ rd [kksnk tkrk gSA blls fudyh gqbZ feh dks oqQ, osQ
pkjksa vksj 4 m pkSM+h ,d o`kkdkj oy; (ring) cukrs gq,] leku :i ls iSQykdj ,d izdkj dk
ck/ cuk;k tkrk gSA bl ck/ dh pkbZ Kkr dhft,A
foekvksa 5.5 cm 10 cm 3.5 cm okyk ,d ?kukHk cukus osQ fy,] 1.75 cm O;kl vkSj 2 mm
eksVkbZ okys fdrus pknh osQ flDdksa dks fi?kykuk iM+sxk\
6 m pkSM+h vkSj 1.5 m xgjh ,d ugj esa ikuh 10 km/h dh pky ls cg jgk gSA 30 feuV esa] ;g
ugj fdrus {ks=kiQy dh lpkbZ dj ik,xh] tcfd lpkbZ osQ fy, 8 cm xgjs ikuh dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA
4
ikuh ls iwjh Hkjh gqbZ ,d v/Zxksykdkj Vadh dks ,d ikbi }kjk 3 7 yhVj izfr lsadM dh nj ls
[kkyh fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn Vadh dk O;kl 3 m gSA rks og fdrus le; esa vk/h [kkyh gks tk,xh\
( =
7.
219
22
yhft,)
7
1 cm okyh 8 cm yach
O;kl
rkcs dh ,d NM+ dks ,d leku pkSM+kbZ okys
osQ :i esa [khapk tkrk (cnyk tkrk) gSA rkj dh eksVkbZ Kkr dhft,A
18 m yacs
,d rkj
'kaoqQ dk fNUud
yac o`kh; 'kaoqQ dk ,d Hkkx gVkuk% geus mu oLrqvksa dks ns[kk tks nks vk/kjHkwr Bkslksa dks feykus
ls curs gSaA vkb, vc blls oqQN fHkUu djsaA ge ,d yac o`kh; 'kaoqQ ysaxs vkSj bldk ,d Hkkx gVk nsaxsA
,slk djus dh vusd fof/;k gSaA ijarq ftl fof/ esa gekjh #fp gS og ;g gS fd ge bl 'kaoqQ osQ vk/kj
osQ lekarj ,d ry }kjk bls dkVdj ,d NksVk yac o`kh; 'kaoqQ vyx djsaA ge tkurs gSa fd ikuh ihus osQ
fy, iz;ksx fd, tkus okys fxykl] lkekU;r% blh vkdkj osQ gksrs gSa (nsf[k, vkfr)A
vkfr
220
xf.kr
2- ,d f;kdyki
dh
dk
dks
dks
oqQN feh ;k ,slk gh dksbZ inkFkZ (tSls IykfLVd] Dys bR;kfn) yhft, vkSj ,d 'kaoqQ cukb,A bls pkowQ
lgk;rk ls vk/kj osQ lekarj dkfV,A NksVs 'kaoqQ dks gVk nhft,A gekjs ikl ,d Bksl cprk gS] ftls 'kaoqQ
fNUud (frustum of a cone) dgrs gSaA
ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd blosQ fofHkUu f=kT;kvksa okys nks o`kkdkj fljs gSaA vr%] tc ge ,d fn, gq, 'kaoqQ
mlosQ vk/kj osQ lekarj fdlh ry }kjk dkVrs gSa (nsf[k, vkfr) vkSj bl ry osQ ,d vksj cus 'kaoqQ
gVk nsrs gSa] rks ry osQ nwljh vksj cps 'kaoqQ osQ Hkkx dks 'kaoqQ dk fNUud (frustum)* dgrs gSa
vkfr
* Frustum ,d
ySfVu 'kCn gS] ftldk vFkZ gS ^dkVk gqvk VqdM+k* vkSj bldk cgqopu gS
Frusta
3- mnkgj.k%
vkb, ge 'kaoqQ osQ f?kUud osQ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy vkSj vk;ru Kkr djus osQ fy, ,d mnkgj.k dh
lgk;rk ysaA
mnkgj.k 10
,d 'kaoqQ osQ fNUud] tks
45 cm pk
o i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy vkSj laiw.kZ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A

{ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A
( =
22
7
28 cm vkSj 7 cm gSaA
22
( =
yhft,)
7
gS] osQ fljksa dh f=kT;k,
bldk vk;ru]
yhft,)
gy%
bl fNUud dks nks yac o`kh; 'kaoqQvksa OAB vkSj OCD osQ varj osQ :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS (nsf[k,
vkfr)A eku yhft, lsaVhehVj esa 'kaoqQ OAB dh pkbZ h1 gS vkSj fr;Zd pkbZ l1 gS] vFkkZr~ OP = h1 vkSj
OA = OB = l1 gSA eku yhft, 'kaoqQ OCD dh lsaVhehVj esa pkbZ h2 vkSj fr;Zd pkbZ l2 gSA
gesa r1 = 28 cm, r2 = 7 cm vkSj fNUud dh pkbZ (h) = 45 cm fn, gq, gSaA
221
vkfr
lkFk gh
h1 = 45 + h2
(1)
lcls igys gesa e'k% 'kaoQq vksa OAB vkSj OCD dh pkb;ksa h1 vkSj h2 dks fukkZfjr djuk vko';d gSA
pwfd f=kHkqt OPB vkSj OQD le:i gSa (D;ksa\)] blfy, gesa izkIr gS %
h1
28 4
h2 = 7
1
vkSj (2) ls gesa h2 = 15 vkSj

vc] fNUud dk vk;ru
(1)
'kaoqQ
OAB rFkk
'kaoqQ
OCD dh
h1 = 60
(2)
izkIr gksrk gS
'kaoqQ
OAB
1 22
1 22
(28)2 (60)
(7)2 (15) cm3 48510 cm3
3 7
3 7
rFkk 'kaoqQ
fr;Zd pkb;k e'k%

2
OCD
dk vk;ru
l1 vkSj l2 uhps
n'kkZ, vuqlkj izkIr gksrh gaS %
l2 =
(7) (15) 16.55 cm
l1 =
(28)2 (60)2 4 (7)2 (15)2 4 16.55 66.20 cm
(yxHkx)
= r1l1 r2l2
22
22
(28)(66.20)
(7)(16.55) 5461.5 cm2
=
7
7
bl izdkj fNUud dk o i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy
vc] fNUud dk laiw.kZ iBh; {ks=kiQy

= o i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy
+ r21 + r22
22
22 2 2
(28)2 cm2
(7) cm
= 5461.5 cm2 +
7
7
= 5461.5 cm2 + 2464 cm2 + 154 cm2 = 8079.5 cm2
222
4- lw=k%
xf.kr
ekuk fdlh 'kaoqQ osQ fNUud dh pkbZ h gS] fr;Zd pkbZ l gS rFkk fljksa dh f=kT;k, r1 vkSj r2 (r1 >
r2) gSa] rks ge blosQ vk;ru] o i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy vkSj laiw.kZ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy fuEufyf[kr lw=kksa dk lh/k iz;ksx
djrs gq, Kkr dj ldrs gSa %
1
'kaoqQ osQ fNUud dk vk;ru = 3 h(r12 r22 r1r2 )

(ii) 'kaoqQ osQ fNUud dk o i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy = (r1 + r2) l
tgk l = h2 (r1 r2 )2
(iii) 'kaoqQ osQ fNUud dk laiw.kZ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy = l (r1 + r2) + r21 + r22,
tgk l = h2 (r1 r2 )2
bu lw=kksa dks f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk dh vo/kj.kk dk iz;ksx djosQ fl fd;k tk ldrk gS] ijarq ge
;gk bUgsa fl ugha djsaxsA
vkb, bu lw=kksa dk iz;ksx djosQ mnkgj.k 10 dks gy djsaA
(i)
(i)
(ii)
fNUud dk vk;ru
gesa izkIr gS
1
h(r12 r22 r1 r2 )
3
1 22
45 (28)2 (7)2 (28)(7) cm3
=
3 7
= 48510 cm3
l = h 2 (r1 r2 )2 (45)2 (28 7)2 cm

= 3 (15)2 (7)2 49.65 cm
vr%] fNUud dk o i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy

22
(28 7)(49.65) 5461.5 cm2
7
22
22 2
(28)2
(7) cm2 8079.5 cm 2
= 5461.5
7
7
(r1 r2 )l =
vkb, bu lw=kksa dk oqQN mnkgj.kksa esa iz;ksx djsaA
mnkgj.k 11
,d rqdhZ Vksih 'kaoqQ osQ ,d fNUud osQ vkdkj dh gS (nsf[k, vkfr)A ;fn blosQ [kqys fljs dh f=kT;k
10 cm gS] ijh fljs dh f=kT;k 4 cm gS vkSj Vksih dh fr;Zd pkbZ 15 cm gS] rks blosq cukus esa iz;qDr
inkFkZ dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A
vkfr

gy%
[kqys fljs dh f=kT;k
ijh fljs dh f=kT;k
fr;Zd pkbZ
iz;qDr inkFkZ dk {ks=kiQy
iz;qDr inkFkZ dk {ks=kiQy
223
r1 = 10 cm
r2 = 4 cm
(l) = 15 cm
= fNUud dk o i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy
= r(r1 + r2) l + (r2)2
22
22
(10 4) 15
(14)2 cm2
=
7
7
22
(210 16) cm2
=
7
22
4972
2
(226)
cm 2 710 cm2
=
7
7
3
2
2
= 710 cm
3
mnkgj.k 12
/krq dh pknj ls cuk vkSj ij ls [kqyk ,d crZu 'kaoqQ osQ ,d fNUud osQ vkdkj dk gS ftldh pkbZ
16 cm gS rFkk fupys vkSj ijh fljkas dh f=kT;k, e'k% 8 cm vkSj 20 cm gSaA 20 #- izfr yhVj dh nj
ls] bl crZu dks iwjk Hkj ldus okys nw/ dk ewY; Kkr dhft,A lkFk gh] bl crZu dks cukus osQ fy, iz;qDr
/krq dh pknj dk ewY; 8 #- izfr 100 cm2 dh nj ls Kkr dhft,A ( = 3.14 yhft,A)
gy%
ekuk fr;Zd pkbZ = l
gekjs ikl gSa]
r1 = 20 cm, r2 = 8 cm vkSj h = 16 m
l=
(r1 r2 )2 h 2
l=
(20 8)2 162
144 256
400 20cm
A
16 cm
20 cm O
vkfr
224
xf.kr
vc] crZu dk vk;ru
2
r1 r22 r 1 r2 h [202 82 20 8] 16cm3
3
3
3.14 624 16
cm 3 = 104492.92 cm3
=
3
10449.92
litres 10.44992 liters 10.45 litres
=
1000
ewY; = Rs. (20 10.445) = Rs. 209
20 #-
izfr fyVj ls nw/ dk

fNUud dk i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy
/krq dh pknj dh ykxr
=
=
=
=
=
(r1 + r2) l + r22

[Q
[3.14 (20 + 8) 20 + 3.14 82] cm2
3.14 (560 + 64) cm2
3/14 624 cm2 = 1959.36 cm2
Rs.
ijh fljk [kqyk gS]
iz'ukoyh
22
(tc rd vU;Fkk u dgk tk,] (= 7 yhft,A)

1. ,d 'kaoqQ osQ fNUud dh fr;Zd pkbZ 4 cm gS rFkk blosQ o`kh; fljksa osQ ifjeki (ifjf/;k) 18
cm vkSj 6 cm gSaA bl fNUud dk o i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A
2. ikuh ihus okyk ,d fxykl 14 cm pkbZ okys ,d 'kaoqQ osQ fNUud osQ vkdkj dk gSA nksuksa
o`kkdkj fljksa osQ O;kl 4 cm vkSj 2 cm gSaA bl fxykl dh /kfjrk Kkr dhft,A
3. lhrkjke vkSj mldh iRuh dykorh xUus osQ jl ls xqM+ cuk jgs gSaA mUgksaus xUus osQ jl dks xeZ djosQ
'kc ('khjk) cuk yh gS ftls 'kaoqQ osQ fNUud osQ vkdkj osQ lkps dh okZ/j pkbZ 14 cm gS
(nsf[k, vkfr) ;fn 1 cm3 jkc dk nzO;eku yxHkx 1.2g gS] rks izR;sd lkps esa Hkjh tk ldus
okyh jkc dk nzO;eku Kkr djsaA ( =
22
7
yhft,)
vkfr
4.
/krq ls cuh ,d [kqyh ckYVh 'kaoqQ osQ ,d fNUud osQ vkdkj dh gS] tks mlh /krq osQ cus ,d
[kks[kys csyukdkj vk/kj ij vkjksfir gS (nsf[k, vkfr 4)A bl ckYVh osQ nksuksa o`kkdkj fljksa osQ
O;kl 45 cm vkSj 25 cm gSa rFkk ckYVh dh dh oqQy okZ/j pkbZ 40 cm vkSj csyukdkj vkkkj
dh pkbZ 6 cm gSA bl ckYVh dks cukus esa iz;qDr /krq dh pknj dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft, tcfd
ge ckYVh dh eqfB;k (;k gRFks) dks blesa lfEefyr ugha dj jgs gbSa lkFk gh] ml ikuh dk vk;ru
Kkr djsaA
225
vkfr
lkjka'k
1. vk/kjHkwr Bkslksa ?kukHk] csyu] 'kaoqQ vkSj xksys vkSj v/Zxksys esa ls fdUgha nks Bkslksa osQ la;kstu (dks
feykus ls) ls cus Bkslksa osQ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy fu/kZfjr djukA
2. Bkslksa ?kukHk] csyu] 'kaoqQ] xksys vkSj v/Zxksys esa ls fdUgha nks Bkslksa osQ la;kstu ls cus Bkslksa osQ
vk;ru Kkr djukA
3. tc fdlh 'kaoqQ dks mlosQ vk/kj osQ lekarj fdlh ry }kjk dkVdj ,d NksVk 'kaoqQ gVk nsrs gSa]
rks tks Bksl cprk gS] og 'kaoqQ dk ,d fNUud dgykrk gSA
4. 'kaoqQ osQ fNUud ls lac lw=k fuEufyf[kr gSa %
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
'kaoqQ osQ fNUud dk vk;ru
1
h(r12 r22 r1r2 )
3
'kaoqQ osQ fNUud dk o i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy = l(r1 + r2) tgk l = h2 (r1 r2 )2

