ANTEN THNG MINH (SMART ANTENNAS)

Mt anten thng minh (Smart Antennas) bao gm nhiu phn t anten. Tn hiu n cc
phn t ny c tnh ton v x l gip anten xc nh c hng ca ngun tn hiu,
tp trung bc x theo hng mong mun v t iu chnh theo s thay i ca mi trng
tn hiu. Cng vic tnh ton ny i hi thc hin theo thi gian thc (realtime) Anten
thng minh c th bm theo ngun tn hiu khi n chuyn ng. V vy, Anten thng minh
cn c gi bng mt tn khc l Anten thch nghi (Adaptive Antennas).

Vi tnh cht nh vy, Anten thng minh c kh nng gim thiu nh hng ca hin tng a
ng
v
can
nhiu.
Theo hnh 1.1, ta c th nhn thy s khc bit gia vng bc x ca h thng anten thng v
ca anten thng minh. Anten thng minh c nhng bp sng (beam) hp hn v c tnh nh
hng cao hn so vi anten thng.

Hnh 1.1: Vng bc x ca Anten thng v Anten thng minh

V sao Anten thng minh c th t c tnh thng minh nh vy?
Thc ra, trong h thng Anten thng minh, bn thn cc phn t Anten khng thng minh, m s
thng minh c to ra do qu trnh x l s tn hiu cc tn hiu n cc phn t Anten. Qu
trnh kt hp tn hiu v sau tp trung bc x theo mt hng c bit c gi l
Beamforming.
Hy xem hnh 1.2, l S tng qut ca Anten thng minh, ta thy:

Tn hiu n cc phn t Anten, sau c nhn vi mt b trng s ri tng li c tn

hiu ng ra. Chnh b trng s ny gip Anten c th tp trung bc x theo hng mong mun.
Bng cch s dng cc gii thut thch nghi trong qu trnh beamforming, b trng s ny lun
c cp nht Anten thng minh c th bm theo user khi h di chuyn.
Bin ca trng s quyt nh rng bp sng chnh v Side lobe level .
Pha ca b trng s quyt nh hng ca bp sng chnh.

Hnh 1.2: S tng qut ca Anten thng minh

(RF Module bao gm cc b khuch i nhiu thp, b i tn v b lc analog...)
NHNG U IM CH YU CA ANTEN THNG MINH:

Ci thin cht lng tn hiu ca cc h thng truyn thng v tuyn bng cch trit can nhiu,
loi b hiu ng a ng v thu/ pht ng hng mong mun.
Ci thin dung lng h thng do tng kh nng s dng li tn s trong cng mt cell.
Cng sut pht thp cho php thi gian s dng nng lng lu hn, v do c th gim kch
thc v khi lng ca cc thit b u cui. Hn na, vic pht cng sut thp s lm gim nh
hng n cc knh k cn.
Anten thng minh thch hp vi hu ht cc h thng truyn thng v tuyn hin nay.
Phn trn l s lc khi nim v Anten thng minh v cc u im ca n. Tip theo l phn
v "M hnh Ton ca anten thng minh", y l kin thc c bn nht cn nm c c th
tm hiu bt k bi ton no v Anten thng minh.
M HNH TON CA ANTEN THNG MINH
Dy Anten bao gm nhiu phn t Anten c phn b theo nhiu m hnh khc nhau: dy
tuyn tnh cch u nhau (linear equally spaced LES), dy trn ng u (Uniform circular),
dy khng gian phng ng u (Uniformly spaced planar)
Xt m hnh dy Anten tuyn tnh cch u nhau nh hnh 1.3
Phng php xy dng m hnh ton di y c th p dng mt cch tng t cho tt c cc
dy ng nht: Uniform circular, Uniformly spaced planar

Hnh 1.3: m hnh dy Anten tuyn tnh cch u nhau

Theo hnh 1.3, phi l gc phng v v l gc ngng ca mt phng sng ti trn dy Anten.
Mt phng ngang c biu din bi = pi/2 .
n gin ho vic phn tch dy Anten, ta a ra mt s gi s sau:

Khong cch gia cc phn t Anten l nh khng c s thay i no v bin gia cc

tn hiu c nhn ti tng phn t Anten.
Khng c s kt ni tng h gia cc Anten.
Tt c nhng trng sng ti u c th chia thnh mt lng cc mt phng sng ri rc. Nh
vy, s tn hiu n Anten l hu hn.

