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Phng trnh Bt phng trnh h phng trnh M_Logarit

CHUYN

M V LOGARIT
I.

Hm s m
y ax ; TX D=R
Bng bin thin
a>1
x
0
y
1

th

+
+

1
-14

-13 -12

-11

-10

-9

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

x
1

-1

-16

y=3x

-15

y13x

f(x)=(1/3)^x

-16

0
1

f(x)=3^x

-17

0<a<1
x
y +

-15

-14

-13 -12

-11

-10

-9

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

-2

-2

-3

-3

-4

-4

-5

-5

-6

-6

-7

-7

-8

-1

-8

-9

-9

-10

-10

-11

-11

-12

-12

-13

-13

-14

-14

-15

-15

II. Hm s lgarit
y loga x , K:

x0
; D=(0;+)

0 a 1

Bng bin thin

a>1
x
0
0
y
1

+
+

0
+

th
4

f(x)=3^x

y=3x

f(x)=ln(x)/ln(1/3)

-10

-9

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

-1

y=x

y=log3 x

1
-11

f(x)=x

-13 -12

f(x)=(1/3)^x

f(x)=x

-14

ylog13x13x

f(x)=ln(x)/ln(3)

-15

0<a<1
x
y

x
1

-15

-14

-13 -12

-11

-10

-9

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

-1

-2

-2

-3

-3

-4

-4

-5

-5

-6

-6

-7

-7

-8

y=x

-8

-9

-9

-10

-10

-11

-11

-12

-12

-13

-13

-14

-14

-15

-15

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Gv: Trn Quang Thun
Tel: 0912.676.613 091.5657.952

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Phng trnh Bt phng trnh h phng trnh M_Logarit

III. Cc cng thc

1. Cng thc ly tha:
Vi a>0, b>0; m, nR ta c:
anam =an+m;

1
1
an
a n m ;( n =am ; a0=1; a1= );
m
a
a
a

(an)m =anm ;

(ab)n=anbn;

a

b

an
;
bm

a n n am .

2. Cng thc logarit: logab=cac=b (0<a1; b>0)

Vi 0<a1, 0<b1; x, x1, x2>0; R ta c:
x1
loga(x1x2)=logax1+logax2 ;
loga x 2 = logax1logax2;
logax= logax;
a log a x x ;
log b x
1
1
log a x log a x ;(logaax=x);
logax=
;(logab= log a )
log b a

b
log x
log a
logba.logax=logbx;
a b =x b .
IV. Phng trnh v bt phng trnh mlogarit
1. Phng trnh mlogarit
a. Phng trnh m:
4a v cng c s
+0<a1: af(x)=ag(x) (1)
f(x)=g(x).

b0

.
f x log a b

f(x)

+ 0<a1: a =b

Ch : Nu a cha bin th (1)

(a1)[f(x)g(x)]=0
x
4t n ph: Ta c th t t=a (t>0), a v mt phng trnh i s..
Lu nhng cp s nghch o nh: (2 3 ), (7 4 3 ), Nu trong mt phng trnh c cha
{a2x;b2x;axbx} ta c th chia hai v cho b2x(hoc a2x) ri t t=(a/b)x (hoc t=(b/a)x.
4Phng php logarit ha: af(x)=bg(x) f(x).logca=g(x).logcb,vi a,b>0; 0<c1.
b. Phng trnh logarit:
4a v cng c s:

+logaf(x)=g(x)

0 a 1

f x a g x

0 a 1

g x 0 .
+logaf(x)= logag(x) f x 0
f x g x

4t n ph.
2. Bt phng trnh mlogarit
a. Bt phng trnh m:
4 af(x)>ag(x)
t bit:

a0
;

a 1 f x g x 0

4 af(x)ag(x)

a0
.

a 1 f x g x 0

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* Nu a>1 th:
af(x)>ag(x)
af(x)ag(x)
* Nu 0<a<1 th:
af(x)>ag(x)
af(x)ag(x)
b. Bt phng trnh logarit:

Phng trnh Bt phng trnh h phng trnh M_Logarit

f(x)>g(x);
f(x)g(x).
f(x)g(x);
f(x)g(x).

