- 19 -

CHNG 3 PHN MM LABVIEW

3.1. Gii thiu v LabVIEW
LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench) l
mt phn mm my tnh c pht trin bi National Instruments. LabVIEW dng
trong hu ht cc phng th nghim, lnh vc khoa hc k thut nh t ng ha,
iu khin, in t, c in t, hng khng, ha sinh, in t y sinh cc nc c
bit l M, Hn quc, Nht Bn.
3.1.1. LabVIEW l g?
Ngn ng lu ha ca LabVIEW hp dn cc k s v nh khoa hc
trn ton th gii nh mt phng php trc gic hn trong vic t ng ha cc
h thng o lng v iu khin. Ngn ng lu kt hp vi I/O gn lin v iu
khin giao din ngi s dng tng tc cng n ch bo lm cho LabVIEW tr
thnh mt s la chn l tng cho k s v nh khoa hc.
3.1.2. Cc kh nng chnh ca LabVIEW
LabVIEW c bit n nh l mt ngn ng lp trnh vi khi nim hon
ton khc so vi cc ngn ng lp trnh truyn thng nh ngn ng C, Pascal.
Bng cch din t c php thng qua cc hnh nh trc quan trong mi trng
son tho, LabVIEW c gi vi tn khc l lp trnh G (vit tt ca
Graphical). Hin ti ngoi phin bn LabVIEW cho cc h iu hnh Window,
Linux, hng NI pht trin cc modul LabVIEW cho my h tr c nhn (PDA).
3.1.3. Mi trng pht trin LabVIEW
Pht trin nhanh vi cng ngh Express: s dng Express VIs v I/O nhanh
chng to ra cc ng dng o lng ph bin m khng cn lp trnh. Hng nghn
chng trnh minh ha, kiu module v phn cp, tr gip tch hp, th vin giao
din ngi s dng ko v th hng nghn chc nng lp sn, ngn ng c bin
dch thc hin nhanh hn. n pht trin ln, theo hng nhm (teamoriented): Ngn ng m, g ri bng ha tch hp, phn phi ng dng n
gin, nhiu cng c pht trin cp cao, cng c pht trin nhm, iu khin m

- 20 ngun, qun l ch. Thu thp, phn tch v hin th lp sn. Thu thp: mi trng
LabVIEW m tng thch vi mi phn cng o vi cc tr gip tng tc, to m
ngun v kh nng kt ni ti hng nghn thit b gip tp hp d liu d dng. V
LabVIEW cung cp tnh kt ni ti hu ht mi thit b o, nn bn c th d dng
kt hp nhng ng dng LabVIEW mi vo cc h thng hin ti. Bt chp mi
yu cu ca phn cng, LabVIEW cung cp mt giao din kt ni ti I/O mt
cch d dng. Thng tin chi tit c ti trang web ni.com/labVIEWtools.
3.1.4. Cc tn hiu o c vi LabVIEW
Nhit , sc cng, rung, m thanh, in p, dng, tn s, nh sng, in
tr, xung, thi gian (giai on), tn hiu s, thu thp tn hiu t cc thit b bn
ngoi nh cm bin nhit , hnh nh t webcam, vn tc ca ng c, ...
3.1.5. Phn tch
Tnh nng phn tch mnh m, d s dng l iu khng th thiu cho ng
dng phn mm. LabVIEW c hn 500 chc nng lp sn trch xut thng tin
hu ch t d liu thu nhn c, phn tch cc php o v x l tn hiu. Cc chc
nng phn tch tn s, pht tn hiu, ton hc, chnh l ng cong, php ni suy
cho php bn nhn c s liu thng k quan trng t d liu ca mnh. D thut
ton c bn c phc tp n u i na th cng c phn tch LabVIEW vn rt d
s dng. Hn 15 Express VIs lm gim phc tp ca vic phn tch php o
trong ng dng ca bn qua hp thoi cu hnh tng tc xem trc kt qu
phn tch. M phng v x l cc tn hiu thu nhn c phc v cc mc ch
nghin cu hay mc ch ca h thng m ngi lp trnh mong mun.
3.1.6. Hin th
Xy dng cc giao din ngi dng mt cch nhanh chng v thm m hn
nhiu so vi cc ngn ng khc nh Visual Basic, Matlab. Hin th d liu bao
gm cc chc nng: trc quan, to bo co v qun l d liu. LabVIEW bao gm
cc cng c trc quan gip hin th d liu hp dn, trong c cc tin ch v
biu v th cng cc cng c trc quan 2D, 3D ci sn. Ngui s dng c th
nhanh chng cu hnh li cc thuc tnh ca phn hin th nh mu sc, kch c

- 21 phng, kiu th, quay, phng to thu nh v quay qut (pan) th khi ang chy.
Thm vo , ta c th xem v iu khin VIs qua Internet bng LabVIEW. i
vi vic to bo co, NI cung cp mt s ty chn nh cng c to ti liu, bo co
dng HTML, bo co dng Word/Excel v bo co tng tc vi NI DIA.

