CHAPTER DESIGN. OF HORIZONTAL VESSELS WITH: SADDLE SUPPORTS . he wslection ofthe type of support fora pressure vessel is dependent on several variables, suth a2: the size of the ‘ess, ita wall thickness, the floor space available, the ele~ ‘Yation: of the vessel in relation to thé ground or floor, the Inateriale of construction, and the operating temperature. ‘Horizontal cylindrical pressure vessels. are commonly sup- ported by saddle supports or cradles. Jf the underside of the reste is to be located only a short distance above the ‘grado line, stan] saddles resting:on the top of concrete piers thay be used. When vessels are clovated; a strneturalstee frame nay be used to support the saddles or cradies, If two edjully spaced supports ave used, the Toad resulting from the weight of the vessel ants contents will be equally divided even though one support, may settle more than the fother: Since the loads may not be equally divided after the supports seitle if more than two supports are used, the two-upport system his an advantage over a system ‘employing a larger number of supports. ‘Figure 11.1 shows a group of horizontal butane and gasoline atorage tanks each 12 ft in diameter by 120 fb long supported on two saddles. ‘Horizontal vessels when resting on saddle supports such ‘os shown in. Fig. 112 bebave aa beams. Ar analysis of thestreses induced inthe shell by the supports was reported by Zick (168) who developed: equations for the stresses Ziok’s relationships contain empirical constants determined | experimentally.» By using this method of analysis fol~ Towing stresses can be evaluated: 2 The tangential shear stress. 3 The ciroumferential stress at the horn of the saddle. 4. Tho additional stress in the head used as a stiffener. ‘For steel vessels. “The saximaon unstiffened length of the veso between the dads, the ring com {nthe shell over trams On force acting agaiiis of. “may.also be “in selecting the location of saddle supports itis preferable so che iimeoion les than dimension in ocr to take syethtage ofthe siifening effect ofthe head. Dimension aaremtue selete to that A= DAR. Dimeasion A should ce neced 206 of dimension 1 otherwive the atesies ‘ulin fom cantilover action wil be excessive, ins ical ese with dished lores at the ons may be inated a9 on uivalent cylinder having length Rar co (E-4 $52) where Lis the distance between the qngunt Hines of the veel and H isthe depth ofa dished. cance This approximation atmunes that the weight of {he head and the duid contained in the head ig equal (ee haste of the weight of eyinder of length Hand the Maid contained inte "This approsination is valid for reophereal heads and optical dsbed hoods and ean be renclvtrated by oo of Eq. .14for an elliptical closure fora 100n-inmeter veszl- ¥ = (0,000076)(100)* = 7603 “The depth of dish, from Fig. 5.7, 3 ID/t = 95 ia. ‘The reanelof « cylinder 100 in, in diameter and 25 in. deep Thitvea fe ‘The rato ofthe volume of the head to the volume of the cylinder i 6/14 oF ¥6- ‘Th weight of the fluid and the vessel may betonidered 1 bea uniforin load equal to the total waight divided ‘by the equivalent length. of eae ei ay where 19 = uniform toad, Ib per ftYA where Ris the radius of the vessel in feet. {= length of veel, engect 1 tangent eet We depth of head, feet © = tool oad per saddle, pounds tote weight dided by two radlay of vencl, foot be wicths of sel. for width of concrete for formed conzele sda; mckes. rads of vena, char 1 = shal thine, chen = foto incuded angle, degrees » = load per ent tegth, pounds tt In the loaded condition the shell, over the distance L, behaves ae. uniformly loaded beam. The load of the head {Introduces a shear lond at the janction of the heads and the oylinder equal to 34Hw: This load produces a vertical couple acting at a distance of $4 from the point of tan- oney and a horizontal couple actinig with « lever arm of 11.1 LONGITUDINAL BENDING. STRESSES As in the ease of an overhanging beam with two supports, two