Hnh 1.4: M hnh Ton ca Anten thng minh

i vi mt mt phng sng ti dy Anten t hng (, phi), nh hnh 1.4, tn hiu n phn t
th m phi i thm mt on ng:
delta_d = m.detla_x.cos(phi).sin (1.1)
so vi phn t tham kho ti gc, tc l tn hiu n phn t th m s tr hn tn hiu n
phn t tham kho mt khong thi gian
tm = delta_d/c .

Nh vy, sai pha gia thnh phn tn hiu n phn t th m v phn t tham kho ti
gc l:

Gi s rng mi phn t Anten l ng hng v c li nh nhau ti tt c cc hng.

Tn hiu n mt mt sng c ng bao phc l s(t) . Theo cc phn tch trn v s tr pha
ca cc phn t Anten trong dy, tn hiu nhn c ti phn t Anten th m l:
(1.2)
Tn hiu ti ng ra ca dy, sau khi c nhn vi b trng s [w0 w1 ... wM-1 ] vi M l s
phn t Anten trong dy l:
(1.3)
Phn t f(,phi) c gi l h s sp xp, n xc nh t s gia tn hiu nhn c ti ng ra
dy Anten v tn hiu s(t) o c ti phn t tham kho. H s sp xp l mt hm theo hng
n (Direction Of Arrival ). Bng cch iu chnh b trng s [w0 w1 ... wM-1 ] , ta c th
hng cho bp sng chnh ca h s sp xp theo hng mong mun (0, phi0) .
Ta nh ngha vector trng s (weight vector):

(1.4)
Tn hiu t mi phn t Anten c nhm li thnh mt vector d liu (data vector):
(1.5)
Tn hiu ng ra ca dy Anten l tch v hng ca vector trng s v vector d liu:

(1.6)
K hiu []H th hin php bin bin i Hermitian, tc l chuyn v ri ly lin hp phc.
H s sp xp theo hng (,phi) c biu din li nh sau:
(1.7)
Vector a(,phi) c gi l vector li theo hng (,phi). Cho trc mt mt phng sng ti t
hng (,phi) nh hnh 1.4, vector li a(,phi) biu din pha ca tn hiu ti mi phn t Anten
so vi tn hiu tham kho ti gc.

(1.8)
Mt tp cc vector li, c o c hoc c tnh ton, c gi l array manifold.

V D: ARRAY FACTOR ca dy Anten 7 phn t, hng n l 90

CC HNG NGHIN CU:

1. Digital Beamforming (DBF): ci thin DBF bng cch dng Interpolation hoc
Beamforming min tn s ...
Mc ch: bng cch ly mu theo cch no , ta c th tng phn gii gia 1 hng n,
ngha l c th phn bit c tn hiu n t 2 hng st nhau hn.
2. Adaptive Beamforming: tm hiu v cc gii thut thch nghi v ng dng gii quyt cc
vn :
2.1 Trit can nhiu: y l vn bc thit i vi tt c cc h thng thng tin.

2.2 Cn chnh cho M hnh dy Anten khng l tng (M hnh thc t) do cc phn t Anten
hoc cc b phn RF, khuch i khng ng nht, v tr cc phn t Anten thay i theo thi
gian ...
3. Direction of Arrival (DOA): s dng cc gii thut c lng hng n.
4. Sparse Array: tm hiu cc phng php ti u ho v tr cho Sparse Array
Sparse Array l dy Anten vi cc phn t c sp xp theo mt quy lut no (ngha l cc
phn t khng cch u nhau) nhng vn m bo cc tiu ch v rng bp sng chnh nh
dy Anten y cng kch thc (cng Aperture).