Hnh 3.1 Kh nng hin th ca phn mm Labview

3.1.7. iu khin
LabVIEW tch hp nhiu cng c v tnh nng hn gip k s iu khin
t ng d dng thc hin cc bi ton v iu khin. Cho php thc hin cc thut
ton iu khin nh PID, Logic m (Fuzzy), mt cch nhanh chng thng qua cc
chc nng tch hp sn trong LabVIEW. Cho php kt hp vi nhiu ngn ng
truyn thng nh C, C++.
3.1.8. Giao tip vi thit b ngoi vi
Giao tip vi cc thit b ngoi vi thng qua nhiu chun giao tip thng qua
cc cng giao tip: RS232, RS485, USB, PCI, Enthernet

- 22 -

Hnh 3.2 Kh nng giao tip ca phn mm

3.2. Nhng khi nim c bn ca LabView
3.2.1. VI (Vitual Instrument) - Thit b o
Lp trnh Labview c thc hin trn c s l cc thit b o (VI). Cc
i tng trong cc thit b o c s dng m phng cc thit b thc, nhng
chng c thm vo bi phn mm. Cc VI tng t nh cc hm trong lp trnh
bng ngn ng.
3.2.2. Front Panel v Block Diagram
Mt chng trnh trong LabView gm hai phn chnh: mt l giao din
vi ngi s dng (Front Panel), hai l giao din dng s khi cung cp m
ngun (Block Diagram) v cc biu tng kt ni (Icon/Connector).
3.2.2.1 Front Panel
Front panel l mt panel tng t nh panel ca thit b thc t. V d cc nt
bm, nt bt, cc th v cc b iu khin. T Front Panel ngi dng chy v
quan st kt qu c th dng chut, bn phm a d liu vo sau cho

- 23 chng trnh chy v quan st. Front Panel thng gm cc b iu khin

(Control) v cc b hin th (Indicator).
Control l cc i tng c t trn Front Panel cung cp d liu cho
chng trnh. N tng t nh u vo cung cp d liu.
Indicator l i tng c t trn Front Panel dng hin th kt qu, n
tng t nh b phn u ra ca chng trnh.
Biu tng

Ch thch th

Ch thch thc

Hnh 3.3 Front Panel ca chng trnh Labview

3.2.2.2 Block Diagram
Block diagram ca mt VI l mt s c xy dng trong mi trng
LabVIEW, n c th gm nhiu i tng v cc hm khc nhau to cc cu
trc lnh chng trnh thc hin. Block Diagram l mt m ngun ha ca
mt VI. Cc i tng trn Front Panel c th hin bng cc thit b u cui
trn Block Diagram, khng th loi b cc thit b u cui trn Block Diagram.
Cc thit b u cui ch mt i sau khi loi b i tng tng ng trn Front
panel.
Cu trc ca mt Block Diagram gm cc thit b u cui (Terminal), nt
(Node) v cc dy ni (wire).

- 24 -

Hm chia

Hnh 3.4 Block Diagram ca chng trnh LabVIEW

3.2.3. Icon & Connector
Icon (biu tng): l biu tng ca VI, c s dng khi t mt VI mun s
dng chc nng ca mt VI khc. Khi VI c gi l SubVI, n tng
ng nh mt chng trnh con trong cc ngn ng khc.
Connector (u ni): l mt phn t ca Terminal dng ni cc u vo v
u ra ca cc VI vi nhau khi s dng. Mi VI c mt Icon mc nh hin th
trong bng Icon gc trn bn phi ca s Front Palette v Block Diagram.
Khi cc VI c phn cp v module ha th ta c th dng chng nh cc
chng trnh con. Do xy dng mt VI ta c th chia thnh nhiu VI thc
hin cc chc nng n gin v cui cng kt hp chng li vi nhau thnh mt
khi thc thi nhng cng vic c th trong mt chng trnh.
3.3. Cc k thut lp trnh trn LabVIEW:
Khc vi nhng ngn ng lp trnh khc, ngn ng lp trnh LabVIEW ngoi
nhng menu quen thuc ging nh nhng ngn ng khc. LabVIEW cn s dng
cc bng: Tools Palette, Controls Palette, Function Palette, chnh nhng bng ny
lm cho LabVIEW khc vi cc ngn ng s dng nhng cu lnh rm r kh
nh. Cc bng cung cp cc chc nng ngi s dng c th to v thay i
trn Front Panel v Block Diagram bng cc biu tng, cc hnh nh trc quan
gip cho vic s dng tr nn d dng, linh ng hn.

- 25 3.3.1. Tool palette

Tool Panel xut hin trn c Font Panel v Block Diagram. Bng ny cho php
ngi s dng c th xc lp cc ch lm vic c bit ca con tr chut. Khi
la chn mt cng c, biu tng ca con tr s c thay i theo biu tng ca
cng c . Nu thit lp ch t ng la chn cng c v ngi s dng di
chuyn con tr qua cc i tng trn Front Panel hoc Block Diagram, LabVIEW
s t ng la chn cng c ph hp trn bng Tool Palette.
3.3.2. Controls Palette (bng iu khin)
Bng iu khin ch duy nht xut hin trn Front panel. Bng iu khin cha
cc b iu khin (control) v cc b hin th (Indicator). Bng iu khin y
c minh ha nh hnh bn i. m bng controls palette ta vo menu View,
chn controls palette.
Bng iu khin c s dng ngi s dng thit k cu trc mt hin th
gm cc thit b v d: cc cng tc, cc loi n, cc loi mn hnh hin th Vi
bng iu khin ny, ngi s dng c th chn cc b thit b chun do hng sn
xut cung cp v d cng tc nhng cng c th chn cc thit b do ngi s dng
t xy dng. Bng iu khin dng cung cp d liu u vo v hin th kt qu
u ra.

