2008 AGI-Information Management Consultants

May be used for personal purporses only or by

libraries associated to dandelon.com network.

Jonathan B. Snape, Irving J. Dunn

John Ingham, Jifi E.Pfenosil

Dynamics
of Environmental
Bioprocesses
Modelling and Simulation

^ w ^ w j l I ' r~^y Weinheim New York

V t H ^if

Basel Cambridge Tokyo

Table of Contents
Preface

Organisation of the Book

ISIM Simulation Software
Acknowledgements
Nomenclature for Chapters 1 and 2
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.3
1.3.4
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.8.1
1.8.1.1
1.8.1.2
1.8.1.3
1.8.1.4
1.8.1.5
1.8.1.6
1.8.1.7
1.8.1.8
1.8.1.9

Modelling Principles

The Role of Modelling in Environmental Technology

General Aspects of the Modelling Approach
Model Classification
Deterministic Models
Stochastic Models
Steady-State Models
Dynamic Models
General Modelling Procedure
Simulation Tools
ISIM
Introductory ISIM Example: WASTE
Formulation of Dynamic Balance Equations
Mass Balance Procedures
Case A. Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor
Case B. Tubular Reactor
Case C. River with Eddy Current
Rate of Accumulation Term
Convective Flow Terms
Production Rate
Diffusion of Components
Interphase Transport
Case A. Waste Holding Tank: Total and Component
Mass Balance Example
1.8.1.10 Case B. The Plug-Flow Tubular Reactor
1.8.1.11 Case C. Biological Hazard Room
1.8.1.12 Case D. Lake Pollution Problem
1.8.2
Energy Balancing

VI
VIII
VIII
XIX
1
1
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
10
11
14
15
17
18
18
21
22
23
24
25
26
28
30
35
40

XII

1.8.2.1
1.8.2.2
1.9
1.9.1
1.9.1.1
1.9.1.2
1.9.1.3
1.9.2
1.9.2.1
1.9.2.2
1.9.2.3
1.9.2.4
1.9.2.5
1.9.2.6
1.9.2.7
1.9.2.8
1.9.2.9
1.9.2.10
1.10
1.10.1
1.10.2
1.10.2.1
1.10.2.2
1.11
1.11.1
1.11.2
1.11.2.1
1.11.3
1.11.3.1
1.11.3.2
1.11.3.3
1.11.4
1.12
1.12.1
1.12.2
1.12.3
1.12.3.1
1.12.3.2
1.13
1.14
1.14.1

Table of Contents

Case A. Determining Heat Transfer Area or Cooling

Water Temperature
Case B. Heating of a Filling Tank
Chemical and Biological Reaction Systems
Modes of Reactor Operation
Batch Reactors
Semi-Continuous or Fed-Batch Operation
Continuous Operation
Reaction Kinetics
Chemical Kinetics
Biological Reaction Kinetics
Simple Microbial Growth Kinetics
Substrate Uptake Kinetics
Substrate Inhibition of Growth
Additional Forms of Inhibition
Other Expressions for Specific Growth Rate
Multiple-Substrate Kinetics
Structured Kinetic Models
Interacting Micro-Organisms
Modelling of Bioreactor Systems
Stirred Tank Reactors
Modelling Tubular Plug-Flow Reactor Behaviour
Steady-State Balancing
Unsteady-State Balancing
Mass Transfer Theory
Phase Equilibria
Interphase Mass Transfer
Case A. Steady-State Tubular and Column Modelling
. . . .
Case Studies
Case A. Aeration of a Tank of Water
Case B. Biological Oxidation in an Aerated Tank
Case C. Determination of Biological Oxygen Uptake
Rates by a Dynamic Method
Gas-Liquid Phase Transfer Across a Free Surface
Diffusion and Biological Reaction in Solid Phase Biosystems .
External Mass Transfer
Finite Difference Model for Internal Transfer
Case Studies for Diffusion with Biological Reaction
Case A. Estimation of Oxygen Diffusion Effects in a
Biofilm
Case B. Biofilm Nitrification
Process Control
Optimisation, Parameter Estimation and Sensitivity Analysis .
Case A. Estimation of Bioreaction Kinetic Parameters
for Batch Degradation Using ESL and SIMUSOLV

