San Diego State University

Department of Mathematical and Computer Sciences

ATM TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

By
P. Menon and S. Yaramada

Workshop
ATM Networking
San Diego, April 6-7, 2000

ATM SERVICE CATEGORIES

Constant Bit Rate (CBR)

Variable Bit Rate (VBR)
VBR Real Time
VBR Non Real Time
Available Bit Rate (ABR)
Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR)

ATM SERVICE CATEGORIES ( Cont. )

Telephone

Fax

Telephone
UBR or ABR
Mac II
ATM
Node

ATM
Node

Computer

VBR
CBR

Laptop computer

Television
Television

Constant Bit Rate ( CBR )

Variable Bit Rate (VBR)

Available Bit Rate (ABR)

:
Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR) :

Assured Steady supply of bandwidth,

defined by PCR value.
Assured supply of bandwith with :
rt:real-time and nrt-non-real-time
Bandwidth to keep application running
Bandwidth as available with no assurance
ATM Foundation of Broadband Networks (Volume I)
by Uyless Black, Pub. Prentice Hall, 1999

TRAFFIC PARAMETERS
Peak Cell Rate (PCR)

The maximum instantaneous rate at which the user will

transmit. It is the inverse of the minimum inter cell
interval.

CBR

Bitrate

PCR

Sustainable Cell Rate (SCR)

Average rate that the user can send cells to the network
i.e., an average throughput.

Time
PCR
MBS

SCR

VBR

Maximum Burst Size (MBS)

The maximum back-to-back cells that can be sent at the

peak cell rate without violating the sustained cell rate.

Time

ABR
PCR

Burst Tolerance ( BT )

Minimum Cell Rate (MCR)

The maximum burst size that can be sent at the peak rate.
The is the minimum rate desired by the user.

MCR

Time
PCR

UBR

QoS Parameters

Negotiable QoS
Non-Negotiable QoS

Time

NEGOTIABLE QoS PARAMETERS

Cell Transfer Delay ( CTD )

The delay experienced by a cell between the first bit of the cell that
is transmitted by the source and the last bit of the cell that is
received by the destination.

Cell Delay Variation ( CDV )

The difference of the maximum and minimum CTD experienced
during the connection. Peak-to-peak CDV and Instantaneous CDV
are used.

Cell Loss Ratio ( CLR )

The percentage of cells that are lost in the network due to error or
congestion and are not received by the destination.

NON-NEGOTIABLE QoS PARAMETERS

Cell Error Ratio ( CER )
This parameter measures the fraction of cells received with errors
at the destination.
CER

Errored Cells
Successfully Transferred Cells + Errored Cells

Severely Errored Cell Block Ratio ( SECBR )

SECBR =

Severely Errored Cell Blocks

Total Transmitted Cell Blocks

Cell Misinsertion Rate( CMR )

CMR

Misinserted Cells
Time Interval

RELEVANCE OF TRAFFIC PARAMETERS TO

SERVICE CATEGORIES
A T M L ayer S e rvice C ategories
A ttrib ute s
PCR, CDVT
SCR, M BS,
CDVT
M CR
P ea k-to-p e ak
CDV
m ax C D V
CLR
F ee db a ck

CBR

rt-V B R
nrt-V B R
T raffic P a ram ete rs

UBR

sp ec ified
spe cifie d

n /a

ABR

n/a

n /a
Q oS P a ram eters

sp ec ifie d

sp ec ifie d

u nsp e cified

sp ec ifie d
sp ec ified
O th e r A ttrib u tes

u nsp e cified
u n sp ec ifie d see n ote 1

u n sp e cified

sp ec ifie d

n ote 1 : C LR is lo w fo r so urce s th at a dju st ce ll flo w in resp o nse to co n tro l in fo rm a tion .

W h eth er a qu an tita tive value fo r C LR is sp ec ifie d is n etw ork sp ecific.
ATM Foundation of Broadband Networks (Volume I)
by Uyless Black, Pub. Prentice Hall, 1999

ATM FORUM SERVICE CATEGORIES

Service

Bandwidth
Guarantee

CBR

Yes

Delay
variation
Guarantee
Yes

Rt -VBR

Yes

Nrt-VBR

Throughput
Guarantee

Congestion
Feedback

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

No

ABR

Yes

No

Somewhat

Yes

UBR

No

No

No

No

ATM Foundation of Broadband Networks (Volume I)

by Uyless Black, Pub. Prentice Hall, 1999

TRAFFIC CONTRACT

Traffic Parameters

Describes an inherent characteristics of a traffic source

Source Traffic Descriptors

Set of traffic parameters of the ATM source.