'kaoqQ osQ fNUud dk laiw.kZ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy = l(r1 + r2) + (r12 + r22) mijksDr lw=kksa esa] h
= fNUud dh (okZ/j) pkbZ] l = fNUud dh fr;Zd pkbZ rFkk r1 vkSj r2 fNUud osQ
nksuksa o`kh; fljksa dh f=kT;k, gSaA
226
xf.kr
14
lkaf[;dh
1- Hkwfedk
ge fn, gq, vkdM+ksa dks voxhZr ,oa oxhZr ckjackjrk caVuksa esa O;ofLFkr djuk lh[k pqosQ gSaA geus
vkdM+ksa dks fp=kh; :i ls fofHkUu vkys[kksa] tSls naM vkys[k] vk;r fp=k (buesa vleku pkSM+kbZ okys oxZ
varjky Hkh lfEefyr Fks) vkSj ckjackjrk cgqHkqtksa osQ :i esa fu:fir djuk Hkh lh[kk FkkA rF; rks ;g gS fd
vki voxhZr vkdM+ksa osQ oqQN la[;kRed izfrfuf/ Hkh (numerical representives) Kkr djuk Hkh lh[k
fy;k FkkA bu la[;kRed izfrfuf/;ksa dks osaQnzh; izo`fk osQ ekid (measures of central tendency) dgrs
gSaA geus ,sls rhu ekidksa vFkkZr~ ek; (mean), ek;d (median) vkSj cgqyd (mode) dk v;;u fd;k
FkkA bl v;k; esa] ge bu rhuksa ekidksa] vFkkZr~ ek;] ek;d vkSj cgqyd] dk v;;u voxhZr vkdM+ksa
ls oxhZr vkdM+ksa osQ fy, vkxs c<+k,xsA ge lap;h ckjackjrk (cumulative frequency) vkSj lap;h
ckjackjrk lkj.kh dh vo/kj.kkvksa dh ppkZ Hkh djsaxs rFkk ;g Hkh lh[ksaxs fd lap;h ckjackjrk oksa
(cumulative frequency curves), tks rksj.k (ogives) dgykrh gSa] dks [khapuk Hkh lh[ksaxsA
2- oxhZr vkdM+ksa dk ek;

ge tkurs gSa] fn, gq, izs{k.kksa dk ek; (;k vkSlr) lHkh izs{k.kksa osQ ekuksa osQ ;ksx dks izs{k.kksa dh oqQy
la[;k ls Hkkx nsdj izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA ge ;g Hkh tkurs gSa fd ;fn izs{k.kksa x1, x2,. . ., xn dh ckjackjrk,
e'k% f1, f2, . . ., fn gksa] rks bldk vFkZ gS fd izs{k.k x1, f1 ckj vkrk gS izs{k.k x2, f2 ckj vkrk gS] bR;kfnA
vc] lHkh izs{k.kksa osQ ekuksa dk ;ksx = f1x1 + f2x2 + . . . + fnxn gS rFkk izs{k.kksa dh la[;k f1 + f2 +. .
. + fn gSA
lkaf[;dh
227
vr%] budk ek;
fuEufyf[kr }kjk izkIr gksxk %

f1 x1 f2 x 2 fn x n
f2 f 2
fn
;kn dhft, fd mijksDr dks laf{kIr :i esa ,d ;wukuh v{kj cM+k flxek
O;Dr djrs gSaA bl v{kj dk vFkZ gS tksM+uk (summation) vFkkZr~
(capital sigma)
ls
x =
fi x i
i 1
n
fi
i 1
bls vkSj vf/d laf{kIr :i esa]
f i x i
= fy[krs
f i
gSa] ;g le>rs gq, fd i dk eku 1 ls
n rd
fopj.k djrk gSA

vkb, bl lw=k dk fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.k esa ek; Kkr djus osQ fy, mi;ksx djsaA
mnkgj.k 1%
fdlh LowQy dh d{kk X osQ 30 fo|kFk;ksa }kjk xf.kr osQ ,d isij esa] 100 esa ls izkIr fd, x, vad]
uhps ,d lkj.kh esa fn, x, gSaA bu fo|kFk;ksa }kjk izkIr vadksa dk ek; Kkr dhft,A
ikzIrkd
a (x)
10 20 36 40 50 56 60 70 72 80 88 92 95
1 1
3 4 3 2 4 4 1 1
2 3 1
fo|kfFkZ; ksa dh la[;k
gy%
;kn dhft, fd ek; Kkr djus osQ fy,] gesa izR;sd xi ls mldh laxr ckjackjrk fi }kjk xq.kuiQy dh
vko';drk gSA vr%] vkb, bu xq.kuiQyksa dks lkj.kh esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj ,d LraHk esa j[ksaA
lkj.kh 1
izkIrkad
10
20
36
40
50
56
60
70
72
80
88
(xi )
fo|kFk;ksa dh la[;k
1
1
3
4
3
2
4
4
1
1
2
( fi )
fix i
10
20
108
160
150
112
240
280
72
80
176
228
xf.kr
92
95
3
1
276
95
;ksx
fi = 30
fixi = 1779
vc
fi x i 1779
59.3
f i
30
vr%] izkIr fd;k x;k ek; vad 59-3 gSA
3- oxhZr vkdM+ksa dh vko';drk%

ge vius nSfud thou dh vf/dka'k fLFkfr;ksa esa] vkdM+s cgqr cM+s gksrs gSa fd mudk ,d vFkZiw.kZ
v;;u djus osQ fy, mUgsa lewgksa esa ckV dj (oxhZr djosQ) NksVk djuk vko';d gks tkrk gSA vr%] gesa
fn, gq, voxhZr vkdM+ksa dks] oxhZr vkdM+ksa esa cnyus dh vko';drk gksrh gS rFkk bu vkdM+ksa osQ ek;
Kkr djus dh fof/ fudkyus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
4- voxhZr vkdM+ksa ls oxhZr vkdM+s rS;kj djuk%

voxhZr vkdM+ksa dks oxhZr vkdM+ksa esa cnyus osQ fy, gesa oxZ varjky rS;kj djus gksrs gSa ftldh
,d fo'ks"k pkSM+kbZ gks ftlesa lHkh ckjackjrk, vk tk,aA
vkb, mnkgj.k 1 osQ voxhZr vkdM+ksa dks pkSM+kbZ] eku yhft,] 15 osQ oxZ varjky cukdj oxhZor
vkdM+ksa esa cnysaA ;kn jf[k, fd oxZ varjkyksa dh ckjackjrk, fun"V djrs le;] fdlh mifj oxZ lhek
(upper class limit) esa vkus okys izs{k.k vxys oxZ varjky esa fy, tkrs gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ] vad 40 izkIr djus
okys 4 fo|kFk;ksa dks oxZ varjky 25&40 esa u ysdj varjky 40&55 esa fy;k tkrk gSA bl ijaijk dks ;ku
esa j[krs gq,] vkb, budh ,d oxhZr ckjackjrk lkj.kh cuk, (nsf[k, lkj.kh)A
lkj.kh 2
oxZ varjky
fo|kfFkZ; ksa dh la[;k
10 25 25 40 40 55 55 70 70 85 85 100
2
5- oxZ varjky%
vc] izR;sd oxZ varjky osQ fy,] gesa ,d ,sls cnq (eku) dh vko';drk gS] tks iwjs varjky dk izfrfuf/
Ro djsA ;g eku fy;k tkrk gS fd izR;sd oxZ varjky dh ckjackjrk mlosQ e;&cnq osQ pkjksa vksj osQfa nzr gksrh
gSA vr%] izR;sd oxZ osQ e;&fcanq (mid-point) ;k oxZ fp (class mark) dks ml oxZ esa vkus okys lHkh
iz{s k.kksa dk izfrfufk (representative) ekuk tk ldrk gSA ;kn dhft, fd ge ,d oxZ varjky dk e; cnq
(;k oxZ fp) mldh mifj vkSj fupyh lhekvksa dk vkSlr fudkydj Kkr djrs gSAa vFkkZr~
mifj oxZ lhek$ fupyh oxZ lhek
oxZ fp =
2
lkaf[;dh
6- ek; Kkiu (izR;{k fof/)
229
10 25
lkj.kh 2 osQ lanHkZ esa] oxZ 10&25 dk oxZ fp

, vFkkZr~ 17.5 gSA blh izdkj] ge vU; oxZ
2
varjkyksa osQ oxZ fp Kkr dj ldrs gSaA ge bu oxZ fpksa dks lkj.kh 3 esa j[krs gSaA ;s oxZ fp xis dk dke
djrs gSaA O;kid :i esa oxZ varjky osQ oxZ fp xi osQ laxr ckjackjrk fi fy[kh tkrh gSA vc ge mnkgj.k
1 dh gh rjg] ek; ifjdfyr djus dh izf;k dh vksj vkxs c<+ ldrs gSaA
lkj.kh 3
oxZ varjky
fo|kFk;ksa dh la[;k
10 - 25
25 - 40
40 - 55
55 - 70
70 - 85
85 100
2
3
7
6
6
6
;ksx
fi = 30
vafre LraHk esa fn, ekuksa osQ ;ksx ls gesa

n'kkZ, vuqlkj izkIr gksrk gS%
x
fixi izkIr
(fi)
oxZ fp
(xi)
fixi
17.5
32.5
47.5
62.5
77.5
92.5
35.0
97.5
332.5
375.0
465.0
555.0
fixi = 1860.0
gksrk gSA vr%] fn, gq, vkdM+ksa dk ek;
x , uhps
fi x i 1860.0
62
f i
30
ek; Kkr djus dh bl u;h fof/ dks izR;{k fof/
(direct method) dgk
tkrk gSA
7- oxhZr vkSj voxhZr vkdM+ksa esa ek; dk varj%

ge ns[krs gSa fd lkjf.k;ksa 1 vkSj 3 esa] leku vkdM+ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS rFkk buesa ek; ifjdfyr
djus osQ fy, ,d gh lw=k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA ijarq bu nksuksa esa gesa ifj.kke (ek;) fHkUu&fHkUu izkIr
gq, gSaA nksuksa ekuksa osQ varj dk dkj.k lkj.kh 3 esa dh xbZ e;&cnq dYiuk gSA 59-3 lgh ek; gS] tcfd
62 ,d lfUudV ek; gSA
8- ek; Kkiu dk dfYir ek; fof/%

dHkh&dHkh tc xi vkSj fi osQ eku cM+s gksrs gSa] rks xi vkSj fi osQ xq.kuiQy Kkr djuk dfBu gks tkrk gS
rFkk blesa le; Hkh vf/d yxrk gSA vr%] ,slh fLFkfr;ksa osQ fy,] vkb, bu ifjdyuksa dks ljy cukus dh
fof/ lkspsaA
ge fi osQ lkFk oqQN ugha dj ldrs] ijarq ge izR;sd xi dks ,d NksVh la[;k esa cny ldrs gSa] ftlls
gekjs ifjdyu ljy gks tk,xsA blosQ fy, izR;sd xi esa ls ,d fuf'pr la[;k ?kVkrs
230
xf.kr
(i)
blesa igyk pj.k ;g gks ldrk gS fd izkIr fd, x, lHkh xi esa ls fdlh xi dks dfYir ek;
(assumed mean) osQ :i esa pqu ysa rFkk bls a ls O;Dr djsaA lkFk gh] vius ifjdyu dk;Z dks vkSj
vfkd de djus osQ fy,] ge a dks ,slk xi ys ldrs gSa tks x1, x2, . . ., xn osQ e; esa dgha vkrk gksA vr%]
ge a = 47.5 ;k a = 62.5 pqu ldrs gSaA vkb, a = 47.5 pqusaA
(ii) vxyk pj.k gS fd a vkSj izR;sd xi osQ chp dk varj di Kkr fd;k tk,] vFkkZr~ izR;sd xi ls a
dk fopyu (deviation) Kkr fd;k tk,A
di = x i a
vFkkZr~
= xi 47.5
(iii) rhljk
pj.k gS fd izR;sd di vkSj mlosQ laxr

fd;k tk,A ;s ifjdyu lkj.kh 4 esa n'kkZ, x, gSaA
fi dk
xq.kuiQy Kkr djosQ lHkh
fi di dk
;ksx Kkr
lkj.kh 4
oxZ varjky
fo|kFk;ksa dh
la[;k (fi)
oxZ fp
10 - 25
25 - 40
40 - 55
55 - 70
70 - 85
85 - 100
2
3
7
6
6
6
17.5
32.5
47.5
62.5
77.5
92.5
;ksx
fi = 30
vr%] lkj.kh 4 ls] fopyuksa dk ek;
di = xi 47.5
fid i
30
15
0
15
30
45
60
45
0
90
180
270
(xi )
fidi = 435
d
f i d i
f i
vkSj x osQ chp laca/ vkb,] vc d vkSj x esa laca/ Kkr djus dk iz;Ru djrs gSaA
pwfd di Kkr djus osQ fy, geus izR;sd xi esa ls a dks ?kVk;k gS] blfy, ek; x Kkr djus osQ fy,]
ge
esa
a tksM+rs
gSaA bls xf.krh; :i ls] uhps n'kkZ, vuqlkj Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gS %
fopyuksa dk ek;
vr%
vr%
fi d i
d = d
i
fi (x i a)
d =
f i
f i x i f i a
= f f
i
i
f i
= x a f
i
= xa
x = ad
lkaf[;dh
231
vFkkZr~
vc lkj.kh 4 ls]
fi d i
x = a f
i
a, fidi vkSj fi osQ eku j[kus
x = 47.5
ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS
435
= 47.5 + 14.5 = 62
30
vr%] fo|kFk;ksa }kjk izkIr fd, x, vadksa dk ek; 62 gSA

ek; Kkr djus dh mijksDr fof/ dfYir ek; fof/ (assumed mean method) dgykrh gSA
f;kdyki 1
lkj.kh 3 ls] izR;sd xi (17.5, 32.5, bR;kfn) dks a ekudj ek; ifjdfyr dhft,A ge ikrs gSa fd
izR;sd fLFkfr esa ek; ,d gh] vFkkZr~ 62 vkrk gSA
uksV% vr%] ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd izkIr fd, x, ek; dk eku pqus gq, a osQ eku ij fuHkZj ugha
djrkA
9- ix& fopyu fof/%