maximum bending moments exist in the longitudinal direction of the vessel. One maximum occurs over the saddle supports, and the other maximem oooars in the center of the vessel span. The shell acts as a beam over the two ‘supports under the uniform load. of the vessel and its con- tents, as shown in Fig. 11.3. ‘The maximum moment over the supports, Me, may be dotermined by referring to Fig. 11.3 and by taking bending. ‘moments about the center of reaction, Q, over the distance H+ Vertical shear moment = ##fw(4) counterclockwise Vertical couple = $41u(##) counterclockwise otra memes = wt (8). ete Hon ean ta!) dette ‘Therefore HA, AP _ (= 1} Men oA EO) Suetittng a, 11.1 for we obtain 14, Rae ee ny i+ My =0A|1 3aw te Ee eg —F eee va ie i Mi Late ead ad eactone (ee) seawe BagE aol pe Cendng-ncoet dagen te ig. 11.8. Cyindcal shell acing on beate over wepers cecrding, fonZike(L4SL.(Couteny of American Welding Secaty) ‘The maximum bending moment at the center of the span fa determined by taking the summation of the bending moments about the saddle over the distance H+ L/2. Tmaddition to the moments over the distance H+ A is the moment: 24) (L=24\ _,&— 2a)? o 3 z ‘Taking-a summation of those moments with due regard {for signs gives the moment M, at the center of the span, or Gu ty, At oe ee ee me ~ [| aus) ‘To determine the stress the moment of inertia of the shell rust be evaluated. Above each saddle support ciroum~ ferential bending moments are produced which permit the vunstifened upper portion of the shell to deform. This deformation makes this portion of the shell ineffective as a beam and reduees tho effective cross section in the same mapner as if a horizontal section were cut from the vessel some distance above the saddle. Tho are A measured from both sides of the center line of the saddle up to these ctitious “outs” defines the effective cross stotion of the ‘vessel, shown in Fig. 114 ‘By Eq. 9.15 the moment of inertia, Iz, of the are of the- shell in the lower two quadrants included: by angle 22 is: eam? [antaas -m [2 sean] Longitudinal Bending Stresses. 205 ‘Tho centroid of the shell included in angle 24 is located a distance of r(sia 4/4) from the 2-2 axis (where A is meas- ured in radians), ‘Therefore the moment of inertia of the arc of the shell about its own centroid (cent, is: Tuan. Te — AEE ~oefSt5se4] - (sf an() 1 con a — 2 A wfarmamast2] * ona ‘The seetion modulis, Z, for the side in tension at the saddle gen E em MA sin 8 cov ~ 2a? 4/4)] @ (sin. 2/A) —F eos & achat — run / 4 a5 aon aa |. ; Th ee ae ge: IL and ry [ Se sin cos A = 20cin® a/aY piy| St sin A one = 20cint V/A) [ (Gina) — cos A Ae 20] 4a(, 27 Et eae” wrt | LD 4H jin 2 HME ae Seefon A-A Figs, Skateh of effective orec of shall vader beam cet (48) (Courtny of Amarlcan Welding Soety)es y f 206 Design of Horizontal Vessels with Saddle Supports Values of A/C ven Boe EE itwouo. 7 SH oe SF FS Lee limos ‘iL=0: F ul ul | 2 19) 10 Rtg ‘os oa a6 ae aa oa uno 2 0 ai=o0s wiL=010 Fag Pa eg ag Wig Wig Ry Sg Bey Cy Me Mee Values of A/L when R= 217 Re: 11. Foto longi! bending moment contents K;ond Ks 165). [Courter of American Welding Seiatyd — x -|4 z a7 aa tas aoa 2 Greama a Ina iron, wing Ege 1.20815, wo dat as) aus) ‘Values of Ky and Kz for diferent design proportions can be obtained from. Fig. 1S (165). Jn Fig. 115, Ky is. plotted for the condition of Hi = R when fi governs, and: K; Tor the condition of H = 0 wien fa governs. These ‘approximations simplify the caleulations and give conserva tive designs. Te should be noted that Eq. 11.9 was obtained by dividing. the maximum bending moment by the corresponding section: modulus axial stress ‘pounds per equare inch ‘The stress 20 obtained will be the maximum {in the shell due to ending asa beam. ‘This maximum bending stress may be sither tension or compression. ‘The tensile stress as obtained by Eq. 11.6 oF 11.8 when combined with the axial stress due to intemal pressure- should not exceed the allowable tensile stress