L THUYT NG PHP MNH

QUAN H
I/ NH NGHA
Mnh quan h (relative clause) l mt mnh c dng
cung cp thng tin cho mt i tng. i tng c cung cp thng
tin c gi l tin ng (antecedent), v c th l danh t hoc mnh
. Mnh quan h c cu trc:
Tin ng + i t quan h + Ch ng + ng t chnh +
Cm t sau ng t
Trong nhiu trng hp, i t quan h, ch ng hoc cm t sau ng
t c th khng xut hin trong mnh quan h.
VD: The man who lives in this house is a doctor.
Dch: Ngi n ng sng trong cn nh ny l mt bc s.
Phn tch: Cc thnh phn trong mnh quan h trong cu
bao gm:
- Tin ng: the man.
- i t quan h: who.
- Ch ng: khng c.
- ng t chnh: lives.
- Cm t sau ng t: in this house.
VD: They asked me to go away, which was very rude.
Dch: H yu cu ti i ch khc, tht l bt lch s.
Phn tch: Cc thnh phn trong mnh quan h trong cu
bao gm:
- Tin ng: they asked me to go away.
- i t quan h: which.
- Ch ng: khng c.
- ng t chnh: was.
- Cm t sau ng t: very rude.
VD: He is reading the book that you bought .
Dch: Cu y ang c quyn sch m bn mua.
Phn tch: Cc thnh phn trong mnh quan h trong cu
bao gm:
- Tin ng: they book.
- i t quan h: that.
- Ch ng: you.
- ng t chnh: bought.
- Cm t sau ng t: khng c.

II/ CC LOI MNH QUAN H

1/ Mnh quan h ch ng l mnh quan h m trong tin
ng l ch ng ca hnh ng trong mnh quan h, ni cch khc
l trc tip thc hin hnh ng trong mnh quan h. Cc i t
quan h c s dng trong mnh loi ny bao gm:
- Which c ngha l ci m hoc th m, c dng khi tin ng
khng phi l t ch con ngi.
VD: The cat which is lying on the roof is mine.
Dch: Con mo m ang nm trn mi nh l ca ti.
Phn tch: Mnh which is lying on the roof ni v hnh
ng is lying on the roof m trong tin ng the cat l ch
ng.
VD: They asked me to go away, which was very rude.
Dch: H yu cu ti i ch khc, tht l bt lch s.
Phn tch: Mnh which was very rude ni v hnh ng
was very rude m trong tin ng they asked me to go
away l ch ng.
- Who c ngha l ngi m, c dng khi tin ng l t ch con
ngi.
VD: The man who lives in this house is a doctor.
Dch: Ngi n ng sng trong cn nh ny l mt bc s.
Phn tch: Mnh who lives in this house ni v hnh ng
lives in this house m trong tin ng the man l ch ng.
VD: She is talking to the student who achieved the highest score
in the last exam.
Dch: C y ang ni chuyn vi ngi hc sinh t c im
cao nht trong k thi va ri.
Phn tch: Mnh who achieved the highest score in the last
exam ni v hnh ng achieved the highest score in the last
exam m trong tin ng the student l ch ng.
- That c th c dng vi nh which v who.
VD: The cat that is lying on the roof is mine.
Dch: Con mo m ang nm trn mi nh l ca ti.
VD: The man that lives in this house is a doctor.
Dch: Ngi n ng sng trong cn nh ny l mt bc s.

2/ Mnh quan h tn ng l mnh quan h m trong tin

ng l tn ng ca hnh ng trong mnh quan h, ni cch khc
l chu tc ng ca hnh ng c thc hin bi mt i tng
khc trong mnh quan h. Cc i t quan h c s dng trong
mnh loi ny bao gm:
- Which c ngha l ci m hoc th m, c dng khi tin ng
khng phi l t ch con ngi.
VD: The movie which you talked about yesterday is very good.
Dch: B phim m bn k ngy hm qua rt hay.
Phn tch: Mnh which you talked about ni v hnh ng
you talked about m trong tin ng the novel l tn ng.
VD: He is reading the book which you bought .
Dch: Cu y ang c quyn sch m bn mua.
Phn tch: Mnh which you bought ni v hnh ng you
bought m trong tin ng the book l tn ng.
- Whom c ngha l ngi m, c dng khi tin ng l t ch con
ngi.
VD: The man whom I talked to last night is a teacher.
Dch: Ngi n ng m ti ni chuyn ti hm qua l mt gio
vin.
Phn tch: Mnh whom I saw last night ni v hnh ng I
talked to last night m trong tin ng the man l tn ng.
VD: I didnt see the girl whom you told me about at the meeting
yesterday.
Dch: Ti khng thy c gi m bn k vi ti ti bui gp mt
ngy hm qua.
Phn tch: Mnh whom you told me about ni v hnh
ng you told me about m trong tin ng the girl l tn
ng.
- Trong nhiu trng hp, ng t, tnh t hoc danh t trong mnh
quan h cn phi i vi mt gii t xc nh tn ng ca hnh
ng. Khi , gii t c th c t cui mnh hoc trc
i t quan h. i t quan h trong trng hp ny c th l which,
whom, preposition + which, hoc preposition + whom.
VD: The man to whom I talked last night was Henry.

hoc: The man whom I talked to last night was Henry.