Hnh 3.5 Controls palette

- 26 Trn bng controls palette th hin kh phong ph cc b iu khin khc nhau

nh trn hnh. Ta c th s dng tt c cc thanh phn ca bng controls, hnh
trn mc Express ang c m, sau y ta xem qua mt s b iu khin in
hnh ca LabVIEW
Numeric controls / Indicators
B cng c ny dng hin th v iu khin d liu dng s trong chng
trnh LabVIEW
Boollean controls /Indicators
B cng c ny cung cp hai gi tr l True v False. Khi thc hin chng
trnh ngi s dng s dng chut iu khin gi tr ca thit b. Vic thay i
gi tr ca cc thit b ch c tc dng khi cc thit b c xc lp ch l
cc Control. Cn nu ch l cc Indicator th gi tr khng thay i v chng
ch l cc thit b hin th.
String & Path
Cc iu khin ny dng nhp v hin th cc k t, n cng c th c
xc lp ch u vo hay u ra hoc ch ng dn n cc file cn hin th
3.3.3. Function palette
Bng Functions Palette ch xut hin trn Block Diagram. Bng ny cha cc
VI v cc hm m ngi s dng thit k to dng nn cc khi lu . Vi
bng Function Palette, ngi lp trnh thc hin cc lnh khc nhau bng cc lu
nh: cc php tnh s hc, cc biu thc ton hc, cc vng lp, php la chn
thng qua cc nhm hm, chc nng c cung cp bn cnh bng ny c
th to ra v s dng li cc hm, chc nng m ngi s dng t xy dng. Cc
hm ton hc c minh ha thng qua cc biu tng. Khi mun la chn thc
hin mt hm no th ngi s dng chn biu tng th hin cho hm v c
th ko th bt k v tr no trn Block Diagram sau xc nh nhng u vo
v u ra cn thit.

- 27 3.4. Cc kiu d liu

LabVIEW h tr cho tt c cc dng d liu. Cc kiu d liu dng Boolean,
bytes, string, array, file, text, cluster v dng s c th c chuyn i mt cch
d dng sang cc dng cu trc. Sau y chng ta xem xt mt vi dng d liu:
3.4.1. Variables (bin)
Trong qu trnh lp trnh cn thit phi s dng ti cc bin. Thng qua cc
bin, ngi lp trnh c th thc hin c vic x l v thay i d liu mt cch
thun li. Trong LabVIEW, cc bin c s dng di 2 dng l bin ton cc
(global variables) v cc bin a phng (local variables).
-

Global variables (bin ton cc): Bin ton cc c s dng thc hin
cng vic truyn v lu tr d liu gia mt vi VI. Bin ton cc c coi l
mt i tng trong LabVIEW. Khi ta to ra mt bin ton cc LabVIEW s
to ra mt VI ton cc c bit. to ra cc bin ton cc, ta la chn
chng trn menu Structs and Constants function sau t chng ln
Diagram. Tip tc cn xc nh cho chng kiu d liu thng qua cc kiu d
liu s dng thng qua cc Controls hoc cc Indicators. Chng ta cn ch
l i vi mi bin ton cc chng ta cn phi to ra mt VI vi mt tn
ring duy nht. i vi cc bin ton cc chng ta cng cn xc nh ch
ch cho php ghi hoc ch cho php c. i vi vic truy xut vo bin ton
cc s thc hin rt nhanh chng i vi cc kiu d liu n gin nh
numerics v Boolean. Tuy nhin, khi ta s dng bin ton cc lu tr v x
l cc d liu di dng mng (arrays), Clusters hay cc su (string) ln th
thi gian cng nh b nh cn thit x l chng li s tng i ln. V n
i hi mt vi dch v qun l b nh mi khi cc bin gi ti. Khi s
dng cc bin ton cc cng nh cc bin cc b th mt vn c th gp
phi l s tranh chp d liu. Bin s dng trong Labview khng hon ton
ging nh trong cc ngn ng lp trnh dng lnh. Vic tranh chp d liu
xy ra khi hai hoc nhiu hn cc on m lnh cng thc hin song song cng
thay i gi tr ca mt bin. u ra ca VI ph thuc vo th t c thc thi

- 28 ca cc dng lnh. Bi v nu khng c s ph thuc d liu gia cc biu

thc khc nhan th s khng xc nh c ci no chy trc. Nu s dng
cc bin ton cc trong Vis m c thc hin song song, th ta c th s dng
mt bin ton cc thm vo xc nh khi no d liu c php thay i v
c c gi tr mi
-

