URINE

It is a liquid waste product of the body

secreted by the kidneys by a process of
filtration from the blood and excreted
through the urethra.

URINATION
It is the primary method for excreting
water-soluble chemicals from the body.
Micturition

Composition of Urine

Transparent solution
Colorless to amber

Usually pale yellow

Aqueous solution of metabolic wastes

Formation of Urine
The production of urine is vital to he
health of the body.
Urine is composed of water, electrolytes
and various waste products.
Filtration fraction - 20% of the total blood
pumped by the heart each minute will
enter the kidneys to undergo filtration.

Mechanisms of Urine Formation

Glomerular filtration

Glomerular filtrate

Urea most abundant of the waste

products that must be excreted by the
kidneys.

GFR normally about 125ml per

minute

1.

2. Reabsorption begins in the proximal

convoluted tubules and continues in the loop of
henle, distal convoluted tubules, and collecting.
More than 178 liters per day
Nutrient glucose is entirely reabsorbed back
in to the blood from the proximal tubules
3. Secretion is the process by which
substances move into the distal and collecting
tubules from blood in the capillaries around this
tubules.

Characteristics of Urine
Unusual color
Odor
Turbidity
pH
Volume
Density

Urine Examination
Urinalysis or urine test checks different
components of urine, a waste product
made by the kidneys.
The kidneys take out waste material,
minerals, fluids, and other substances
from the blood to be passed to the urine.

Physical Examination of Urine

Color
Clarity/Turbidity
Odor
Specific gravity
pH
Protein
Glucose
Nitrates
Leukocyte esterase
Ketones

Microscopic Analysis
RBC or WBC
Casts
Crystals
Bacteria, yeast cells, or parasites
Squamous cells
Urinary cast

Types of Casts
Hyaline casts
Red cell casts
Granular casts
Epithelial casts
Waxy casts
Fatty casts