Professional Documents
Culture Documents
תולדות הקולנוע מערך
תולדות הקולנוע מערך
-
.1860
' (1870) -
.
.
.
-' ) (1970
.
1915 - 1895
) (1891
. ,,
.
.
.
-
,1893 .
.
" " ,
.1895 ,
, .
,
.
,
.
" ".
, .
.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8doD2xdvF8I.
) (1895
. .
/ )(1895
.
feature=related&http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYpKZx090UE
/ ) (1895
.
feature=related&http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1dgLEDdFddk
/ ) (1895
.
/ ) (1895 .
.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZBWmIV5ELyc
/ ) (1895 .
.
feature=related&http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UlbiNuT7EDI
' :
'' " " 1904
. .
" " 1902
.
.
" " 1905
.
.
" " 1922
.
.
.
1911
.
' ' .
"
" 1915 ,
.
) (
) '( .
.
.
"
.
.
.
.
.
K.K.K. -
.
.
K.K.K. -
.
" " ) (1916
. ,
, , ,
.
.
"
,
. ),
, , (... .
" .
. '
.
' - ' ,
' .
.
.
, , . .
. '
: , ,
.
.
' - ' , .
" , '
.
" "
.
.
/ )(1925
.
"" .
" ,
.
.
) ( .
" .1925
:
,
.
.
"" "" ""
.
. " ".
' .
.
, .
.
, .
.
'
.
.
""
. .
.
/ )- (1928
" ,
' )
""( .
,
.
' . :
- . ,
, ,
.
/ . . ) (1926
. )
(
, )(
.
/
) (.
""
.
.
)
( . . , ,
, ... .
'
:
, , .
,
.
, , .
, ,
.
,
/ )(1928
.
.
.
,
.
) ( .
"".
, '
.
" " ) (
.
) (
,
.
" .
1927 - 1919 -
'
.
,
, .
.
,
.
"
.
, , ""
.
.
.
:
. , .
/ -
" "
, .
- /
.
, , ,,
.
,
.
.
.
.
) , , (.
.
.
" .
' .
) ,
, , , (...
.20 -
/ ) - (1914
.
"
.
,
.
' / ) - (1919
.
'
. ,
,
' .
/ ) - (1926 .
.
"
.
,
.
.
"
.
.
.
.
: , ,
,...
-
.
) , , (...
/ . . ) - (1927 ,
.
.
/' ) (1930
. )
(
.
.
,
.
.
/ )(1922
. ,
.
, ,
.
, .
,
.
. .
.
' ]1905-1934
' 1894-1979
1983 1900
1909
' 1963 1889
.
.
,
.
.
.
'
,
.
.
, . .
.
" "
. ,
, ,
.
' " "
,
, , ,
.
" "
.
-
.
,
.
,
1925
1927 '
'
1928
1931
" .
1936
,.
++ ,
1940
1948
1952
1957
1967
/ )(1935
. .
"
.
.
.
,
.
.
,1934 -
,
-
,
. , , ,
- .
:
.1 - ZOOM
C.U.
. .
.2
,
." "
.
.
.3 ,
.
.
.
.
.4
.
,
. .
:
.1 - .
.
.
.
.2 .
. ,
.
,
.
.3
.
) ( ,
, , ,
.
/' ' ) - (1940
' .
' ,
. ,
'
.'
' .
, ""
.
.
,
.
) (1994
/
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
) (1945 1927
,
,
.
,
' .
. .' . .
.
' . "
. ' .
'
.
' " .
' :
, , ,
, , , ,
. , , ,
.
'
. 1 - . '
" "]- .[1905
.2 -' , '
"-"", "",",".
"""+ "
'= +
.3 - , ,' .
, .
.
" "", "", ".
.4 - ' -
" "
':
-
' /'' ) (1926 ' )( " .
-
. .
,
. ,
.
.
/ ) - (1932
)
( .
.
,
. ' ,
) " (.
/ ) (1939
.
.
) '(.
, " " ,
.
, " ".
' )(
.
, .
'.
,
.
.
/ ' ) (1945
,
.
"
'".
.
,
.1927
" .
, .
