ATM Introduction

The Grand Unification

(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

Agenda
What is it? Who wants it? Who did it?
Header and Switching
ATM Layer Hypercube
Adaptation Layers
Signaling
Addresses

(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

What is ATM ?
High-Speed Virtual Circuits
PVC and SVC
No error recovery

UNI and NNI defined

Constant frame sizes
Cells
Based on B-ISDN specifications
Voice, Video, Data

(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

Design Ideas
Asynchronous TDM

ATM

Best trunk utilization

copy

Flexible channel assignment

through addresses

copy

Synchronous TDM
Fast Switching and short delays
through constant timeslots

fake

Solved through
constant frame sizes

Protocol Transparent

fake

Solved through
adaptation layers

(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

Cell Switching and Jitter

Voice and FTP over Frame Relay
Delay variations (!)

Constant delays possible with ATM

(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

Cell Switching
Forwarding of cells implemented in HW
Very fast

But still packet switching

Store and forwarding
Asynchronous multiplexing

Because of constant cell size the

queuing algorithms can guarantee
Bounded delay
Maximum delay variations
(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

For telephony a constant delay is strictly necessary because otherwise echo

cancelers would not work.

ATM Usage
Public and private networks
LAN, MAN, WAN

Backbone high-speed networks

Public (Telcos) or private

Original goal: World-wide ATM network

But Internet technology and state-of-the art
Ethernet are more attractive today

New importance as backbone technology

for mobile applications
Cellular networks for GSM, GPRS, UMTS, ...
(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

ATM Network
ATM DTE

ATM DTE

UNI
ATM DCE

ATM DCE
ATM DCE

NNI
ATM DCE
ATM DTE

UNI + NNI defined

(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

ATM DTE
8

Virtual Circuits
VPI
1/253
1/200
1/452

3/253
3/200
3/452
IN
9/99

VCI

3/2

3/2

66/6
100/6

OUT
66/6
9/99

5/88

1/321

Virtual Path Identifier (VPI)

Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI)
(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

1/123

Who Did It?

CCITT (now ITU-T) issued first
recommendations for B-ISDN in 1988
Recommendation I.121
Aspects and Terms only

Switch vendors founded ATM-Forum

To accelerate development
Majority rule instead of consensus
Also pushed ITU-T standardization

(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

10

The CCITT (ITU-T) standardization process is very time consuming because the
final result should meet all demands of all participants such as governments,
vendors, users, and other industry representatives. Because of this, the ATM
Forum was founded to accelerate the development. Although this efforts also
helped the ITU-T standardization efforts, there are important differences between
both standards.
The ATM Forum was founded in 1991.

10

Public and Private Networks

ITU-T: Public ATM Networks
Public UNI: E.164 addressing
Public NNI: Static routing

ATM-Forum: Private ATM Networks

Private UNI: OSI NSAP like addressing
Private NNI: Dynamic routing (PNNI)

(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

11

Note that both public and private networks cover SVCs but in order to establish
SVCs we need routing tables. The routing tables can be created automatically in
private ATM networks using the ATM routing protocol PNNI (Private-NNI). In
public networks the routing tables are managed manually.
PNNI is a link-state routing protocol that enables quality of service routing.

11

NNI Types
Public NNI
Private ATM

Public ATM

B-ICI
(NNI-ICI)

Public ATM
ICI...Inter Carrier Interface
(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

12

NNI-ISSI (Public NNI)

ISSI = Inter Switch System Interface
Used to connect two switches of one public service provider
NNI-ICI (B - ICI)
ICI - Inter Carrier Interface
Used to connect two ATM networks of two different service providers
Private NNI
Used to connect two switches of different vendors in private ATM networks

12

What is B-ISDN?
ITU-T identified several demands
Emerging need for broadband services
High speed switching
Improved data- and image processing
capabilites available to the user
Support for real-time services
Support for interactive services
Support for distribution services
Circuit and packet mode

(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

13

Interactive services require a two-way exchange of information.

Distribution services are one-to-many and is also called multicast.

