O25 gs Vd ae QS Mechanical and Metal BTM arity ety aN REA 4 =) o a) a! e CJ = = “” oa s £ — | a Cy = sc a J 1 3 Sq I a Oo o = [Ulrich Fischer Roland Gomeringer Friedrich Naher Heinz Pastzold Stefan Oesterle Andreas Stephan Mechanical and Metal Trades Handbook 2nd English edition Europa-No.:1910X VERLAG EUROPA LEHRMITTEL - Nourney, Vollmer GmbH & Co. KG Diisselberger Strae 23 . 42781 Haan-Gruiten - Germany ™Original ttl: ‘Tabelienbuch Met 5, 44th etiton, 2008, Authors: Ulich Fischer Dipl-ing. (FH) Reutlingen Roland Gomeringer Dipl-Gwi Mepstetten Max Heinaler Dipt-ing. (FH) \Wangen im Aljgéu Foland Kilgus Dipl-Gwi. Neckartanzlingen Frieerich Nahor Dipl-ng. (FH) Balingen Stefan Oasterie Dipt-ing. ‘Amizall Heinz Pactzold Dipi-ing. (FH) ‘Mlacker Andreas Stephan Dipi-ing. (FH) Kressbronn Editor: Urrich Fischer, Reutingen Graphic design: Design ofie of Verlag Europa-Lehimite, Leinfelden-Echlercingen, Germany “re puso ans ats hve aen care oe he orton nin is bok oh best ht by. Fonevecnorespnsbiy exes he pulse o any of sass epg 8 conto ary aera von cca bre om which ry taut many bs or cage 0 ay sty sng the data shown above. Werenty cli epithe authors ote pusher ae exuded Mos recent son of stars and ier requations gover hi use. ‘Thay can bo ordered or Both Verag GmbH, Gugaalons 6, 10787 Bain Gomany ‘ho conet th chy Perens CNC mtn och PAL" page 6 to compes wah (rede mateay MK Fogen Sgr (chamber of Conmece an ayo he St eae). Eng eon: Mechanical and Metal Tades Handbook 2rd ei, 2010, s4a21 ‘Mpg of his xin maybe used concent inthe lasted sos they er unchanged exe ‘actors to ypesrapical roe and sigh anges sandr, torsos ISBN 13 976-9-8085-1913-4 cover design cues a photoreph rom TESAVGIown& Shape, Rene, Switz ‘as recerved The gubieten Is pecaced unde oprght ew Ary use cher hen those permite aw {©2010 by Verag Evope-Lehnt, Noun, Valine: GmbH & Co. KG, 42781 on Techn Tense, 72867 Scot, Germany, nutans om Eva Schwarz, 768 Otershoin, Gemanyworlocnsche bo S0zunge “Typeseing Yoontand Gb, 75257 Kengon, Germany: wr yelowhand Pinos Mace Pant llnmationtesnotgs S310, Paderbom, Gemany ‘The Mechanical and Metal Trades Handbook is well-suited for shop reference, tooling, machine building, maintenance and as general book of knowledge. It is als0 useful for e Ucationsl purposes, especially in practical work or curricula ‘and continuing education programs. ‘Target Groups + Industrial and trade mechanics Tool & Die makers + Machinists + Millwrights + Drattspersons {Technical Instructors + Apprentices in above trade areas + Practitioners in trades and industry + Mechanical Engineering students Notes forthe user The contents of this book include tables and formulae in ight chapters, including Tebles of Contents, Subject Index fad Standards Index The tables contain the mast important guidelines, designs, types, dimensions and standard valuse for their subject Units re not specified in the legends for the formulae if sev bral units are possible. Howover, the calculation examples foreach formula use thase units normally applied in practice. Desianation examples, which are inclucied for all standard pars, materials and drawing designations, re highlighted by a red arrow (=). The Table of Contents inthe front of the book Is expanded further atthe beginning of each chapter in form of = patil Table of Contents The Subject Index a the end ofthe book ipages 417-426) is extensive, ‘The Standards index (pages 407-416) lists all the current standards and regulations cited in the book. In many cases previous standards are also listed to ease the transition from older, more familiar standard to new ones, We have thoroughly rvised the 2nd edition ofthe “Mechan ical and Metal Trades Handbook" inline withthe 44th edition Of the German version "Tabellenbuch Meta”. Tha section dealing with PAL programming of CNC machine tools wae Updated (to the state of 2008) and considerably enhanced, ecial thanks to the Magna Technical Training Centre for ihair input into the English translation of this book. Their sssistance has been extremely valuable. Tho authors and the publisher wil be grateful for any sug: gestions and constructive comments, Spring 