Components of a communications

system:

Input transducer: The device that converts a physical

signal from source to an electrical, mechanical or
electromagnetic signal more suitable for
communicating.
Transmitter: The device that sends the transduced
signal
Transmission channel: The physical medium on which
the signal is carried
Receiver: The device that recovers the transmitted
signal from the channel
Output transducer: The device that converts the
received signal back into a useful quantity

Communication systems

Digital

Analog

What is Modulation ?
Modulation
In the modulation process, some characteristic of a highfrequency carrier signal (bandpass), is changed according
to the instantaneous amplitude of the information
(baseband) signal.
Why Modulation
Suitable for signal transmission (distanceetc)
Multiple signals transmitted on the same channel
Capacitive or inductive devices require high frequency AC
input (carrier) to operate.
Stability and noise rejection

Types of Analog Modulation

Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Amplitude modulation is the process of varying
the amplitude of a carrier wave in proportion
to the amplitude of a baseband signal. The
frequency of the carrier remains constant.

Frequency Modulation (FM)

Frequency modulation is the process of varying
the frequency of a carrier wave in proportion
to the amplitude of a baseband signal. The
amplitude of the carrier remains constant

Amplitude Modulation

Carrier wave

Baseband signal

Modulated wave

What is Demodulation?
Demodulation is the reverse process (to
modulation) to recover the message signal
m(t) or d(t) at the receiver.

AM Modulation/Demodulation
Channel

Source

Modulator

Baseband Signal
with frequency
fm
(Modulating Signal)

Sink

Demodulator

Bandpass Signal
with frequency
fc
(Modulated Signal)z

Original Signal
with frequency
fm

Amplitude Modulation
The amplitude of high-carrier signal is varied
according to the instantaneous amplitude of the
modulating message signal m(t).

Carrier Signal:

cos(2 f ct ) or cos(ct )

Modulating Message Signal:

The AM Signal:

m(t ) : cos(2 f mt ) or cos(mt )

s AM (t ) [ Ac m(t )]cos(2 f ct )