13

ATM and B-ISDN

B-ISDN are broadband (=highspeed)
services for the user
ATM to transport B-ISDN
Alternatives to B-ISDN
IEEE 802.6 (DQDB) pushed by data
communication industry (dying out)
Gigabit Ethernet (new)

(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

14

IEEE 802.6 is a MAN standard and also known as "Distributed Queued Dual
Bus". Interestingly, DQDB is very similar to ATM in many aspects (same frame
sizes, same idea of adaption layers, etc.), However this alternative, that has been
pushed by many proponents of the data communication industry, vanished from
market.
Currently (Gigabit-) Ethernet seems to replace ATM in many areas since it is
easier to deploy, easier to manage and less expensive. However, many customers
suspects its reliability and quality of service.

14

The ATM Cell

53 Byte Cells
No technical reason
Agreement only

The payload must be encapsulated

within predefined AAL frames
Framing, Protection, etc

48 Byte Payload
(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

5 Byte
Header
15

USA proposed a cell size of 64 bytes while the Europeans suggested 32 bytes. At
the end they met in the middle at 53 bytes.
Why are ATM cells so small at all? One important reason is to minimize
packetization delay (splitting data in cells) so that realtime applications can be
easily supported. Another reason also associated with realtime (voice)
applications is to support the implementation of echo-cancelation devices. Long
and variable packet sizes make a echo cancelator run into trouble...

15

AAL 3/4 Framing Example

AAL 3/4 Convergence Sublayer (CS)

Trailer

Datagram

Header

Segmentation and Reassembly (SAR) Layer

Trailer

Header

ATM Layer

2 Byte
Trailer
(C) Herbert Haas

44 Byte
Datagram-Segment
2005/03/11

2 Byte 5 Byte
Header Header
16

16

ATM Header

UNI Header
GFC

NNI Header
VPI

VPI

VPI
VCI

VCI
PT

HEC
8 bit VPI for users

(C) Herbert Haas

CLP

PT

CLP

HEC
12 bit VPI inside the network

2005/03/11

17

The Generic Flow Control (GFC) field is only used on the UNI but not
transported into the network. The GFC is not used today as there are better
methods available (special flow-control cells).
The Virtual Path Identifier (VPI) is four bits longer inside the network (on NNIs)
in order to support better traffic aggregation (Virtual Path Switching).
The Payload Type (PT) is used to identify the cell payload (OAM, Resource
Management, ...)
The Cell Loss Priority (CLP) has the same meaning as the DE-bit in Frame
Relay. Using the CLP we can distinguish between important and not-soimportant cells (CLP=1). Of course we hope that the network would be so kind to
drop CLP=1 cells first in case of congestion.
The Header Error Check (HEC) is a CRC-8 to protect the header only not the
payload! You may ask how framing is accomplished? For this purpose a receiver
device has to compute the CRC-8 for each 4 bytes and look for a match with the
following byte. In case of 6 successive hits the ATM layers are synchronized.
Note: Although ATM is an asynchronous TDM technology it is actually
implemented synchronously. There are no gaps between cells but idle cells
(VPI/VCI set to zero and payload is 01010101010101010101...).

17

Payload Type

User data (0) Set to (1) if

or OAM (1)
Congested

User
signaling
bit

100
OAM F5 segment
101
OAM F5 end-to-end
110
Resource Management (RM)
Also used by AAL5 to indicate end of
block (EOB)
Other combinations: user data

(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

18

"Flow 5" (F5) is identical to a VC, F4 is the VP flow, F3 is a SONET/SDH Path,

F2 is a SONET Line (SDH Mux-section), F1 is a SONET section (SDH
regenerator section).
So an OAM F5 segment cell (PT=100) is processed by the next segment, while a
OAM F5 end-to-end cell (PT=101) is only processed by an ATM end station
(terminating an ATM link). Operation, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM)
is discusses in another module (ATM QoS).

18

Header Fields
Cell Loss Priority (CLP)
Similar to DE bit in Frame Relay
Identifies less important cells

Header Error Check

CRC-8 to protect the header only
I 4.321: Used for cell delineation
(6 successive hits necessary)

(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

19

19

VC Switching
VC Switching distinguishes each
virtual circuit according to its
VPI and VCI
Many table entries necessary

73/10

10/12
27/99
3/20

19/19
20/44

1/8
5/77
80/31

2/1

53/76
22/33
4/5
17/91
10/12
21/41

112/89
40/30
(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

20

20

VP and VC Switching
VC switching only when necessary
(at borders and branches)
Fewer table entries necessary
Probably faster

73/10

10/12
100/99
100/20

VPI=100
100/19

20/44

VPI=152

2/1

VPI=65
200/91
200/12
200/41

112/89
40/30
(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

21

If one customer asks for another 100 virtual circuits, the provider does not need
to add 100 additional entries in every switching tableas he must do with Frame
Relay for example- because one VPI represents a number of VCIs and inside the
network VPI switching is performed.