43
44
45
45
45
47
48
50
50
52
53
56
57
59
59
61
62
62
65
65
67
67
68
70
70
70
72
73
73
75
77
78
79
82
83
86
86
87
90
94
96

XIII

Table of Contents

Environmental Bioprocess Descriptions

103

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.2.1
2.1.2.2
2.1.2.3
2.1.2.4
2.1.3
2.1.3.1
2.1.3.2
2.1.3.3
2.1.3.4
2.1.3.5
2.1.3.6
2.1.4
2.1.4.1
2.1.4.2
2.1.4.3
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.3.1
2.2.3.2
2.2.3.3
2.2.3.4
2.2.4
2.3
2.3.1
2.3.1.1
2.3.1.2
2.3.1.3
2.3.2
2.3.2.1
2.3.2.2
2.3.2.3
2.3.3
2.3.3.1
2.3.3.2
2.3.3.3
2.3.3.4
2.3.3.5

Wastewater Treatment Processes

Wastewater Characteristics
Physical Characteristics and Analyses of Wastewater
Total Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
Temperature
Other Physical Parameters
Chemical Characteristics and Analyses of Wastewater
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Total Organic Carbon
Nitrogen Analyses
Kjeldahl Total Nitrogen Test
Phosphorus
Biological Characteristics and Analyses of Wastewater
Pathogenic Micro-Organisms
Pollution Indicator Organisms
Micro-Organisms Responsible for Biological Treatment
Primary Treatment Processes
Equalisation
Neutralisation
Sedimentation
Discrete Settling
Flocculent Settling
Zone Settling
Coagulating Agents
Flotation
Secondary Treatment Processes
The Activated Sludge Process
Biology of the Activated Sludge Process
Process Analysis
Modifications of the Activated Sludge Process
Aerobic Fixed Film Processes
Trickling Filters
Fluidised Sand Beds
Rotating Biological Contactors
Anaerobic Treatment Processes
Reactions and Stoichiometry in Anaerobic Digestion
Modelling Anaerobic Reactors
Response Dynamics of Anaerobic Reactors
Control of Anaerobic Reactors
Anaerobic Reactor Design

103
103
106
106
106
107
107
108
108
109
110
Ill
Ill
112
112
113
113
113
114
114
115
115
115
116
117
117
117
118
118
119
119
120
121
122
122
124
124
125
125
129
130
134

. . . .

. . . .
. . .

XIV

2.3.4
2.3A.I
2.3.4.2
2.3.4.3
2.4
2.4.1
2.4.2
2.4.3
2.4.4
2.4.5
2.5
2.5.1
2.5.1.1
2.5.1.2
2.5.1.3
2.5.1.4
2.5.2
2.5.2.1
2.5.2.2
2.5.2.3
2.5.2.4
2.5.3
2.5.3.1
2.5.3.2
2.5.3.3
2.6
2.6.1
2.6.1.1
2.6.1.2
2.6.2
2.6.2.1
2.6.2.2
2.6.2.3
2.6.2.4
2.6.3
2.6.3.1
2.6.3.2
2.6.3.3
2.6.4
2.6.4.1
2.6.4.2
2.6.5
2.6.5.1
2.6.5.2

