.

: f x
x A f ( x ) = f ( x )

:
y' y .

: f ( x) = x 2

f ( x ) = x 2 , > 0

x x
f ( x) = ( x) 2 = x 2 = f ( x) .

: f x
x A f ( x ) = f ( x )

:
(0, 0).

: f ( x) = x 3

x

f ( x ) = x 3 , > 0

x
f ( x) = ( x ) 3 = x 3 = f ( x ) .

37

(
: f ( )
, x1 , x2 x1 < x2

f ( x1 ) < f ( x2 ) .

: f ( x) = x 3
:
x1 < x 2 x1 < x 2 f ( x1 ) < f ( x 2 )
3

: f ()
, x1 , x2 x1 < x2

f ( x1 ) > f ( x 2 ) .

: g ( x ) = 2 x + 3 :
x1 < x2 2 x1 > 2 x2 2 x1 + 3 > 2 x2 + 3 g ( x1 ) > g ( x2 )

: .

38

1. ( ),
()
.

2.
: =

f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 )
.
x1 x 2

> 0 .
< 0 .
= 0 .

x1 < x2 x 2 x1 > 0
f ( x2 ) f ( x1 ) ( x 2 x1 )
.

39

( )
: f x o ,
xo A x f ( x) f ( xo ) .

: f ( x) = x 2 + 1 x 2 0 x
x 2 + 1 1 f ( x) 1 x o f ( xo ) = 1
xo 2 = 0 xo 2 = 0 xo = 2 . , f ( x ) f ( 2) x ,
(2, 1).
: f x o ,
xo A x f ( x) f ( xo ) .

: f ( x) = x 2 x 2 0 x
x 2 0 f ( x) 0 . x o f ( xo ) = 0

xo = 0 xo = 0 . , f ( x ) f (0) x , (0, 0).

2

40

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
x .
6. ,
.

41

f ( x ) = x + ( )

y = x + , > 0
.

y = x + , < 0
.

y = ,=0

f ( x) = x 2 ()

y = x 2 , > 0

( ,0] , [0,+ )

(0,0)

y = x 2 , < 0
( ,0] , [0,+ )

(0,0)

42


f ( x) =

, x 0 ()

(0,0)

y=

, > 0

( ,0) , (0,+ )

y=

, < 0

( ,0) , (0,+ )

43

1.
i).

f ( x) = 4 x 3 + 5 x

ii).

f ( x) =

5x 5 4 x 3
x2 + 7

3x 2 x

iii).

f ( x) =

iv).

f ( x) = x 2 + x + 2

v).

f ( x) =

vi).

f ( x) = 4 x 2 + x 1

vii).

f ( x) = 2 x 2 3x

viii).

x 2 , x < 0
f ( x) = 2
x , x 0

4x +3

2x 2 + 3
x2 2

i).

. , x , x
f ( x) = 4( x) 3 + 5( x) = 4 x 3 5 x = (4 x 3 + 5 x) = f ( x) .

ii).

x 2 + 7 0 x . , x , x
f ( x) =

5( x) 5 4( x) 3 5 x 5 + 4 x 3
5x 5 4 x 3
=
=

= f ( x)
( x) 2 + 7
x2 + 7
x2 + 7

.
iii).

4 x + 3 0 x . , x , x
f ( x) =

iv).

3( x) 2 x
4 x +3

3x 2 x
4x +3

= f ( x) .

. , x , x

f ( x) = x 2 + x + 2 = ( x + 2) + ( x 2) = x + 2 + x 2 = f ( x)

44


x 2 2 0 x 2 0 x 2 2 x 2 =

v).

2 , 2 . , x , x

f ( x) =

2( x ) 2 + 3 2 x 2 + 3
= 2
= f ( x) .
x2 2
x 2

x 1 0 x 1 . , = [1,+ )

vi).

x , x . , f , .

. , x , x

vii).

f ( x) = 2( x) 2 3( x) = 2 x 2 + 3 x f ( x) . , f ,

.
. , x , x

viii).

( x) 2 , x < 0 x 2 , x 0
f ( x) =
=
= f ( x) .
( x) 2 , x > 0 x 2 , x > 0

2. f . : f (0) = 0

f , f ( x ) = f ( x ) x ( ).
x = 0 :
f ( 0) = f (0) f (0) = f (0) f (0) + f (0) = 0 2 f (0) = 0 f (0) = 0

3.
3
x2

i).

f ( x) = 1

ii).

f ( x ) = x ( 4 x)

iii).

f ( x) = 2 3x 1

i).