21

Connection Types

Point-to-point:
unidirectional or bidirectional

Point-to-multipoint:
unidirectional only

(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

22

22

ATM Protocol Architecture

Management Plane
Control Plane

User Plane

Higher Layer
ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)
ATM Layer

Additional headers
and fragmentation
according service
Create ATM
cells and
headers

Physical Layer
(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

23

23

...And In Detail

(Resources, Parameters,
OAM Flow, Meta-Signaling)

Outband signaling
in designated VCs
(I-LMI)

Management Plane

Control
Signaling
and
Control
Service
Dependent

Plane and layer

management

User Plane
Class A Class B Class C Class D
CBR for
Circuit
Emulation

VBR for
Audio
and Video

Connection
oriented
Data

Connection
less
Data

AAL1 AAL2 AAL3/4 or 5

Convergence Sublayer (CS)
Segmentation and Reassembly (SAR)

ATM Layer
Transmission Convergence (TC)

Physical Medium Dependent (PMD)

(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

PDH and
SONET/SDH
24

24

Control Plane

DTE

DCE

DCE

0/18 (PNNI)

0/5 (Q.2931)
Control Plane

Signaling through dedicated virtual

ciruit = "Outband Signaling"

(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

25

25

Reserved Labels

(C) Herbert Haas

VPI

VCI

Function

0- 15

ITU-T

16 - 31

ATM Forum

0
0

0
3

Idle Cell
Segment OAM Cell (F4)

End-to-End OAM Cell (F4)

Signaling

0
0

16
17

ILMI
LANE

18

PNNI

2005/03/11

26

26

Physical Layer
Transmission Convergence (TC)
allows simple change of physical
media
PDH, SDH, SONET
HEC and cell delineation

Physical Medium Dependent (PMD)

cares for (e. g.)
Line coding
Signal conversions

(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

27

27

Interface Examples
Standard
SDH STM-1
PDH E4
PDH DS3
PDH E3
PDH E2
PDH J2
PDH E1
PDH DS1
SDH STM-4
SDH STM-1
SDH STM-1
SDH STM-4
SDH STM-4
SDH STM-4
SDH STM-1
SDH STM1
FIber Channel
TAXI
SONET STS1
ATM 25

(C) Herbert Haas

Speed
155,52
139,264
44,736
34,368
8,448
6,312
2,048
1,544
622,08
155,52
155,52
622,08
622,08
622,08
155,52
155,52
155,52
100
51,84
25,6

2005/03/11

Medium
Coax
Coax
Coax
Coax
Coax
TP/Coax
TP/Coax
TP
SM fiber
SM fiber
MM fiber
SM fiber
MM (LED)
MM (Laser)
UTP5
STP (Type1)
MM fiber
MM Fiber
UTP3
UTP3

Comments
75 Ohm
75 Ohm
75 Ohm
75 Ohm
75 Ohm
110/75 Ohm
120/75 Ohm
100 Ohm

62,5 um

100 Ohm
150 Ohm
62,5 um
62,5 um

Encoding
CMI
CMI
B3ZS
HDB3
HDB3
B6ZS/B8ZS
HDB3
AMI/B8ZS
SDH
SDH
SDH
NRZ
NRZ
NRZ
NRZI
NRZI
8B/10B
4B/5B
NRZI
NRZI

Connector
BNC
BNC
BNC
BNC
BNC
RJ45/BNC
9pinD/BNC
RJ45/RJ48
SC
ST
SC
SC (ST)
SC (ST)
SC (ST)
RJ45
9pinD
MIC
RJ45
RJ45

Usage
WAN
WAN
WAN
WAN
WAN
WAN
WAN
WAN
LAN/WAN
LAN/WAN
LAN/WAN
LAN
LAN
LAN
LAN
LAN
LAN
LAN
LAN
LAN

28

28

ATM Layer
Multiplexing and demultiplexing of
cells according VPI/VCI
Switching of cells
"Label swapping"
Note: origin of MPLS

