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4 .............................................................................................................................................

)2-4-1

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44 ................................................................... KLD

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Kinect 53 ..................................................................

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53 .....................................................................

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Kinect 54 ............................................................. ROS

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)1 - 5

61 ..................................................................................................................

)2 - 5

61 ........................................................................................................ ROS

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62 ................................................................................................ Gazebo

)4 - 5

63 .......................................................................................................... PR2

)5 - 5

64 ...................................................................................................................

)6 - 5

42 ...........................................................................................................

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43 ..........................................................................................................

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Kalman Filter

20

Extended Kalman Filter

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24

Particle

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Local Area Wireless Network

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Radio Frequency

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54


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Time of Arrival

50

Angle of Arrival

51

Time Difference of Arrival

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Geometry Tracking

54

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55

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= 1 0

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2

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Actuation Commands

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.

Point-mass Distribution

62

Lebesgue Measure

63

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67

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68

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69

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72

Belief

73

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11

Duality

74

Histogram

75

Kernel

76

Bootstrap

77

Particle Filter

78

Prime

79

j = 1. . : for
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Inputs: 1 = {{ 1 , 1 }| = 1, , } representing belief ( 1 )


: = , = 0
/ Generate samples representing ( ) /
for : = 1, , do
/ Resampling /
Sample an index () from the discrete distribution given by the weights in 1
/* Sampling: Predict next state using the control information 1 /
()

()

Sample from ( |1 , 1 ) using 1 and 1


/

/ Importance sampling: Compute importance weight based on likelihood of


()

()

: = ( | )
: = +
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()

()

: = {{ , }}
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80

Importance Weights

41

.
. .

44

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4

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) | (
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KLD81


.

.


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.


.
Kullback-Leibler distance

41

81

.
.

.

[ . ]1
.

[ . ]11 1

.
Leibler-Kullback MLE KLD
. Kullback-Leibler

. 83
.


.

. ) = (1 , , .
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82

Divergence

83

. = 1 . .
:

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=1

=1

4 .
2
2 log 1
as

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:
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2
( ( , ) ) = (2( , ) 2) (1
) 2

( 9-4 ) ( , ( . -4
:
2
2
(1
1,1
) =1

()-4

2
1,1 ( 9-4 ( -4
2

:
()-4

( ( , ) ) = 1

:
1

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2
= 2 1,1

1 K-L MLE

. ( -4 .
Hilferty-Wilson [:]14

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49

()1-4

1 2
1
2
2
1,1
{1
+
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.

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Proposal Distribution

85

()

()

Inputs: 1 = {{ 1 , 1 }| = 1, , } representing belief ( 1 )


Control measurement 1 , observation , bounds and , bin size
: = , = 0, = 0, = 0
/*Generate samples until KL bound is reached*/
do
/*Predict next state using the control information 1 */
Sample an index () from the discrete distribution given by the weights in 1
()

Sample

(())

from ( |1 , 1 ) using 1

and 1

/* Compute importance weight and update normalization factor*/


( )

( )

( | )

: = + ()
/ Insert sample into sample se /
()

()

: = {{ , }}
/ Update number of bins with support /
()

if (

falls into an empty bin b) then

: = + 1
: = non empty
: = +1
1

2
while ( < 2 1,1
)

/ Normalize importance weights /


for : = 1, , do
()

()

: = /
return
KLD

-4 :

-4

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Kinect

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86

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87

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88

Disparity Image

89

Pixel

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91

Object Space

92

( -4 91
94 .
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Sebastian Zug [ ]41
Kinect
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.

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93

Calibration

94

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ROS (Robot Operating System)9


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95

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

96

Robotic Operating System

97

http://ros.org

98

99
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ROS Bag File .

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Gazebo

.
.
ROS [ Gazebo ]4 .
. Gazebo1
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Packages

99

Nodes

100

http://www.willowgarage.com/

101

Topic

102

Publish

103

Subscribe

104

Message

105

Record

106

http://gazebosim.org

107

. ROS
ROS ROS
.

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PR2

PR2 .
PR2 .
PR1 . Willow

Garage PR . .
1
IMU .
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ROS .

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Personal Robot

108

9
Intel Core i5-2435M .
Ubuntu 10.04 Fuerte ROS .
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Virtual Machine

109

Adaptive Monte Carlo Localization

110

1
. .
1- :

1-

.
.
.
P
.
4- .

E
.

