Cc

giao thc nh tuyn

Border Gateway Protocol

TS. Trng Diu Linh

B mn Mng thng Gn & Truyn thng
Vin Cng ngh thng Gn
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Mc lc
Tng quan v BGP
Hot ng ca BGP
Cu hnh BGP

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Tng quan BGP

u BGP, vit tt ca t ting Anh Border Gateway Protocol, l
giao thc nh tuyn a min s dng trn Internet t 1994
u L giao thc nh tuyn lin vng (gia cc AS)
u Thuc loi path vector v nh tuyn da trn cc lut, chnh
sch ca qun tr hn l cc metrics ni vng
u Phin bn BGP hin nay l phin bn 4, da trn RFC 4271.
u BGP h tr nh tuyn lin vng khng phn lp a ch v
dng k thut kt hp ng i gim kch thc bng nh
tuyn
u V d: Mt mng chim 255 a ch lp C t 203.162.0.0/24 203.162.254.0/24 th ch dng 1 a ch 203.162.0.0/16
nh danh mng).
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Tng quan BGP

uNgoi vic s dng BGP gia cc AS, BGP cng c th
c s dng trong cc mng ring quy m ln do OSPF
khng p ng c.
uMt l do khc l dng BGP h tr kt ni n nhiu
nh cung cp dch v, cc nh cung cp dch v Internet
s dng BGP trao i ng i.

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V sao cn BGP
uKh c mt chnh sch v n v chi ph chung
(cost) gia cc nh cung cp dch v mng.
uC s d liu mng qu ln
uMng qu rng, kh hi t
u BGP nh tuyn theo lut
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Tng quan BGP

1

2
2.1

1.1

2.2
2.2.2

2.2.1

1.2
1.2.1
1.2.2

3.1

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3.2

Tng quan BGP

uKin trc logic Internet
Tier 1 ISP
Default-free with
global reachability
info
Tier 2 ISP
Regional or
country-wide
Tier 3 ISP
Local

Tier 3

Tier 2
Tier 2

Customer
Provider

Tier 1

Tier 1

Tier 2
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Tng quan BGP

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Tng quan BGP

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Tng quan BGP

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Tng quan BGP

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Tng quan BGP

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Tng quan BGP

Peering wars
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Tng quan BGP

Phn loi cc giao thc nh tuyn ng

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Tng quan BGP

u H t tr l mt min nh tuyn c cung cp mt ch s AS.
u ASN ch s c nh danh bi 16 bit nh phn. 64512-65535
c quy hoch ring.
u BGP cho php trao i thng tin NLRI (Network Layer
Reachability Information)
u BGP nh tuyn bng cch s dng cc thuc tnh ca cc
tuyn ng. Mi tuyn ng l danh sch cc AS cn phi
i qua.
u BGP thng xuyn trao i thng tin v cc tuyn ng vi
router xung quanh v thc hin lc, la chn tuyn ng tt
nht da trn cc thuc tnh ca cc tuyn ng.
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Tng quan BGP

Hot ng chnh ca BGP l trao i thng Gn
reachability gia cc AS
Thng Gn ny bao gm ng i cc AS m thng Gn
i qua
Router BGP qung b mt tuyn ng
Mt router BGP khi nhn c tuyn ng c th dng
n trong bng nh tuyn hoc khng ty theo cc lut u
Gn ca n.

BGP thc hin chuyn Gp hon ton theo a ch

ch v khng h tr cc lut khng da trn a

ch ch

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BGP
S dng TCP trao i d liu gia cc
router
Ban u BGP gi phn ca bng nh tuyn
tun theo export policy n cc nt khc
Sau BGP ch gi mt phn thay i cu
bng nh tuyn
Trong BGP khng c qu trnh update thng
xuyn
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BGP

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Cc bn tin ca BGP
uCc bn tin chnh ca BGP:
uOpen : Establish a peering session.
uKeep Alive : Handshake at regular intervals.
uNotification : Shuts down a peering session.
uUpdate : Announcing new routes or withdrawing previously
announced routes.