Local variable: cho php ngi s dng c hoc vit thng tin ln mt trong
nhng thit b iu khin hoc thit b hin th trn Front Panel. to mt
bin a phng, chn Local Variable t bng Structs & Constant. Khi s
dng bin a phng cn ch mt s thng tin sau
Cc bin a phng b ch c tc dng duy nht trn cc thit b iu
khin hoc thit b hin th m cng trn mt lc . Ta khng th s
dng bin a phng truy cp ti mt iu khin m khng cng trn
mt lc .
Ta c th c rt nhiu cc bin a phng cho mi thit b iu khin hoc
thit b hin th. Tuy nhin iu c th gy ra s phc tp, cho rng iu
khin ca bn thay i trng thi mt cch kh hiu bi v bn ngu nhin
la chn sai cc phn t trong mt hoc nhiu bin a phng
Ging nh bin ton cc, bn c th s dng bin a phng khng c
mt dng d liu hp l khc s dng.

3.4.2. String
Kiu string (chui) l mt kiu d liu dng chui k t. Ta c th s dng
chui tham gia tnh ton x l. la chn cc text lu tr d liu kiu string ta
chn t String & path t control palette nh hnh bn di.
Khng ch vy c th thc hin vic chuyn i t dng string sang cc dng
khc nh dng s, dng mng (array). Trong LabVIEW, i khi ngi s dng c
th cn phi to ra hoc hin th mt s k t trong bng m ASCII m khng th
hin th c nh: Esc, tab gii quyt vn , Labview cung cp mt
s t i din cho cc t , khi cn th hin cc k t ta ch cn g vo nhng

- 29 t i din cho chng trn Front Panel. Sau y l mt s t thay th (Escape

Code)
3.4.3. Array
Trong vic lp trnh i khi chng ta cn x l mt s cc dy s m mi phn
t trong c th c x l nh tng thnh phn ring bit, v vy m ta cn ti
mng. Cc mng y c th l mng mt chiu (mt ct hoc mt vc t), mng
2 chiu, mng 3 chiu. Labview h tr cho ngi lp trnh c th to ra cc mng
ca mnh m trong cha d liu kiu numberic, string, boolean v rt nhiu
dng d liu khc. Cc mng thng c to ra bi cc vng lp. Vic s dng
vng lp l tt cho cc ng dng bi v n xc nh mt vng b nh xc nh t
khi n bt u. Nu khng dng cc vng lp th LabVIEW khng c cch no bit
c khi no vng lp li c lp li, vic qun l b nh c th s c gi li
nhiu ln v lm chm vic x l.
Ngi s dng c th s dng chc nng xy dng mng. N cn cho php
rng buc mng gc vo cc mng khc
3.4.3.1.

Array Constant

S dng hm ny s to ra mt mng vi cc phn t l cc hng s. nh

ngha dng d liu ca mng hng s ta la chn bt k hng s v hng no t
bng Function Palette v t n vo bn trong mng hng s. Tt c cc thnh phn
ca mng s c dng ny. S dng Operating Tool nhp gi tr cho tng thnh
phn ca mng. Ta khng th thay i c gi tr ca mng trong khi VI chy.
3.4.3.2.

Array Max & Min

Hm ny c chc nng tm kim s ln nht
v s nh nht ca cc s trong mng. Hm
ny thng tr v kt qu hin th.

Mng c th l mng n chiu ca bt k loi d liu no.

Gi tr ln nht (max value) l cng dng d liu nh l cc thnh phn trong
mng cc s.
Ch s ln nht (max index) l ch s ca phn t ln nht

- 30 Gi tr nh nht (min value) l ca cng dng d liu nh l cc thnh phn trong

mng.
Ch s nh nht (min index) l ch s ca gi tr nh nht
3.4.4. Cc cu trc iu khin lung chng trnh
Trong bt c ngn ng lp trnh no, ta cng hay thng gp v lm vic vi
cc phn t iu khin lung chng trnh, l cc cu trc (Structures). Cc cu
trc iu khin lung chng trnh trong mt VI c 5 cu trc l: For Loop, While
Loop, Case Structure, Sequence Structure v Fomula Node.
Cc cu trc thc hin t ng khi d liu u vo ca chng c sn v
thc hin cc cng vic theo mun cho ti khi hon thnh th mi cung cp d
liu ti cc dy ni d liu u ra. Tuy nhin, mi cu trc thc hin theo cc quy
tc ring (Sub Diagram) ca n.
SubDiagram l tp hp ca cc Node, Wire v Terminal bn trong ng vin
ca Structure. Mi cu trc For Loop v While loop c mt SubDiagram.
Cu trc Case v Sequence c th c nhiu SubDiagram, nhng ch c mt
SubDiagram c th thc hin ti mt thi im. Cch xy dng cc SubDiagram
cng ging nh vic xy dng cc Block diagram mc u.
Vic truyn d liu vo v ra cc Structure thng qua cc Terminal m c t
ng to ra ni dy ni i qua ng vin ca cu trc, cc Terminal ny c
gi l cc ng ng (Tunel).
3.5. SubVI v cch xy dng SubVI
3.5.1. Khi nim SubVI
Khi thit k chng trnh trong LabView, ta thng ch thit k cc VI v
xc nh u vo v u ra cho chng. Khi mi VI thc hin mt chc nng xc
nh. Trong vic lp trnh, cc VI c th c s dng trong cc Block Diagram
ca mt VI khc mc cao hn. Khi VI cao hn c gi l mt SubVI.
Nh vy, mt SubVI ta c th coi nh mt chng trnh con trong cc chng
trnh khc nh C++ Trong mt chng trnh labVIEW, khng b hn ch s