Used during connection establishment.

Connection Traffic Descriptor

Specifies the traffic characteristics of the ATM connections.

Cell Conformance and Connection

Compliance

Conformance applies cells as they pass the UNI.

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS

Connection Admission Control (CAC)

Usage Parameter Control (UPC)
Traffic Shaping
Network Resource Management
Selective Cell Discard
Frame Discard
Feedback Control

CONNECTION ADMISSION CONTROL (CAC)

Can requested bandwidth and quality of service be supported?

ATM Foundation of Broadband Networks (Volume I)

by Uyless Black, Pub. Prentice Hall, 1999

USAGE PARAMETER CONTROL (UPC)

Monitor and control traffic at the network entrance.

ATM Foundation of Broadband Networks (Volume I)

by Uyless Black, Pub. Prentice Hall, 1999

USAGE PARAMETER CONTROL (Cont. )

Virtual Scheduling Algorithm
Arrival of a cell at time ta(k)
Virtual
Scheduling
Algorithm

TAT < ta(k) ?

Yes

TAT = ta(k)
No

Yes

TAT > ta(k) + L

?

No
Nonconforming
cell

TAT
ta(k)
I
L

Theoretical arrival time

Time arrival of a cell
Increment
Limit

TAT = TAT +1
Conforming cell

ATM Foundation of Broadband Networks (Volume I)

by Uyless Black, Pub. Prentice Hall, 1999

USAGE PARAMETER CONTROL (Cont.)

Leaky Bucket Algorithm
Arrival of a cell at time ta(k)

ContinuousState leaky
bucket
algorithm

X1 = X - ( ta(k) - LCT )

X1 < 0 ?
Yes

No

Nonconforming
cell

Yes

X1 = 0

X1 > L ?

No
X=X+1
LCT = ta(k)
Conforming Cell

ta(k)
X
X1
LCT
I
L

Time arrival of a cell

Value of leaky bucket counter
Auxiliary variable
Last compliance time
Increment
Limit

ATM Foundation of Broadband Networks (Volume I)

by Uyless Black, Pub. Prentice Hall, 1999

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS

,
,

Connection Admission Control

Usage Parameter Control
Traffic Shaping
Network Resource Management
Selective Cell Discard
Frame Discard

CONGESTION MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

First in First Out (FIFO) Queue

Priority Queuing

Fair Queuing
Weighted Fair Queuing

Custom Queuing

CONGESTION AVOIDANCE MECHANISM

Tail drop
DEC bit
Random Early Dropping
Weighted Early Dropping

ABR FLOW CONTROL

Features
Goal is to make unused bandwidth available to
cooperating end-users in a fair, timely manner.
Source has the ability to increase or decrease its
flow.
Minimum cell rate is guaranteed by the network
with minimum cell loss.
Rate based end-to-end closed loop model.

ABR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT MODEL

Taken From Prof.Jain's site.

ABR PARAMETERS
Label
PCR
MCR
ACR
ICR
TCR
Nrm
Mrm
Trm
RIF
RDF
ADTF
TBE
CRM
CDF
FRTT

Expansion
Peak Cell Rate
Minimum Cell Rate
Allowed Cell Rate
Initial Cell Rate
Tagged Cell Rate
Number of cells between FRM cells
Controls bandwidth allocation
between FRM, BRM and data cells
Upper Bound on Inter-FRM Time
Rate Increase Factor
Rate Decrease Factor
ACR Decrease Time Factor
Transient Buffer Exposure
Missing RM-cell Count
Cutoff Decrease Factor
Fixed Round-Trip Time

Default Value
0
PCR
10 cells/s
32
2
100 ms
1/16
1/16
0.5 ms
16,777,215
$\lceil$ TBE/Nrm $\rceil$
1/16
ATM Forum Traffic Management Specification Version 4.0

RM CELL FORMAT

Taken from Prof. Jains site

IN-RATE AND OUT-OF-RATE RM CELLS

In-Rate Cell Type

RM cells with CLP = 0
RM cells + data cells < ACR

Out-Of-Rate Cell Type

RM cells with CLP = 1
Generated by switches ,destinations ,sources under exceptional
circumstances.
- BECN from the switches.
- Source periodically sense the state of the network when ACR = 0
- Used by the destinations of VCs whose reverse direction ACR is
either zero or not sufficient to return all RM cells received in the
forward direction.