0 a 1

4logaf(x)>logag(x) f x 0, g x 0
;
a 1 f x g x 0

t bit:
+ Nu a>1 th:

logaf(x)>logag(x)

+ Nu 0<a<1 th: logaf(x)>logag(x)

0 a 1

4logaf(x)logag(x) f x 0, g x 0
.
a 1 f x g x 0

f x g x
;

g x 0
f x g x
.

f x 0

============================
MT S PHNG PHP GII PHNG TRNHBT PHNG TRNH
H PHNG TRNH M-LOGARIT
I. Bin i thnh tch
x
V d 1: Gii phng trnh: 2

4.2 x

22 x 4 0 2 x

1 . 22 x 4 0 .

Nhn xt: Mc d cng c s 2 nhng khng th bin i t c n ph do ta phi phn tch

x
thnh tch: 2

1 . 22 x 4 0 . y l phng trnh tch bit cch gii.

V d 2: Gii phng trnh: 2 log 9 x log 3 x.log 3

2

2x 1 1 .

Nhn xt: Tng t nh trn ta phi bin i phng trnh thnh tch:
log 3 x 2 log 3

2 x 1 1 .log 3 x 0 . y l phng trnh tch bit cch gii.

Tng qut: Trong nhiu trng hp cng c s nhng khng th bin i t n ph c th ta

bin i thnh tch.
II. t n ph-h s vn cha n
V d 1: Gii phng trnh: 9 x 2( x 2)3x 2 x 5 0 . t t = 3x (*), khi ta c:
t 2 2 x 2 t 2 x 5 0 t 1, t 5 2 x . Thay vo (*) ta tm c x.
Lu : Phng php ny ch s dng khi l s chnh phng.
2
V d 2: Gii phng trnh: log3 x 1 x 5 log 3 x 1 2 x 6 0 . t t = log3(x+1), ta c:
t 2 x 5 t 2 x 6 0 t 2, t 3 x x = 8 v x = 2.
III. Phng php hm s
Cc tnh cht:
Tnh cht 1: Nu hm f tng (hoc gim) trn khong (a;b) th phng trnh f(x)=k (kR) c khng
qu mt nghim trong khong (a;b).
Tnh cht 2: Nu hm f tng (hoc gim) trn khong (a;b) th u, v (a,b) ta c f (u ) f v u v .
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Tel: 0912.676.613 091.5657.952

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Phng trnh Bt phng trnh h phng trnh M_Logarit
Tnh cht 3: Nu hm f tng v g l hm hng hoc gim trong khong (a;b) th phng trnh
f(x)=g(x) c nhiu nht mt nghim thuc khong (a;b).
nh l Lagrange: Cho hm s F(x) lin tc trn on [a;b] v tn ti F'(x) trn khong (a;b) th
F b F a
c a; b : F ' c
. Khi p dng gii phng trnh nu c F(b) F(a) = 0 th
ba
c a; b : F ' c 0 F ' x 0 c nghim thuc (a;b).
nh l Rolle: Nu hm s y=f(x) li hoc lm trn min D th phng trnh f(x)=0 s khng c qu
hai nghim thuc D. ( Xem thm bi vit Ngh thut gii ton ph thng ca tc gi.)
V d 1: Gii phng trnh: x 2.3log 2 x 3 .
Hng dn: x 2.3log2 x 3 2.3log2 x 3 x , v tri l hm ng bin, v phi l hm nghch bin nn
phng trnh c nghim duy nht x=1.
V d 2: Gii phng trnh: 6 x 2 x 5 x 3x . Phng trnh tng ng 6 x 5 x 3x 2 x , gi s
phng trnh c nghim . Khi : 6 5 3 2 .
Xt hm s f t t 1 t , vi t > 0. Ta nhn thy f(5) = f(2) nn theo nh l lagrange tn ti
c 2;5 sao cho: f ' c 0 c 1

nghim ca phng trnh.