- 31 SubVI v mi SubVI khng b hn ch vic gi n cc SubVI. Vi tin ch ny,

mt chng trnh trn Labview s tr nn d hiu, gn gng v d g ri hn.
3.5.2. Xy dng SubVI
C hai cch n gin nht xy dng mt SubVI: to mt SubVI t mt VI
v to mt SubVI t mt phn ca VI
3.5.2.1. To mt SubVI t mt VI
Cc SubVI c s dng thng qua Icon v Conector ca n. Icon ca mt VI
l mt biu tng ha. Conetor ca mt VI gn cc Control v Indicator cho cc
Terminal u vo v u ra. Mun gi mt VI t Block Diagram ca mt VI khc,
th trc tin ta phi to ra Icon v Conector cho VI .
to Icon, ta bm p chut tri vo biu tng Icon gc bn pha trn ca
Front Panel hoc bm chut phi vo biu tng Icon v chn Edit Icon Sau khi
chn Edit Icon ta dng cc cng c bn tri ca s to ra kiu Icon trong
vng son tho im ln. Hnh nh mt nh ca Icon xut hin trong vng son
tho. Ph thuc vo dng mn hnh ang s dng, ta c th thit k kiu Icon
dng n sc, 16 mu hoc 256 mu. Mu mc nh ca Icon l en - Trng
(Black-White), nhng n c th bm vo mc chn mu chuyn sang 16 mu
hoc 256 mu. Ta c th copy mt Icon thnh mt Icon en trng, v ngc li.

Hnh 3.6 Icon mc nh v Icon sau khi c to

- 32 Xc nh kiu Connector Terminal: SubVI nhn d liu ti v gi d liu

thng qua cc Terminal trong vung Connector ca n. Ta c th xc nh cc
mi lin h bng cch chn s Terminal cn thit cho VI v gn mt Front Panel
Control hoc Indicator cho mi Terminal. Nu Connector ca VI cha xut hin
gc tri ca Front Panel th ta chn Show Connector t menu ca Icon. Connector
thay th Icon gc bn phi pha trn ca Front Panel. Kiu Terminal ban u
c chn cho VI c s cc Terminal bn phi ca Connector bng s Indicator
trn Front panel v s Terminal bn tri Connector bng s Control trn Front
Panel. Nu iu ny khng th c c th phn mm s chn kiu Terminal ph
hp gn nht. Mi hnh ch nht trong Connector s tng ng vi mt u vo
hoc u ra t VI.
Ta c th chn mt kiu Terminal khc trong menu Pattern. Ta c th thm
hoc loi b bt Terminal bng cch chn Add Terminal hoc chn Remove
Terminal. Sau khi chn c Connector Terminal Pattern ta phi gn cc Front
Panel Control v Indicator cho cc Terminal theo cc bc sau:
-

Bm vo mt Termianl ca Connector, sau bm vo mt Front Panel Control

hoc Front Panel Indicator mun gn cho Terminal chn. Mt khung bao
xung quanh Front Panel ca Control hoc Indicator c chn xut hin v
nhp nhy.

Bm vo mt vng m ca Front Panel v bm chut, khung nhp nhy bin

mt. Termianl v Front Panel Control hoc Indicator chn c gn vi
nhau.

Hnh 3.7 Cch thc to Connector ca mt VI

- 33 3.5.2.2. To mt SubVI t mt phn ca VI

bin i mt phn ca VI thnh mt SubVI c gi t VI khc, chn mt
phn trong Block Diagram ca VI, sau chn Edit\Create SubVI. Phn s t
ng thnh mt SubVI. Cc Control v Indicator c t ng khai bo cho SubVI
mi. SubVI mi t ng ni dy vi cc u dy hin c v mt Icon ca SubVI s
thay th phn c chn trong Block Diagram ca VI gc. i vi SubVI ny ta
c th iu chnh c Icon & Connector tng t nh trn.
3.6. K thut lp trnh nng cao trong LabVIEW
3.6.1. Lin kt thit b o vi thit b phn cng
3.6.1.1. Th vin DAQ trong LabVIEW
Th vin DAQ VIs nm trong Panel Functions Data Acquisition gm cc
lp khc nhau ca DAQ. DAQ c chia thnh 6 lp c bn sau:
-

Analog Input VIs

Analog Output VIs

Digital I/O Vis

Counter VIs

Calibration and Configuration VIs

Signal Conditioning VI

Hnh 3.8 Th vin DAQ

- 34 -

Cc DAQ c chia thnh cc mc khc nhau ty theo mc tc ng ca

chng. Cc DAQ c chia thnh 4 mc:
* Easy VIs
* Intermadiate VIs
* Utility VIs
* Advance VIs
Ngoi ra, LabView cn c th vin cho cc h thng Card chuyn dng ca hng
NI.