f *= {x / x 0} x1 < x2 x 2 x1 > 0

45

f ( x 2 ) f ( x1 ) = (1

=3

x 2 x1
2

x1 x 2

=3

3
x2

) (1

3
x1

+




( x 2 x1 )( x 2 + x1 )

x1 x 2



) = 1

3
x2

1+

3
x1

3
x1

3
x2

= 3(

1
x1

1
x2

f ( x 2 ) f ( x1 )

x 2 + x1 .
x1 < x 2 < 0 x1 + x 2 < 0 f ( x 2 ) f ( x1 ) < 0 f ( x1 ) > f ( x 2 ) , f
( ,0)
0 < x1 < x2 x1 + x 2 > 0 f ( x 2 ) f ( x1 ) > 0 f ( x1 ) < f ( x 2 ) , f
(0,+ )

ii).

f (. = ) x1 < x2 x 2 x1 > 0
f ( x 2 ) f ( x1 ) = x 2 ( 4 x1 ) x1 ( 4 x1 ) = 4 x 2 x 2 4 x1 + x1 = ( x1 x 2 )( x1 + x 2 ) 4( x1 x 2 )
= ( x1 x2 )( x1 + x 2 4)
2

x1 < x 2 2 x1 < 2 x 2 2

x1 + x2 < 4 x1 + x2 4 < 0

f ( x2 ) f ( x1 ) > 0 f ( x1 ) < f ( x 2 ). , f ( ,2]

2 < x1 < x2 x1 > 2 x2 > 2 x1 2 > 0 x 2 2 > 0 . ,
: x1 + x 2 4 > 0

f ( x2 ) f ( x1 ) < 0 f ( x1 ) > f ( x2 ). , f ( 2,+ )

iii).

f : 3 x 1 0 x

1
1
, = [ ,+) .
3
3

1
x1 < x 2
3

1
3 3 x1 < 3 x 2 1 3 x1 < 3 x 2 1 1 3x1 1 < 3x 2 1 0 3x1 1 < 3x 2 1
3

0 3x1 1 < 3x2 1 0 3x1 1 > 3 x2 1 2 f ( x1 ) > f ( x 2 )

1
, f [ ,+ )
3

46

1
x1 < x 2 x 2 x1 > 0
3

f ( x2 ) f ( x1 ) = (2 3x2 1) (2 3x1 1) = 3x1 1 3x2 1

=

( 3 x1 1 3 x 2 1) ( 3 x1 1 + 3 x 2 1)
3 x1 1 + 3 x 2 1

(3x1 1) (3x 2 1)
3x1 1 + 3x 2 1




3( x1 x 2 )

3x 1 + 3x 1
1 2

( 3 x1 1) 2 ( 3 x 2 1) 2
3 x1 1 + 3 x 2 1

< 0 ,

1
f ( x 2 ) f ( x1 ) < 0 f ( x1 ) > f ( x2 ) . , f [ ,+ )
3

4.
i).

f ( x) = 3 x 2 + 1

ii).

f ( x) = 2 1 x

iii).

f ( x) = x 2 2 x + 11

,
0 .
, .
x 2 0 x 1 x 0 x
f (x ) .

i). f (. = ). x ,

3 x 2 0 3 x 2 + 1 1 f ( x) 1 f ( xo ) = 1 3 xo 2 + 1 = 1
3 xo 2 = 0 xo 2 = 0 xo 2 = 0 xo = 2 . , f ( x ) f ( 2) x .
, f xo = 2 f ( 2) = 1 .

ii). f 1 x 0 x 1 . , = ( ,1] . x ( ,1]

47

1 x 0 1 x 0 1 xo = 0 x0 = 1 . ,
f ( x ) f (1) x = ( ,1] . , f x o = 1
f (1) = 2 .

iii). f (. = ). x ,
f ( x) = x 2 2 x + 11 = x 2 2 x + 1 = 10 = ( x 1) 2 + 10 10 f ( x) 10
f ( x o ) = 10 ( x o 1) 2 + 10 = 10 ( x o 1) 2 = 0 x o 1 = 0 x o = 1

, f ( x ) f (1) x . , f x o = 1
f (1) = 10 .

: f ( x ) = x + , f ( x) = x 2 , f ( x) =

, ( x 0)

1.

f ( x ) = x + ()

2.

f ( x ) = x 2 ()

3.

f ( x) =

, ( x 0) ()

>0

<0

= 0

> 0 ( ,0]

[0,+ )

< 0 ( ,0]

[0,+ )

> 0 ( ,0)

(0,+ )

< 0 ( ,0)

(0,+ )

5. :

f ( x) = x 4 + 3

x 4 0 x 4 x 4 = x 4 f ( x ) = x 4 + 3 = x 1

x 4 < 0 x < 4 x 4 = x + 4 f ( x ) = x + 4 = 3 = x = 7

x 1, x 4
, f ( x) =
x + 7, x < 4

48


o f ( x ) = x 1 x 4 y = x +
= 1 > 0 [ 4,+ )
o f ( x) = x + 7 x < 4
y = x + = 1 < 0 ( ,4)

f ( ,4) f [ 4,+ ) , f xo = 4
f (4) = 4 4 + 3 = 3 . (4, 3).