;fn izkIr fd;k x;k fopyu diS1 fdlh fo'ks"k la[;k h osQ xq.kt gksrs gSa] rc ge dis osQ lHkh ekuksa
dks bl la[;k ls Hkkx ns nsrs gSa vkSj gesa fi ls xq.kk djus osQ fy, NksVh la[;k izkIr gks tkrh gSA
;ku nhft, fd lkj.kh 4 osQ LraHk esa fn, lHkh eku 15 osQ xq.kt (multiples) gSaA vr%] ;fn ge LraHk
4 osQ lHkh ekuksa dks 15 ls Hkkx ns nsa] rks gesa fi ls xq.kk djus osQ fy, NksVh la[;k, izkIr gks tk,xhA ;gk
15] izR;sd oxZ varjky dh oxZ eki (lkbt) gSA
x a
gS] tgk a dfYir ek; gS vkSj h oxZeki gSA

vr%] vkb, eku ysa fd ui = i
h
vc ge lHkh ui ifjdfyr djrs gSa vkSj igys dh rjg gh izf;k tkjh j[krs gSa (vFkkZr~
gSa vkSj fiQj fiui Kkr djrs gSaA vkb, h = 15 ysdj] lkj.kh 5 cuk,A
fi ui Kkr
djrs
lkj.kh 5
oxZ varjky
fi
xi
di = xi a
10 - 25
25 - 40
40 - 55
55 - 70
70 - 85
85 - 100
2
3
7
6
6
6
17.5
32.5
47.5
62.5
77.5
92.5
30
15
0
15
30
45
;ksx
fi = 30
eku yhft,
u=
ui =
xi a
h
2
1
0
1
2
3
f iu i
4
3
0
6
12
18
fiui = 29
fi ui
fi
gSA
232
xf.kr
;gk Hkh ge
vkSj
esa laca/ Kkr djsaxsA

xi a
h
(x a)
f i i
1 f x a f i
h
i i
u =
h
f i
f i
ui =
geasa izkIr gS
vr%
f i
1 f i x i
= h f a f
i
i
1
x a
h
hu = x a
;k
vFkkZr~
vr%
vc] lkj.kh 14-5 ls
x = a + hu
f i u i
x = a + h
f i
a, h, fiui vkSj fi osQ eku izfrLFkkfir
29
x = 47.5 15 30
= 47.5 + 14.5 = 62
djus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS%
vr%] fo|kFk;ksa }kjk izkIr fd;k x;k ek; vad 62 gSA

ek; Kkr djus dh mijksDr fof/ ix&fopyu fof/ (step deviation method) dgykrh gSA
uksV% ;ku nhft, fd
ix&fopyu fof/ rHkh lqfo/ktud gksxh] tcfd lHkh di esa dksbZ lkoZ xq.ku[kaM gSA
rhuksa fof/;ksa ls izkIr ek; ,d gh gSA
dfYir ek; fof/ vkSj ix&fopyu fof/ izR;{k fof/ osQ gh ljyhr :i gSaA
lw=k x = a + h u dk rc Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS] tcfd a vkSj h ij nh gqbZ la[;kvksa dh
Hkkfr u gksa] cfYd os 'kwU; osQ vfrfjDr ,slh okLrfod la[;k, gksa rkfd
vkb, bu fof/;ksa dk iz;ksx ,d vU; mnkgj.k ls djsaA
ui =
xi a
h
gksA
10- mi;qDr fof/ dk p;u%

ek; Kkr djus dh fof/ pquuk bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd xi vkSj fi osQ eku D;k gSaA ;fn xi vkSj
fi i;kZIr :i ls NksVs gSa] rks izR;{k fof/ gh mi;qDr jgrh gSA ;fn xi vkSj fi osQ eku la[;kRed :i ls cM+s
gSa] rks ge dfYir ek; fof/ ;k ix&fopyu fof/ dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA ;fn oxZeki vleku gSa vkSj
xi la[;kRed :i ls cM+s gSa] rks Hkh ge lHkh di dk ,d mi;qDr loZfu"B xq.ku[kaM h ysdj] ix&fopyu
fof/ dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA
lkaf[;dh
233
f;kdyki 2 %
viuh d{kk osQ fo|kFk;ksa dks rhu lewgksa esa ckfV, vkSj izR;sd lewg ls fuEufyf[kr esa ls ,d
f;kdyki djus dks dfg, %
1. vkiosQ Ldwy }kjk gky gh esa yh xbZ ijh{kk esa] viuh d{kk osQ lHkh fo|kFk;ksa }kjk xf.kr esa izkIr
fd, x, vad ,df=kr dhft,A bl izdkj izkIr vkdM+ksa dk ,d oxhZr ckjackjrk caVu lkj.kh
cukb,A
2. vius 'kgj esa 30 fnu dk fjdkWMZ fd, x, nSfud vf/dre rkieku ,df=kr dhft,A bu vkdM+ksa
dks ,d oxhZr ckjackjrk caVu lkj.kh osQ :i esa izLrqr dhft,A
3. viuh d{kk osQ lHkh fo|kFk;ksa dh pkb;k (cm esa) ekfi, vkSj mudk ,d oxhZr ckjackjrk
caVu lkj.kh cukb,A
tc lHkh lewg vkdM+s ,df=kr djosQ mudh oxhZr ckjackjrk caVu lkjf.k;k cuk ysa] rc izR;sd lewg
ls vius ckjackjrk caVu dk ek; fudkyus dks dfg,A blesa os tks fof/ mi;qDr le>sa mldk iz;ksx djsaA
'ukoyh
1.
fo|kFk;ksa osQ ,d lewg }kjk vius i;kZoj.k lapsruk vfHk;ku osQ varxZr ,d losZ{k.k fd;k x;k]
ftlesa mUgksaus ,d eksgYys osQ 20 ?kjksa esa yxs gq, ikS/ksa ls lacaf/r fuEufyf[kr vkdM+s ,df=kr
fd,A izfr ?kj ek; ikS/ksa dh la[;k Kkr dhft,A
ikS /kas dh la[;k 0 2 2 4 4 6 6 8 8 10 10 12 12 14

1
2
1
5
6
2
3
?kjksa dh la[;k
ek; Kkr djus osQ fy, vkius fdl fof/ dk iz;ksx fd;k vkSj D;ksa\
2. fuEufyf[kr caVu ,d eksgYys osQ cPpksa osQ nSfud tsc[kpZ n'kkZrk gSA ek; tsc[kpZ 18 # gSA yqIr
ckjackjrk f Kkr dhft, %
nSfud tcs Hkkk
(#i;kas eas)
cPpksa dh l[a;k
3.
11 13 13 15 15 17 17 19 19 21 21 23 23 25
7
13
fdlh iqQVdj ckt+kj esa] iQy foozsQrk isfV;ksa esa j[ks vke csp jgs FksA bu isfV;ksa esa vkeksa dh la[;k,
fHkUu&fHkUu FkhaA isfV;ksa dh la[;k osQ vuqlkj] vkeksa dk caVu fuEufyf[kr Fkk %
vkekas dh l[a;k 50 52 53 55 56 58 59 61 62 64
15
110
135
115
25
ifsV;ksa dh la[;k
,d isVh esa j[ks vkeksa dh ek; la[;k Kkr dhft,A vkius ek; Kkr djus dh fdl fofk dk
iz;ksx fd;k gS\
234
xf.kr
4.
fuEufyf[kr lkj.kh fdlh eksgYys osQ 25 ifjokjksa esa Hkkstu ij gq, nSfud O;; dks nkkZrh gS %
nfSud O;;
(#i;ksa eas)
ifjokjkas dh la[;k
100 150 150 200 200 250 250 300 300 350
4
12
,d mi;qDr fof/ }kjk Hkkstu ij gqvk ek; O;; Kkr dhft,A

5.
uhps fn;k gqvk caVu ,dfnolh; fosQV eSp

a ksa es]a xsna ckkksa }kjk fy, x, fofdVksa dh la[;k n'kkZrk gSA
mi;qDr fof/ pqurs gq,] fy, x, fofdVksa dk ek; Kkr dhft,A ;g ek; D;k lwfpr djrk gS\
fofdVksa dh la[;k
xansckkksa dh la[;k
6.
16
12
uhps nh gqbZ lkj.kh Hkkjr osQ fofHkUu jkT;ksa ,oa la?kh; {ks=kksa (union territories) osQ xzkeh.k {ks=kksa
osQ izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa] efgyk f'k{kdksa osQ izfr'kr caVu dks n'kkZrh gSA bl vuqPNsn esa pfpZr
rhuksa fof/;ksa ls efgyk f'k{kdksa dk ek; izfr'kr Kkr dhft,A
efgyk f'k{kdksa
dk izfr'kr
jkT;k@as la?kh;
{ks= kksa dh l[a;k
7.
20 60 60 100 100 150 150 250 250 350 350 450
15 25 25 35 35 45 45 55 55 65 65 75 75 85
6
11
fdlh d{kk v;kfidk us iwjs l=k osQ fy, viuh d{kk osQ 40 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh vuqifLFkfr
fuEufyf[kr :i esa fjdkWMZ (record) dhA ,d fo|kFkhZ ftrus fnu vuqifLFkr jgk mudk ek;
Kkr dhft, %
fnukas dh l[a;k
fo|kfFkZ; kas
dh la[;k
0 6 6 10 10 14 14 20 20 28 28 38 38 40
11
10
oxhZr vkadM+ksa dk cgqyd

1- cgqyd%
cgqyd (mode) fn, gq, izs{k.kksa esa og eku gS tks lcls vfkd ckj vkrk gS] vFkkZr~ ml izs{k.k dk eku
ftldh ckjackjrk vf/dre gSA voxhZr vkdM+ksa osQ cgqyd Kkr djus dh ppkZ ge igys dj pqosQ gSaA vc
ge oxhZr vkdM+ksa dk cgqyd Kkr djus dh fof/ dh ppkZ djsaxsA
lkaf[;dh
2- cgqcgqydh; vkdM+s%
235
;fn ,d ls vf/d ekuksa dh ,d gh vf/dre ckjackjrk gksA ,slh fLFkfr;ksa esa] vkdM+ksa dks cgqcgqydh;
(multi modal) vkdM+ dgk tkrk gSA ;|fi] oxhZr vkdM+s Hkh cgqcgqydh; gks ldrs gSa] ijarq ge viuh
ppkZ dks osQoy ,d gh cgqyd okyh leL;kvksa rd gh lhfer j[ksaxsA
vkb, igys ,d mnkgj.k dh lgk;rk ls ;g vH;kl djsa fd voxhZr vkdM+ksa dk cgqyd fdl izdkj
Kkr fd;k tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k 2
2
bu vkdM+ksa dk cgqyd Kkr dhft,A
gy
vkb, mijksDr vkdM+ksa osQ fy,] ,d ckjackjrk caVu lkj.kh cuk,] tSlk fd uhps n'kkZ;k x;k gS %
fofdVkas dh la[;k
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
foQsV ep
S ksa dh la[;k 1 1 3 2 1 1 1
Li"V gS fd xsanckt+ us vf/dre eSpksa (3) esa 2 fofdV fy, gSaA vr%] bu vkdM+ksa dk cgqyd 2 gSA
3- oxhZr vkdM+ksa dk cgqyd%

,d oxhZr ckjackjrk caVu esa] ckjackjrkvksa dks ns[kdj cgqyd Kkr djuk laHko ugha gSA ;gk] ge
osQoy og oxZ (class) Kkr dj ldrs gSa ftldh ckjackjrk vf/dre gSA bl oxZ dks cgqyd oxZ (modal
class) dgrs gSaA cgqyd bl cgqyd oxZ osQ vanj dksbZ eku gS] ftls fuEufyf[kr lw=k }kjk Kkr fd;k tkrk gS%
f1 f0
h
2f1 f0 f2
cgy
q d l
tgk
l=
cgqyd oxZ dh fuEu (fupyh) lhek

h = oxZ varjky dh eki (;g ekurs gq, fd lHkh varjky cjkcj ekiksa osQ gSa)
f1 = cgqyd oxZ dh ckjackjrk
f0 = cgqyd oxZ ls Bhd igys oxZ dh ckjackjrk rFkk
f2 = cgqyd oxZ osQ Bhd ckn esa vkus okys oxZ dh ckjackjrk gSA
bl lw=k dk iz;ksx n'kkZus osQ fy,] vkb, ,d mnkgj.k ysaA
'ukoyh
1.
fuEufyf[kr vkdM+s] 225 fctyh midj.kksa osQ izsf{kr thou dky (?kaVksa esa) dh lwpuk nsrs gSa%
thoudky (?kVksa e)as
ckjackjrk
0 20 20 40 40 60 60 80 80 100 100 120