Hnh 3.9 Th vin Advanced v Th vin Instrument I/O

- 35 a d liu vo/ra cc cng song song, ni tip ca my tnh ta c th s

dng cc VIs vo ra ca LabVIEW.
3.6.2. Cu trc c bn ca DAQ
Thit b o c xem nh l mt cng c lin kt gia thit b phn cng v
phn mm ca thit b o lng, c to ra bi ngi s dng vi cc tiu chun
ca my tnh. Hng National Instruments pht trin phn cng v phn mm
iu khin thu nhn d liu (DAQ), phn tch, biu din v lu gi d liu cc
dng khc nhau. Phn mm iu khin l mt chng trnh ni ghp gia thit b
phn cng v cc chc nng m rng ca cc thit b c bn. Phn mm ng dng
c th l LabVIEW, LabWindows/CVI, ComponentWorks v cc cng c o
lng c bn, m rng hin th v phn tch cc kt qu ca thit b o.
Thit b o c s dng to ra h thng theo yu cu ca kim tra, o
lng v k thut t ng ha, ph hp vi phn cng ni ghp v phn mm
thnh phn. Nu h thng thay i, ta c th thay i thit b o m khng cn phi
thay i phn mm v phn cng.
3.6.2.1. DAQ (data acquisition)
Nhim v c bn ca tt c cc h thng o lng l o v to ra cc tn hiu
vt l thc t. im khc bit ln nht ca cc thit b l phng thc truyn gia
thit b o lng v my tnh. Thit b DAQ a nng l thit b kt ni ti my tnh
v n cho php truy xut tn hiu s. Thit b DAQ cho php lin kt trc tip vi
bus ca my tnh thng qua khe cm m rng. Mt vi thit b DAQ bn ngoi
cho php lin kt vi my tnh thng qua cng ni tip, IEEE 488 (GPIB), hoc
cng ethernet. Thit b DAQ cho php bin i tn hiu v thnh tn hiu s v gi
chng ti my tnh (ti phn mm bn trong my tnh). Phn mm ng dng s
dng cc d liu o lng, iu khin v hin th d liu bn trong my tnh,
ng thi gi d liu tr li thit b o lng. Phng php ny c tnh mm
do cao v c th s dng mt thit b phn cng cho nhiu dng kim tra v c th
pht trin thm cc ng dng khc cho cc dng kim tra. Thit b DAQ a nng
rt thch ng s dng s ha d liu ca thit b o lng.

- 36 Tuy nhin, mt s thit b o lng nm ngoi my tnh khng th tn ti c

lp, m chng cn c iu khin v gim st thng qua vic lin kt vi my
tnh. i vi mi b cng c o lng c th s c nhng giao thc c th vi my
tnh ty theo vic chng lin kt vi my tnh thng qua Ethernet, Serial, GPIB
hoc VXI.

Hnh 3.10 Thit b DAQ

Trn hnh 3.10, trnh by hai dng la chn ca thit b DAQ. Trong la chn
A, h thng thit b DAQ nm bn trong my tnh. Trong la chn B, thit b DAQ
nm bn ngoi my tnh. Vi bng mch m rng nm bn ngoi ta c th xy
dng h thng DAQ lin kt vi my tnh m khng cn n khe cm m rng, v
d nh my tnh xch tay. Khi ny, my tnh v modul DAQ giao tip vi nhau
thng qua nhiu loi knh khc nhau nh: Cng song song, cng ni tip, Ethernet.
y l h thng thc hin thu nhn d liu t xa v iu khin ng dng.

- 37 -

Hnh 3.11 Cc dng la chn ca thit b DAQ

Trn hnh 3.27 khng th hin la chn th 3, la chn ny s dng bus
PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card International Assoaciation) c trong
mt s my tnh xch tay. Mt thit b PCMCIA lin kt vi my tnh v truyn tn
hiu ti bo mch nh trong s la chn A. y chnh l s linh ng v cht ch
ca h thng DAQ.
3.6.2.2. Mi quan h gia LabVIEW vi thit b DAQ
My tnh thu nhn d liu th v chuyn i n thnh dng chun m ngi s
dng c th hiu c. Phn mm m ha d liu thnh dng c th th hin trong
th, biu hoc trong file ca report. Phn mm khng ch tc ng vo h
thng DAQ m cn c tc ng i vi thit b DAQ khi chng thu nhn d liu,
cng nh l i vi cc knh khi chng nhn d liu.
c trng cho phn mm ca DAQ bao gm b iu khin v phn mm ng
dng. Nhng b iu khin ch tc ng i vi mt loi thit b nht nh, chng
bao gm cc lnh iu khin chc nng thit b. Phn mm ng dng gi cc lnh
ti b iu khin, nh khi c d liu chng thc hin hai cng vic: c d liu
vo v a d liu ngc tr li khi c kt qu phn tch v hin th d liu.
LabVIEW bao gm cc VIs cho php thay i cu trc d liu nhn c v
gi d liu ti thit b DAQ. LabVIEW DAQ VIs c th gi ti cc NI-DAQ ghp
ni vi chng trnh ng dng (API Application Program Interface). Trong NI-

- 38 DAQ API cha cc cng c v cc hm c bn lin kt vi phn cng ca thit

b DAQ.
NI-DAQ l phn mm iu khin ca thit b NI-DAQ, n thit lp giao tip
gia LabVIEW vi thit b o lng. Hng NI ch cung cp phn mm iu khin
cho lin kt vi mt s b cng c o lng c bit, bao gm: NI-488.2, NI-VISA
v IVI. Mi quan h gia LabVIEW, phn mm iu khin v phn cng o lng.
LabVIEW VIs a ti phn mm iu khin ni vi phn cng o lng.