Hin tng Multipath-Fading

Multipath-Fading l mt hin tng rt ph bin trong truyn thng khng dy gy ra do hin
tng a ng (Multipath) dn ti suy gim cng v xoay pha tn hiu (fading) khng
ging nhau ti cc thi im hoc/v ti cc tn s khc nhau.
Tn hiu RF truyn qua knh truyn v tuyn s lan ta trong khng gian, va chm vo cc vt
cn phn tn ri rc trn ng truyn nh xe c, nh ca, cng vin, sng, ni, bin gy ra
cc hin tng sau y:

Phn x (reflection): khi sng p vo cc b mt bng phng.

Tn x (scaterring): khi sng p vo cc vt c b mt khng bng phng v cc vt ny c
chiu di so snh c vi chiu di bc sng.
Nhiu x (diffraction): khi sng va chm vi cc vt c kch thc ln hn nhiu chiu di bc
sng.

Khi sng va chm vo cc vt cn s to ra v s bn sao tn hiu, mt s bn sao ny s ti

c my thu.

Do cc bn sao ny ny phn x, tn x, nhiu x trn cc vt khc nhau v theo cc ng di

ngn khc nhau nn:

Thi im cc bn sao ny ti my thu cng khc nhau, tc l tr pha gia cc thnh phn
ny l khc nhau.

Cc bn sao s suy hao khc nhau, tc l bin gia cc thnh phn ny l khc nhau.
Tn hiu ti my thu l tng ca tt c cc bn sao ny, ty thuc vo bin v pha ca cc bn
sao:

Tn hiu thu c tng cng hay cng tch cc (constructive addition) khi cc bn sao ng
pha.
Tn hiu thu b trit tiu hay cng tiu cc (destructive addition) khi cc bn sao ngc pha.
Tu theo mc ca multipath-fading nh hng ti p ng tn s ca mi knh truyn m ta
c knh truyn chn lc tn s (frequency selective fading channel) hay knh truyn phng
(frequency nonselective fading channel), knh truyn bin i nhanh (fast fading channel) hay
knh truyn bin i chm (slow fading channel). Tu theo ng bao ca tn hiu sau khi qua
knh truyn c phn b xc sut theo hm phn b Rayleigh hay Rice m ta c knh truyn
Rayleigh hay Ricean.

Cc k thut a Truy Cp (Multiple Access Techniques)

C 3 k thut a truy cp ph bin l FDMA, TDMA v CDMA, ngoi ra cn c 2 k thut t
ph bin hn l OFDMA (cn kh mi) v SDMA.

a truy cp theo phn chia tn s FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)

Theo k tht ny, mi mt ngi s dng trong mt t bo (cell) c phn chia mt di tn s

(bng tn) nht nh, cc bng tn ca nhng ngi s dng khc nhau s khng trng nhau
(non-overlap). Ngi s dng gi v nhn tn hiu trong bng tn mnh c phn chia v tt c
mi ngi trong mng u gi/nhn tn hiu ng thi. V rng mi ngi s dng truyn v
nhn tn hiu trong bng tn ca mnh cho nn nhng ngi s dng trong mt t bo (cell)
khng gy nhiu cho nhau (l tng). Tuy nhin, do yu cu cn c mt s lng ln ngi s
dng trong mng, cc bng tn s c s dng li cc t bo khc. Chnh v vy c th c
nhng ngi s dng t bo A gy nhiu cho mt ngi s dng t bo B gn do hai
ngi s dng ny dng chung mt bng tn. Nhiu ny gi l nhiu ng knh (co-channel
interference).

a truy cp theo phn chia thi gian TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

Trong cch truy cp ny, mi ngi s dng c phn chia mt khong thi gian, gi l khe
thi gian (time-slot) nht nh truyn v nhn thng tin. Trong khe thi gian m ngi s
dng A truyn v nhn tn hiu th tt c mi ngi s dng khc trong cng t bo khng
c truyn v nhn tn hiu. Nh vy mi ngi s dng trong cng mt t bo cng khng gy
nhiu cho nhau (l tng) bi mt thi im c th ch c mt ngi duy nht truyn v nhn
tn hiu. Tuy nhin, cng thi im cng c th c mt ngi s dng t bo bn cnh
truyn v nhn tn hiu cho nn trong cch truy cp ny cng c nhiu ng knh.