6. : f ( x) = (1 ) x 2 .

f (. = )
f f ( x) = x 2 = 1

> 0 1 > 0 < 1 1 < < 1 f ( ,0] f

[0,+ )

< 0 1 < 0 > 1 < 1 > 1 f ( ,0] f

[0,+ ) .

= 0 1 = 0 = 1 = 1 f ( x ) = 0 f
.

49

2 x 4, x < 0
7. f ( x) = 2
x 0
x ,

. (. = )
f ( x) = 2 x 4 x < 0 y = x +
a = 2 < 0 ( ,0).
:

-1

-4

-2

f ( x) = x 2 x 0 y = x 2
= 1 > 0 [0,+ ) .
:

y = 2 x 4

y = x2

, = , f ( ) = ( 4,+ ) , !!!.

50

1
x ,
x < 1
2
x , 1 x < 0
8. : f ( x) = 2
x , 0 x < 1
1
x 1
,
x

. (. = )
f ( x) =
y=

1
x < 1 x 1
x

a = 1 > 0 f (,1) [1,+ ) .

-1

-2

-1

2
1
2

1
2

f ( x) = x 2 0 x < 1 y = x 2
a = 1 > 0 f [0,1)
:

f ( x) = x 2 1 x < 0
y = x 2 a = 1 < 0 f [-1,0).

-1

-1

, :

51

y=

1
x

y = x2

(1,1)

y=

1
x

y = x2

(-1,-1)

f (x ) :
(1, 1)
(-1, -1)

: =

: f ( A) = [-1, 1]

(0,0), .

!!

x + 1,
x 1

9. : f ( x) = 2
x , x > 1

.
x + 1, 1 x < 0
f ( x) = x + 1 , x 1 1 x 1 : f ( x) =
x + 1 , 0 x 1
2
x , x < 1
2
f ( x) = , x > 1 x < 1 x > 1 : f ( x) =
x
2 , x > 1
x

52


x + 1,
x + 1, 1 x < 0

0 x 1

, : f ( x ) = 2 ,
, =
x < 1

x
2
x >1

,
x

f ( x ) = x + 1 1 x < 0 y = x +
= 1 < 0 f [ 1,0) . :

x
y

-1

f ( x ) = x + 1 0 x 1 y = x +
= 1 > 0 f [0,1] . :

f ( x) =

x < 1 y =
x
x

= 2 < 0 f ( ,1) . :

x
y

-1

-2

f ( x) =

x > 1 y =
x
x

= 2 > 0 f (1,+) . :
x

, :

53

(-1,2)

(1,2)

f (x )

(1, 2) (-1, 2)

: =

: f ( ) = (0,2]

!!!

f ( x ) > 0 x .
x' x.

, f (x )
y' y , .

54

1. y = f ( x ) + c, c > 0

2. y = f ( x ) c, c > 0

y = f ( x ) + c , c

y = f ( x ) c ,

c ,

y = f (x )

y = f (x )

55

:
y = 2x , y = 2x + 2 , y = 2x 3

:
y=

1 2
1
1
x , y = x2 + 2 , y = x2 3
2
2
2

56


3. y = f ( x + c ), c > 0

4. y = f ( x c ), c > 0

y = f ( x + c ) c

y = f ( x c )

c ,

y = f (x )

y = f (x )

c.

c.

57

:
y = x 2 , y = ( x 2) 2 , y = ( x + 3) 2 1

:
y=

2
2
2
, y=
, y=
2
x
x3
x+3

y =

2
2
2 y =
x+3
x

3 2 . = { 3}
x + 3 0 x 3 .

58


5. y = f (x )

y = f (x ) y = f (x )
x' x .

6. y = f ( x )

y = f ( x ) y = f (x )
y' y

59

f ( x) = x 3 + 1 , f ( x ) = x 3 1 ,

f ( x) = ( x) 3 + 1 = x 3 + 1

f ( x ) = ( x + 1) 2 = x 2 + 2 x + 1 ,
f ( x ) = ( x + 1) 2 = x 2 2 x + 1
f ( x ) = ( x + 1) 2 = x 2 2 x + 1

60

7. y = f (x)
f ( x ) , f ( x ) 0
: y = f ( x) =
f ( x ) , f ( x ) < 0

y = f (x)
y = f (x ) x' x

x' x x' x .

8. y = f ( x )
f ( x ), x 0
y = f ( x ) =
f ( x ), x 0

y = f ( x )
y = f (x ) y' y y' y

y' y .