4-


)Difference with Odom (m

Max Particles

Min Particles

172.1641

120

100

149.0521

1200

1000

149.0721

2200

2000

149.1893

3200

3000

149.0771

4200

4000

149.1321

5200

5000

149.1039

5000

100

75.96612

Variance


.
amcl
.
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1/4
.
imresize()111 MATLAB112
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112 MATLAB
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Max Particles

Min Particles

90.4373

120

100

18.9725

1200

1000

17.0361

2200

2000

17.0610

3200

3000

17.0729

4200

4000

17.0656

5200

5000

17.1007

5000

100

27.62038

Variance


. .

.

.
1 1 :
1 1
)Difference with Odom (m

Max Particles

Min Particles

51.8798

120

100

76.7163

1200

1000

56.0845

2200

2000

50.1452

3200

3000

41.9888

4200

4000

31.7900

5200

5000

30.8994

5000

100

15.80725

Variance

4 :
4 4
Max Particles

Min Particles

)Difference with Odom (m

1059

120

100

892

1200

1000

894

2200

2000

878

3200

3000

861

4200

4000

896

5200

5000

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5000

100

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Kinect
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)4 -5




.
.

11

.6
Active

Actuation Commands

Adaptive Monte Carlo Localization

Angle of Arrival

Badge

Bayes

Belief

Calibration

Chernobyl

Dead Reckoning

Differential

Differential GPS

Diffraction Grating

Disparity

Disparity Image

Divergence

Duality

Dynamic

Extended Kalman Filter

Fixed Frame


14

Gain

Gaussian

Genetic Algorithm

Geometry Tracking

Global

Global Frame

Global Localization

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Gyroscope

Histogram

Hydrodynamics

Image Space

Importance Weights

Incremental Shaft Encoder

Indoor

Inertial Measurement Unit

Infrared

Integration

Intelligent

Kalman Filter

Kinematics

Landmark

Laser Range Finder

Laser Scanner

Lebesgue Measure

Local Area Wireless Network

Localization Problem

Markov

Message

Monte Carlo Localization

Nodes

Noise

Non-Linear

Observer

On-Board

Optical Shaft Encoder

Orientation

Outdoor

Packages

Particle

Particle Filter

Passive

Personal Robot

Pixel

Prime

Probabilistic Localization

Publish

Real-time

Record

Relative Localization

Rotary Encoder

Scanner

States

Subscribe

Tag

Time of Arrival

Topic

Ultra Wide Band

Unstructured

Virtual Machine

White Noise

11

.4
]1[
]2[
]3[
]4[

]5[
]6[
]7[
]8[
]9[

]11[
]11[
]12[
]13[

]14[

S. I. Nourbakhsh, Introduction to Autonomous Mobile Robots, A Bradford book: MIT


Press, 2004.
G. F. R. J. L. G. M. Berenguel, "Comparative Study of Localization Techniques for
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symposium on robotics, 2009.
J. J. Leonard and H. F. Durrant-Whyte, "Mobile robot localization by tracking
geometric beacons," Robotics and Automation, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 7, pp.
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R. Lenain, B. Thuilot, C. Cariou, and P. Martiner, "A new nonlinear control for
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using RTK GPS," in Robotics and Automation, 2004. Proceedings. ICRA '04. 2004
IEEE International Conference on, 2004, pp. 4381-4386 Vol.5.
W. a. G. Bishop, An introduction to the kalman filter: ACM Press, 2001.
H. Durrant-Whyte and T. Bailey, "Simultaneous localization and mapping: part I,"
Robotics & Automation Magazine, IEEE, vol. 13, pp. 99-110, 2006.
Simon, Optimal State Estimation: Kalman, H Infinity, and Nonlinear Approaches :
John Wiley and Sons Inc. , 2006.
W. B. a. D. F. Thrun, Probabilistic Robotics: MIT Press, 2005.
H. J. Von der Hardt, D. Wolf, and R. Husson, "The dead reckoning localiza tio n
system of the wheeled mobile robot ROMANE," in Multisensor Fusion and
Integration for Intelligent Systems, 1996. IEEE/SICE/RSJ International Conference
on, 1996, pp. 603-610.
Incremental Versus Absolute Encoders. Available: http://www.ab.com/
C. M. Wang, "Location estimation and uncertainty analysis for mobile robots," in
Robotics and Automation, 1988. Proceedings., 1988 IEEE International Conference
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