,
.
' '.
-
' / ) (1939 '
"
.
.
" "
. " .
)'( .
/ ) (1940 ' ,
,
.
,
.
.
, .
/ -
/ ) (1939
.
. .
: " : " ,
" " .
" .
.
.
.
,
.
.
-
/ )- (1955
" "
.
. , '
.
- .
.
, ' )'
( , '
.
-3 -
.
.
.
, .
.
'
' ,
.
/ )(1926
/ )(1920
/ )(1942
/ )(1940
/ )(1959
/ )(1928
/ )(1939
/' )(1941
/' )(1946
/ )(1903
/ )(1927
/ )(1951
/ )(1932
/ )(1935
/ )(1939
39 / ' )(1935
/ )(1922
/ )(1939
/ )(1955
/ )(1928
/ )(1943
/
' /
/
/
/ 40'
/
/
/
/ '
/XXX
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/'
/
/
/
'
.
,
: .
,
.
. PCA
.
.1 : "" 1941
,
.
,
.2 " " 1994
VO .
.3 " " ] [
.
/ )(1942
" "
. , , ,
.
-
.
.
, ."
.
) (
' , .
.
' .
-
" ' .
.
40 - 20 - .
.
,
' 1899 '
. 1980
)
.
.'
, .
"" .
, .
"
.
1968
" " .
) ' '( .
.
.'
.
)" ( '
": , .
.
, " : " .
. , , !"
, '.
'
, . "" 1946
.
' , -
,
.
,
.
." '
,
. ""
.
, .
.'
, .
" " .
"" , ,
60 - ' .
' ' ,
. , .
? ? "
, , , , )( .
,
.
/ ' )(1960
' 800,000 13,000,000
,'
" . , :
, ,
.
"" , "
,'
.
CU ' .
. '
. '
) ( .
.
'
.' ,
"" .
.
.
.
.
"" .
,
.'
.
,
) ($ 40,000 .
.
. .
.
) ( , ,
.
, ' '
.
. ,
.
.
.'
.
.
, ' , ,
.
.
)
( .
, .
.
.
- ' .
""" " '
. "" ' ,
.
, .
. ,
) .
'.
. ,
"" ) , ,(
, " ) , " , , (
.
.
" , ,
" .
,
" " ""
"" .
.
' .""
' .
,
.
'
. '
.
" ' .
' .
-' 78 . , ,
, , L.S. .
' :
.
.
.
.
.
"" ,
'
.
.
.
) (
.
/ ' )(1948
"" '
.
'
. , ,
. '
.
.'
, .
. " "
.
.
.
.' ,
.
- ' .
, 88
.
,
' .
.
. , ,
.
, '
.
. -
' .
' .
- ' .
,
.' ,
. ,
.
'
.
" 1926"
,1926 "",
, '.
',
'.
' '
,
,'
:
.
"-1954 "
" . .
, .
..
' ' ,
,
. '
.
" ,
: , , .
' ? ".
:
.' '
CU , .
- '
'
, , '
. ' .
.
" 1958"-
, ,
, ,
,
. '
" "
" 1959 "
" , , "-'
,
' .
.
, ,
,
. ,
, 7 ,
,
, "" ,
' . '
""
, "
" .
'- , "" .
" ? " ,
-- , ' ":
" " "". ?",
!". ' :
".' .123
" "
: '1954 ,
)(
)(
. , ,
) , ( ,
: . :
,
. , .
. , , ,
. , , 35-
. ,
. ,
,- .
, .
.
. .
. , , ,,
, . , .
,
, . , , :
, , , .
: , , , :
" . " ' "
" . , :
. :
) ; , ,
( . , -
. , ' , ,
, , .
. , ,
. , ,
, .,
." " '
, .
. : ,
. ,
) , ( .
) , ( , :
, ,
, ,
- ,
. , ,
, ,.
' :
' . .
, . , .
' .
, , , ,
.
.
' , ) ( .
, ,.
' . ,
, , on screen .
' . ,
.
.
' ' . , , .
,
. . ,
. ,'
. , , ,
, . '
, .
" . " ,
' , , , .
, , .