Error management: OAM cells

Flow Control
Qos negotiation and traffic shaping

(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

29

29

Adaptation Layers
ATM only provides bearer service
ATM cannot be used directly
Applications must use adaption
layers to access the ATM layer
Consist of SAR and CS
Part of DTEs only
Transparent for switches (DCEs)

(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

30

The ATM adaption layers translate between the specific worlds of higher layer
protocols such as IP, X.25, or PCM-Voice and the cell-nature of the ATM layer
itself. Using specific adaptation layers, nearly every application can be
transported over ATM. This capability emphasizes again the B-ISDN idea that
has been realized.
Note: "Application" means simply "any higher layer communication protocol".
Just consider ATM as a "Transport Layer" (not to confuse with the OSI layer 4!)
that provides "Bearer Services".

30

Adaptation Sub-Layers
Convergence Sublayer (CS)
Service dependent functions
(clock recovery, message identification)
Adds special information
(e. g. Frame Relay header)

Segmentation and Reassembly (SAR)

You name it...
Application 1
Convergence
Sublayer (CS)
(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

SSCS
Service Specific CS

Application 2
SSCS
Service Specific CS

CPCS
Common Part Convergence Sublayer
31

The Convergence Sublayer (CS) is divided in two further sublayers, the Common
Part Convergence Sublayer (CPCS) and the Service Specific Convergence
Sublayer (SSCS). The CPCS is common to all instances of a specific AAL.
Therefore only one CPCS has been defined per AAL while many SSCS can be
defined for the same AAL.

31

AAL1
Constant Bit Rate (CBR)
Circuit Emulation
Expensive
Overprovisioning like leased line
necessary
Queuing prefers AAL1 cells over all
other traffic (in case of congestion)

(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

32

32

AAL1

1 byte
Header

47 byte
SAR PDU

CSI
(0)

SN

CRC

CSI
(1)

SN

CRC

CSI .
SN ..
CRC ...
P .

47 byte
SAR PDU

Pointer

46 byte
SAR PDU

Convergence Sublayer Indication (1 bit) "1" if pointer exists

Sequence Number (3 bits)
Cyclic Redundancy Check (3 bits)
Parity (1 bit)

(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

33

The CSI values in cells 1, 3, 5, and 7 are interpreted as a 4 bit timing value in
order to measure timing differences between network's reference clock and
transmitter clock. The 3 bit CRC only protects the 4 bit CSI+SN field. The parity
bit is set such that the parity of the 8 header bits is even.
The sequence number is basically for cell-loss detection.

33

AAL2
Analog applications that require
timing informations but not CBR
Variable Bit Rate (VBR)
Compressed audio and video

Relatively new (1997/98)

Original standard withdrawn and later
reinvented for mobile systems

(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

34

34

AAL2 for Mobile Systems

Cellular communication issues
Packetization delay (L QoS)
Bandwidth efficiency (L Money)

Before AAL2 low-bit rate real-time

applications were used by "partial filling"
of ATM cells
Using "AAL0" or AAL1
Very inefficient (few bytes per cell only)

AAL2 is designed to be fast and efficient

(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

35

AAL0 simply means using ATM without any adaptation layer. The AAL2 CPCS
allows variable packet length between 1 byte to 45 bytes, so the packetization
delay can be kept very small, if needed. On the other hand, bandwidth efficiency
is achieved by multiplexing several AAL2 connections within one ATM
(VPI/VCI) pipe.
Note: Instead of having partially filled ATM cells, the CPCS will fill each cell
with AAL2 packets from multiple sessions!