FEEDBACK CONTROL TECHNIQUES

Binary Mode ABR

Explicit Rate (ER) ABR
Virtual Source/Virtual Destination (VS/VD) ABR

ABR FEEDBACK CONTROL TECHNIQUES

( Cont .)
Binary Mode ABR

ATM Theory and Application

by David E. McDysan and Darren L. Spohn
Pub. McGraww-Hill, 1999.

ABR FEEDBACK CONTROL TECHNIQUES

( Cont .)
Explicit Rate (ER) ABR

ATM Theory and Application

by David E. McDysan and Darren L. Spohn
Pub. McGraww-Hill, 1999.

ABR FEEDBACK CONTROL TECHNIQUES

( Cont .)
Virtual Source / Virtual Destination (VS/VD) ABR

ATM Theory and Application

by David E. McDysan and Darren L. Spohn
Pub. McGraww-Hill, 1999.

SOURCE BEHAVIOR
1. MCR < ACR < PCR
Source Rate < ACR
2. After successful connection setup, source shall set ACR < ICR. First
in-rate cell should be forward RM cell.
3. The relative priority of data cells , FRM cells and BRM cells
( corresponding to the reverse flow ) is different at different
transmission opportunities.

SOURCE BEHAVIOR ( Cont. )

4. Cells send with the above rules should have CLP = 0.

5. If a source does not transmit any RM cells for a time period

equal to its timeout interval ADTF( ACR Decrease time
factor ),and also if ACR >ICR ,then the ACR should be
reduced to the ICR. ADTF can be negotiated with the
network during connection setup.
6. Before sending in an in- rate forward cell, and after
following the rule #5, if CRM FRM cells have been sent
and the source did not receive any BRM,,the source should
suspect network congestion and should reduce the ACR by
at least ACR * CDF,unless the reduction would result in
value less than the MCR.

SOURCE BEHAVIOR ( Cont. )

7. When sending an FRM , the sources should indicate their
current ACR in the CCR field of the RM cells.
8. This indicates how the network should react to network
feedback.The feedback consists of ER,CI, and the NI bits.
9. When a BRM cell is received and after the ACR is
adjusted according to the source behavior#8 ACR is set to
the most minimum of the ACR as computed in #8 and
the ER field.

SOURCE BEHAVIOR ( Cont. )

10. Sources should initialize the various fields of the RM cell,
while generating the FRM cells.
11. FRM cells may be send out-of-rate .The out-of-rate FRM
cells shall not be sent at a rate greater than TCR.
12. The source shall reset the EFCI bit on every data cell it
sends.
13. The source may implement a use-it or-lose-it policy to
reduce its ACR to a value which approximates the actual
cell rate transmission.

DESTINATION BEHAVIOR
1. Destinations should monitor the EFCI bits on the incoming
cells and store the value last seen on a data cell.
2. Destinations are required to turn around the forward RM
cells with minimal modifications.The DIR bit shall be changed
from forward to backward, BN shall be set to zero and the
CCR, MCR, ER, CI, and the NI fields should not be changed
in the RM cells except under certain conditions.
3. If a forward RM cell is received by the destination, while
another turned around RM cell is scheduled for an in-rate
transmission.
The contents of the old cell are overwritten by the contents of the
new cell.
The old cell after being overwritten be sent out-of-rate;or it may be
discarded or remain scheduled for an in-rate transmission.
It is required that the new cell be scheduled for an in-rate
transmission.

DESTINATION BEHAVIOR (Cont.)

4. Regardless of the alternatives chosen in the destination behavior

#3 , the contents of the an older cell shall not be transmitted after
the contents of a new cell have been transmitted.
5. A destination may generate a BRM without having received the
FRM cell , in a situation where the destination wants to inform
the source to reduce its rate immediately.
6. An out-of-rate FRM with CLP = 1 is turned around,it may be
sent in-rate or out-of-rate.

RESEARCH

Many new algorithms are being implemented to

improve the Explicit Congestion Notification.
Analysis of QoS parameters over Multiprotocol
Label Switching using Traffic Engineering.
Analyze the behavior of the service categories under
heavy traffic network using various techniques.