of the material * times the efficiency of tho girth joints. "Kecording to Zick (165) the compressive stress as deter~ ‘mined by Eq. 11.60 11.8 when combined with axial pressure stress should not exoced one half of the compression yield point of the material or the value given by: Sate, = XY whee ¥ = 1 for! 2 60 21,600 L = 0 tek > iaa00 + oe X= (..000.000 ) ¢ — #100! X = 15,000 for! z 0.015 Y Equation 11.10 is applicable when = (2.16) ) oe cons ¥% in, (166.oar __ | pee ae f f mine Flo. 16 Sheor diogram for shell famed wiring (168). (Cour rr of American Weldiag Society) Tyshould be noted thatthe reduction in compression stress su result of elastic instability is not a factor in a vessel hich is designed for pressure-or in which t/r 2 0.005. Consideration must be given-to the stress due to bending ‘moment before adding the stress due to internal or external pressure: This is especially important, when the combined ‘streae is less than. the bending stress: before: internal. or external pressure i-epplied. _. 12. TANGENTIAL SHEAR’ STRESS: 12a Shell Stifened: by Ring in Plane: of Saddle. When the shell i held to a cyindrial shape, the tangential sear stress varies asthe sine of the central angle, dy meas- ‘we fom the vertical. The maximum shear stress occurs at the equator. Tn this case the analytical solution is simple. et V = shear force a8 shown in Fig. 11.6. Then betweon spor Vn Q- WA +t +m where w = 20/(L + 8H) Ib per ft oF 20 Vn Ong eA tH tm) Caren t tt” AL the saddle, where m= 0, : 7 a+ reg- OO Osean Fig. 117; Shear ond moment den or fot shall stfened. by cog 1551. (Counery ot Americon Welding Seca) Tangential Shear Stress 207 thea, peat tt. 9 (L—2A raat «oft A) cam Consider a cection of shell of longth de, as shown.in Fig. ALT. From Eq. 2.10 1-8 ean) By Eq. 25 . £ ae = vz as) Teert (0 9.16- (Lda) y= reoss ans dh = tal =tedp ans, dP = aaa ans) On section ABDC the moment at Ais M, and at CD is (4 d¥f). If the element. WAO on the ring fom —6 to -+@ is daolted, Doxural fore. will exist on the ends, and longi shine Fors on the radial planet W and; ‘as shown ia Fig. 1L8. ‘By a stati balance of fores, chown in Fig. 1.8, EF, =0 Byda +Bapda —Dpdd +27 = 0 ‘where is the total longitudinal shear force on the section and 0. Substititing By. 1.16 into the above equation and can coling terms, we have: JaP = fdf da = —20 aLin Substitating Eqs. 1112, 11.13; and 11.14 into Eq. 11.16 urivess +4 ¥ 008 ape [wa [renee - made 2 na208 Design of Horizontal Vessels with Saddle Supports , Haasan iY gl T1.8. Shear onside of alam shown Figs 117. where AP is the change in the longitudinal force an the por- tion WWAO per unit length of the ting. AP is balanced by the longitudinal shear on a unit length fof the radial sootions WV and O. Substituting Eq. 11.18 into Ba. 11.17 gives 24 = (2)(unit shear) = _—s Unit shear = Ven an.19) Ifa shearing stress occurs.ata given point on a plane ina stressed. hody, there must exist a shearing stress of equal ‘magnitude at that point on:a second plane at right angles to the fiat plane (281). ‘Since the shear has the same intensity on adjacent edges of the rectangular element, the nit shear on. the ends of the: free body WAO at the points W and O ako equals (V sin 6/7), and its direction is normal to the radial planes and is, therefore, angent to the shell, oF Vain « tu a120) whore ¢, = transverse tangential sheur per unit Iongth of are ‘The shear force a: is tangent to the shel at all points and ‘varies from zero at the Lop toa maximum at mid-point, and back to zero at the bottom, ‘The summation of the vertical components of the trans- ‘verse tangential shonrs on both sides ofthe stiffener gives Q. For this cose: the term V in Eq. 11.20 is replaced by Q and the vertical component in sin $ times the shear. oft traattlg seam) ag (UL21) ‘The tangential transverse shear stress at: any point on a section on both sides of the stifener is: pw Vises, O[b~2a i ie ml o+a rl Koos —24 =a fom HQ [Ea 2h 8) (1.22) where K.