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Cc bn tin ca BGP
uCc bn tin ca BGP:
vc mang bi cc TCP segments s dng cng TCP 179.
vBn tin ln nht 4096 bytes v nh nht 19 bytes.
vTt c cc bn tin BGP u c chung mt header v ph
thuc vo cc header khc nhau m trng d liu c th
c hoc khng (sau header)

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Cc bn tin ca BGP
uCc bn tin ca BGP:
v1 Open; 2 Update; 3 Notification v 4 - Keepalive

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Bn tin Open
vSau khi kt ni TCP c m, mt bn in Open c gi
i t mi bn
v confirm cho Open, 1 bn tin Keepalive c gi tr li

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Bn Gn OPEN
My AS: s hiu ca AS gi
BGP indenGer: IP ca BGP gi
Hold Gme: Thi gian ti a m nt gi mun
duy tr lin kt m khng nhn c cc gi
Gn KEEP_ALIVE hoc UPDATE hoc
NOTIFICATION.

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RFC 4271

BGP-4

January 2006

information loops and some other anomalies may be detected and

removed from inter-AS routing.

Bn tin Update

An UPDATE message is used to advertise feasible routes that share

u Dngpath
gi
thng tinto
ng
i gia
cc
nt BGP.multiple unfeasible
common
attributes
a peer,
or to
withdraw
routes
from
(seei3.1).
Antnh
UPDATE
u Qung
bservice
cc ng
c cng
cht.message MAY simultaneously
advertise a feasible route and withdraw multiple unfeasible routes
u Withdrawn
gmmessage
cc b always
<Length,
prefix> the
m t
danh
from
service. route
The bao
UPDATE
includes
fixed-size
BGP
header,
and a
also
thechiu
other
as shown
below
(note,
sch cc
chincludes
prefix (vi
difields,
prefix trong
length)
s b
some of the shown fields may not be present in every UPDATE message):

rt khi bng nh tuyn.

+-----------------------------------------------------+
|
Withdrawn Routes Length (2 octets)
|
+-----------------------------------------------------+
|
Withdrawn Routes (variable)
|
+-----------------------------------------------------+
|
Total Path Attribute Length (2 octets)
|
+-----------------------------------------------------+
|
Path Attributes (variable)
|
+-----------------------------------------------------+
|
Network Layer Reachability Information (variable) |
+-----------------------------------------------------+
Withdrawn Routes Length:
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This 2-octets unsigned integer indicates the total length
of
the Withdrawn Routes field in octets. Its value allows the
length of the Network Layer Reachability Information field to

Bn tin update
Trng Path Attributes
vGm nhiu b 3 : <atttibute type code, attribute length,
attribute value>
vMi Attribute type code gm 2 byte c cu trc nh sau:

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Bn tin Update
v ngha ca Attribute Type code v Attribute value

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Bn Gn Update
Thuc ynh ORIGIN (Type Code 1)
0 IGP - Network Layer Reachability InformaGon is
interior to the originaGng AS
1 EGP - Network Layer Reachability InformaGon
learned via the EGP protocol [RFC904]
2 INCOMPLETE - Network Layer Reachability
InformaGon learned by some other means

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Bn Gn Update
Thuc ynh AS_PATH (Type Code 2)
Bao gm mt chui cc on m t AS path
Mi on m t AS path bao gm b 3:
<path segment type, path segment length, path segment value>.
Path segment type:
1: AS_SET: chui AS l khng sp xp theo th t cc AS i qua
2: AS_SEQUENCE: chui cc AS c sp xp theo th t i qua.

Path segment length: s AS trn ng nm trong path segment

value
Path segment value: Danh sch cc s hiu AS, mi s hiu 2 byte

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Bn Gn Update
Thuc ynh NEXT_HOP (Type Code 3):
Atribute value: a ch IP ca nt Gp theo
-----

Trng Network Layer Reachability

InformaGon:
Cha danh sch cc b <length, prex>
M t b prex cc mng ch tng ng vi path
c t pha trn.
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Bn Gn UPDATE
X l bn Gn UPDATE:
Cc tuyn ng c a ch ch c t trong phn
prex ca trng WITHDRAWN ROUTES s b loi.
Cc tuyn ng mi c c t trong NLRI s
c cp nht
Nt BGP thc hin li qu trnh chn ng
Decision process v p cc chnh sch :

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Chn ng s c dng nh tuyn bi router

ny.
Chn ng s c qung b.
Route aggregaGon.

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Bn tin NOTIFICATION
u Mt thng bo NOTIFICATION c s dng khi c li xut
hin khin cho phin BGP kt thc. Trong qu trnh thc
hin BGP c th c nhiu li xy ra

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Bn tin KEEP ALIVE

u thng bo KEEPALIVE khng cha d liu m ch cha phn
tiu

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Hot ng ca BGP

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BGP
Vic qung b ni dung bng nh tuyn tun
theo export policy
Vic cp nht ni dung bng nh tuyn tun
theo import policy
Vic la chn tuyn ng tt nht a
vo bng nh tuyn da trn cc thuc ynh
ca cc tuyn ng

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Cc thuc tnh ng i
Cc thuc tnh c chia thnh 4 nhm:
nhm well-known mandatory ,
well-known discretionary,
optional transitive v
optional nontrasitive.