LabVIEW VIs

Phn mm iu khin

Phn cng o lng

3.6.2.3. Cu trc c bn ca DAQ
Ngy nay, cc nh khoa hc v cc k s s dng my tnh PC vi PCI,
PXI/CompactPCI, PCMCIA, USB, IEEE 1394, ISA, cng ni tip, cng song song
thu nhn d liu trong phng th nghim, k thut t ng ha, th nghim v
o lng. Nhiu ng dng s dng thit b thu nhn d liu v chuyn chng ti
b nh my tnh. Mc chnh xc ca kt qu t h thng thu nhn d liu ti
my tnh ph thuc vo mi phn t trong h thng (Hnh 3.29).

Hnh 3.12 Cc phn t c bn trong h thng DAQ

- 39 Cc thnh phn ca h thng bao gm:

-

My tnh PC (Personal Computer).

B chuyn i (Transducers).

iu ha ng truyn tn hiu (Signal Conditioning).

Phn cng DAQ (DAQ Hardware).

Phn mm (Software).

3.6.2.4. My tnh PC
Ngy nay, my tnh PC c trang b nhng tiu chun mi l bus PCI v
USB. Cng vi s pht trin ca PCMCIA, USB v IEE 1394 th h thng DAQ
PC c nhiu s la chn linh ng hn trc y. Bi v DAQ s dng truyn ni
tip RS - 232 hoc RS - 485 bi hn ch bi tc ng truyn d liu. Khi la
chn thit b DAQ v cu trc bus cn phi lu n phng thc truyn kh
nng truyn d liu ca my tnh khng lm nh hng ti h thng DAQ. My
tnh PC c chng trnh h tr I/O v truyn cc ngt.
Ngy nay, cc my tnh PC u c th truy xut trc tip b nh (DMA
Direct memory access), iu ny lm tng tc truyn khi truyn d liu t phn
cng chuyn dng ti b nh my tnh. Phng thc truyn gip b x l
khng b nghn khi di chuyn d liu v trong cc thao tc x l phc tp. Vic
chn phng thc truyn nh hng n nng sut truyn ca thit b DAQ. Nhn
t gii hn i khi chnh l thit b phn cng, thi gian truy nhp a v cc phn
vng ca da cng lm nh hng ln ti dng d liu v tc truyn d liu.
Thm vo , a cng phi c khong trng h iu hnh chy v thc hin
sp x d liu vo a. ng dng i hi x l thi gian thc ca tn hiu tn s
ln cn c tc x l cao, b x l 32-bit kt hp vi b ng x l hoc b x
l chuyn dng nh l bo mch DSP (digital signal processing). Tuy nhin, vi
nhng ng dng ch cn thc hin vic d liu ra trong 1 hoc 2 giy th nhng
my tnh cp thp cng c th p ng.
3.6.2.5. B chuyn i v iu ha ng truyn tn hiu

- 40 B chuyn i c kh nng chuyn i hin tng vt l thnh tn hiu in

a n DAQ ca h thng o lng. Trong mt s trng hp, tn hiu in nhn
c tng ng vi tn hiu in nhn c tng ng vi tn hiu vt l ca thit
b, tn hiu in nhn c t b chuyn i chnh l tham s nh gi di thng
tin u vo ca thit b DAQ.
iu ha ng truyn tn hiu gip khuch i tn hiu mc thp, tch v lc
tn hiu c kt qu o chnh xc. Ngoi ra, mt s b chuyn i s dng in
p u v lm tn hiu kch to ra in p trn u ra. iu ha ng truyn tn
hiu c s dng mt cch a dng trong nhng ng dng quan trng.
Mt ng dng ph bin ca iu ha ng truyn tn hiu l khuch i. Tn
hiu mc thp c khuch i ln tng tc phn gii v gim bt nhiu.
c chnh xc cao, iu ng truyn tn hiu khuch i tn hiu ln m bo
u vo b ADC.
Mt ng dng khc ca iu ha ng truyn tn hiu l tch tn hiu t my
tnh. H thng s tch cc tn hiu chuyn i b hng t my tnh khi iu ha
ng truyn tn hiu. Tch tn hiu cn gip vic c tn hiu t thit b DAQ vo
khng b thay i bi cc tn hiu khc. S dng chc nng tch tn hiu ca modul
iu ha ng truyn tn hiu gip to ra tn hu chnh xc cho h thng.
Multiplexing (dn) l mt k thut ph bin ca cc dng c o lng tn hiu,
phn cng ca iu ha ng truyn tn hiu ca tn hiu anlog cung cp
Multiplexing. Modul SCXI ca tn hiu analog c th c ti 3.072 tn hiu o
lng vi mt thit b DAQ. y l mt im c bit trong thit b DAQ.
Filter: Kt qu ca b lc l loi b cc tn hiu khng cn thit khi tn hiu
ca thit b o lng. i vi loi tn hiu mt chiu, b lc lm suy gim cc tn
hiu tn s thp tng chnh xc cho cc thit b o. V d, nhiu modul SCXI
s dng 4Hz v 10kHz lm mc cho qua b lc loi tr tn hiu nhiu trc khi
a tn hiu i s ha bng thit b DAQ. i vi tn hiu xoay chiu, thng phi
s dng cc dng b lc khc nh b lc rng ca. Mt s thit b c bn c
thit k cho tn hiu o lng xoay chiu nh: NI 455x, NI 445x v NI 447x.