-S (11.23) For the maximum value offy,sin @ = L.and Ky = [x = 0319. The value for Kis independent uf 8, the angle of contact with the support saddle For design purposes the value of fa should not exceed the allowable tensile stress of the material times 0.8, oF fa = 08 X allowable tensile stress of material. 11.25. Unstiffened Shell with Saddles Away from Head, ‘When the shell of the vessel is free Lo deform above the saddle, the tangential shear stresses act on a reduced effec live cross section, and the maximum stress occurs at the hhorn of the saddle. Here the shears are proportional to but act only on twice the are given by (8/2) + (8/20) or — a. This angle is the assumed position at. which maximum tangential shears occur on r shell which fe free to deform above the saddle. and beyond the influence: of the head. Zick reported (165) that this assumption. was verified very closely by strain-gauge experiments, Fig. 11.9 represonts a section. taken in the plone of the saddle for a shell with supports away fromthe head. Ifa portion of the shell is noneffective, as shown ia- Fig UL, the shénr 6; is increased. in the effective. portion. ‘Since the summation of the vertical components must still: ‘equal the vertical load Q the shears will be increased in. inverse proportion to the integral of the function, or sin? 6d "sin? ode [E_ Is 2 exmaidoned) = eatin ‘The sheve stress f, will then bez Qsin aaa = Meese) (a2) 25) Lacon of suined pont of 1g.11.9._Locowof anumed pot! of maximum shear in vstifeed set (EI. (Courteny of American Weldlg Society)| | | sty serene For design, fe $ 0.8 X the allowable tensile stress of the material. "The maximum shear stress occurs at the-point of max 1m shear, of where @ = sa Foatinacsa y= Values of K; are given in Fig. 11.10: 11.2c_ Shell Stiffened by Head. When the saddle sup- ports are located near the head, the tangential shear stresses fre first carried from: the saddle to the bead. Then the toad is transferred back to the head side of the saddle: by tangential shear stresses which act on an are of angle larger than the angle of contact of the saddle. Here the shears. vary as the sine of gy. ‘The.angle gz varies from (x — a) om ‘Above angle a these shears are directed downward and ‘vary a8 the sine of gr from 0 to a. Belowangle e they are Aireeted upward, om the head side of the saddle. This cam: be represented as shown in Fig: 112. ‘In order to have static kalance at the let of section A~A. of Fig. 11.11, the downward forces must bolance the upward. forces. Fw enn 2 [28H ce 2 e seeomel rL2 z Frat case $5 sin dy con |” Slee le La sin coma) 125) m9 ” SE " Eo) Ex le : 27 Kt | im NI Bear os v6 G7 bd OF WO TL 12 1 LA LS 16 Kandy pc t1Al0: Veber Ky ond Ks 8.0 fncon of veda enol 8 creme tnettnetindte A q fl I i .. Sse el ‘Shear cigram wen ‘ein ear head Fig VLIL:. Shear in elstifened by heed (1651. (Courtany of Amara. Walang Saciey) ‘The shear stress in the head is: noe eee fe oe i czy Jon sarsran nso = OE” 128 ‘Values of Kas a function of @ are given in Fig: 11-10: 113° CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS AT HORN: OF SADDLE ‘The theoretical analysis leading to the determination of ‘the circumferential stress at the horn of the saddle has not ‘been carried out successfully. ‘The maximum stress occurs entiah Shear, Whon a stiffening zing is used to restrain the sbell from deforming above the saddle, the mathematical analysis ‘of the bending moment due to tangential shear can be solve- "The one-half are of Fig. 14.12 is in equilibeium under the faction of the forees shown. From symmetry the vertical Shear is zero both at point A and at point C. Atany point, Y, the shear oy is= = 2S per wait length of 1x0, oF for a length of are dd i ot = Seingat ™210° Design of Horizontal Vessels with Saddle Supports 1(1-cos 9) read, mn nn mat Sanu” Fg. 11.12. Forceroctng ov oneholf reo hl fend by ng plane ‘of sade (ISS. (Cormry of Americon Welding Scity) ‘The: x component of this shear 72 —(Q/2) sin cos Pdf. ‘The