61

. f ( x ) = x 1

. f ( x) = x 1

. f ( x ) = x 1

. f ( x ) = x 1

y = x 1

f ( x) = x 1

x 1, x 1
f ( x) = x 1 =
x + 1, x < 1

62

x 1, x 0
f ( x ) = x 1 =
x 1, x < 0

x 1 , x 0
f ( x ) = x 1 =
x 1 , x < 0
x 1 , x 1
x + 1 , 0 x < 1

=
x 1 , 1 x < 0
x + 1 , x < 1

63

1
. ,
x

10. : f ( x) =
:

f ( x) =

1
,
x 1

f ( x) =

1
+2,
x

f ( x) =

1
,
x +1

f ( x) =

1
2
x

1
x , x > 0
: f ( x) =
( x 0)
1 , x < 0
x

o y =
y =

1
(0,+ )
x

1
( ,0) .
x

o =
o f ( ) = (0,+ )

y=

64

1
x

f ( x) =

1

x 1

f ( x) =

1

x

.
o = {1}
o f ( ) = (0,+ )

1
x 1

x=1

y=

, f ( x) =

1

x +1

f ( x) =

1

x

.
o = { 1}
o f ( ) = (0,+ )

x = -1

y=

65

1
x +1

f ( x) =

1
+ 2
x

f ( x) =

1
2
x

.
o =
o f ( ) = ( 2,+ )

y=

f ( x) =

1
+2
x

1
2
x

f ( x) =

1
2
x

.
o =
o f ( ) = ( 2,+ )

y=

66

1
2
x


11. : f 1 ( x) = x 2 + 2 x + 1

f 2 ( x) = 2 x + 2

:
f 1 ( x ) f 2 ( x ) = ( x 2 + 2 x + 1) ( 2 x + 2) = x 2 + 2 x + 1 2 x 2 = x 2 1

:

x 2 1 0 x 2 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 :

f1 ( x) f 2 ( x) 0 f1 ( x) f 2 ( x)

x 2 1 0 x 2 1 x 1 1 x 1 :

f1 ( x) f 2 ( x) 0 f1 ( x) f 2 ( x)
x 1 x 1
f1 ( x),
, max{ f 1 ( x), f 2 ( x)} =
f 2 ( x), 1 x 1

f1 ( x) f 2 ( x)
.

67


12. () x .
().

x ,

1
.
x

1
1
, . :
x
x

1
1 1
( x, ) N ( , ) .
x
x x

1
1 1
1
1
, ( ) = ( x + ) 2 + ( ) 2 = ( x + ) 2 = x +
x
x
x
x x
x : ( ) = x +

1
.
x

x ( ) ,
f ( x) = x +

1
, x > 0.
x

f (x ) x > 0 .
0 < x1 < x 2 x 2 x1 > 0
x x + x1 x 2 x1 x 2
1
1
f ( x2 ) f ( x1 ) = x 2 +
x1 = 2 1
=
x2
x1
x1 x 2
2

+



x1 x 2 ( x 2 x1 ) ( x 2 x1 ) ( x 2 x1 )( x1 x 2 1)
=
=
.
x1 x 2
x1 x 2

+

68


, f ( x 2 ) f ( x1 ) x1 x 2 1 .

0 < x1 < x 2 < 1

0 < x1 < 1
x1 x 2 < 1 x1 x 2 1 < 0
0 < x 2 < 1

f ( x 2 ) f ( x1 ) < 0 f (0, 1).

1 x1 < x 2

x1 1
x1 x 2 > 1 x1 x 2 1 > 0 f ( x 2 ) f ( x1 ) > 0
x 2 > 1

f [1,+ ) .

1
1, f (1) = 1 + = 2 . ,
1

2 x = 1 .

: x +
x +

1
2 , x>0
x

x >0
1
2 x 2 + 1 2 x x 2 2 x + 1 0 ( x 1) 2 0 .
x

69


13.
: f ( x) = x + 1 2 g ( x) = 6 x 1

:
x 3 , x < 1
x + 5 , x < 1
g ( x) =
f ( x) =
7 x , x 1
x 1 , x 1

. ( -1).
, , , . ( x, y ) .
y = x + 5 y = x 3
y = x+5
x + 5 = x 3 2 x = 8 x = 4
y = x 3

, y = x + 5 y = 4 + 5 y = 1

, (4, 3) , (-1, -2), (1, 6).

(), ().
( ) = ( 1 + 4) 2 + ( 2 1) 2 = 3 2 + 3 2 = 18 = 2 3
( ) = ( 4 + 1) 2 + (3 + 2) 2 = 5 2 + 5 2 = 50 = 2 5

, = ( )( ) = 2 3 2 5 = 4 15 .

70

(-4,1)