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Cc thuc tnh ng i
Well-known mandatory: cc thuc ynh nhm ny l bt buc
v c cng nhn bi tt c cc router BGP.
Well-known Discre4onary: khng yu cu cc thuc ynh ny
tn ti trong cc cp nht nhng nu chng tn ti, tt c cc
router s cng nhn v s c hnh ng tng ng da trn
thng Gn c cha bn trong thuc ynh ny.

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Cc thuc tnh ng i
uOptional Transitive: Router c th khng cng nhn cc
thuc tnh ny nhng nu router nhn c thuc tnh
ny, n s nh du v gi y cp nht ny n
router k tip. Cc thuc tnh s khng thay i khi i qua
mt router nu thuc tnh ny khng c cng nhn bi
router ny.
uOptional Nontransitive: Cc thuc tnh ny b loi b
nu cp nht mang thuc tnh ny i vo router m router
khng hiu hoc khng cng nhn thuc tnh. Cc thuc
tnh ny s khng truyn ti cc BGP.

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Cc thuc tnh ng i

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Cc thuc tnh ng i

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Cc thuc tnh ng i
uThuc tnh AS_Path:
vAS_PATH thuc vo nhm well-known mandatory, cn
c qung b v hiu bi tt c cc router hng xm.
vV d:

!
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Cc thuc tnh ng i
uThuc tnh AS_Path:
vAS_PATH l danh sch cc s AS ca mt tuyn ng
c qung b.
vNu c nhiu tuyn, thuc tnh AS_PATH s c s dng
la chn tuyn tt nht ti ch
vNgoi vic AS_PATH c s dng cho vic la chn tuyn
tt nht n ch, BGP cn s dng thuc tnh AS_PATH
chng loop

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Cc thuc tnh ng i
uThuc tnh AS_Path:
V d chn tuyn theo AS_Path

!
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Cc thuc tnh ng i
uThuc tnh AS_Path:
Cc BGP routers t chi bt k s qung b no m cha
ng s AS ca chng.

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Cc thuc tnh ng i
uThuc tnh Weight:
vWeight l thuc tnh khng c ch nh trong BGP.
vN l thuc tnh c pht trin trn cc thit b ca Cisco
v l thuc tnh do Cisco nh ngha.
vWeight l mt trong cc thuc tnh c s dng quyt
nh tuyn tt nht ti ch.
vWeight l thuc tnh c biu din bng 16 bit v gi tr
trong khong 0 n 65535.
vCh : Thuc tnh weight ch c gi tr trn router v
khng qung b ra cc router hng xm chy BGP. Cc
tuyn BGP c Weight mc nh l 32768

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Cc thuc tnh ng i
uThuc tnh Weight:
V d chn tuyn thng qua thuc tnh Weight

!
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Cc thuc tnh ng i
uThuc tnh Local_Pref:
vGi tr m mt nt BGP dng thng bo cho cc nt
trong ni b AS v mc u tin ca nt BGP ny i vi
1 tuyn ng.
vLOCAL_PREF l thuc tnh tng t nh weight, khi c
nhiu hn mt tuyn ti mt ch, tuyn c thuc tnh
LOCAL_PREF cao nht (khi cc weight bng nhau) s
c la chn l tuyn tt nht.
vMc nh LOCAL_PREF c gi tr 100 v gi tr cao hn s
c u tin s dng l tham s quyt nh tuyn ti ch
(khi weight bng nhau).
vLOCAL_PREF l mt s 32 bit c gi tr t 0 4294967295

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Cc thuc tnh ng i
uThuc tnh Local_Pref:
V d:

!
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Cc thuc tnh ng i
uThuc tnh Local_Pref:
vKhng ging nh thuc tnh weight LOCAL_PREF c
qung b trong 1 AS.
vRouter A nhn qung b cho mng 156.26.32.0/24 t
Router B vi LOCAL_PREF l 200. V th Router A s
dng tuyn thng qua AS 3 t ti mng 156.26.32.0/24