V d 3: Gii phng trnh: 2 x

c 1 0 0, 1 , th li ta thy x = 0, x = 1 l

2 x 1 ( x 1) 2 . Vit li phng trnh di dng

x 2 x , xt hm s f t 2 t l hm ng bin trn R ( ??? ). Vy phng trnh

2
2
c vit di dng: f x 1 f x x x 1 x x x 1 .
2 x 1 x 1 2 x

V d 4: Gii phng trnh: 3x 2 x 3 x 2 . D dng ta tm c nghim: x = 0 v x = 1. Ta cn

chng minh khng cn nghim no khc.
Xt hm s f x 3x 2 x 3 x 2 f '' x 3x ln 2 3 2 x ln 2 2 0 th ca hm s ny lm, suy
ra phng trnh khng c qu hai nghim.

x
e 2007

V d 5: Chng minh h phng trnh

e y 2007

y
y 1
2

c ng hai nghim tha mn x > 0, y > 0.

x2 1

x
HD: Dng tnh cht 2 ch ra x = y khi xt hm s f x e

x2 1

2007 .

Nu x < 1 th f x e 1 2007 0 suy ra h phng trnh v nghim.

Nu x > 1 dng nh l Rn v ch ra vi x0 = 2 th f(2) < 0 suy ra iu phi chng minh.
b
a
1
1
V d 6: Cho a b 0 . Chng minh rng 2a a 2b b (H Khi D2007)

HD: BT b ln 2a 1 a ln
2b 1

a
2
2 b

1
ln 2 x x
2 vi x > 0

f x
x

1
2b 1
ln 2a a ln

2
2 b . Xt hm s

a
b

Suy ra f(x) < 0 vi mi x > 0, nn hm s nghch bin vy vi a b 0 ta c f (a ) f b (pcm).

IV. Mt s bi ton (c bit l cc bi logarrit) ta thng phi a v phng trnh h phng
trnh bt phng trnh m ri s dng cc phng php trn.
1.Dng 1: Khc c s:
V d: Gii phng trnh log 7 x log3 ( x 2) . t t = log 7 x x 7t . Khi phng trnh tr thnh:
t log 3 ( 7t 2) 3t

7t 2 1

7
2.
3

1
.
3

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Tel: 0912.676.613 091.5657.952

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Phng trnh Bt phng trnh h phng trnh M_Logarit
2.Dng 2: Khc c s v biu thc trong du log phc tp
V d 1: Gii phng trnh log 6 ( x 2 2 x 2) 2 log 5 x 2 2 x 3 .
t t = x2 2x 3 ta c log 6 t 1 log 5 t .
4

log x
V d 2: Gii phng trnh log 2 x 3 6 log 6 x . t t log 6 x , phng trnh tng ng

3
6 3 2 3 1.
2
t

3. Dng 3: a logb x c x ( iu kin: b = a + c )

V d 1: Gii phng trnh 4log7 x 3 x . t t log 7 x 3 7t x 3 ,
t

4
1
phng trnh tng ng 4t 7t 3 3.
1.
7
7
V d 2: Gii phng trnh 2 log3 x 5 x 4 . t t = x+4 .
phng trnh tng ng: 2 log3 t 1 t
V d 3: Gii phng trnh 4log3 x 1 x 1 2log3 x 1 x 0 .

4. Dng 4: s ax b c log s dx e x , vi d ac , e bc
Phng php: t ay b log s (dx e) ri chuyn v h hai phng trnh, ly phng trnh hai tr
phng trnh mt ta c: s ax b acx s ay b acy . Xt f t s at b act .
V d: Gii phng trnh 7 x 1 6 log 7 (6 x 5) 1 . t y 1 log 7 6 x 5 . Khi chuyn thnh h
7 x 1 6 y 1 1

x 1
7 6y 5

7 x 1 6 x 7 y 1 6 y . Xt hm s f t 7t 1 6t suy ra x=y,
y 1
y

log
6
x

5
7 6 x 5

7
x 1
Khi : 7 6 x 5 0 . Xt hm s g x 7 x 1 6 x 5 . p dng nh l Rolle v nhm nghim ta

c 2 nghim ca phng trnh l: x = 1, x = 2.