Table of Contents

Biofilms and Floes

Formation of Biofilms
Modelling Biofilms
Bioflocs
Tertiary Treatment Processes
Grass Plots
Lagoons
Filters
Microstrainers
Membrane Technology
Water Pollution Modelling
Eutrophication of Lakes and Reservoirs
Factors Influencing Lake Productivity
Consequences of Eutrophication
Eutrophication Models
Prevention and Reversal of Eutrophication
Discharge of Pollutants into Rivers and Streams
Modifications to the Streeter-Phelps Theory
Surface Reaeration
River Parameters
Photosynthesis and Respiration of Green Plants and Algae
Groundwater Pollution
Sources of Groundwater Pollution
Modelling Groundwater Pollution
Nitrates in Groundwater
Solid Waste Treatment and Disposal
Sources of Solid Wastes
Municipal Solid Waste
Waste Sludge
Sludge Processing and Disposal
Summary of Disposal Methods
Sludge Thickening and Dewatering
Use of Sludge on Agricultural Land
Dumping at Sea and Pipeline Discharges
Composting
Composting Processes
Compost Ecology
Process Factors
Disposal of Municipal Solid Waste
Microbiology of Landfill Gas Production
Landfill Gas Production
Anaerobic Digestion
Reactor Conditions
Comparison with Landfill Sites

135
136
138
139
140
140
141
141
142
142
146
146
147
151
153
155
157
158
159
160
. . 161
161
163
165
168
169
169
169
170
171
171
172
172
172
173
173
174
175
177
177
179
181
181
181

Table of Contents

XV

2.7
2.8

182

2.9

References for Chapters 1 and 2

Recommended Textbooks and References for Further
Reading
Glossary

Simulation Examples of Environmental Bioprocesses

201

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2

Introductory Examples
BASIN - Dynamics of an Equalisation Basin
OXSAG - Classic Streeter-Phelps Oxygen Sag Curves

201
201
206

3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2

Basic Biological Reactor Examples

BATREACT - Batch Growth and Substrate Uptake
CONTANK - Continuous Tank Reactor Startup and
Operation
SEMIBAT - Semi-Batch Reactor with Batch Startup
. . . .
UPTAKE - Substrate Uptake with Monod Kinetics
OXIBAT - Oxidation of Substrate in an Aerated Tank . . . .
R E S P M E T - Oxygen Uptake Experiment with
Respirometer
REPEAT - Repeated Fed-Batch Culture
CONTI - Continuous Reactor with Substrate Uptake
. . . .
F E E D I N H - Control of Inhibitory Substrate Feed Rate
to a Continuous Reactor
CONINHIB - Continuous Bioreactor with Inhibitory
Substrate

3.2.3
3.2.4
3.2.5
3.2.6
3.2.7
3.2.8
3.2.9
3.2.10

3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
3.3.5
3.3.6
3.3.7
3.3.8

187
192

. . . .

Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Processes

ANDREWS - Model of a Batch Activated Sludge Process . .
ASCSTR - Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor Model of
Activated Sludge
ASPLUG - Plug-Flow Model of an Activated Sludge Process
C U R D S - Curds'Model of Sludge Ecology
FLOC1 and FLOC2 Diffusion and Reaction in a Sludge Floe
ASTEMP -Temperature Gains and Losses in an Activated
Sludge Process
STEPFEED - Step Feed Activated Sludge Process with
Structured Kinetics
SETTLER - Solids-Liquid Separation in a Continuous Settler

210
210
214
218
221
223
226
229
233
235
239
244
. 244
247
. 250
254
. 260
264
270
. 275

XVI

Table of Contents

3.4
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3

Fixed Film Reactors for Wastewater Treatment

ROTATE - Model of a Rotating Biological Disc Reactor
TRICKLE - Model of a Trickle Filter
BIOFILM - Biofilm Tank Reactor

3.5
3.5.1

Nitrification of Wastewater
ACTNITR - Nitrification in a Single-Stage Activated
Sludge System
AMMONOX - Continuous Nitrification with
Immobilised Biomass
AMMONFED - Fed-Batch Nitrification with
Immobilised Biomass
NITBED - Nitrification in a Fluidised Bed Reactor

3.5.2
3.5.3
3.5.4
3.6
3.6.1
3.6.2

Primary Treatment of Wastewater

SEDIMENT - Removal of Solids in a Sedimentation Tank
LAGOON - Aerated Lagoon for the Treatment of
Industrial Wastewaters

280
. . . 280
284
288
292
292
296
300
302
307
. . 307
311

3.7
3.7.1

Tertiary Water Treatment Processes

FILTER - Tertiary Water Treatment by Filtration

315
315

3.8
3.8.1

Sludge Disposal and Processing

COMPOST - Microbial Kinetics in a Continuous
Compost Reactor
WINDROW - Batch Windrow Compost Process