- 41 Tuyn tnh ha: Chc nng ph bin ca iu ha ng truyn tn hiu l

tuyn tnh ha. Nhiu b chuyn i c p ng khng tuyn tnh i vi s thay
i ca u vo. Hng NI to ra NI-DAQ, LabVIEW, Measurement Studio v
VirtualBench to ra s tuyn tnh ha u n.
Trong thc t, tn hiu o lng chu nh hng cu mi trng xung quanh
lm thay i kt qu o lng. Do , modul iu ha ng truyn tn hiu l
khng th thiu trong h thng DAQ.
3.7. Phn cng DAQ
u vo analog: c im k thut ca u vo analog trn a s sn phm
DAQ cho bit s ca knh, tc ly mu, mc lng t ha v khong u ra.
Tc ly mu: Khong ly mu l tham s xc nh cho qu trnh chuyn
i. Tc ly mu ln th s c c nhiu d liu trong mt on v thi gian, do
trong trng hp ny biu din tn hiu gc tt hn.
Multiplexing (Dn): y l mt k thut ph bin trong cc thit b o lng
tn hiu.
phn gii: phn gii ca thit b DAC biu th bng s bit tn hiu s
u ra. S bit cng nhiu th sai s lng t ha cng nh. chnh xc cng cao.
rng m ha: Thit b DAQ c di, phn di v nhng tin ch sn c
th xc nh c s thay i rt nh ca in p. S thay i trong in p c
th hin bt c trng s nh nht (LSB) cu gi tr digital v c gi l rng
m ha.
u ra analog: u ra analog thng c b tr ph thuc vo tc nhn kch
thch ca h thng DAQ. c im k thut ca b DAC (digital - to - anlog
converter) quyt nh cht lng ca tn hiu u ra sn phm nh: thi gian xc
lp, tc chuyn i v phn gii u ra.
Thi gian xc lp: Thi gian xc lp l thi gian t khi tn hiu s c a
vo n khi dng in hoc in p u ra n nh.
Tc chuyn i: Tc chuyn i l gi tr tc ln nht ca DAC
trn u ra c tn hiu. Thi gian xc lp v tc chuyn i trong qu trnh lm

- 42 vic quyt nh s thay i ca mc tn hiu u ra DAC. V vy, DAC c thi

gian xc lp nh v tc chuyn i ln c th to ra tn hiu cao tn, bi v thi
gian nh cn thit cho vic thay i chnh xc mc in p u ra.
phn gii u ra: phn gii l t s gia gi tr ca tiu vi gi tr cc
i ca in p u ra. V tr s t s ny tng ng t s gi tr cc tiu i vi gi
tr cc i ca tn hiu s u vo.
Vo, ra tn hiu s (DIO): Vo ra tn hiu s thng c ghp ni vi h
thng PC DAQ ti cc quy trnh iu khin, to ra cc m hnh kim tra v gi
chng ti thit b ngoi vi. Trong mt s trng hp, tham s quan trng gm s
ng digital s dng, tc ly d liu t d liu digital ngun trn cc ng
v kh nng truyn ca cc ng . ng dng ph bin nht ca DIO l truyn
d liu gia my tnh v cc thit b nh d liu b x l, my in.
3.8. Phn mm (Software)
Phn mm chuyn i gia PC v thit b phn cng DAQ gip thu nhn d
liu, phn tch v hin th. Phn cng DAQ khng c phn mm th khng c tc
dng v phn cng DAQ vi phn mm cht lng km th hu nh khng c tc
dng. a phn cc ng dng DAQ u s dng phn mm iu khin. Phn mm
iu khin l lp phn mm tc ng trc tip ln thanh ghi ca phn cng DAQ
qun l hot ng ca thanh ghi v hp thnh mt th thng nht vi ti nguyn
ca my tnh, cng nh l vi cc ngt x l, DMA v b nh.
Phn mm ng dng cng nh phn mm iu khin l iu khin phn
cng DAQ. Li th ca phn mm ng dng l chng c th phn tch v lm tng
hiu qu ca phn mm iu khin. Phn mm ng dng kt hp iu khin thit
b o lng (GPIB, RS-232, and VXI) v thu nhn d liu. Phn mm ng dng
truyn thng l chng trnh C, LabVIEW, phn mm ng dng vi cc chng
trnh ha gip pht trin hon thin thit b o lng, kt qu thu c v iu
khin ng dng.