moment arm of az with respect to: N = F 008 ¥~ cos. d: The y component of this shear = vy = (Q/x) sin? dp. "The moment arm of wy. with respect to Nersing—rsiny. Therefore the moment of the-tan- sgential shear about IV is en far [° Sansa yrony roma = [OE sin grain ae Or by integration men X[1—ers—fan] aran As stated before, from symmetry, the-vertical shear is zero at both A and C. There are, therelore, only three unknowns acting on the free body,'Pi, Ma, and Mo, ‘Timoshenko has shown (eee Reference 29, Part TI, p. 68) that for a thin curved beam the small angle of rotation, Abs between iwo neighboring cross sections may be expressed as follows: Meat Ady = SE From symmetry about the vertical axis of the shell, the iiatlon af A and Care both sr, c. age gis Sit oor Stans Roark ins shown (ee Reference 166, p. 147) that the tal deflection ofan element in a curved beam may be ‘expressed as follows: en [ a Likewise, from symmetry: about the vertical axis of the shell, the horizontal movements of A and C ure hot zeto. =00r Manat if But di =rdg; therefore Pome eree } } Likewise, mal = r dé (r-cos $ —r cos 6). ‘Therefore: 1D, Mal a (ne 6 ~ on 1 = 0 Bat Saye = 0 terre au $ 11,008 606 0 aus “From a sac balance the total moment is: =M=0 My = —Py(l ~ cos $) + Ma + Za 2008 6 asin) (119) Subotitating Bq. 11.38 into Bq, 1.81 and fnlegratiog: from 0102 given issn p — 8 cos — 21 aus Subotituing Bq. 1.38 into Bq, 11.32 and intograting from 0 1 8 gives: =Prisin p= 4 — Ein 281 + Ma sin B Mtb sin 29 — Ya ome 28 +A — Bein] 135) —Pur(G — sin 8) + 8, ‘Simultaneous solution of Eqs. 11.84 and 11.35 gives: 28 sin 28 — 6? + 46% cos 23] 1.36) © issint a — P= 5S (sina| = ibsint a — toon 8+ 38 in — Ma = 3B sin" BOL — con 8+ 48 sin 8 — 4%) 28 sin B+ 48 008 (28 + sin 28 sin B+ cosA)} (11.37) Substituting Eqs. 11.36 and-1L.37 into Bq. 11.33 gives: Ma = 25 fon dint 8 — H9 sin 28 + $6" con. 26) “+ gin $8 + sin 29 — sin? 8) +48 cos 6028 + sin 28) ~ sin a¢é8 + $ sin 25 + cos 259) (11.98) where K sin? # — 38" — 38 sin 28 (1.39) 10 should be’ noted that X and the quantities in paren- theses in Bap. 1.36, 1.37, ond 11.38 ae functions of 8 and will have th same value forall values of 6 fora given saddle support. Values. of P,/Q and M./Qr computed. by the use of Eqs. 11.36-and 11.37 are given by the diagrams of Fig; 11.13, and values of My/Qrfor various values of @ and computed Dy the use of Eq. 11.88 are given in Fig: 1.14. ‘mine 1¢(winsp it) 2) oe Mp — Ker 34) the shell alone may not resist the circumferential beading moment. Ring stilfleners are then attached to the stell to alleviate the load on the shell. ‘The length 2 of the shell tbat will act wit cach stiffener can be assumed (162) to be equal to 0.78 Vr: Fig: 1.19 shows tro recommended types of intemal ring soup) Mens (sit Fg-t118; Londs and resco on sede (1651 (Coutny of Amgrican Weng Soo.)214 Design of Horizontal Vessels with Saddle Supports PHS ce etme SE Composite secton Ana Figs 1119: Example otra soning rng stiffeners, and Fig. 11.20° shows corresponding types of external ring-stiffeners. An inside ring stiffener is most desirable from the strength standpoint because the maxi- ‘mum stress is compression in the shell, which is reduced by the internal operating or test pressure, ‘An external ring stiffener is not very desirable from the: appearance standpoint and is even less desirable from the strength standpoint because the maximum stress: may be either compression in the outer lange or tension ia the vessel shell due to load Q. ‘The value of load P; om the top of the ring can be devel- ‘oped by a procedure identical to the one followed to obtain Bq. 11.86. If the radius of the ring is taken equal as tor, then: =O pesin? 