35

AAL2 CS
1...45/64 bytes
of user data
Connection Identifier
(identifies different
AAL2 connection)
8 bit

6 bit

CID

LI

Length Indicator
(Indicates actual
payload length)

5 bit

1...45/64 bytes
of user data

5 bit

UUI HEC

User-to-user Identifier
(Some SSCS convey
a sequence number)

5 Bit CRC
to protect the header

Total length:
9...72 Bytes

ATM
Header

6 bit

1 bit 1 bit

OSF

SN P

(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

OSF......... Offset Field Points to the beginning of the

first AAL2 packet starting in this cell
SN .......... Sequence Number
P ............. Parity

48 Bytes

36

The slide above shows the most important tasks of the Common Part
Convergence Sublayer (CPCS). Basically, CPCS-packets consist of a one-byte
header and up to 45 bytes user data (typically compressed voice or video). Even
longer payloads are supported if an appropriate SSCS is used additionally
(I.366.1).
Does make a 1-bit sequence number any sense? Yes, together with the Parity (P)
it provides a simple mechanism to check for cell loss and errors inside the "Start
Field" (SF = OSF + SN + P).
One of the most important applications for AAL2 today is compressed voice as
for GSM, which generates 260 bits packet every 20 ms. To each of these packet a
AAL2 header is attached, indicating the length and the connection. For GSM
there is no need for pre-processing by an SSCS, in fact there is no SSCS
implemented.
Although the multiplexing feature of AAL2 dramatically improves bandwidth
efficiency, the main disadvantage is a significant increase in overhead. But this
overhead is not worth to mention when comparing AAL2 with the older method
of partial filling. When users want to send more than a few hundreds of bytes per
packet then AAL5 is more efficient.

36

AAL3 + AAL4
AAL3 designed to carry
connection-oriented packets
Such as X.25 or Frame Relay

AAL4 designed to carry

connection-less datagrams
Such as IP or IPX

Because of similarity both adaptation

layers were combined to AAL3/4
(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

37

37

AAL3/4 Step 1: CS
must match
CPI Btag BAsize

Data Packet

PAD AL Etag

4 Bytes

Len

4 Bytes

CPI ........ Common Part Indicator (1Byte)

Btag....... Beginning tag (1 Byte)
BAsize... Buffer allocation size (2 Bytes)
PAD........ for 32 bit alignment
AL........... Alignment (1 Byte)
Etag........ Ending tag (1 Byte) must match Btag
Len ........ Length of SAR PDU
(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

38

CPI indicates the interpretation of the remaining fields. Currently only value zero
is defined which indicates that the values in BAsize and Length should be
interpreted as amount of bytes.

38

AAL3/4 Step 2: SAR

4 Bytes

4 Bytes

44 Bytes

PAD

2 Bytes
2

10

MID
Seq
Multiplexing
Nr
Identifier

Multiplexing of multiple datastreams

within one connection possible (!)

00 = COM
01 = EOM
10 = BOM
11 = SSM

ATM Cell
(C) Herbert Haas

2 Bytes
6

10

Length

CRC

Length of segment
Default: 44
Exception: EOM and SSM
63 in EOM means "Discard it!"

ATM
Header

2005/03/11

39

The sequence number enumeratess each 44 byte segment of the CS frame

(modulo 16). The Multiplexing Identifier (MID) allows to multiplex up to 210
different connection-oriented AAL 3/4 connections. For connectionless packets,
the MID field can be used as unique identifier associated with each user, in order
to multiplex many users over one ATM pipe.

39

AAL3/4
Can multiplex different streams of data
on the same ATM connection
Up to 210 streams using the same VPI/VCI

But too much overhead

Sequence numbers unnecessary when not
interleaving
One CRC for whole packet would be
sufficient
Length unnecessary
Nearly totally replaced by AAL5
(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

40

40

AAL5
Favorite for data communication
AAL 5 simulates connectionless data
interface
Allows simple migration to ATM

Smallest overhead
Convergence Layer:
8 byte trailer in last cell
SAR Layer:
just marks EOM in ATM header (PT)
(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

41

AAL5 is the most widely used AAL today. Also UNI signaling, ILMI and PNNI
signaling is done upon AAL5.

41

AAL5 Segmentation
Example: IP Packet
(0-65535 Bytes)

8 Bytes

User-to-User
Identification
Only used with
MPEG

48 Bytes

LEN

CPI
UU

PAD

2 Bytes

CRC-32

Mostly
Unused
(00000000)

PAD

VPI
VCI

1 CLP
(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

LEN

ATM
Header

CPI
UU

ATM
Header

CRC-32

3rd bit in PT-field

of cell header indicates
"Last cell of packet"

HEC

42

The Common Part Indicator (CPI) is not really used until today, so all 8 bits are
set to zero.
Most interestingly, the length field is 16 bits that is 64 KByte packets are
supported. So, ATM is one of the few technologies that support maximum IP
packet sizes (IP also supports up to 65535 Bytes per packet).