a truy cp phn chia theo m CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

y l mt cch truy cp khc hn hai cch trn. Theo cch ny, tt c mi ngi s dng trong
mt t bo cng truyn/nhn thng tin mt lc v trn cng mt bng tn s. Do vy vn
nhiu ln nhau gia nhng ngi s dng trong cng mt t bo, gia nhng ngi s dng
cc t bo cnh nhau (do vic s dng li tn s cc t bo cnh nhau) l mt vn ln nht
trong cch truy cp CDMA ny. khc phc vn ny, mi ngi s dng trong mt t bo
s c gn mt m (code) c bit v khng c hai ngi s dng no trong cng mt t bo c
cng mt m (c ngha l mi ngi c mt m ring bit). My thu s cn c vo m ca mi
ngi s dng kh bt (khng th kh ht) nhiu ca nhng ngi s dng khc trong cng
mt t bo v khi phc tn hiu ca ngi . Trong k tht ny c nhiu trong t bo (intra-cell
interference) v nhiu gia cc t bo (inter-cell interference).

a truy cp theo phn chia tn s trc giao OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiple Access)

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) l mt k thut ghp knh ra i t kh

lu, tng t nh k thut ghp knh theo tn s FDM, mt bng thng ln s c chia thnh
nhiu bng thng nh hn. Trong FDM gia cc bng thng nh ny phi c mt khong tn s
bo v, iu ny dn ti lng ph bng thng v ch do cc di bo v ny hon ton khng cha
ng tin tc. OFDM ra i gii quyt vn ny, bng cch s dng tp tn s trc giao cc
bng thng nh ny c th chng ln ln nhau, do khng cn di bo v, nn s dng hiu qu
v tit kim bng thng hn hn FDM. Nh ghp knh theo tn s trc giao v s dng khong
bo v thch hp OFDM c kh nng truyn thng tc cao, s dng bng thng hiu qu,
chng c nhiu lin sng mang ICI v chng c fading chn lc tn s, chng li nhiu ISI
v c kh nng cn bng tn hiu hiu qu bng cc b Equalizer n gin. Trong OFDMA, cc
user s c phn b d liu truyn i trn cc sng mang ph ca k thut OFDM.

a truy cp phn chia theo khng gian SDMA (Space Division Multiple Access)

K thut a truy cp ny khc hn vi 4 k thut trn. l, tt c mi ngi s dng trong

cng mt cell u c th truyn/nhn tn hiu mt lc, trn cng mt bng thng v khng s
dng m nh trong CDMA. Nh vy tn hiu do mi ngi s dng trong cell v ngoi cell s b
chng ln nhau (cng vo nhau). Kh nhiu do nhiu ngi s dng trong SDMA l mt vn
v cng phc tp. Pha BS yu cu phi c mt dy cc ng-ten ln (antenna array) c th
kh nhiu. Vic kh nhiu pha BS c th c thc hin bng mt s k thut nh:

c lng hng n ca tn hiu (direction of arrival DOA) ca mi ngi s dng tch

tn hiu ca mi ngi s dng ra khi tn hiu thu c
Trong k thut a truy cp ny, BS c s dng k thut beamforming pht tn hiu trc tip
n ngi s dng.
Kt hp cc k thut trn y ta c th c cc h thng khc nhau nh: TD-CDMA, FDCDMA, SD-CDMA
K thut Tri Ph v An Ninh Trong Truyn Thng V Tuyn
(Spread SpectrumTechniques and Security Issue in Wireless Communications)
Vn truyn mt thng ip t im A n im B qua mi trng v tuyn cc k nguy him
bi trn ng truyn, ngi ta c th thu tn hiu v gii iu ch ri t bit c thng ip
ang c truyn i. Vn ny i vi cc ng dng dn dng th khng c vn g to tt lm
(Cng lm l hai c cu ang yu nhau ni tc v chuyn ti hm qua b ngi ta gii m ra l
cng nhng cng c sao u). Tuy nhin, trong Qun S th vn ny li tr nn v cng quan
trng. Do , k thut tri ph c p dng tng tnh bo mt ca thng tin truyn trong
mi trng v tuyn. K thut ny lc u c p dng trong qun s nhng sau c
a vo cc ng dng dn s, CDMA l mt v d v k thut tri ph.
K thut tri ph v c bn l s dng mt m c bit tri ph ca tn hiu trong mt bng
thng hp (thm tr rt hp) ra mt bng thng cc rng lm cho tn hiu truyn i rt ging vi
nhiu trng c trong t nhin. Chnh v vy, nu nh trn ng truyn, k th (trong qun s)
c thu c tn hiu ca ta nhng khng bit ci m c bit kia thu hp ph ca tn hiu li
th h khng th hiu c ni dung thng tin ang c truyn i l g v tn hiu sau khi c
tri rng ph ra rt ging vi nhiu trng trong t nhin.
M tri ph cng di th cng kh c th d ra pha pht dng m g tri ph v do tnh
bo mt ca thng tin c truyn cng cao. Tuy nhin, dng m cng di th cng cn mt bng
thng rng. V d: rng di ph ca tn hiu hu dng l W Hz, nu ta dng mt m tri ph
vi di K th tn hiu sau khi c tri ph s c rng di ph l KW Hz, tc rng gp K
ln ph ca tn hiu trc khi tri ph. Nu K rt ln th ph ca tn hiu c truyn i (sau khi
tri ph) s gn nh phng ging nh ph ca nhiu trng vy.
Mc ch ban u ca k thut tri ph gii quyt vn an ninh. CDMA c tha hng
ci c tnh ny ca tri ph nn n ng l c b mt cao hn cc k thut trc nh
TDMA, FDMA. Tuy nhin, trong cc h thng CDMA hin hnh, di ca m cha cao nn
kh nng an ninh cng cha phi l cao. Thm tr ngi ta cn s dng nhng m m mi ngi

u bit nh m vng (Gold Code). CDMA v c bn c th d ra m c. Vn mu cht

trong vic dng m trong CDMA l v mc ch kh nhiu do nhiu ngi s dng (Multi-User
Interference MUI). Cc m c s dng trong CDMA c thit k sao cho chng c tnh
cht tng quan tt (Good Correlation Properties) tc l h s t tng quan cao, h s tng
quan cho gia cc m rt thp, v cc m ny phi m bo gi c tnh cht tng quan ngay
c khi s ng b gia nhng ngi s dng trong cell b mt (khng ng b Asynchronous
CDMA Ci ny thng thng xy ra trong trng hp truyn thng tin t in thoi di ng
n Base Station).
V tc , ngay c n th h th 3, hin nay VN cha c, theo hiu bit ca ngi vit, mi
trng trong nh (indoor) ti a l 2 Mbps, mi trng di ng chm (chng hn i b) tc
truyn i a l 384 Kbps, i vi mi trng di ng nhanh (chng hn dng in thoai di
ng trong khi i xe t) th tc ti a l 144 Kbps.
H thng khng dy SISO, SIMO, MISO v MIMO
Cc h thng thng tin khng dy c th c phn loi thnh 4 h thng c bn l SISO, SIMO,
MISO v MIMO

H thng SISO
H thng SISO l h thng thng tin khng dy truyn thng ch s dng mt anten pht v mt
anten thu. My pht v my thu ch c mt b cao tn v mt b iu ch/gii iu ch. H thng
SISO thng c dng trong pht thanh v pht hnh, v cc k thut truyn dn v tuyn c
nhn nh Wifi hay Bluetooth. Dung lng h thng ph thuc vo t s tn hiu trn nhiu c
xc nh bi cng thc Shanon:

H thng SIMO

Nhm ci thin cht lng h thng, mt pha s dng mt anten, pha cn li s dng a anten.
H thng s dng mt anten pht v nhiu anten thu c gi l h thng SIMO. Trong h thng
ny my thu c th la chn hoc kt hp tn hiu t cc anten thu nhm ti a t s tn hiu trn
nhiu thng qua cc gii thut beamforming hoc MMRC (Maximal-Ratio Receive Combining).
Khi my thu bit thng tin knh truyn, dung lng h thng tng theo hm logarit ca s anten
thu, c th xp x theo biu thc sau:

H thng MISO
H thng s dng nhiu anten pht v mt anten thu c gi l h thng MISO. H thng ny
c th cung cp phn tp pht thng qua k thut Alamouti t ci thin cht lng tn hiu
hoc s dng Beamforming tng hiu sut pht v vng bao ph. Khi my pht bit c
thng tin knh truyn, dung lng h thng tng theo hm logarit ca s anten pht v c th
c xc nh gn ng theo biu thc sau:

H thng MIMO
H thng MIMO l h thng s dng a anten ti c ni pht v ni thu. H thng c th cung
cp phn tp pht nh vo a anten pht, cung cp phn tp thu nh vo a anten thu nhm tng
cht lng h thng hoc thc hin Beamforming ti ni pht v ni thu tng hiu sut s
dng cng sut, trit can nhiu. Ngoi ra dung lng h thng c th c ci thin ng k nh
vo li ghp knh cung cp bi k m ho thut khng gian-thi gian nh V-BLAST. Khi
thng tin knh truyn c bit ti c ni pht v thu, h thng c th cung cp phn tp cc
i v li ghp knh cc i, dung lng h thng trong trng hp t c phn tp cc
i c th xc nh theo biu thc sau:

Dung lng h thng trong trng hp t c li ghp knh cc i c th xc nh

theo biu thc sau:

Anten Thng Minh (Smart Antennas)

Mt anten thng minh (Smart Antennas) bao gm nhiu phn t anten. Tn hiu n cc phn t
ny c tnh ton v x l gip anten xc nh c hng ca ngun tn hiu, tp trung bc x
theo hng mong mun v t iu chnh theo s thay i ca mi trng tn hiu. Cng vic
tnh ton ny i hi thc hin theo thi gian thc (realtime) Anten thng minh c th bm
theo ngun tn hiu khi n chuyn ng. V vy, Anten thng minh cn c gi bng mt tn
khc l Anten thch nghi (Adaptive Antennas).
Vi tnh cht nh vy, Anten thng minh c kh nng gim thiu nh hng ca hin tng a
ng v can nhiu.
Theo hnh 5.1, ta c th nhn thy s khc bit gia vng bc x ca h thng anten thng v
ca anten thng minh. Anten thng minh c nhng bp sng (beam) hp hn v c tnh nh
hng cao hn so vi anten thng.

Hnh 5.1: Vng bc x ca Anten thng v Anten thng minh

V sao Anten thng minh c th t c tnh thng minh nh vy?
Thc ra, trong h thng Anten thng minh, bn thn cc phn t Anten khng thng
minh, m s thng minh c to ra do qu trnh x l s tn hiu cc tn hiu n cc
phn t Anten. Qu trnh kt hp tn hiu v sau tp trung bc x theo mt hng c
bit c gi l Beamforming.
Hy xem hnh 5.2, l S tng qut ca Anten thng minh, ta thy:
Tn hiu n cc phn t Anten, sau c nhn vi mt b trng s ri tng li
c tn hiu ng ra. Chnh b trng s ny gip Anten c th tp trung bc x theo
hng mong mun. Bng cch s dng cc gii thut thch nghi trong qu trnh
beamforming, b trng s ny lun c cp nht Anten thng minh c th bm theo
user khi h di chuyn.
Bin ca trng s quyt nh rng bp sng chnh v Side lobe level
Pha ca b trng s quyt nh hng ca bp sng chnh.

Hnh 1.2: S tng qut ca Anten thng minh

(RF Module bao gm cc b khuch i nhiu thp, b i tn v b lc analog)
Nhng u im ch yu ca Anten thng minh:
Ci thin cht lng tn hiu ca cc h thng truyn thng v tuyn bng cch trit can nhiu,
loi b hiu ng a ng v thu/ pht ng hng mong mun.
Ci thin dung lng h thng do tng kh nng s dng li tn s trong cng mt cell.
Cng sut pht thp cho php thi gian s dng nng lng lu hn, v do c th gim kch
thc v khi lng ca cc thit b u cui. Hn na, vic pht cng sut thp s lm gim nh
hng n cc knh k cn.
Anten thng minh thch hp vi hu ht cc h thng truyn thng v tuyn hin nay.