319

332

3.9.4

Biodegradation Processes
PCPDEG and PCPDEGCF - Batch and Continuous
Biodegradation of Pentachlorophenol by Mixed Cultures . . .
BIOFILT1 and BIOFILT2 - Biofiltration Column for
Removing Ketones from Air
DCM1 and DCM2 - Airlift Biofilm Sandbed for
Dichloromethane-Waste Air Treatment
FBR - Biofilm Fluidised Bed with External Oxygen Supply . .

3.10
3.10.1
3.10.2

Anaerobic Digestion Processes

ANAEROBE - Andrew's Model of Anaerobic Digestion
WHEY - Model for the Anaerobic Degradation of Whey

3.8.2
3.9
3.9.1
3.9.2
3.9.3

319
329

332
335
341
347

350
. . . 350
. . . 357

Table of Contents

3.11
3.11.1

XVII

Anaerobic Fixed Film Processes

DENITRIF - Denitrification of Drinking Water in a
Fluidised Bed Reactor
MOLASSES - Anaerobic Degradation of Molasses in a
Packed Bed Reactor

366

3.12
3.12.1
3.12.2
3.12.3

Microbial Interaction Kinetics

MIXPOP - Predator-Prey Population Dynamics
TWOONE - Competition Between Organisms
COMPETE - Lotka-Volterra Model of Competition

373
373
376
378

3.13
3.13.1
3.13.2

Ecological Population Studies

380
BLOWFLY - Cycling Populations of the Australian Blowfly . . 380
BUDWORM - Dynamics of the Growth of the Spruce
Budworm in Canada
382

3.14
3.14.1

River and Stream Modelling

RIVER - Dissolved Oxygen and BOD Dynamic Profiles
along a River
STREAM - One-Dimensional Steady-State Model of
Aeration and Degradation in a Stream
DISCHARG - Dissolved Oxygen and BOD Steady-State
Profiles along a River

3.11.2

3.14.2
3.14.3

363
363

387
387
391
396

3.15
3.15.1
3.15.2
3.15.3
3.15.4
3.15.5

Lake and Reservoir Modelling

400
NCYCLE - Nitrogen Cycles in a Reservoir in Slovakia . . . .
400
PCYCLE - Phosphorus Cycles in a Lake
408
A L G A E - Algal Growth in a Deep Lake in Canada
414
E U T R O P H - Eutrophication in a Shallow Lake in Hungary . . 421
METAL - T r a n s p o r t of Heavy Metals in Water Column
and Sediments
429

3.16
3.16.1

Land Pollution Modelling

LANDFILL - One-Dimensional Transport of Pollutant
from a Landfill Site
LEACH - One-Dimensional Transport of Solute Through Soil
SOIL - Bioremediation of Soil Particles

3.16.2
3.16.3
3.17
3.17.1
3.17.2
3.17.3

Miscellaneous Examples
D E A D F I S H - Distribution of an Insecticide in an Aquatic
Ecosystem
G A I A - The Parable of Daisyworld
CABBAGE - Structured Growth of the White Cabbage
. . .

433
433
. 437
443
449
449
452
456

XVIII

Table of Contents

Appendix: Instructions for Using ISIM

461

1
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
5

461
462
462
462
462
463
463
464
466
467
469
470
470
470
470
474
477
478
479
480
481

Index

ISIM Installation Procedure

Programming with ISIM
Getting Started
Reading Files From Disk
Running Simulations
Interacting with ISIM Simulations
Editing ISIM Files
Writing ISIM Models
ISIM Statements and Functions
Output
Useful Sequences of Statements
Further Information
Summary of ISIM Commands
COMMAND and INPUT modes
ISIM Commands
ISIM Program Statements
ISIM Error Messages
Monitor and Syntax Failures
Compilation Failures
Execution Phase Errors
Quick Reference to Common ISIM Commands

483