Dch: Ngi n ng m ti ni chuyn ti qua l Henry.
Phn tch: Tin ng the man ng vai tr tn ng trong hnh
ng I talked last night, v ng t talk phi i vi gii t
to xc nh tn ng.
VD: The researches which he was famous for have many useful
applications in different fields.
hoc: The researches for which he was famous have many
useful applications in different fields.
Dch: Tin ng the researches ng vai tr tn ng trong hnh
ng he was famous, v tnh t famous phi i vi gii t
for xc nh tn ng.
VD: The person to whom I was an ally betrayed me.
hoc: The person whom I was an ally to betrayed me.
Dch: Ngi n ng m vi ti l ng minh th phn bi ti.
Phn tch: Tin ng the person ng vai tr tn ng trong
hnh ng I was an ally, v danh t ally phi i vi gii t
to xc nh tn ng.
- That c th c dng nh which v whom, nhng ch trong trng
hp ng t, tnh t hoc danh t trong mnh quan h khng i vi
gii t xc nh tn ng.
VD: He is reading the book that you bought .
Dch: Cu y ang c quyn sch m bn mua.
VD: The man that I talked to last night is a teacher.
Dch: Ngi n ng m ti ni chuyn ti hm qua l mt gio
vin.

3/ Mnh quan h b tr l mnh quan h m trong tin

ng c mt mi lin h vi c hnh ng trong mnh quan h.
Cc i t quan h c s dng trong mnh loi ny bao gm:
- When c ngha l m ti , c dng cung cp thng tin v
mt hnh ng din ra ti mt tin ng ni v thi im.
VD: I still remember the time when most people in the city still
used bicyles.
Dch: Ti vn cn nh ci thi m hu ht mi ngi trong thnh
ph cn dng xe p.
Phn tch: Mnh when most people in the city still used

bicyles cung cp thng tin v hnh ng most people in the

city still used bicyles xy ra ti tin ng the time.
VD: Im looking forward to a day when people will be judged by
their character instead of their skin color.
Dch: Ti ang mong i ci ngy m mi ngi s c nh gi
da trn nhn phm ca h thay v mu da.
Phn tch: Mnh when people will be judged by their
character instead of their skin color cung cp thng tin v hnh
ng people will be judged by their character instead of their
skin color xy ra ti tin ng the time.
- Where c ngha l m ti hoc ni m, c dng cung
cp thng tin v mt hnh ng din ra ti mt tin ng ni v a
im.
VD: A boarding school is a school where all students study and
live throughout the school year.
Dch: Trng ni tr l trng m ti tt c hc sinh hc tp
v sinh hot trong sut nm hc.
Phn tch: Mnh where all students study and live
throughout the school year cung cp thng tin v hnh ng
all students study and live throughout the school year din ra
ti tin ng the school.
VD: She still visits the town where she used to live sometimes.
Dch: Thi thong b y vn v thm th trn ni m b y tng
sng.
Phn tch: Mnh where she used to live cung cp thng
tin v hnh ng she used to live din ra ti tin ng the
town.
- Trong nhiu trng hp, mnh quan h cn phi c mt gii t
xc nh mi lin h gia hnh ng trong mnh quan h v tin
ng. Khi , gii t c th c t cui mnh hoc trc i
t quan h. i t quan h trong trng hp ny c th l which,
preposition + which, whom, hoc preposition + whom.
VD: The big tree which we used to chase each other under was
cut down.
hoc: The big tree under which we used to chase each other
was cut down.
Dch: Ci cy to m chng ti tng chi ui bt vi nhau di
b cht xung.

Phn tch: Gii t under c dng xc nh mi quan h

v khng gian gia tin ng the big tree v hnh ng we
used to chase.
VD: 40 is the age which aging begins at.
hoc: 40 is the age at which aging begins.
Dch: 40 l tui m s lo ha bt u.
Phn tch: Gii t at c dng xc nh mi quan h v
thi gian gia tin ng the age v hnh ng aging begins.
VD: This is the pen which he signed the contract with.
hoc: This is the pen with which he signed the contract.
Dch: y l cy bt m ng ta dng k bn hp ng.
Phn tch: Gii t with c dng xc nh mi quan h
cng c - hnh ng gia tin ng the pen v hnh ng he
signed the contract.
VD: You need to understand firmly the process which arguments
are made through before reading argumentative documents.
hoc: You need to understand firmly the process through which
arguments are made before reading argumentativedocuments.
Dch: Bn cn phi hiu r quy trnh mt lp lun c to nn
trc khi c cc vn bn ngh lun.
Phn tch: Gii t through c dng xc nh mi quan h
v qu trnh mc tiu gia tin ng the process v hnh ng
arguments are made.