10
35
52
61
38
29
236
xf.kr
midj.kksa dk cgqyd thoudky Kkr dhft,A
2. fuEufyf[kr caVu Hkkjr osQ mPprj ek;fed LowQyksa esa] jkT;ksa osQ vuqlkj] f'k{kd&fo|kFkhZ vuqikr
dks n'kkZrk gSA bu vkdM+ksa osQ cgqyd vkSj ek; Kkr dhft,A nksuksa ekidksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A
3.
izfr f'k{kd fo|kFk;ksa dh la[;k
jkT;@la?kh; {ks=kksa dh la[;k
15 - 20
20 - 25
25 - 30
30 - 35
35 - 40
40 - 45
45 - 50
50 - 55
3
8
9
10
3
0
0
2
,d fo|kFkhZ us ,d lM+d osQ fdlh LFkku ls gksdj tkrh gqbZ dkjksa dh la[;k, uksV dh vkSj mUgsa
uhps nh gqbZ lkj.kh osQ :i esa O;Dr fd;kA lkj.kh esa fn;k izR;sd izs{k.k 3 feuV osQ varjky eas ml
LFkku ls gksdj tkus okyh dkjksa dh la[;kvksa ls lacaf/r gSA ,sls 100 varjkyksa ij izs{k.k fy, x,A
bu vkdM+ksa dk cgqyd Kkr dhft,A
dkjksa dh l[a;k
ckjcakjrk
4.
0 10 10 20 20 30 30 40 40 50 50 60 60 70 70 80
7
11
13
12
20
11
15
8
fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ ,d lewg }kjk ,d eksgYys osQ 20 ifjokjksa ij fd, x, losZ{k.k osQ ifj.kkeLo:i
fofHkUu ifjokjksa osQ lnL;ksa dh la[;k ls lacaf/r fuEufyf[kr vkdM+sa izkIr gq,%
ifjokj eki
1 3 3 5 5 7 7 9 9 11
8
2
2
1
ifjokj dh la[;k 7
oxhZr vkdM+ksa dk ek;d

1- ek;d%
tSlkfd vki d{kk IX esa i<+ pqosQ gSa] ek;d
esa lcls chp osQ izs{k.k dk eku nsrk gSA
(median) osQanzh;
izo`fk dk ,slk ekid gS] tks vkdM+ksa
2- voxhZr vkdM+ksa dk ek;d%

voxhZr vkdM+ksa dk ek;d Kkr djus osQ fy,] igys ge izs{k.kksa osQ ekuksa dks vkjksgh e esa O;ofLFkr
djrs gSaA vc] ;fn
n
2
oas vkSj
n
1
2
n fo"ke
gS] rks ek;d
n 1
2
osa izs{k.k dk eku gksrk gSA ;fn
osa izs{k.kksa osQ ekuksa dk vkSlr (ek;) gksrk gSA
n le
gS] rks ek;d
lkaf[;dh
3- voxhZr ckjackjrk vkdM+ksa dk ek;d%
237
ge voxhZr ckjackjrk vkdM+ksa dk ek;d Kkr djus osQ fy, ,d mnkgj.k dh lgk;rk ysxsaA
ekuk] gesa fuEufyf[kr vkdM+ksa dk ek;d Kkr djuk gS tks ,d ijh{kk esa 100 fo|kfFkZ;ksa }kjk 50 esa
ls izkIr vad nsrs gSaA
ikzIrkd
a
20 29 28 33 42 38 43 25
fo|kfFkZ; ksa dh l[a;k 6 28 24 15 2 4 1 20
igys izkIr vadksa dk vkjksgh e rS;kj djsa vkSj ckjackjrk lkj.kh dks fuEu izdkj ls cuk,A
lkj.kh
izkIrkad
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k
ckjackjrk
20
25
28
29
33
38
42
43
6
20
24
28
15
4
2
1
;ksx
100
n
;gk n = 100 gS tks le la[;k gSA ek;d izs{k.k

osa rFkk 1 osa izs{k.k dk vkSlr gksxkA vFkkZr~
2
2
50osa rFkk 51osa izs{k.kksa dk vkSlrA bu izs{k.kksa dks Kkr djus osQ fy,] ge fuEu izdkj c<+rs gSaA
lkj.kh
izkIrkad
20
25 rd
6
6 + 20 = 26
28 rd
26 + 24 = 50
29 rd
50 + 28 = 78
33 rd
78 + 15 = 93
38 rd
93 + 4 = 97
42 rd
97 + 2 = 99
43 rd
99 + 1 = 100
vc ge bl lwpuk dks n'kkZrk ,d u;k LraHk mijksDr ckjackjrk lkj.kh esa tksM+rs gSa rFkk mls lap;h
ckjackjrk LraHk dk uke nsrs gSaA
238
xf.kr
lkj.kh
izkIrkad
lap;h ckjackjrk
20
25
28
29
33
38
42
43
6
20
24
28
15
4
2
1
6
26
50
78
93
97
99
100
mijksDr lkj.kh ls ge ikrs gSa%

50ok izs{k.k 28 gS (D;ksasfd ;g lap;h ckjackjrk 50 esa vkrk gS)
51ok izs{k.k 29 gS (D;ksafd ;g lap;h ckjackjrk 78 esa vkrk gS)
ek;d =
blfy,]
28 29
28.5
2
fVIi.kh %
lkj.kh osQ Hkkx esa lfEefyr LraHk 1 vkSj 3 lap;h ckjackjrk lkj.kh osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ek;d
vad 28-5 lwfpr djrk gS fd yxHkx 50 izfr'kr fo|kFk;ksa us 28-5 ls de vad vkSj nwljs vU; 50 izfr'kr
fo|kfFkZ;ksa us 28-5 ls vfkd vad izkIr fd,A
4- oxhZr vkdM+ksa dk ek;d% oxhZr vkdM+ksa dk ek;d Kkr djus osQ fy, ge ,d mnkgj.k
dh lgk;rk ysaxsA
fuEukuqlkj ,d fuf'pr ijh{kk esa 100 esa 53 fo|kFk;ksa }kjk izkIr vadksa dk lewfgr ckjackjrk caVu ij
fopkj djsaA
lkj.kh
izkIrkad
0 - 10
10 - 20
20 - 30
30 - 40
40 - 50
50 - 60
60 - 70
70 - 80
80 - 90
90 - 100
3
4
3
3
4
7
9
7
8
lkaf[;dh
239
mijksDr lkj.kh ls gesa Kkr gksrk gS fd ,sls fo|kFkhZ ftUgksaus 10 ls de vad izkIr fd, gSa\ og 5 gSaA
20 ls de vad izkIr djus okys fo|kFk;ksa esa os fo|kFkhZ lfEefyr gSa] ftUgksaus oxZ 0 - 10 esa vad izkIr
fd, gSa vkSj os fo|kFkhZ Hkh lfEefyr gSa ftUgksaus oxZ 10 - 20 esa vad izkIr fd, gSaA vr%] 20 ls de vad
izkIr djus okys fo|kFk;ksa dh oqQy la[;k 5 + 3 vFkkZr~ 8 gSA ge dgrs gSa fd oxZ 10 - 20 dh lap;h ckjackjrk
(cumulative frequency) 8 gSA
blh izdkj] ge vU; oxks dh lap;h ckjackjrk, Hkh Kkr dj ldrs gSa] vFkkZr~ ge ;g Kkr dj
ldrs gSa fd 30 ls de vad izkIr djus okys fdrus fo|kFkhZ gSa] 40 ls de vad izkIr djus okys fdrus
fo|kFkhZ gSa] --- 100 ls de vad izkIr djus okys fdrus fo|kFkhZ gSaA ge bUgsa uhps ,d lkj.kh osQ :i
esa ns jgs gSa %
lkj.kh
izkIrkad
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k (lap;h ckjackjrk)
10 ls
de
20 ls
de
5+3=8
30 ls
de
8 + 4 = 12
de
50 ls de
12 + 3 = 15
60 ls
de
18 + 4 = 22
70 ls
de
22 + 7 = 29
80 ls
de
29 + 9 = 38
90 ls
de
38 + 7 = 45
100 ls
de
45 + 8 = 53
40 ls
15 + 3 = 18
mijksDr caVu ls de izdkj dk lap;h ckjackjrk caVu dgykrk gSA ;gk 10, 20, 30, . . . 100, laxr oxZ
varjkyksa dh mifj lhek, gSaA
ge blh izdkj mu fo|kFk;ksa dh la[;kvksa osQ fy, Hkh ftUgksaus 0 ls vf/d ;k mlosQ cjkcj vad izkIr
fd, gSa] 10 ls vf/d ;k mlosQ cjkcj vad izkIr fd, gSa] 20 ls vf/d ;k mlosQ cjkcj vad izkIr fd,
gSa] bR;kfn osQ fy, ,d lkj.kh cuk ldrs gSaA lkj.kh ls ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd lHkh 53 fo|kFk;ksa us 0 ls vf/
d ;k 0 osQ cjkcj vad izkIr fd, gSaA pwfd varjky 0 - 10 esa 5 fo|kFkhZ gSa] blfy, 53 5 = 48 fo|kFk;ksa
us 10 ls vf/d ;k mlosQ cjkcj vad izkIr fd, gSaA blh izf;k dks tkjh j[krs gq, ge 20 ls vf/d ;k
mlosQ cjkcj 48 3 = 45, 30 ls vfkd ;k mlosQ cjkcj 45 4 = 41, bR;kfn fo|kFkhZ izkIr djrs gSa] ftUgsa
lkj.kh esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
240
xf.kr
lkj.kh
izkIrkad
0 ls vf/d ;k mlosQ cjkcj
53
53 5 = 48
48 3 = 45
45 4 = 41
41 3 = 38
38 3 = 35
35 4 = 31
31 7 = 24
24 9 = 15
15 7 = 8
mijksDr lkj.kh ;k caVu vf/d izdkj dk lap;h ckjackjrk caVu dgykrk gSA ;gk 0, 10, 20, . . ., 90
laxr oxZ varjkyksa dh fuEu lhek, gSaA
vc] oxhZr vkdM+ksa dk ek;d Kkr djus osQ fy,] ge mijksDr nksuksa izdkj osQ lap;h ckjackjrk caVuksa
esa ls fdlh caVu dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA
ge lkj.kh A vkSj lkj.kh B dks feykdj ,d u;h lkj.kh cuk ysa tks uhps nh xbZ gS %
lkj.kh
izkIrkad
(f)
lap;h ckjackjrk
0 - 10
10 - 20
20 - 30
30 - 40
40 - 50
50 - 60
60 - 70
70 - 80
80 - 90
90 - 100
3
4
3
3
4
7
9
7
8
8
12
15
18
22
29
38
45
53
(cf)
vc] oxhZr vkdM+ksa osQ lcls e; osQ izs{k.k dks ge osQoy lap;h ckjackjrk, ns[k dj gh ugha Kkr
dj ldrs] D;ksafd lcls e; dk izs{k.k fdlh varjky esa gksxkA vr%] ;g vko';d gS fd bl e; izs{k.k
dks ml oxZ varjky esa [kkstk tk,] tks vkdM+ksa dks nks cjkcj Hkkxksa esa foHkDr djrk gSA
lkaf[;dh
241
bl varjky dks Kkr djus osQ fy,] ge lHkh oxks dh lap;h ckjackjrk, vkSj
ge og oxZ [kkstrs gSa ftldh lap;h ckjackjrk
oxZ
(median class) dgrs
n
2
gSaA mijksDr caVu esa]
n
2
Kkr djrs gSaA vc]
ls vf/d vkSj mlosQ fudVre gSA bl oxZ dks ek;d

n = 53 gSA
vr%]
n
= 26.5 gqvkA
2
vc]
60 - 70 gh
og
oxZ gS ftldh lap;h ckjackjrk 29, vFkkZr~ 26.5 ls vf/d vkSj mlosQ fudVre gSA
2
vr%] 60 - 70 ek;d oxZ gSA
ek;d oxZ Kkr djus osQ ckn] ge fuEufyf[kr lw=k dk iz;ksx djosQ ek;d Kkr djrs gSa %
ek;d
n
cf
= l 2
d
h,
l=
tgk
ek;d oxZ dh fuEu lhek

n = izs{k.kksa dh la[;k
cf = ek;d oxZ ls Bhd igys okys oxZ dh lap;h ckjackjrk
f = ek;d oxZ dh ckjackjrk
h = oxZ eki (;g ekurs gq, fd oxZ eki cjkcj gSa)
n
= 26.5, l = 60, cf = 22, f = 7, h = 10

vc
2
dks lw=k esa izfrLFkkfir djus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
45
26.5 22
10 60
60
7
7
= 60.4
ek;d =
vr%] yxHkx vk/s fo|kFk;ksa us 66-4 ls de vad izkIr fd, gSa vkSj 'ks"k vk/s fo|kFk;ksa us 66-4 ls
vf/d ;k mlosQ cjkcj vad izkIr fd, gSaA
5- fof'k"V vko';drk esa mi;qDr ekid dh x.kuk%

geus rhuksa osQanzh; izo`fk osQ ekidksa dk v;;u dj fy;k gS] rks vkb, bl ckr dh ppkZ djsa fd ,d
fof'k"V vko';drk osQ fy,] dkSu&lk ekid vf/d mi;qDr jgsxkA
(i) ek;% osQanzh; izofk dk vf/drj iz;ksx gksus okyk ekid ek; gS] D;ksafd ;g lHkh isz{k.kksa ij
vk/kfjr gksrk gS rFkk nksuksa pje ekuksa osQ chp esa fLFkr gksrk gSA vFkkZr~] ;g laiw.kZ vkdM+ksa esa lcls cM+s vkSj
lcls NksVs izs{k.kksa osQ chp esa fLFkr gksrk gSA ;g gesa nks ;k vf/d fn, gq, caVuksa dh rqyuk djus esa Hkh
lgk;d gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] fdlh ijh{kk esa] fofHkUu LowQyksa osQ fo|kFk;ksa }kjk izkIr fd, x, vadksa osQ vkSlr
(ek;) dh rqyuk djosQ ge ;g fu"d"kZ fudky ldrs gSa fd fdl LowQy dk izn'kZu csgrj jgkA
242
xf.kr
ijarq vkdM+ksa osQ pje eku ek; ij izHkko Mkyrs gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ] yxHkx ,d&lh ckjackjrkvksa okys oxks
dk ek; fn, gq, vkdM+ksa dk ,d vPNk izfrfuf/ gksxkA ijarq ;fn ,d oxZ dh ckjackjrk eku yhft, 2 gks
vkSj 'ks"k ikp oxks dh ckjackjrk, 20] 25] 20] 21 vkSj 18 gksa] rks budk ek; vkdM+ksa dk lgh izfrcc
iznku ugha djsxkA vr% ,slh fLFkfr;ksa osQ fy,] ek; vkdM+ksa dk ,d vPNk izfrfuf/Ro ugha djsxkA
(ii) ek;d% mu leL;kvksa esa] tgk O;fDrxr izs{k.k egRoiw.kZ ugha gksrs vkSj ge ,d îzrhdkRed*
(typical) izs{k.k Kkr djuk pkgrs gSa] rks ek;d vf/d mi;qDr jgrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] fdlh jk"V osQ Jfedksa
dh izrhdkRed mRikndrk nj] vkSlr et+nwjh] bR;kfn osQ fy, ek;d ,d mi;qDr ekid jgrk gSA ;s ,slh
fLFkfr;k gSa ftuesa pje (vFkkZr~ cgqr cM+s ;k cgqr NksVs) eku lac gks ldrs gSaA vr%] bu fLFkfr;ksa esa] ge
ek; osQ LFkku ij] osQanzh; izo`fk dk ekid ek;d ysrs gSaA
(iii) cgqyd% ,slh fLFkfr;ksa es]a tgk vf/drj vkus okyk eku LFkkfir djuk gks ;k lcls vfkd yksdfiz;
oLrq dk irk djuk gks] rks cgqyd lcls vf/d vPNk fodYi gksrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] lcls vfkd ns[ks tkus okyk
yksdfiz; Vhoh izkxs kz e Kkr djus] ml miHkksDrk oLrq dks Kkr djus] ftldh ekx lcls vfkd gS] yksxksa }kjk
okguksa dk lcls vf/d ilan fd, tkus okyk jax Kkr djus] bR;kfn esa cgqyd mi;qDr ekid gSA
fVIi.kh
1.
bu rhuksa osQanzh; izo`fk osQ ekidksa esa ,d laca/ gS] tks fuEufyf[kr gS%
3 ek;d = cgy
q d + 2 ek;
'ukoyh
1.
fdlh LowQy dh d{kk X dh 51 yM+fd;ksa dh pkb;ksa dk ,d losZ{k.k fd;k x;k vkSj