8 — $8 sin 28 — Bt + 38 Pa 48 sin 28° — 8° + 48 cos 261 (Bee Bq. 11.36.) Pim Kid a4) where 1 ia:sin? 6 — 98 sin 28 — Bt +48 Kio = gag sin® B — BB sin 28 — 8 + 45% coo 28) 7 49) in which K = sin? 8 ~ 48% — din 28 aL.s9) ‘Values of P2/Q (equal to Kya) are plotted in Fig. 11.13. for several values of the angle 8. Likewise, the circumferential bending moment at the top. will be: = © fein* (1 — Lo08, sin 6 ~ 48 Ma = Eg bint BU — & 008 8 + 48 sin 8 ~ bt) — 8 sin 8 + 48 cos (9B + sin 28 — sin f+ co 8)] My = Kur aso) where =) fant att — heos sing - 484 Ku = 2g lan? a0 — boos 8 + 48 sin 6 ~ 48°) — FB sin B+ 48 00s 6(28 + sin 28 — 5 sin B + 8 00s A) Values of Bf4/Qr (equal to Ky) or plotted in Fig, 11.18 for several values ofthe angle 8. “The maximum cieumforental bending moment oseurs at the point at which ¢ = 8, as shown previously.. ‘Then by Eq. 1.40, My = Kile ‘The value of Xs is plotted in Fig. 11.15-as a function-of the angle of contact of the saddle, @. ‘The moment due to-the tangential shear at any point is siven by Eq. 11:20, or a= B (mre Sons) ‘The moment due to the tangential shene at the horm of the side will be: ta ~ Fea — cos 8 — 38 sin Op = KuxQr ast) ‘Table 11.1 gives values of Kix for different values of 8. Consider now the sectioa of ring from tie vestical to the thorn of the saddle (at which the circumferential bending ‘moment is a maximum) under the action of the forces shown in Fig: 1121. ‘The load on the ving at tho horn-of the saddle can be dotermined by taking moments about the center, 0. P+ Pae + My = Ma + Mon Pym Lita + Me Ms) Pi 152) Substituting Eqs. 11.50, 1151," 1140, and 11.48 into Bg. 11.52 gives: Pam K+ Ku — Ke Kul Peo KusQ (asa) ‘Table 11.1 gives values for Kis for several values of 8. ‘The stress on the ring will be the sum of the stresses due to the load Py plus the stress due to the circumferential Fo. 1.20, Exempla of exterelstifenng noe.Table 1.1. Approximate Values of Constants for the Evaluation of Ring Stresses a6 kn Ku Kw Ke Ki 1590 0.089.286 —0.152 0.082 0.102 129 120 0.02 0.169 0°100 0.0528 0.056 105 150 0.012 0.119. 0-078 0.0316 0.021 50. 180 0.006 0.0664 0.057 0.017 0.0008 moment My or as) where A, = cross-sectional aren of the cing siffene, square inches. Fm section modulus of the ving When n rings ace used." a Hid 5 ae fo a (155) ‘Wher the ring is attached: to the outside surface of the sipll adjacent to the saddle or tothe inside surface ofthe shell directly over the dle, the maximum combined stress isa compressive stress in the shell fie being negative. Fee design Zick comments thatthe maxinsum combined compressive stress resulting from liquid lond and pressure should not exceed one half the compression yield point of the material (163). The maximum combined tensile stress. resulting from liquid load and pressure should not exceed the allowable tensile sicess of the material. V7 DESIGN: OF SADDLES ‘The saddle must be capable of resisting the ln imposed by the vessel. Fig. 11.10 indicates the radial-tond condition ‘acting on a saddle, To resist the horizontal components ofthese radial loads, the saddle mast be designe Lo prevent feparation of the horns of the saddle when the vesse is carrying a full quid load. Therefore, at the lowest point of eithera sector conorete saddle a minimum erose-sectional aren must exist sucient to resist the horizontal components of the reactions, A summation of the horizontal compo nants on one half of the saddle ia given by: = co 8H Y in oe on [2 (eterno 94 = 005 + 008.8 feet a) seo -o[=t in? — cos ¢ cos 8)" = of Lege stants Saint FB sin B cos 8, = KuQ sey * When two ciecumferentil sifuing rings per sade are tached to the sell one on each side of sve) the inion spacing between the rings should be 1.56 -V/rl inches, and the: maximum spacing, R fet. Tick’s Nomogroph 215 shee 1 cos 8 ~ bia? fe 37 Xs B+ sin B cos 8 Ce Acconting to Zick th eective section of the sede eit ing this horizontal fore shouldbe lnited toa distance of riSsbalow the shall at the lowest pont of the sade. "This: ‘Sine ceticton shoold alo apply to the reinforcing stel ross sell in a concrete sade. ‘The averge dexga Sires shoul be inte to two thirds of the allowable ene Sites ofthe saddle materia Fora sulle whore 8 = 150%, Lp cos 120" — Hsin? 120° — (120/186) +, sim 