.
Film Noir
" "
' , .
. ,
1941 1945 " , ,
.
, , .
,
: , .
, " "
) : ( . " " , ,
, .
,
) ( , .
. .
. ,
) ' ( ,
)" ,(1939-1945 .
" " ) ' ( , ,1941
) 1941
( ." " .
,
, .
.,
.
) 1933 ( " .
, .
30- .40- ,
' , " " ,
, " ".
.
.
.
. .
. ,
) ( . . ,
, . ,
, . , "
" , " " .
, , .
. " "
' , ,
.
. .
, , . .
,
, , ,
. ,
, - . . "
" " "
, , .
, .
, " " . " "
, .
, .
' )" "( ,
' , )" "( , )" "( .
' )" "" , "(.
'
. . ,
, ) ( .
. , ,
)( , .
, , .
" " " " .
, , .
. "
" '
, .
. .
, , . .
, , ,
. , ,
- , . " " "
" .
,
" " . " "
, .
.
- ' '
.
. , , "" .
, ,,
. " " ,
, . "
" ) ( ,
,
. ,
.
:
. 1933 ,
,
.
) ( .
,
.
)( , ,
.
:
, :
, .
, ,
.
: ,
' . , , , .
"" , , ,
." " ,
, , ,
.
:
. ' 1941 ,
' . 1974 ,
' / : .
" " .
, . " "
, .1958 , ,
. "'" , , 1974
, ,
, )( , .
, :
, ,
, .
, .
" " "'" .
:
. , , ,
. " " , , .
"'" .
, ,
, .
. ." "
.""
) ( .
.
. .
, .
. .
"" ) ' ,
" "( , .
. .
. .
. . .
.
.
)" "( '
)"'"(.
:
, ,1974 .1941
, ' ,
. "'"
. ,
, . , ,
, , ,
. .
. .
, )
( . ,
. ,
.
. , .
, .
. ,
, , , .
, ,
" ".
.
,
.
. "'" .
" " . ,,
.
' , ,
,
. ," "
,
.
"'" )(1974
.
.
. ,
.:
58 . ,
, .
. .
1972 ,
,
. .
1974 .
. ' .1963 ,
, .1968
.1968 .
. ,
, , .
, "'" , .,
. , , .
: . :
) ( , .
. .
"
. ,
,"
.
""
.
, ,
.
. ,
, , ,
.
:
. '
.
, ,
.
" "
.
,
, .
'.
B MOVIE ' .
" "
. ,
,
"
. ' '
' .
/ )(1947
" "
. , , ,
.
-
.
.
, ."
.
) (
' ,
.
.
' .
,
-
" ' .
.
40 - 20 -
. .
- voice over .
' .
/' )(1941
, ,
,
. , ,
,
.
-
.
.
, ."
. ' ) (
..
,
.
-
"
.
" .
40 - 20 -
. .
/ )(1942
" "
. ,
, ,
.
-
.
.
,
."
.
) (
,
' ,
.
.
'
.
-
"
' .
.
40 - 20 -
. .
/ ) (1950
.
)
( .
.
. .
.1950
.
-
.
.
'
.
,
.
'
.
" , "
1950 " " .
. .
,
"".
" . "
"" . .
,.
" " ,
. , .
. .
.
.
. ) ( ,
:
" "
" . "
:
" . ".
,
, " .
".
.
. ,
, .
, .
. ) (
.
' ' .
. .
.
) , ( , ,
, .
. )
( :
" .
"
" " ,
, ' , ,
. ,
,
: ""
, ' . , ,
," : - , " .,
, ..
,
"- "
.
:
:
" , 1920 ,
, 1922 ,
, 1927 ,
20 , " ,1-
.
.
.
.
, "
.
,
= to express .
:
- . - . ) (.
"" - ,'
.
""- , , -
-
.
.
- . ,
- )( ;
;
. , , .
- ) . , ,(.
- .11
-
.
- - ,
, . , -
" ,
,
- , . ) (
.
-'
.
- , .
.
.
- ,
,
.
, , , , .
, , .
, ,
. ,
- .
- ) (
. .
-
. ) (
- .