fuEufyf[kr vkdM+sa izkIr fd, x,%
pkbZ (cm) esa
yM+fd;ksa dh la[;k
140 ls de
4
145 ls de
11
150 ls de
29
155 ls de
40
160 ls de
46
165 ls de
51
ek;d pkbZ Kkr dhft,A
2- fuEufyf[kr vkdM+ksa dk ek;d 525 gSA ;fn ckjackjrkvksa dk ;ksx 100 gS] rks x vkSj y dk eku
Kkr dhft,A
lkaf[;dh
3.
243
oxZ varjky
ckjackjrk
0 - 100
100 - 200
200 - 300
300 - 400
400 - 500
500 - 600
600 - 700
700 - 800
800 - 900
900 - 1000
5
x
12
17
20
y
9
7
4
,d ikS/s dh 40 ifk;ksa dh yackb;k fudVre feyhehVjksa esa ekih tkrh gS rFkk izkIr vkdM+ksa dks
fuEufyf[kr lkj.kh osQ :i esa fu:fir fd;k tkrk gS %
yackbZ (mm esa)
ifk;ksa dh la[;k
118 - 126
127 - 135
136 - 144
145 - 153
154 - 162
163 - 171
172 - 180
3
5
9
12
5
4
2
ifk;ksa dh ek;d yackbZ Kkr dhft,A

laosQr % ek;d Kkr djus osQ fy,] vkdM+ksa dks lrr oxZ varjkyksa esa cnyuk iM+sxk] D;ksafd lw=k esa
oxZ varjkyksa dks lrr ekuk x;k gSA rc ;s oxZ 117.5 - 126.5, 126.5 - 135.5, . . ., 171.5 - 180.5 esa cny
tkrs gSaA
4. fuEufyf[kr lkj.kh 400 fu;kWu ySaiksa osQ thou dkyksa (life time) dks izn'kr djrh gS %
thou dky (?kaVksa esa)
ySaiksa dh la[;k
1500 - 2000
2000 - 2500
2500 - 3000
3000 - 3500
3500 - 4000
4000 - 4500
4500 - 5000
14
56
60
86
74
62
48
244
xf.kr
,d ySai dk ek;d thou dky Kkr dhft,A
5. uhps fn;k gqvk caVu ,d d{kk osQ 30 fo|kFk;ksa osQ Hkkj n'kkZ jgk gSA fo|kFk;ksa dk ek;d Hkkj
Kkr dhft,A
Hkkj(fdyksxkze ea)s
fo|kfFk;Z ksa dh la[;k
40 45 45 50 50 55 55 60 60 65 65 70 70 75
2
lap;h ckjackjrk caVu dk vkys[kh; fu:i.k

1- vkysf[k, fu:i.k dh vko';drk% ge lHkh tkurs gSa fd fp=k] v{kjksa ls vf/d vPNh
Hkk"kk cksyrs gSaA ,d vkys[kh; fu:i.k gesa ,d gh n`f"V esa muls lacaf/r vkdM+ksa dks le>us
esa lgk;d fl gksrk gSA geus igys Hkh fn, gq, vkdM+ksa dks naM vkys[kksa] vk;rfp=kksa vkSj
ckjackjrk cgqHkqtksa dh lgk;rk ls fu:fir fd;k FkkA vkb, vc ,d lap;h ckjackjrk caVu dks
vkys[kh; :i ls fu:fir djsaA
2- lap;h ckjackjrk o ;k rksj.k (ls de izdkj)% vkb, fuEufyf[kr nh xbZ lap;h ckjackjrk
lkj.kh A dks ns[ksa vkSj bldk rksj.k [khapus dk iz;kl djsaA
lkj.kh
izkIrkad
5
10 ls de
20 ls de
5 + 3 = 12
30 ls de
8 + 4 = 12
40 ls de
12 + 3 = 15
50 ls de
15 + 3 = 18
60 ls de
18 + 4 = 22
70 ls de
22 + 7 = 29
80 ls de
29 + 9 = 38
90 ls de
38 + 7 = 45
100 ls de
45 + 8 = 53
;ku dhft, fd eku 10] 20] 30 ---] 100 laxr oxZ varjkyksa dh vkys[kh; :i ls fu:fir djus
osQ fy,] ge {kSfrt v{k (x-v{k) ij oxZ varjkyksa dh mifj lhek, ,d lqfo/ktud iSekuk (scale)
ysdj vafdr djrs gSa rFkk okZkj v{k ( y-v{k) ij ogh ;k dksbZ vU; iSekuk ysdj lap;h ckjackjrk,
vafdr djrs gSaA vFkkZr~ nksuksa v{kksa ij ,d gh iSekuk pquuk vko';d ugha gSA vkb, vc ,d xzkiQ isij
ij (mifj lhek] laxr lap;h ckjackjrk) ls izkIr fer ;qXeksa (ordered pairs) osQ laxr cnq (10, 5),
(20, 8), (30, 12), (40, 15), (50, 18), (60, 22), (70, 29), (80, 38), (90, 45), (100, 53) vkysf[kr djsa
rFkk bu cnqvksa oQk ,d eqDr e`nq gLr o (free hand smooth curve) }kjk feyk,A ;g izkIr gqbZ
o ls de izdkj dh ,d lap;h ckjackjrk o (cumulative frequency curve) ;k rksj.k (ogive)
dgykrh gS (nsf[k, vkfr 1)A
lkaf[;dh
245
vkfr 1
3- lap;h ckjackjrk o ;k rksj.k (ls vf/d izdkj)% vc] ge iqu% lkj.kh B esa fn, gq, (ls
vf/d izdkj osQ) lap;h ckjackjrk caVu ij fopkj djrs gSa vkSj mldk rksj.k [khaprs gSaA
;ku dhft, fd ;gk 0, 10, 20, ...90 e'k% laxr oxZ varjkyksa 0 - 10, 10 - 20, ..., 90 - 100 dh
fuEu lhek, gSaA ^ls vfkd izdkj* osQ vkys[kh; fu:i.k osQ fy,] ge mi;qDr iSekuk ysrs gq,] ,d xzkiQ isij
ij {kSfrt v{k ij fuEu lhek, rFkk okZ/j v{k ij lap;h ckjackjrk, vafdr djrs gSaA blosQ ckn] ge
(fuEu lhek] laxr lap;h ckjackjrk) osQ vuqlkj cnq (0, 53), (10, 48), (20, 45), (30, 41), (40, 38), (50,
35), (60, 31) (70, 24), (80, 15), (90, 8), vkysf[kr djrs gSaA fiQj ge cnqvksa dks ,d eqDr gLr e`nq o
}kjk feykrs gSaA vc tks gesa o izkIr gksrh gS og ^ls vf/d izdkj* dh ,d lap;h ckjackjrk o ;k rksj.k
dgykrh gS (nsf[k, vkfr 2)A
vkfr
lkj.kh
izkIrkad

53
53 5 = 48
48 3 = 45
45 4 = 41
41 3 = 38
38 2 = 35
35 4 = 31
246
xf.kr

31 7 = 24
24 9 = 15
15 7 = 8
fVIi.kh : ;ku nhft, fd nksuksa rksj.k (vkfr 1 vkSj vkfr 2 okys) leku vkdM+ksa osQ laxr gSa] tks
lkj.kh A esa fn, gSaA
vc iz'u mBrk gS fd D;k rksj.k fdlh :i esa ek;d ls lacaf/r gS\ D;k lkj.kh B osQ vkdM+ksa osQ
laxr [khaph xbZ bu nksuksa lap;h ckjackjrk oksa ls ge vkdM+ksa dk ek;d Kkr dj ldrs gSa\ vkb, bldh
tkp djsaA
n
53
,d Li"V fof/ ;g gS fd okZkj v{k ij] 26.5 dh fLFkfr Kkr djsa (nsf[k, vkfr 3)A
2
2
bl cnq (fLFkfr) ls gksdj] {kSfrt v{k osQ lekarj ,d js[kk [khafp, tks mijksDr o dks ,d cnq ij
izfrPNsn djrh gSA bl cnq ls] {kSfrt v{k ij yac Mkfy,A {kSfrt v{k vkSj bl yac osQ izfrPNsn cnq ls gh
ek;d fukkZfjr gks tkrk gS (nsf[k, vkfr 3)A
vkfr 3
ek;d Kkr djus dh ,d vU; fof/ fuEufyf[kr gS %

,d gh v{kksa ij nksuksa izdkj osQ (vFkkZr~ ls de izdkj osQ vkSj ls vf/d izdkj osQ) rksj.k [khafp,A nksuksa
rksj.k ,d cnq ij izfrPNsn djrs gSaA bl cnq ls] ge {kSfrt v{k ij yac [khaprs gSaA ;g yac {kSfrt v{k
dks tgk dkVrk gS] ogh vkdM+ksa dk ek;d gS (nsf[k, vkfr 4)A
vkfr 4
lkaf[;dh
247
'ukoyh
1.
fuEufyf[kr caVu fdlh iSQDVh osQ 50 Jfedksa dh nSfud vk; n'kkZrk gS %
nfSud vk; (#i;kas esa) 100 120 120 140 140 160 160 180 180 200
12
14
8
6
10
Jfedksa dh l[a;k
^mijksDr caVu dks ,d de izdkj* osQ lap;h ckjackjrk caVu esa cnfy, vkSj mldk rksj.k [khafp,A
2. fdlh eksgYys osQ ,d 'kkafiax dkaIysDl (shopping complex) dh 30 nqdkuksa }kjk vftZr fd,
x, okf"kZd ykHkksa ls fuEufyf[kr ckjackjrk caVu izkIr gksrk gS%
ykHk (yk[k #i;ksa esa)
nqdkuksa dh la[;k
30
28
16
14
10
7
3
mijksDr vkdM+ksa osQ fy, ,d gh v{kksa ij nksuksa rksj.k [khafp,A blosQ ckn] ek;d ykHk Kkr dhft,A
lkjka'k
bl v;k; esa] vkius fuEufyf[kr cnqvksa dk v;;u fd;k gS %
1. oxhZr vkdM+ksa dk ek; fuEufyf[kr izdkj Kkr fd;k tk ldrk gS %
(i)
izR;{k fof/%
f i x i
f i
fi d i
f i
(ii)
dfYir ek; fof/
x a
(iii)
ix&fopyu fof/%
f u
x a i i
fi
buesa ;g eku fy;k tkrk gS fd izR;sd oxZ dh ckjackjrk mlosQ e;&cnq] vFkkZr~ oxZ fp ij osaQfnzr gSA
2. oxhZr vkdM+ksa dk cgqyd fuEufyf[kr lw=k }kjk Kkr fd;k tkrk gS %
cgqyd =
f i f0
l
2fi f0 f2
tgk laosQr viuk LokHkkfod vFkZ j[krs gSaA

3. fdlh ckjackjrk caVu esa fdlh oxZ dh lap;h ckjackjrk ml oxZ ls igys okys lHkh oxks dh
ckjackjrkvksa dk ;ksx gksrk gSA
248
xf.kr
4.
oxhZr vkdM+ksa dk ek;d fuEufyf[kr lw=k }kjk Kkr fd;k tkrk gS %
ek;d
n
cf
l 2
=
f
tgk laosQr viuk LokHkkfod vFkZ j[krs gSaA