42

Packets and Cell Loss (1)

IP Packet

IP Packet

IP Packet

Receiver can't recognize any IP packets !

Even a small bit error rate (BER) can lead to retransmission and congestion (!)
(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

43

43

Packets and Cell Loss (2)

Cells of damaged packets are still
forwarded by ATM switches
Solution: Intelligent Tail Packet Discard
or Early Packet Discard

IP Routers can immediately drop

whole packet
And recover queuing resources
So BER can be much higher (!)

(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

44

44

Signaling
ATM Forum UNI signaling specification
UNI 3.0, 3.1 and 4.0 standardized
UNI 2.0
UNI 3.0
UNI 4.0

PVC
PVC+SVC, CBR+VBR+UBR
+ABR, QoS Negotiation

Based on ITU-T Q.2931 (B-ISDN)

(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

45

45

Signaling Layers
Q.2931

Service Specific
Convergence Sublayer

Service Specific
Coordination
Function

SSCF
SSCS
SAAL

(Q.2130)

SSCOP
(Q.2110)

CPCS

(AAL 3/4, I363 or

AAL 5)

SAR
ATM
Layer
(C) Herbert Haas

Service Specific
Connectionoriented Protocol

Common Part
Convergence
Sublayer

Signaling
AAL

2005/03/11

46

SSCOP is very similar to X.25.

ITU-T recommends AAL 3/4 for CPCS,
while ATM Forum recommends AAL 5.
The Q.2931 protocol has its origins in Q.931 (N-ISDN, D channel) and Q.933
(UNI signaling for Frame Relay). Q.2931 is responsible for:
Connection establishment
Negotiation of performance parameters
VPI/VCI use instead of a D-channel (N-ISDN)
Uses meta signaling to establish signaling paths
and channels (ITU-T)
ITU-T reserved VPI/VCI 0/1 for Meta-Signaling (seldom used) and 0/2 for
broadcast signaling (both for UNI headers).
Additionally, the ATM Forum reserved 0/15 for point-to-point signaling, 0/16 for
I-LMI, and 0/18 for PNNI.

46

ATM Addresses
ATM Forum defined three addressformats
ISO DCC NSAP format
ISO ICD NSAP format
E.164 Address format

Only public networks may use E.164

address format
May also choose other formats

(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

47

47

ATM Addresses
Different types of ATM addresses
All have 20 byte length
All consist of three main parts
Prefix (Basically topology information)
End System Identifier (ESI)
NSAP Selector (Selects application)
20 Byte

(C) Herbert Haas

Prefix

ESI

Sel

13 Bytes

6 Bytes

1 Byte

2005/03/11

48

The NSAP Selector field is basically the same as the port number in TCP.

48

Address Flavours
DCC ATM Address Format (AFI=39)

AFI DCC DFI

AA

Authority and
Format Identifier

reserved RD AREA
Administrative
Authority

ESI

Sel

ESI

Sel

ESI

Sel

Area Identifier

ICD ATM Address Format (AFI=47)

AFI ICD DFI

International Code
Designator

AA

reserved RD AREA
Routing Domain

Domain and Format

Identifier

E.164 ATM Address Format (AFI=45)

AFI

E.164
ISDN Number

(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

RD AREA

Endsystem Identifier

NSAP Selector
49

49

Summary
ATM is the solution for B-ISDN
Different broadband services upon common
cell relay technology

Remember: 53 bytes, 5 bytes Header

Services via Adaptation Layers
AAL1, AAL2, AAL3/4, AAL5 (IP)

Quality of Service
Details in other module

VP and VC switching

(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

50

50

Quiz
Which framing is used with XDSL?
What are the 4 ATM basic service
types regarding QoS?
ATM flow control is similar to...?
Which concepts of ATM have been
copied for IP networks?

(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

51

51

Hints
Q1: ATM cells
Q2: CBR, VBR, ABR, UBR
Q3: Frame Relay ECN
Q4: Label Swapping (MPLS), QoSSignaling (RSVP) and QoS-Marking
(DSCP)

(C) Herbert Haas

2005/03/11

52

52