- .
, .
, - , ,
- ,
) (.
, , ,
.
- . , , ,.
- - . -
, ' .
,. .
-
) ( . ,
- ,
, , .
- , .
-
- . . '
.
- ,
.
- .
- )
( .
,
- . , .
- - , ,
, , , ,
- .
. - .
.
. - ,
.
:
- , , . . ,
, .
- , . . ,
- .
, . .
- ,
.
. ,
.
- -law key . .
-
- .
- ,
) ( .
) ( ,
) ( .
- . , , . ) (.
- , .
. ' .
- ) (
, , .
- , , , .
- , , ) ( .
, ' .
- , )
,( . -
.
- , ) . , -
(.
,
- , '.
-
) ,
- , , .
- , ,
, )
, (.
,1919) : (
' .
)' ( ." , ,,
.
,
,
) - ( ,
, . )
( id
)
.
,1927) : (
, .
,
.
- -
.
,
,
.
.
-
" ," '
,-
.
- .
- , .
- . ,1922) : (
) : (
:
- , .
,
"" ,
.
- , , , .
" ".
- ) ,
( , ) ( ,
) ,
(
-
-
.
- , , .
-
, ." "
- ( .
- -
,
. -
.
, - ,
) "" , ( - .
) ,
, " -( ,
) ,
( , ) "
" (.
, .
-
, , .
-
. ,
) , ( ,
. - ,
.
-
, -
.
)
-
,
( , - .
-
. -
.
, ,
-
. )(
-
.
:
' ) (
) (
) (
) (
:
. ' 1941 ,
. 1946 ,
. 1948 ,
. 1950 ,
. 1958 ,
:
' . 1974 ,
. .1981 ,
. 1982 ,
. . 1997 ,
. 2001 ,
" "
, )
" ( " " 18- .19-
.
" 50 40 " .
, , " , .
, ,
,
, .
, . , , .
- , ,
.
- , , . "
.
, -
- ,
,
)( , .
, .
" ".
.
, -
, . )
( .
) (
.
-
. .
.
.
- ,
.
.
- -
, .
.
- ,
. .
-
.
- . , , : . ,
.law key , )
, , " "(
.
,10:1
.3:1 ,
.
,
.
, -
. .
, , -"
.
- ,
,
-'
" " -
.
- , .
- )( .
.
, -
.
" .
,
.
:
- -law key .
.
- ,
.
- , ,
, .
,
, .
BODY HEAT
/
"
.
.1948
,
.
" " , ,.
.
. 1930 1934
" .
.
:
" " ; " ,
, , ".
" "
" "
" "
" "
" , ,' "
" ... "
" , "
" "
" "
" , , ,
, ,"...
" "
,
.
, , ...
"" ""
.
1966
" " .
" .
/ ) - (1959
'
.
.
) (
.
,
.
.
" : "
" : ".
.
/ ) (1966
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
/ 1942 - 1939
" " .
26
.
" "
.
'
,
.
1939
,
, ,
, ,
.
, " ,
" " .
" " .1939
.
.
.
,
,
.
' ' . ' ),
, , , ,(
'.
.
26 . 70
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
. .
.
.
.
. '
.
,
.
.
"
.
. ,
, .
.
" , , ,
, ".
. 1958
,
" . '
, ,
.
.
- '
. .
,
.
.
, "
"
.
" "
.
.
7'.
.
50
.
.
][
.
,
.1958
1950 - 1945
:
-
-
.
: .
.
,
"' ".
"" ""][1914
. . " ".
" " .
.
.
.
1945-1951 0 822
90 -.
'
][1989 1902 " -"
.
"
] [ ,
: ,
, , .
.
. . ] [
. -
" ". 1946
. : : , ,
.
. - .-
" , .
: , , ,
, , .
.
. 0 .
. ],[ .
.
. .
" "
.
" " ) (1945
,
.
" .
.
/ ) (1948
.
"
.
.
/ ) - (194
.
.
][1993 - 1920
" ,
. -
. .
. ?
". .
" " .
,
, ,
" ""
-
" - .
: ,
.
.
.
.
.
" "[]1972
.
