ret 12 13 14 (Chapter) MODULATION ‘Types of Continuous Wave Modulation Amplitude Modulation Frequency Modulation Phase Modulation1 MODULATION = the process of altering a characteristic of the cartier in accordance with the instantaneous value of the intelligence signal Consider a general equation fora sine-wave cartier: f csin(ot +0) where stantaneous value peak value angular velocity (0 = phase angle ‘The characteristics of the cartier that can be vatied ~ amplitude = frequency ~ phase 1.1 TYPES OF CONTINUOUS WAVE, MODULATION ~ amplitude modulation = frequency modulation = phase modulation ) modulation 1.2. AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM) ~ a type of modulation where the amplitude of the cartier is made proportional to the instantaneous amplitude of the intelligence. Given 2 modulator, en AMPLITUDE, ewe lnueligence Signal —]_ MODULATOR [> AM Signal (Carier Signal Catrier signal ec = BesinogtMathematically, the AM signal is eam = Asinot where A= AM amplitude ‘exw = instantaneous value of the AM signal also, the AM amplitude will be A=Ey ten solving for the instantaneous value of the AM signal emu (Ee+ Eq sin@gt}sino,t eqn = Eesin0,t+ Eq sind tsindgt modulation using the trigonometric identity Sin AsinB = feos -B)~cos(A +B)} where we can let A=ot and B=ogt the instantaneous value of the AM signal is eam = Be sino,t +7 oolog 0, MODULATION INDEX ~ measure of the extent at which the carrier amplitude is varied.