5. lap;h ckjackjrk caVuksa dks vkys[kh; :i ls lap;h ckjackjrk oksa ;k ^ls de izdkj osQ* ;k ^ls
vf/d izdkj osQ* rksj.k }kjk fu:i.kA
6. oxhZr vkdM+ksa dk ek;d buosQ nksuksa izdkj osQ rksj.kksa osQ izfrPNsn cnq ls {kSfrt v{k ij yac
Mkydj yac vkSj {kSfrt v{k osQ izfrPNsn cnq osQ laxr eku ls izkIr gks tkrk gSA
izkf;drk
249
15
izkf;drk
The theory of probabilities and the theory of errors now constitute a formidable body
of great mathematical interest and of great practical importance
(izkf;drkvksa osQ flkar vkSj =kqfV;ksa osQ flkar vc vfr xf.krh; #fp dk rFkk vfr O;kogkfjd egRo
dk ,d fo'kky lewg LFkkfir djrs gSaA)
R.S. Woodward
1- izk;ksfxd (;k vuqHkkfod) izkf;drk,

izk;ksfxd izkf;drk, okLrfod iz;ksxksa osQ ifj.kkeksa rFkk ?kVuk, ?kfVr gksus dh i;kZIr fjdkWfMx
(recording) ij fuHkZj djrh gSaA ge igys Hkh budk v;;u dj pqosQ gSa tks okLrfod iz;ksxksa osQ ifj.kkeksa
ij gh vk/kfjr FkhA
,d iz;ksx% ,d flDosQ dks 1000 ckj mNkyus dh izf;k dh ppkZ djrs gSa ftlesa ifj.kkeksa
(ourcomes) dh ckjackjrk bl izdkj gS%
fpr (Head) : 455
iV (Tail) : 545
455
bl iz;ksx ij vk/kfjr] ,d fpr dh vkuqHkfod izkf;drk 1000 , vFkkZr~ 0.455 gS rFkk ,d iV dh

vkuqHkfod izkf;drk 0.545 gSA ;ku nhft, fd ;s izkf;drk,a ,d flDosQ dks 1000 ckj mNkyus osQ ,d
okLrfod iz;ksx osQ ifj.kkeksa ij vk/kfjr gSaA blh dkj.k] ;s vkuqHkfod ;k izk;ksfxd izkf;drk, dgykrh gSaA
blosQ vfrfjDr] ;s izkf;drk,! osQoy ^vkadyu* (estimates) gh gSaA ;fn ge blh iz;ksx dks vU; 1000
ckj flDosQ dks mNky dj djsa] rks gesa buls fHkUu vkdM+s izkIr gks ldrs gSa] ftlls gesa igys ls fHkUu
izkf;drk vkadyu izkIr gksaxsA
250
2- ,d f;kdyki
xf.kr
vkb, ,d flDosQ dks vusd ckj mNkyrs gSa vkSj ;g uksV djrs gSa fd fpr (;k iV) fdruh ckj vk;kA
ge ;g Hkh uksV djrs gSa fd tSls&tSls flDdk mNkyus dh la[;k c<+rh xbZ] oSls&oSls ,d fpr (;k iV) vkus
dh izk;ksfxd izkf;drk la[;k
osQ fudVre vkrh gSA
3- ,sfrgkfld rF;%
vBkjgoha 'krkCnh osQ izQkalhlh thofoKkuh dkseVs fM cqiQkWu
(Comte De Buffon) us ,d
2048
fpr vkus dh izkf;drk 4040
flDds dks
vFkkZr~ 04040 ckj mNkyk vkSj 2048 fpr izkIr fd,A bl fLFkfr esa] ,d
507 FkhA fczVsu osQ ts-bZ- oSQfjp (J.E. Kerrich) us ,d flDosQ dh 10000 mNkyksa esa 5067 fpr izkIr fd,A
5067
bl fLFkfr esa] ,d fpr vkus dh izk;ksfxd izkf;drk 10000 0.5067 FkhA lkaf[;dhfon dkyZ fi;lZu
(Karl Pearson) us blesa vf/d le; O;rhr djosQ ,d flDosQ dks 24000 ckj mNkykA mlus 12012 fpr
izkIr fd, rFkk bl izdkj mls ,d fpr osQ vkus dh izk;ksfxd izkf;drk 0-5005 izkIr gqbZA
4- lSkafrd izkf;drk%
;fn flDdk mNkyus osQ iz;ksx dks eku yhft, ,d fefy;u ckj fd;k tk,] iz;ksx 10 fefy;u ckj
fd;k tk,] rc ge lgt :i ls ;g vuqHko djsaxs fd tSls&tSls flDosQ mNkyus dh la[;k c<+rh tkrh gS]
1
oSls&oSls fpr (;k iV) vkus dh izk;ksfxd izkf;drk ,d la[;k 0-5] vFkkZr~ osQ vklikl izrhr gksrh gSA
2
ge bls fpr (iV) ikus dh lSkafrd izkf;drk (theoretical probability) dgrs gSaA
5- ,d vi{kikriw.kZ flDdk%
tc ge ,d flDosQ dh ckr djrs gSa] rc ge ;g dYiuk djrs gSa fd og U;k;laxr (fair) gSA vFkkZr~
og lefer (symmetrical) gS] rkfd dksbZ dkj.k u gks fd og ,d gh vksj] nwljh vksj dh vis{kk] vfkd
fxjsA ge flDosQ osQ bl xq.k dks mldk vi{kikriw.kZ (unbiased) gksuk dgrs gSaA
6- ;kn`PN;k mNky
^;kn`PN;k mNky* (random toss) ls gekjk rkRi;Z gS fd flDosQ dks fcuk fdlh i{kikr
#dkoV osQ Lora=krkiwoZd fxjus fn;k tkrk gSA
(bias)
;k
7- leizkf;d ifj.kke%
(i)
ekuk ,d flDosQ dks mNkyk tkrk gSA rc ge tkurs gSa fd flDdk nks laHko fof/;ksa esa ls osQoy
,d gh fof/ ls fxj ldrk gS ;k rks fpr ij gksxk ;k fiQj iV ij gksxk [ge flDosQ osQ] mlosQ fdukjs
(edge) osQ vuqfn'k fxjus dh laHkkouk dks vLohdkj djrs gSa] tks mnkgj.kkFkZ] rc laHko gS tc flDdk jsr
ij fxjsA ge ;g roZQlaxr:i ls eku ldrs gSa fd izR;sd ifj.kke] fpr ;k iV] dk izdV gksuk mruh gh ckj
gks ldrk gS ftruk fd vU; ifj.kke dkA nwljs 'kCnksa esa ge dgrs gSa fd ifj.kke fpr vkSj iV leizkf;d
(equally likely) gSaA
izkf;drk
251
(ii) leizkf;d
ifj.kkeksa osQ ,d vU; mnkgj.k osQ fy, ekuk fd ge ,d ikls dks isaQdrs gSaA gekjs fy,]
,d ikls dk vFkZ lnSo ,d U;k;laxr ikls ls gksxkA laHko ifj.kke D;k gS\ ;s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 gSaA izR;sd
la[;k osQ ij vkus dh leku laHkkouk gSA vr%] ikls dks isaQdus ls izkIr gksus okys leizkf;d ifj.kke 1,
2, 3, 4, 5 vkSj 6 gSaA
8- ifj.kke leizkf;d u gksuk%

eku yhft, ,d FkSys esa 4 yky xsansa vkSj 1 uhyh xasn gS rFkk vki bl FkSys esa ls] fcuk FkSys osQ vanj
oqQN ns[ksa] ,d xsan fudkyrs gSaA rc nks laHkkfor ifj.kke gks ldrs ;k rks yky xsan ;k ,d uhyh xsan osQ
ifj.kke leizkf;d gSa\ pwfd ;gk 4 yky xsansa gSa vkSj uhyh xsan osQoy ,d gh] vr% vki ;g vo'; Lohdkj
djsaxs fd gekjs }kjk ,d uhyh xsan dh vis{kk ,d yky xsan fudkyus dh laHkkouk vf/d gSA vr% ;s ifj.kke
(,d yky xsan vkSj ,d uhyh xsan) leizkf;d ugha gSaA ijarq FkSys esa ls fdlh Hkh jax dh xsan fudkyus osQ
ifj.kke leizkf;d gSaA
vr%] lHkh iz;ksxksa osQ ifj.kkeksa dk leizkf;d gksuk vko';d ugha gSA
uksV% ijarq] bl v;k; esa] ge vkxs ;g ekudj pysaxs fd lHkh iz;ksxksa osQ ifj.kke leizkf;d gSaA
9- iz;ksxkRed izkf;drk dh ifjHkk"kk%

,d ?kVuk
ldrk gS%
E dh
iz;ksxkRed ;k vkuqHkfod izkf;drk
P(E) dks
fuEufyf[kr :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk
vfHkiz; kxsksa dh l[a;k ftueas ?kVuk ?kfVr gbqZ gS

vfHki;z kxsksa dh oQqy l[a;k
izkf;drk dh vkuqHkfod O;k[;k dk cM+h la[;k esa nksgjk, tk ldus okys fdlh Hkh iz;ksx ls tqM+s izR;sd
?kVuk osQ fy, vuqiz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
P(E)
10- iz;ksx dks nksgjkus dh ifjlhek%

fdlh iz;ksx dks nksgjkus dh vko';drk ,d xaHkhj ifjlhek gS] D;ksafd vusd fLFkfr;ksa esa ;g vf/d
O;; okyk gks ldrk gS ;k ;g Hkh gks ldrk gS fd ,slk djuk laHko gh u gksA fuLlansg] flDdk mNkyus ;k
iklk isaQdus osQ iz;ksxksa esa] blesa dksbZ dfBukbZ ugha gqbZA ijarq ,d mixzg (satellite) NksM+us osQ iz;ksx dks ;g
ifjdfyr djus osQ fy, ckj&ckj nksgjkus dh NksM+rs le; mldh vliQyrk dh vkuqHkfor izkf;drk D;k gS]
osQ ckjs esa vki D;k lksprs gSa vFkok ;g fd ,d HkwoaQi osQ dkj.k dksbZ cgqeaftyh bekjr u"V gksxh ;k ugha]
dh vkuqHkfod izkf;drk ifjdfyr djus osQ fy, HkwoaQi dh ifj?kVuk osQ nksckjk ?kfVr gksxh ;k ughaA
11- oqQN dYiukvksa dk lSkfUrd izkf;drk gksuk%

,sls iz;ksxksa esa] tgk! ge oqQN dYiukvksa dks lgh ekuus dks rS;kj gks tk,] ge ,d iz;ksx osQ nksgjkus
ls cp ldrs gSa] D;ksafd os dYiuk, lh/s lgh (lSkafrd) izkf;drk ifjdfyr djus esa gekjh lgk;rk djrh
gSaA ifj.kkeksa osQ leizkf;d gksus dh dYiuk (tks vusd iz;ksxksa esa ekU; gksrh gS] tSls fd ij flDdk mNkyus
vkSj iklk isaQdus osQ nksuksa mnkgj.kksa esa gS) bu dYiukvksa esa ls ,d gS tks gesa fdlh ?kVuk dh izkf;drk dh
fuEufyf[kr ifjHkk"kk dh vksj vxzlj djrh gSA
252
xf.kr
fdlh ?kVuk E dh lSkafrd izkf;drk (theoretical probability) 1ftls ijaijkxr izkf;drk (classical
probability) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA o P(E) fuEufyf[kr :i esa ifjHkkf"kr dh tkrh gS
E osQ vuqoQwy ifj.kkekas dh la[;k
P(E)
;
iz; kxs oQs lHkh laHko ifj.kkekas dh l[a;k
gk ge ;g dYiuk djrs gSa fd iz;ksx osQ ifj.kke leizkf;d gSaA
ge laf{kIr :i esa] lSkafrd izkf;drk dks osQoy izkf;drk gh dgsaxsA
12- oqQN mnkgj.k%

vkb, ,sls iz;ksxksa ls lacaf/r oqQN rF;ksa dh izkf;drk Kkr djsa] ftuesa leizkf;d
dh dYiuk dh tkrh gSA
(equily likely) gksus
mnkgj.k 1 %
,d fpr izkIr djus dh izkf;drk Kkr djrs gSa] tc ,d flDosQ dks ,d ckj mNkyk tkrk gSA lkFk gh]
,d iV izkIr djus dh Hkh izkf;drk Kkr djrs gSaA
gy
,d flDosQ dks ,d ckj mNkyus osQ iz;ksx esa] laHko ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k 2 gS fpr (H) vkSj iV (T)A
ekuk ?kVuk E ^fpr izkIr djuk* gSA rc] E osQ vuqowQy (vFkkZr~ fpr izkIr djus osQ vuqowQy) ifj.kke 1 gSA
vr%]
E oQs vuo
q Qwy ifj.kkeksa dh l[a;k 1
P(E) = P (fpr) =
2
lHkh lHako ifj.kkekas esa l[a;k
blh izdkj] ;fn ?kVuk F iV izkIr djuk gS] rks Hkh F osQ vuqowQy (vFkkZr~ iV izkIr djus osQ vuqowQy
ifj.kke ,d gSA vr%
P(F) = P(iV) =
1
2
mnkgj.k 2
,d FkSys esa ,d yky xsan] ,d uhyh xsan vkSj ,d ihyh xsan gS rFkk lHkh xsans ,d gh lkbt dh gSaA
iwtk fcuk FkSys osQ vanj >kosQ] blesa ls ,d xsan fudkyrh gSA gesa bldh izkf;drk Kkr djuh gS fd og xsan
(i) ihyh gks
(ii) yky gks
(iii) uhyh gks
gy %
iwtk FkSys esa ls] mlesa fcuk >kosQ] xsan fudkyrh gSA vr%] mlosQ }kjk dksbZ Hkh xsan fudkyuk
leizkf;d gSA
ekuk îhyh xsan fudkyuk* ?kVuk Y gS] ^yky xsan fudkyuk* ?kVuk R gS rFkk ûhyh xsan fudkyuk* ?kVuk
B gSA
vc] lHkh laHko ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k = 3 gSA
(i) ?kVuk Y osQ vuqowQy ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k = 1
vr%
P(Y) =
1
3
izkf;drk
253
blh izdkj]
P(R)
1
3
vkSj
P(B) =
1
3
13- izkjafHkd ?kVuk%

fdlh iz;ksx dh og ?kVuk ftldk osQoy ,d gh ifj.kke gks izkjafHkd ?kVuk (elementary event)
dgykrh gSA mnkgj.k 1 esa nksuksa ?kVuk, E vkSj F izkjafHkd ?kVuk, gSaA
blh izdkj] mnkgj.k 2 esa] ?kVuk Y, R vkSj B esa izR;sd ,d izkjafHkd ?kVuk gSA ge ns[krs gSa fd nksuksa
gh mnkgj.kksa esa P(E) + P(F) = 1 vkSj
P(Y) + P(B) + P(R) = 1
vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd fdlh iz;ksx dh lHkh izkjafHkd ?kVukvksa dh izkf;drkvksa dk ;ksx 1 gh
gksrk gSA
P(E) = P(4
2 1
6 3
ls cM+h la[;k)
14- ^?kVuk ugha* gksus dh izkf;drk%