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Cc thuc tnh ng i
uThuc tnh MED (MULTI_EXIT_DISC):
vThuc tnh Weight c s dng quyt nh tuyn t
mt router.
vLOCAL_PREF c s dng la chn tuyn ri khi 1
autonomous system.
vThuc tnh MULTI_EXIT_DISC (Multi-exit discriminator hay
MED) c s dng quyt nh ng i ra khi AS n
cc AS khc trong trng hp c nhiu ng ra.
vMED cng l mt s c gi tr 32 bit tuy nhin gi tr thuc
tnh thp hn s c u tin thay v gi tr cao s c
u tin chn tuyn nh trong LOCAL_PREF

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Cc thuc tnh ng i
uThuc tnh MED (MULTI_EXIT_DISC):
V d:

!
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Cc thuc tnh ng i
uThuc tnh ORIGIN:
vThuc tnh ORIGIN ra gc ca thng tin v mt tuyn
ng trong bng BGP routing
vThuc tnh ORIGIN c th l mt trong 3 gi tr sau:
IGP: thng tin hc c t bn trong AS gc
EGP: Thng tin hc c t mt giao thc EGP
Incomplete: thng tin hc c theo cch khc

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Cc thuc tnh ng i
uThuc tnh ORIGIN:
vC hai kiu kt ni BGP. Kiu th nht l kiu kt ni gia c
router chy BGP trong cng 1 AS. Kiu ny c gi l Internal
BGP (IBGP).
vKiu kt ni th 2 l kiu kt ni gia cc autonomous-system
khc nhau. Kiu ny c gi l External BGP (EBGP)
vCc tuyn c hc t EBGP hng xm c thuc tnh ORIGIN l
EGP.
vCc tuyn redistributed trong BGP c thuc tnh ORIGIN l
incomplete
v

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Cc thuc tnh ng i

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Cc thuc tnh ng i
uThuc tnh Next hop:
vKhi mt router qung b mt tuyn n router EBGP hng xm,
thuc tnh NEXT_HOP c t l a ch IP ca giao din kt ni
n router hng xm .
vLc ny giao din router kt ni vi hng xm s l next hop ca ng i t
nt hng xm n ch theo con ng c qun b.

vNu router qung b mt tuyn c hc thng qua EBGP n

IBGP hng xm, thuc tnh NEXT_HOP s khng c thay i.

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Cc thuc tnh ng i
uThuc tnh Next hop:

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Cc thuc tnh ng i
uThuc tnh Community:
vy l mt thuc tnh khng bt buc.
vThuc tnh ny c dng cung cp chnh sch cho mt
nhm cc router i qua cc AS v cc router ny c cng
mt tnh cht v c chung chnh sch.
vNu mt router nhn c mt thng ip thng tin cp
nht nh tuyn vi thuc tnh Community c thit lp,
n s x l thng ip ny mt cch hp l. Nu n khng
hiu thng ip ny th s gi thuc tnh cho router hng
xm x l.

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Hot ng ca BGP
uTm tt quy trnh chn ng trong BGP:

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Chn ng i tt nht

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Cu hnh BGP trn Cisco router

uChi tit cc lnh v cc bc:
uTopo v v d minh ha:

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Cu hnh BGP trn Cisco router

Cu hnh trn router bin Boston:

host1(config)#ip route 172.31.125.100 255.255.255.252
host1(config)#router bgp 100
host1(config-router)#neighbor 10.2.25.1 remote-as 100
host1(config-router)#neighbor 10.4.4.1 remote-as 100
host1(config-router)#neighbor 10.3.3.1 remote-as 300
host1(config-router)#network 172.19.0.0
host1(config-router)#redistribute static

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Cu hnh BGP trn Cisco router

Cu hnh trn router NY:

host2(config)#router bgp 100
host2(config-router)#neighbor 10.4.4.1 remote-as 100
host2(config-router)#neighbor 10.2.25.2 remote-as 100

host2(config-router)#network 172.28.8.0 mask 255.255.248.0

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Cu hnh BGP trn Cisco router

Cu hnh trn router LA:

host4(config)#router bgp 300
host4(config-router)#neighbor 10.3.3.2 remote-as 100
host4(config-router)#network 192.168.204.0 mask
255.255.252.0
host4(config-router)#redistribute isis

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Cu hnh BGP trn Cisco router

Cu hnh trn router Albany:

host3(config)#router bgp 100
host3(config-router)#neighbor 10.4.4.2 remote-as 100
host3(config-router)#neighbor 10.2.25.2 remote-as 100
host3(config-router)#network 192.168.33.0 mask
255.255.255.0

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