][
' .
,
][1953
" "] [1957 -.
-
.
8 [1963]. .
.
" ' "] [1960 '
,' ,
.
400) 1959( ) 1963(
"400
" 1959
1963 ""
" . "
" . "
,
.
:
(1 .
(2 16" .
(3 ,
,
.
(4
, , ,
.
(5
.
(6
.
:
-
,
16 .
- ) -cinma :
-bibliothque ,(
.
, .
'
.
.
150 .
.
-
. ) ,
2-3 ( . -
) "( ,
" . " 1951
."
) , ,,
,( . , , , ,
1959 " "
" ".
/ - 1959
" " .
" " .
,
.
.
' , ' .
" "
.
" "
, " "
. 1959
.
" 400"
, .
" ".
" " / ) (1959.
,
. .
" ,
.
400 / ) (1959
)
' ( .
.
. .
.
, ,
.
/' ) (1960
. ,
, ,
. )' (
) ( )' (
.
.
/' ) - (1963 .
" "
: ,' ,
,
.
. "
. "
.
,
/ )- (1972
,
" "
, .
,
. .
1972
. .
.
15 .
. ,
" " ,
, ,
.
-
" "
. " "
' "
" " 400" .
.
.
.
" " "
" " " '
" ' " " 8" .
" "
' .
" - " .
" "
: ,' , ,
,' , ,' , .
1
2 -. .
3 - .
:
1948 16" .
.
" :
.
, ,
, , , , ,
... "] 1987
[26 .
.
-
,
, .
.1
, - .
.2 -
.
.
1930 1984 ,
, 14
18
. 50
" "
" ,
: ,
".
] [1972 .
.
15 .
.
,
,
.
. 1972
. .
, " "
,
,
,
.
" "
. "
" ' "
" " 400"
.
.
.
" "
" "
" " '
" ' " " 8" .
]." [
400 ":" ", "," 20
", "", ".
" ".
'
1930 ,
100 .
" "
1959 " ",
, .
,
: ] [ ,
, '
, ', 180
, ][
.
, -, , ' , .
" " .
,, .
1959-1968 , ,
1980- 1968 80
" ",
8 .
.
" "
" "
""", "", ".
-
/ Easy Rider 1969 -
-
,
-
,
.
- .
-
, '
' .
/' -
1974 A Woman Under the Influence
' ,
.
,
'
'
.
/ -
.1971 The Last Picture Show
'
,
. .
.
,
/ -
""
.
""
.
, CU .
MS
, ,
, LS
PEN
.TWO SHOT
.
, .
.
.
, .
.
.
. ,
.
* ' .
,,,
.
.
.
.
/
Rosemary's Baby
1968
'
-
.
.
,
"".
-
/ )- (1972
) (Jaws :
,1975 " .
' .
, ,
.
' ,
.
,
""
.
,
,1916
.
, ,
, ,
.
, , , .
, , .
, -
100 . 85- .
" " .1977
/' )- (1978
) (Star Wars
'' . ,
" "
" "( .1977
) ( ,
,
.
:
-
. ' )
' '(- , '
,
C3PO , ,R2D2
.
) ( ,
.
R2D2 -
.
) ( , - , '
, , ' .
, -
) ( ) ( .
"" ) '( - .
, ""
.
" " .
,' - .
,'' , ,
.31 , " "
. , ,
. ,
: , " " .
, . ,
)"-"( .
, .-
' . ,
. , ," ,20-
10- ,
. " " - .
.
. . ,
50- , .
. , -
R2-D2 .
,
, .
.
. "
- ". , , ,
" '"
"" . ,
.
. , , .
. 25
.
, )
(
100
)
4( . ,
,
. , .
,
, .
,
.
"" ,
.
.
. ,
" ."...
1999 - 1995 95
:
1995
"" .
. DV
,
.
:
.
. .
.
.
.
,
, .
.
' " ' .
, .
1 : 1.33
" - / )(1999
.
. .
.
.
.
,
, .
.
' " ' .
, .
1 : 1.33
"
" " .2000 "
DV ,
,
. """ , "
" ' .
" ,95
28
.95
,