ekuk P(E) fdlh ?kVuk E osQ gksus dh izkf;drk gS rc ?kVuk
ls n'kkZrs gSaA ;gk uksV dhft, fd
E ugha
gksus dh izkf;drk dks ge
P(E)
P (E) + P(E) = 1
P(E) + P(E) = 1
P (E) = 1 P (E)
vkb, bls ,d mnkgj.k dh lgk;rk ls le>us dk iz;kl djsaA
mnkgj.k 3%
ekuk ,d ikls dks ,d ckj mNkyk tkrk gS] rc gesa Kkr djuk gSa fd (i) 4 ls cM+h la[;k izkIr djus
dh izkf;drk (ii) 4 ls NksVh ;k mlosQ cjkcj la[;k izkIr djus dh izkf;drk
(ii) ekuk ^4 ls cM+h la[;k izkIr djus dh izkf;drk* ?kVuk E gS vkSj gekjs ikl oqQy ifj.kke N% gSA
vr% E osQ vuqowQy ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k 2 gSA blfy,
2
ls cM+h la[;k) = 6 3
(ii) ekuk ^4 ls NksVh ;k mlosQ cjkcj la[;k izkIr djus dh izkf;drk* ?kVuk
lHkh laHko ifj.kke = 6 gSa
vr% F osQ vuqowQy ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k 4 gSA
P(E)
=P(4
F gSA
blfy,
P(F) =
6 3
ge dg ldrs gSa fd mijksDr mnkgj.k esa nh gqbZ ?kVuk
E osQ 2 ifj.kke gSa rFkk ?kVuk F osQ 4 ifj.kke gSaA
fVIi.kh : mnkgj.k 1 ls] geus ns[kk Fkk fd
E vkSj F izkjafHkd
?kVuk, ugha gSa] D;ksafd ?kVuk
254
xf.kr
P(E) + P(F) =
1 1
1
2 2
tgk ?kVuk E ^,d fpr izkIr djuk* gS rFkk ?kVuk

mnkgj.k 3 osQ (i) vkSj (ii) ls Hkh geus ns[kk fd
P(E) + P(F) =
1 2
1
3 3
(1)
F ^,d
iV izkIr djuk* gSA

(2)
tgk ?kVuk E ^4 ls cM+h la[;k izkIr djuk* rFkk ?kVuk F ^4 osQ cjkcj ;k de la[;k izkIr djuk* gSA
;gk ;g ;ku nsus dh vko';drk gS fd 4 ls cM+h la[;k ugha izkIr djus dk vFkZ ogh gS tks 4 ls
NksVh ;k mlosQ cjkcj la[;k izkIr djus dk gS vkSj blh izdkj ;s bldk foykse Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
ge ns[krs gSa fd mijksDr (1) vkSj (2) esa] ?kVuk F, E ugha (not E) osQ leku gSA vr% ge ?kVuk E
ugha dks E ls O;Dr djrs gSaA
P(E) + P(E ugha ) = 1
vr%]
vFkkZr~
P(E) + P(E) = 1 gS] ftlls P(E) = 1 P(E) izkIr gksrk gSA
O;kid :i esa] fdlh ?kVuk E osQ fy, ;g lR; gS fd
P( E) = 1 P(E)
15- iwjd ?kVuk,%

?kVuk Ê ugha* dks fu:fir djus okyh ?kVuk E ?kVuk E dh iwjd (complement) ?kVuk dgykrh gSA
ge ;g Hkh dgrs gaS fd E vkjS E ijLij iwjd ?kVuk, gSaA
vkb, bldk ,d mnkgj.k ysdj bls le>s%
mnkgj.k% ikls dks ,d ckj isaQdus ij 8 izkIr djus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
vkb, bldk mkj nsa
ge tkurs gSa fd ikls dks ,d ckj isaQdus ij osQoy N% gh laHkkfor ifj.kke gSaA ;s ifj.kke 1] 2] 3]
4] 5 vkSj 6 gSaA pwfd ikls osQ fdlh Hkh iQyd ij 8 vafdr ugha gS] blfy, 8 osQ vuqowQy dksbZ Hkh ifj.kke
ugha gS] vFkkZr~ ,sls ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k 'kwU; (0) gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ikls dks ,d ckj isaQdus ij] la[;k 8
izkIr djuk vlaHko (impossible) gSA
vr%
P(8
izkIr djuk) =
0
0
6
16- vlaHko ?kVuk%

og ?kVuk] ftldk ?kfVr gksuk vlaHko gS] dh izkf;drk 0 gksrh gSA ,slh ?kVuk dks ,d vlaHko ?kVuk
(impossible event) dgrs gSaA
vkb, bldk ,d mnkgj.k ysdj bls le>sa%
mnkgj.k% ikls dks ,d ckj isaQdus ij 8 izfr'kr djus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
vkb, bldk mkj nsa
pwfd ikls osQ izR;sd iQyd ij ,slh la[;k fy[kh gS tks 7 ls NksVh gS] blfy, ikls dks ,d ckj isaQdus
ij ;g fuf'pr gS fd izkIr la[;k lnSo 7 ls NksVh gksxhA vr%] ?kVuk osQ vuqowQy ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k lHkh
laHkkfor ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k osQ cjkcj gksxh] tks 6 gSA
izkf;drk
255
blfy,
P(E) = P (7
ls NksVh la[;k izkIr djuk)
6
1
6
17- fuf'pr ?kVuk%

ml ?kVuk] ftldk ?kfVr gksuk fuf'pr (sure) gS] dh izkf;drk 1 gksrh gSA ,slh ?kVuk dks ,d fuf'pr
(sure) ;k fu/kZfjr (certain) ?kVuk dgrs gSaA
mnkgj.k osQ fy, ikls dks ,d ckj isaQdus ij 7 ls NksVh la[;k izkIr djus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,
vkb, bldk mkj nsa
fVIi.kh : izkf;drk P(E) dh ifjHkk"kk ls] ge ns[krs gSa fd va'k (?kVuk E osQ vuqowQy ifj.kkeksa dh
la[;k) lnSo gj (lHkh laHko ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k) ls NksVk gksrk gS ;k mlosQ cjkcj gksrk gSA vr%]
P P(E) 1
18- rk'kksa dh xM~Mh%

vkb, rk'kksa dh xM~Mh dh tkudkjh izkIr djsaA ,d rk'k dh xM~Mh esa oqQN 52 rk'k gksrs gSa tks 4 lewgksa
esa cVsa gksrs gSaA gj lewg esa 13 iks gksrs gSaA ;s 4 lewg gSa gqDe (spades) iku (hearts) bV (diamond)
vkSj fpM+h (clubs)A fpM+h vkSj gqDe dkys jax osQ rFkk iku o bV yky jax osQ gksrs gSaA izR;sd lewg osQ iks
esa e'k% bDdk (ace) ckn'kkg (king), csxe (queen), xqyke (jack), 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 6, 5, 3 vkSj 2 gksrs
gSaA ckn'kkgj csxe vkSj xqyke okys ikksa dks dkMZ (face card) dgrs gSaA
mnkgj.k 4
,d fMCcs esa 5 yky daps] 8 lisQn daps vkSj 4 gjs daps gSaA bl fMCcs esa ls ,d dapk ;kn`PN;k fudkyk
tkrk gSA bldh D;k izkf;drk gS fd fudkyk x;k dapk (i) yky gS\ (ii) lisQn gS\ (iii) gjk ugha\
gy%
fMCcs esa yky dapksa dh la[;k = 5
fMCcs esa lisQn dapksa dh la[;k = 8
fMCcs esa gjs dapksa dh la[;k = 4
fMCcs esa oqQy dapksa dh la[;k = 5 + 8 + 4 = 17
laHkkfor ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k = 17

(i) fMCcs ls fudkys x, yky daps osQ fy, vuqowQy ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k = 5
yky dp
a s oQs vuqoQwy ifj.kkekas dh l[a;k
yky daps osQ vkus dh izkf;drk =
laHko ifj.kkekas dh l[a;k
=
5
17
(ii) fMCcs
ls fudkys x, lisQn daps osQ fy, vuqowQy ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k = 8

liQsn daps oQs vuoqQwy ifj.kkekas dh l[a;k
lisQn daps osQ vkus dh izkf;drk =
lHako ifj.kkekas dh l[a;k
=
8
17
256
xf.kr
(iii) fMCcs
ls fudkys x, gjs daps osQ fy, vuqowQy ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k = 4

gjs dp
a s oQs vuqoQwy ifj.kkekas dh l[a;k
gjs daps osQ vkus dh izkf;drk =
laHko ifj.kkekas dh l[a;k
4
4
17
13
esa ls fudkys x, daps osQ gjs u gksus dh izkf;drk = 1 17 17

vusd iz;ksx ,sls gSa] tgk ifj.kke nks la[;kvksa osQ chp esa dksbZ Hkh la[;k gks ldrh gS ;k ftuesa ifj.kke
,d o`k ;k vk;r osQ vanj dk izR;sd fcanq gksrk gS] bR;kfnA ge lHkh laHko ifj.kkeksa dks fxu ldrs gSa D;ksafd
nks la[;kvksa osQ chp esa vifjfer :i ls vusd la[;k, gksrh gSa] ;k ;g fd ,d o`k osQ vanj vifjfer :i
ls vusd fcanq gksrs gSaA vr%] gekjs }kjk v;;u dh xbZ (lS.kafrd) izkf;drk dh ifjHkk"kk dks orZeku :i
esa ;gk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldrkA bl leL;k dk fiQj gy D;k gS\ blosQ mUkj osQ fy,] vkb, fuEufyf[kr
mnkgj.k ij fopkj djrs gSaA
fMCcs
mnkgj.k 5 %
,d E;wft+dy ps;j (musical chair) [ksy esa] tks efgyk laxhr ctk jgh Fkh mls lykg nh xbZ fd
og laxhr izkjaHk djus osQ ckn 2 feuV osQ vanj dHkh Hkh laxhr can dj nsA bldh D;k izkf;drk gS fd laxhr
izkjaHk gksus osQ igys vk/s feuV osQ vanj can gks tk,xk\
gy %
;gk laHko ifj.kke 0 vkSj 2 osQ chp dh lHkh la[;k, gSaA ;g la[;k js[kk dk 0 ls
(nsf[k, vkfr)A
eku yhft, ?kVuk E ^laxhr izkjaHk gksus osQ igys vk/s feuV esa can gks tkrk gS*A
E osQ
2 rd
dk Hkkx gS
vuqowQy ifj.kke la[;k js[kk ij 0 ls osQ chp osQ lHkh fcanq gSaA
2
pwfd lHkh ifj.kke leizkf;d gSa] blfy, ge ;g roZQ ns ldrs gSa fd oqQy nwjh 2 esa ls nwjh
E osQ vuqowQy gSA
1 2 ?kVuk
?kVuk E osQ vuoqQwy nwjh

1
2
P(E) =
vr%
ijwh njwh ftleas ifj.kke fLFkr gks ldrs gSa 2 4
blh izdkj ge mnkgj.k 10 dh vo/kj.kk dks fdlh ?kVuk dh izkf;drk mlosQ vuqowQy {ks=kiQy vkSj
laiw.kZ {ks=kiQy osQ vuqikr osQ :i esa foLr`r dj ldrs gSaA
mnkgj.k 6
,d ykirk gsyhdkWIVj osQ ckjs esa lwpuk feyrh gS fd og vkfr esa n'kkZ, vk;rkdkj {ks=k esa dgha
fxj x;k gSA bldh D;k izkf;drk gS fd og vkfr esa n'kkZbZ xbZ >hy esa fxjk gS\
vkfr
izkf;drk
gy
257
gsyhdkWIVj dk vk;rkdkj {ks=k esa dgha Hkh fxjuk leizkf;d gSA laiw.kZ {ks=k dk {ks=kiQy] tgk gsyhdkWIVj
fxj ldrk gS
= (4.5 9) km2 = 40.5 km2
= (2.5 3) km2 = 7.5 km2
7.5
75
5
esa fxjk gS) = 40.5 405 27 gSA
>hy dk okLrfod {ks=kiQy

vr%]
P (gsyhdkWIVj
>hy
mngkj.k 7
rk'k osQ ikp ikksa&bV dk ngyk] xqyke] csxe] ckn'kkg vkSj bDdk dks iyV djosQ vPNh izdkj isQVk
tkrk gSA fiQj buesa ls ;kn`PN;k ,d ikk fudkyk tkrk gSA
(i) bldh D;k izkf;drk gS fd ;g ikk ,d csxe gS\ (ii) ;fn csxe fudy vkrh gS] rks mls vyx j[k
fn;k tkrk gS vkSj ,d vU; ikk fudkyk tkrk gSA bldh D;k izkf;drk gS fd nwljk fudkyk x;k ikk (9)
,d bDdk gS\ P ,d csxe gS\
ekuk ?kVuk E, rk'k csxe gksA blfy, E osQ fy, vuqowQy ifj.kke 1 gSA
E oQs vuqoQwy ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k
vr%]
P(E) =
1
5
= 51=4
=
(ii)
rk'kksa dh oqQy la[;k
laHko ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k = 4

(a) ekuk nwljk ikk bDdk gks] fd ?kVuk E gS] rc E osQ vuqowQy ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k gSA
E oQs vuqoQwy ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k
vr%
P(E) =
=
(b) ekuk
1
4
nwljk ikk csxe gks] fd ?kVuk
E gS]
rc
E osQ
vuqowQy ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k 0 gSA (D;ksafd ;gk
csxe ugha gSaA)

vr%
P(E) =
=
oQs vuqoQwy ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k

0
0
4
iz'ukoyh
1.
fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa dks iwjk dhft, %