5. Dng 5: t n ph chuyn thnh h phng trnh.
2x
18
x 1 1 x
x 1
x
2 1 2 2 2 2 2
8
1
18
x1 1 x
HD: Vit phng trnh di dng x 1 1 x
, t u 2 x 1 1, v 21 x 1.u, v 0 .
2 1 2 2 2 2 2
18
8 1

Nhn xt: u.v = u + v. T ta c h: u v u v
u.v u v
8

V d: Gii phng trnh

BI TP NGH
Bi 1: Gii cc phng trnh sau:
x
x
a. 2 3 2 3 4 0
b.

2 3

2 3

c. 7 4 3 3 2 3 2 0
x

d. 3 5 16 3 5 2 x3
x

e.

2 1

2 1 2 2 0 (H_Khi B 2007)

f. 3.8x+4.12x18x2.27x=0. (H_Khi A 2006)

g. 2 x x 4.2 x x 22 x 4 0 (H_Khi D 2006)
k. 2 x x 22 x x 3 (H_Khi D 2003)
i. 3.16 x 2.8 x 5.32 x
2

S: x=1, x=1.
S: x=1.
S: x=0, x=1.
S: x=1, x=2.

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Gv: Trn Quang Thun
Tel: 0912.676.613 091.5657.952

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1
x

1
x

Phng trnh Bt phng trnh h phng trnh M_Logarit

1
x

j. 2.4 6 9
Bi 2: Gii cc h phng trnh sau:
5 x y 125

4 x y 128

a.

b.

53 x 2 y 3 1

2
4( x y ) 1 1

2 x 2 y 12
x y 5

c.

log 2 x 2 y 2 1 log 2 xy

d.

3x

xy y 2

(H_Khi A 2009) S: (2;2), (2;2)

81

x 1 2 y 1

e.

(H_Khi B 2005) S: (1;1), (2;2).

2
3
3log 9 9 x log 3 y 3

1
log 1 y x log 4 y 1
f.
4
x 2 y 2 25

(H_Khi A 2004) S: (3;4)

23 x 5 y 2 4 y

g. 4 x 2 x 1

2x 2

(H_Khi D 2002) S: (0;1), (2;4).

Bi 3: Gii v bin lun phng trnh:

a . m 2 .2 x m.2 x m 0 .

b . m.3x m.3 x 8 .

Bi 4: Cho phng trnh log 32 x log 32 x 1 2m 1 0 (m l tham s). (H_Khi A 2002)

a. Gii phng trnh khi m=2.
3
b. Tm m phng trnh c t nht mt nghim thuc on 1;3 .

S: a. x 3 3 , b. 0 m 2

x 1
x
Bi 5: Cho bt phng trnh 4 m. 2 1 0

16
.
9
b. nh m bt phng trnh tha x R .

a. Gii bt phng trnh khi m=

Bi 6: Gii cc phng trnh sau:

a. log5 x log5 x 6 log5 x 2

b. log 5 x log 25 x log 0,2 3

2
c. log x 2 x 5 x 4 2

d. lg( x 2 2 x 3) lg

e. log2x1(2x2+x1)+logx+1(2x1)2=4
f. log 22 x 1 6 log 2 x 1 2 0

(H Khi A_2008) S: x=2; x=5/4.

(H_Khi D 2008) S: x=1, x=3.

x
x
g. log 2 4 15.2 27 2 log 2

1
4.2 3
x

x3
0
x 1

(H_Khi D 2007) S: x=log23.

Bi 7: Gii bt phng trnh:

a. 2 log 3 (4 x 3) log 13 2 x 3 2

(H Khi A_2007) S: 3/4 x 3.

x 2 x
log
log
b.
0
0,7
6
x 4

(H_Khi B 2008) S: 4< x < 3, x > 8.

x
x 2
c. log 5 4 144 4 log 5 2 1 log 5 2 1

(H_Khi B 2006) S: 2 < x < 4.

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Tel: 0912.676.613 091.5657.952

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x 3x 2
0
x
2

d. log 1
2

Phng trnh Bt phng trnh h phng trnh M_Logarit

(H_Khi D 2008) S: 2 2;1 U 2; 2 2 .

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Gv: Trn Quang Thun
Tel: 0912.676.613 091.5657.952