4/ Mnh quan h s hu l mnh quan h m trong tin

ng c mt mi lin h gn gi vi ch ng hoc tn ng ca hnh
ng trong mnh quan h. Mi lin h trong mnh loi ny c 2
dng:
- Ch ng hoc tn ng ca hnh ng thuc s hu ca tin ng.
- Ch ng hoc tn ng ca hnh ng l mt c im hoc tnh cht
ca tin ng.
Cc i t quan h c s dng trong mnh loi ny bao gm:
- Whose c ngha l m ci g ca ngi trong trng hp tin
ng ch ngi, hoc m ci g ca n trong trng hp tin ng
khng ch ngi.
VD: The students whose phones ring during lectures will be
asked to leave the room.

Dch: Nhng hc sinh m c in thoi reo trong gi ging s

c yu cu ra khi phng.
Phn tch: Mnh whose phones ring during lectures ni v
hnh ng phones ring during lectures c thc hin bi ch
ng phones, v ch ng ny thuc s hu ca tin ng the
students.
VD: She had to pay the repair fee to the man whose car she
crashed yesterday.
Dch: C y phi tr tin sa xe cho ngi n ng m xe b c
ta tng vo ngy hm qua.
Phn tch: Mnh whose car she crashed yesterday ni v
hnh ng she crashed yesterday. Hnh ng ny c tn ng
car, v tn ng ny thuc s hu ca tin ng the students.
VD: The book whose author won a Pulitzer has become a
bestseller.
Dch: Quyn sch m tc gi ca n thng gii Pulitzer tr
thnh mt quyn sch bn chy.
Phn tch: Mnh whose author won a Pulitzer ni v hnh
ng author won a Pulitzer c thc hin bi ch ng
author, v ch ng ny l mt c im ca tin ng the
book.
VD: Baseball is a game whose rules I dont understand much.
Dch: Bng chy l tr chi m lut ca n th ti khng hiu r
lm.
Phn tch: Mnh whose rules I dont understand much
cung cp thng tin v hnh ng I dont understand much.
Hnh ng ny c tn ng the rules, v tn ng ny l mt c
im ca tin ng a game.
- Of whom c ngha l m ci g ca ngi . i t ny ch
c dng khi tin ng l t ch con ngi.
VD: The students the phones of whom ring during lectures will
be asked to leave the room.
Dch: Nhng hc sinh m c in thoi reo trong gi ging s
c yu cu ra khi phng.
VD: She had to pay the repair fee to the man the car of whom
she crashed yesterday.
Dch: C y phi tr tin sa xe cho ngi n ng m xe b c
ta tng vo ngy hm qua.

- Of which c ngha l m ci g ca n. i t ny ch c dng

khi tin ng khng phi l t ch con ngi.
VD: The book the author of which won a Pulitzer has become a
bestseller.
Dch: Quyn sch m tc gi ca n thng gii Pulitzer tr
thnh mt quyn sch bn chy.
VD: Baseball is a game the rules of which I dont understand
much.
Dch: Bng chy l tr chi m lut ca n th ti khng hiu r
lm.

5/ Mnh quan h rt gn l mnh quan h c cu trc khng

y . Cc dng mnh quan h rt gn bao gm:
- Mnh quan h c dng Tn ng + i t quan h + ng t
th ch ng c th c vit gn li thnh Tn ng + ng t +
ing.
VD: The man who is sitting on the rock is my father.
hoc: The man sitting on the rock is my father.
Dch: Ngi n ng ang ngi trn tng l b ti.
VD: The woman who lives near my house walks to work every
day.
hoc: The woman living near my house walks to work every
day.
Dch: Ngi ph n sng gn nh ti i b n ch lm mi
ngy.
- Mnh quan h c dng Tn ng + i t quan h + ng t
th b ng c th c vit gn li thnh Tn ng + ng t
qu kh phn t.
VD: Yesterday I read a book which was written by Hemingway.
hoc: Yesterday I read a book written by Hemingway.
Dch: Hm qua ti c mt quyn sch c vit bi Hemingway.
VD: The man who was bitten by the snake is in hospital now.
hoc: The man bitten by the snake is in hospital now.
Dch: Ngi n ng b cn bi con rn gi ang trong bnh
vin.