(i) ml ?kVuk dh izkf;drk ftldk ?kfVr gksuk fuf'pr gS
dgykrh gSA
gSA ,slh ?kVuk
258
xf.kr
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
fdlh iz;ksx dh lHkh izkjafHkd ?kVukvksas dh izkf;drkvksa dk ;ksx

gSA
?kVuk E dh izkf;drk + ?kVuk Ê ugha* dh izkf;drk =
gSA
fdlh ?kVuk dh izkf;drk
ls cM+h ;k mlosQ cjkcj gksrh gS rFkk ls NksVh ;k
mlosQ cjkcj gksrh gSA
(v) ml ?kVuk dh izkf;drk tks ?kfVr ugha gks ldrh
gSA ,slh ?kVuk
dgykrh gSA
2. fuEufyf[kr iz;ksxksa esa ls fdu&fdu iz;ksxksa osQ ifj.kke leizkf;d gSa\ Li"V dhft,A
(i) ,d lR;&vlR; iz'u dk vuqeku yxk;k tkrk gSA mkj lgh gS ;k xyr gksxkA
(ii) ,d Mkboj dkj pykus dk iz;Ru djrk gSA dkj pyuk izkjaHk gks tkrh gS ;k dkj pyuk izkjaHk
ugha gksrh gSA
(iii) ,d f[kykM+h ckLosQVckWy dks ckLosQV esa Mkyus dk iz;Ru djrh gSA og ckLosQV esa ckWy Mky
ikrh gS ;k ugha Mky ikrh gSA
(iv) ,d cPps dk tUe gksrk gSA og ,d yM+dk gS ;k ,d yM+dh gSA
4. fosQV osQ [ksy dks izkjaHk djrs le; ;g fu.kZ; ysus osQ fy, fd dkSu&lh Vhe igys ckWy ysxh]
blosQ fy, flDdk mNkyuk ,d U;k;laxr fof/ D;ksa ekuk tkrk gS\
3. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu lh la[;k fdlh ?kVuk dh izkf;drk ugha gks ldrh\
(a)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
2
(b) 1.5
3
P(E) = 0.05 gS] rks Ê ugha*
(c) 15%
(d) 0.7
;fn
dh izkf;drk D;k gS\
vPNh izdkj ls dVh gqbZ 52 ikksa dh ,d xM~Mh ls ,d ikk fudkyk tkrk gSA bldh izkf;drk
Kkr dhft, fd ,d ikk
(i) ,d bDdk gksxk
(ii) ,d bDdk ugha gksxkA
nks f[kykM+h jke vkSj ';ke VSful dk ,d eSp [ksyrs gSaA ;g Kkr gS fd jke }kjk eSp thrus dhg
izkf;drk 0-62 gSA ';ke osQ thrus dh izkf;drk D;k gS\
ehuk vkSj jk[kh nks fe=k gSaA bldh D;k izkf;drk gS fd nksuksa (i) osQ tUefnu fHkUu&fHkUu gksa\ (ii)
dk tUefnu ,d gh gks\ [ yhi dk o"kZ (Leap year) dks NksM+rs gq,]
fdlh LowQy dh d{kk X esa 40 fo|kFkhZ gSa ftuesa ls 25 yM+fd;k gSa vkSj 15 yM+osQ gSaA d{kk
v;kfidk dk ,d fo|kFkhZ d{kk izfrfuf/ osQ :i esa pquuk gSA og izR;sd fo|kFkhZ dk uke ,d
vyx dkMZ ij fy[krk gS] tcfd dkMZ ,d tSls gSaA fiQj og bu dkMks dkn,d FkSys esa Mkydj
vPNh rjg fgyk nsrh gSA blosQ ckn og FkSys esa ls ,d dkMZ fudkyrs gSaA bldh D;k izkf;drk
gS fd dkMZ ij fy[kk gqvk uke ,d (i) yM+dh dk gS\ (ii) yM+osQ dk gksA
xksih vius ty&tho oaqQM (aquarium) osQ fy, ,d nqdku ls
eNyh [kjhnrh gSA nqdkunkj ,d Vadh] ftlesa 5 uj eNyh vkSj 8
eknk eNyh gSa] esa ls ,d eNyh ;kn`PN;k mls nsus osQ fy,
fudkyrh gS (nsf[k, vkfr)A bldh D;k izkf;drk gS fd fudkyh
xbZ eNyh uj eNyh gS\
vkfr
izkf;drk
259
11.
,d cDls esa 3 uhys] 2 lisQn vkSj 4 yky daps gSaA ;fn bl cDls esa ls ,d dapk ;kn`PN;k fudkyk
tkrk gS rks bldh D;k izkf;drk gS fd ;g dapk
(i) uhyk gS\
(ii) yky gS\
fleju nks fHkUu&fHkUu flDdksa dks ,d lkFk mNkyrh gS (eku yhft, ,d flDdk 1 #- dk gS vkSj
nwljk flDdk 2 #- dk gSA bldh D;k izkf;drk gS fd og de ls de ,d fpr izkIr djsxh\
,d fMCcs esa 100 dehts gS ftlesa ls 88 vPNh gS rFkk 8 esa FkksM+h lh [kjkch gS vkSj 4 ls vfkd
[kjkch gSA ,d O;kikjh jes'k ;s gh dehks LOkhdkj djrk gS tks vPNh gS] tcfd ,d vU; O;kikjh
fot; mUgha dehtksa dks vLohdkj djrk gS ftuesa [kjkch vf/d gSA bl fMCcs esa ls ,d deht
dks ;kn`PN;k :i ls fudkyk tkrk gSA bldh D;k izkf;drk gS fd og deht (i) jes'k dks Lohdkj
gSA (ii) fot; dks Lohdkj gksA
52 ikksa dh vPNh izdkj ls isQVh xbZ ,d xioh esa ls ,d iUkk fudkyk tkrk gSA fuEufyf[kr dks
izkIr djus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft, %
(i) yky jax dk ckn'kkg
(ii) ,d isQl dkMZ vFkkZr~ rLohj okyk ikk
(iii) yky jax dk rLohj okyk iUkk (iv) iku dk xqyke
(v) gqoqQe dk iUkk
(vi) ,d bV dh csxe
fdlh dkj.k 12 [kjkc isu 132 vPNs isuksa esa fey x, gSaA osQoy ns[kdj ;g ugha crk;k tk ldrk
gS fd dksbZ isu [kjkc gS ;k vPNk gSA bl feJ.k esa ls] ,d isu ;kn`PN;k fudkyk tkrk gSA fudkys
x, isu dh vPNk gksus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
(i) 20 cYcksa osQ ,d lewg esa 4 cYc [kjkc gSaA bl lewg esa ls ,d cYc ;kn`PN;k fudkyk tkrk
gSA bldh D;k izkf;drk gS fd ;g cYc [kjkc gksxk\
(ii) eku yhft, (i) esa fudkyk x;k cYc [kjkc ugha gS vkSj u gh bls nqckjk cYcksa osQ lkFk feyk;k
tkrk gSA vc 'ks"k cYcksa esa ls ,d cYc ;kn`PN;k fudkyk tkrk gSA bldh D;k izkf;drk gS fd
;g cYc [kjkc ugha gksxk\
,d cPps osQ ikl ,slk iklk gS ftlosQ iQydksa ij fuEufyf[kr v{kj vafdr gSa %
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
bl ikls dks ,d ckj isaQdk tkrk gSA bldh D;k izkf;drk gS fd (i) A izkIr gks\ (ii) D izkIr gks\
144 ckWy isuksa osQ ,d lewg esa 20 ckWy isu [kjkc gSa vkSj 'ks"k vPNs gSaA vki ogh isu [kjhnuk
pkgsaxs tks vPNk gks] ijarq [kjkc isu vki [kjhnuk ugha pkgsaxsA nqdkunkj bu isuksa esa ls] ;kn`PN;k
,d isu fudkydj vkidks nsrk gSA bldh D;k izkf;drk gS fd
(i) vki og isu [kjhnsaxs\
(ii) vki og isu ugha [kjhnsaxs\
,d LysVh ikls vkSj ,d uhys ikls dks ,d lkFk isaQdk tkrk gSA lHkh laHkkfor ifj.kkesa dks fyf[k,A
bldh D;k izkf;drk gS fd nksuksa iklksa dh la[;kvksa dk ;ksx
(a) 8 gSA
(b) 13 gSA
(c) 12 ls NksVh ;k mlosQ cjkcj gSA
260
xf.kr
20.
fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu ls roZQ lR; gSa vkSj dkSu ls roZQ vlR; gSa\ ldkj.k mkj nhft,A
;fn nks flDdksa dks ,d lkFk mNkyk tkrk gS] rks blosQ rhu laHkkfor ifj.kke&nks fpr] nks iV
(i)
;k izR;sd ,d ckj gSaA vr%] buesa ls izR;sd ifj.kke dh izkf;drk

(ii)
1
3
gSA
;fn ,d ikls dks isaQdk tkrk gS] rks blosQ nks laHkkfor ifj.kke&,d fo"ke la[;k ;k ,d le
la[;k gSaA vr% ,d fo"ke la[;k Kkr djus dh izkf;drk
1
2
gSA
lkjka'k
1. izk;ksfxd izkf;drk vkSj lS.kafrd izkf;drk esa varj
2. ?kVuk E dh lSkafrd (;k ijaijkxr) izkf;drk P(E) dks fuEufyf[kr :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk
gS%
E oQs vuo
q wQy ifj.kkekas dh la[;k
P (E) =
i;z kxs oQs lHkh lHakkfor ifj.kkekas dh l[a;k
tgk ge dYiuk djrs gSa fd iz;ksx osQ lHkh ifj.kke leizkf;d gSaA
3. ,d fuf'pr (;k fu/kZfjr) ?kVuk dh izkf;drk 1 gksrh gSA
4. ,d vlaHko ?kVuk dh izkf;drk 0 gksrh gSA
5. ?kVuk E dh izkf;drk ,d ,slh la[;k P(E) gS fd
0 P (E) 1
6.
7.
og ?kVuk ftldk osQoy ,d gh ifj.kke gks ,d izkjafHkd ?kVuk dgykrh gSA fdlh iz;ksx dh lHkh
izkjafHkd ?kVukvksa dh izkf;drk dk ;ksx 1 gksrk gSA
fdlh Hkh ?kVuk E osQ fy, P (E) + P ( E ) = 1 gksrk gS] tgk! E ?kVuk Ê ugha* dks O;Dr djrk
gSA E vkSj E iwjd ?kVuk, dgykrh gSaA

10th Class Math Book

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okLrfod la[;k,

;wfDyM foHkktu ,YxksfjFe

225 rFkk b = 135

;wfDyM foHkktu ,YxksfjFe dk iz;ksx djds Kkr dhft,A

ij ;wfDyM izesf;dk dk iz;ksx djus ij]

4356 = 1485 2 + 1386

pj.k 2 % D;ksafd 'ks"kiQy 1386 0 gS] blfy, ge

ds fy, ;wfDyM izesf;dk

ysdj ;wfDyM izesf;dk dk iz;ksx djds]

blh rjg iw.kkd

osQ :i dk gksrk gS]

vad xf.kr dh vkkkjHkwr izes;

vadxf.kr dh vk/kjHkwr izes; (Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic)

vkbZ, ge dqN mnkgj.kksa dh lgk;rk ls lh[kh gqbZ bl fof/ dks nksgjk,A

ds vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMu fof/ ls

HCF (8,30) = 2 rFkk LCM (8,30)

la[;kvksa esa lac izR;sd vHkkT; xq.ku[kaM dh lcls

cM+h ?kkr dk xq.kuiQy rFkk

la[;kvksa esa lac izR;sd vHkkT; xq.ku[kaM dh lcls cM+h ?kkr dk

Kkr dhft, vkSj fiQj budk

HkkT; la[;k gS vkSj

nksuksa rjiQ oxZ djus ij

5b2 = (5k)2 = 25k2

,d vifjes; la[;k gSA

,d ifjes; la[;k gSA

izkIr dj ldrs gSa fd

,d vifjes; la[;k gSA

vFkkZr~ ge lgvHkkT; ,slh la[;k,

,d ifjes; la[;k gSA

Kkr dj ldrs gSa fd

bl lehdj.k dks iquO;ZofLFkr djus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS%

,d vifjes; la[;k gSA

rks ge ,slh lgvHkkT; la[;k,

,d ifjes; la[;k gSA

Kkr dj ldrs gSa fd

ifjes; la[;k, vkSj mudk n'keyo izlkj

15408 24 32 1071 32 1071

,slh ifjes; la[;k gS ftldk n'keyo izlkj lkar gSA rc

dk foykse ns[krs gSaA ;fn gekjs ikl dksbZ ifjes; la[;k

ds :i dh fdlh Hkh ifjes; la[;k] tgk

32 107 24 32 107 15408

dks ,slh rqY; ifjes; la[;k esa cnyk tk ldrk gS]

,d ifjes; la[;k ,slh gS fd

.ksrj iw.kkZd gSaA rc x dk n'keyo izlkj lkar gksrk gSA

vkb, 7 dk n'keyo izlkj Kkr djsaA ;gk 'ks"k 3] 2] 6] 4] 5] 1] 3] 2] 6] 4] 5] 1]---gSa vkSj

ds HkkxiQy esa vadksa ds ,d CykWd vFkkZr~ 142857 dh iqujko`fk gksxhA

,d ,slh ifjes; la[;k gS fd

vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMks ds ckjs esa vki D;k dg ldrs gSa\

4- ;fn p dksbZ vHkkT; la[;k gS vkSj p, a2 dks foHkkftr djrk gS rks

dks Hkh foHkkftr

,d ifjes; la[;k gS ftldk n'keyo izlkj lkar gSA rc] ge

esa O;Dr dj ldrs gS] tgk p vkSj q lgvHkkT; gSa rFkk

tgk p, q, r /ukRed iw.kkZd gSa tcfd fuEu

LCM (p,q).LCM q, r .LCM p,r

bR;kfn cgqin ugha gSA

dgrs gSaA tSls

bR;kfn lHkh jSf[kd cgqin gSaA tcfd

dgrs gSaA f}?kkr

'kCn ls cuk gS] ftldk vFkZ gS ^oxZ* tSls

f}?kkr cgqin gSa (ftuds xq.kkad okLrfod la[;k, gSaA) bls ge

dgykrs gSaA tSls

tgk a, b, c, d, lHkh okLrfod la[;k, gSa] tgk

blesa '4' bl cgqin dk eku tc

bl cgqin dk eku gSA