120° cos 120° ae 50°, 120°; and Kua ‘Similarly, for a saddle where-@ = Kus = 0.260 11.8 ZICK’S. NOMOGRAPH FOR AID IN: THE DESIGN: ‘OF VESSEL SUPPORTS. As an aid in the design of supports for horizontal vessels, ick (165) has presented the nomograph shown in Fig. 1.22, ‘which indioates tho most economical locations and typos of supports for vessels on two supports. The nomograph is: besed on a liquid density of 42 Ib per ou ft. If liquids of different. densities are involved or different materials of construction are to bo-used, a preliminary design may be ‘obtained by use of tie figure. Large-diameter vossols constructed of thiti-wall material ‘should: be supported near the closures provided. that the- sholl can support. the load between the saddles. The closures muat be stiff enough to transfer the load to the: saddles. Thiek-wallod hocizontal vessels are sometimes too: long toast assimple beams. According to Zick such vessels should be supportod where the maximum longitudinal bend- ing steeas in the shell at the saddles is about equal to: the: maximum: longitudinal bonding stress at the mid-span. ‘Tho shell must be stiff enough to resist this bending and ‘to tranafer the load to the saddles. If the shel is unable: ee 12%. Forces on ing sioner216. Design of Horizontal Vessels with Saddle Supports woe ie we xt atta et 7 a a see th ial le 70 tea oo fa oetede a nicer 2 Then sonny ces a Eno wa wx al foo Fig. 1122. tection end type of wpport for horizontal pres vets on two nppors by LP Zee (15S, (Cuteny of American Welding Sole) to provide the necessury slifness, cing stiffeners should be: added near the saddles. 11.9 EXAMPLE CALCULATION OF STRESSES: Estimate the stresses induced by the supports in a veosel, designed for storing lube ol and having the following design data: Lubeatl AP gravity 16.5 Working pressure 15 pst . Design pressure 90 psi. ‘Design temperature 500° F Material 5A.285, Gre C Allowable working stress 15,80 pst Joint efcincy 20% Corrosion alowanoe sein, Shell diameter (1D) wre Shell thickness (neluding corrosion llow- anes) min. Head thickness Gnctuding.orrosion al- ; owance) win. ‘Tangent length an Bearing-plate width, 6 10'n. Heads litical dished, 3:mio employed ‘To analyze the type of support to be employed for s porting the vessel, use is made of Fig. 11.22. By entering the tigure with a shell-thickness vaiue of $6 in. (with allow ‘ance for corcosion) and with a tangent length of 68. found that the resulting zone indicates that A/R S05 swith @ equal to 120° and that the head-plate thickness should be cheoked.. For this vessel R = § ft; therefore A will be: taken. 8 216 ft (4 R) in order to take advantage of the stiffening effect of the head. ‘A sketch of the vessel with 120° saddle supports is shown in Fig. 11.23. Following is the calovlation of the weight of one head of the vessel. From Fig. $.12 the required blank dismeter for ‘4 120-in,-diameter elliptical dished head is about. 152: in. ‘Tho weight of the plate is: (152)%075)(490) he (4)(0728) eee “The weight of toed s 7200 I, The tell weight HIONH(O7 9H 65500‘The volume of one bead is given by Eq. 5.14, Y eommre a ~ pera? Teton lant de woken sss Renae 120 69 = sive Thetotal volumes: - 262 +5340 = 5600 eu ft ‘The density of the fluid is 59.7 Ib-per eu ft. ‘The total weight of the fluid (vessel fully = (59.7)(5600) = 334,000.15 ‘The weight of the vessel and its contents = 334,000 4 65,5004 7700 = 407,200 Therefore @ (load pee saddle) = 204,000 Ib and Hx _2s Baran B= 0.0008 Mezimam longitudinal bending stress: ‘The saddles are located-cloge to the heads of the vessel. ‘The maximum. longitudinal bending stress exists at the: center of the span betwoon: the saddles and: is given by Bq. 1. y £3K,Q0 Amt 9 From Fig. 11.5 Ke = 032 E therefore fy = LPO. L204 000,68) i ‘¥(60)*(0.625) = £14920 pt Since U/r = 0.625/60 = 0.0104 >'0.005, the compression. stress is not a-factor in the design. Zp = longitudinal pressure stress By Ea, 3.15 (90)(120) Hhe0.20)(0.625) Sa + Sp ~ 10820 < 0.8fatow, ~ 11,000 psi Tangential shear stress: As the head serves to stifen the shell, the tangential heat strasa in the head is iven by By. 1127. OKs a9 fe = 5400 psi Be 3 fm Example Colevlation of Stresses 217 From Fig. 11.10 and with @ equal to 120° Ke = 088 : therefore if = 20,000,088) fe eny0.825) 4780 psi ‘Tho-tangontial shear stress in the shell is given by Eq. 11.28; and as fen equals leas the shoar stress in the head ‘equals the shear stress in tho shell. ~ ok re 9) Cireumferental stress at horn of sate: Since the shell is stiffened by the head and since L > 82, Eq. 11.42 gives the circumferential stress at the: horn. of the saddle. - te = 4780 psi eee EEE eae Mb 156-2 From Fig. 1.16, A/It = 05, and 6 = 1209: therefore fea Ky = ons For the condition in which no Gredit fori taken for the: vwear-plate thickness, = 204,000 bo (H(0.625)I10 + 156 (GO(0.625)), 800.013) (204,000) B)(0.625)* = —4180 — 10,180 14360 pst ‘The maximum permissible stress equals: 12,650 1.25 = 15,800 As the stress fr is lest than the allowable sess, itis not necessary to take credit for the wenr plate. cee s ‘Steen do ig. 11.23. Sheth of vena in example colon,218 Design of Horizontal Vessels. with Saddle Supports Additional sires ie head use as sifener: ‘The additional stress induced in the head when it asa silfener ia given by Eq. 1LMK, is used Fs From Fig. 11.17 and with equal to» 120° Kj = 080 Unerefore = 204.000°0.40) _ (60) 0.8% For an eliptical dished head (i = 2.0) the maximum pressure stress may be taken as equal to the cirewmferential hoop stress in the shell (see Chapter 7 and Eq. 7.57). From By. 737 fe 2180 psi By Eq. 7.56- Va dete) = 10. Using a one-piece head, we find that = 1.0. = 201120) +.(0.2900.625)} Ue @UO O85) oar PROBLEMS: ‘The maximum combined sires in the end equals: 2180 + 8650 = 10,830 pat ‘The maximum allowable stress inthe hex (212650(1.25) = 15,800 psi Ring compression in shelt over saddle: ‘The etrese in the shell band directly over Une- saddles sivon by Ey. 11.46. OKs i156 Vr) From Fig. L117 and with @ equal to 120° Ky = 076 (204,000)(0.76) (o.sasyfio + 1.56 V(60) (0. = 12,700 psi ‘Theallowable stress equals the yield point divided by two: According to reference 67 the yield point of SA-285, Grade C. ‘steel equals $0,000 psi. Therefore 30,000 2 1 allowable stress = = 15,000 pai 1. Rocaleulate the stresses in the vesol described in the example caleulation (see Hig, 11.28) {it the shell and head thickness is 346 tn. rather than In reference to Fig. 11, the horizontal torags tenk is 12f, 0 jn, in inside diameter x 120 {t,0in.long. The vessel is used totore butane at 100 psi and 400" F and has elliptical dished heads. ‘The heads and shell have a thicknoss of 13{¢ in. with a }4-in. corrosinn allowance. [Assume the mds ace located 80 ft apart, #equala 120", wear-plate width equals 10 in. wear plate thickness equals-% in., and:the werr-plate extends 6 jn. above the horn of the saddle. AAssuvne the vasiel is fabricated of ASTMA-285, Grade C steel with a joint elliciency of 90%, ‘and calculate the stresses ia-the shall and heed for the casein which ioternal stilfeners are not ‘med. 3, Redesign the storage vessel described in problem 2 fer gasoline storage at $0 psi and 400° F using internal stiffeners in the plane ofthe saddle (see Mig. 11.19), ASTMA-285, Grade C steel, a jolnt ofcieney of 80%, and no corrosion allowance. 4, Design the concrete saddles forthe vessel deseribed in problem 2, and specify the area ol rinforeing steel if a 1:2}4:334 eoncrate mix is wsed (see Table 10.1).“FLUOROGOLI ssoe LT 7 ee I € tt accd cr ont eho maxiaun 2 reer steed 1 n.) aedhmmin) sooo] | ALLOWABLE : a weeven pro | OCT) PRESSURE 01 aa “200 500 1000 1500 ‘2000 348 6.88 103 a8 PRESSURE (PS MPa) sp 200-1000 100" 200 300 ay 1130-73-18 38g 180205 eiPeneTuse @ SPECIAL EPOXY BOND CCT TeSTON 3 EPOXY AOD 5 “riborocolo” : TO STEEL at & + . 4 Te Oo eda attse aot en tt atta so 1080 {EPL RATURE @"FLUOROGOLD® SURFACE (TIC) ‘SPEED nmin) fom min)