2010 Authors and publisher 273-344 7 Automation and nology 345-406 ' nternational material 7 Mathematics — 2 Physies 33-56 3 Technical drawing 1D e714 Ms| 118-200 elements ME! 201-272 [& Production Engineering PE Information Tech A, comparison chart, S Standards 407-416 ™4 preeneu 1 Mathematics 11 Numerical ables Square root, Area of a crle Tangent, Cotangent 112 Teigonometsi Functions Defintions Sine, Cosine, Tangent Cotengent Laws of snes and cosines Angles, Theoram of intersecting lines 413. Fundamentals of Mathematics Using brackets, powers, roots Equations Powers often inert eaculation Percentage and proportion cakutations 14 Symbots, Units Formats symbols, Mathematical symbols Stquantiise and units af meesurement Nor-Sunts 2 Physics 24 Motion Union ai aunserated motion Speeds of machines 22. Forees Adding and resolving force vectors Wight Spring force Lever principle, Bearing forces Toxques, Cntiugal force 23° Work, Power, Efficiency Machanisl work ‘Simple machines Power and ffisency 24. Friction Friction force Coofcens of ction Friction in bearings 25. Pressure in iquids and gases Pressure, definition and typos Buoyancy Pressure changes in gases 26 Strength of mater Lose eases, Load types Safety fects, Mechanical strength properties ‘Tension, Compression, Surface pressure ‘Shear, Buckling 0 3 a 16 20 2 35 38 ey 2 a a a 2 8 16 w 18 19 27 28 Lengths Catelations ina ight triangle Sub-tiviing lengths, Arclangth Flat lengths, Rough lengths Areas ‘Angular sreas Erulateral trangia, Polygons, Crete route areas| Volume and Surface area Cube, Cylinder, Pyramid Trunested pyramid, Cone, Truncated cone, Sphere Composite slids Mass Genera calculations Uinesr mass density ‘Area mass density Controide Centos of lines Centro of plane areas Bending, Torsion ‘State moment, Section modus, ‘Moment o eria Comparison of various trose-sectionsl shapes “Thermodynamics Temperatres, Linear expansion, Shvinkage Quanity of hest| Heat tvs, Heat of combustion Eloctcity Ohms Lat, Conductor resistance Resistor circuits Types of eurent Electrical ware and power 9 2a 24 25 26 a 28 2 0 3 a 3 3 2 2 3 a7 ry 50 3 Technical drawing aa 32 33 34 35 Basle geometric constructions Lines end angles Tangent, Creular aca, Palygone Insoribed cles Elipees, Spirals (Cyeioids, volute curves, Perabo Graphs CCantsian coordinate system Graph ypes Drawing elements Fonts Prefrrad numbers, Radi, Sales Drawing layout Line types Representation Projection methods Views Sectional viws Hatching Entering dimensions Dimensioning rules Diameters, Radi, Spheres, Cham Incines, Tapers, Are dimensions Tolerance specications Types of dimensioning Table of Contents 5 2388 @ 8 5 88 n ra 8 6 78 a0 a ‘Simplified presentation in drawings. 63 4 Materials science an 42 43 44 45 46 Materials Material charecerstes of quid and gases Parodi abl o the siemens Designation system for steels ” ne Defintian and lessiication of steel 120 Material codes, Designation Steel types, Overview Structural steels 121 138 128 Case hardoned, quenched and tem: ered, nitrdod, fee cuting steels, Tool stools Stainless steals, Sping stele Finished steel products Sheet stip, pipes Profiles Heat treatment Irar-Catbon phase diagram Provesses Cast iron materials Designation, Materil codes Claesfeation Maleabe cat iron, Cat stel 12. 135 136 8 188 189 10 11 7 3.6 Machine elements oar types 2 Roller bestinge 25 Seale 28 Retaining sings, Springs 87 3.7 Workpiece elements Bosses, Workpicce edges 88 Thiead nuts, Thread unreuis 68 ‘Thad, Seow joints 20 Centr les, Krus, Undorouis 91 38. Welding and Soldering ‘Graphics! symbols 93 Dimensioning examlos 8 39° Surfaces Hardiness specications in dravings ..97 Form deviations, Roughness 98 Surface testing, Surface indestions’ 09 3.10 180 Tolerances and Fits, Fundamantals 102 Basic hole and basic shat aystome’ 108 Genera Tolerances, Roller bearing is mo Fitrecommendations m Geometitolerencing m2 GDaT (Geometric Dimsensioning & Tolerancing) «118 15 47 Foundry technology. Pattern Pattern ectpment 182 Shrinkage allowance Dimensional tolerance 163 48 Light alloys, Overview of Al alloys .. 164 ‘wrought aluminum ailoye 185 ‘Aluminum casting alloys 166, ‘Aluminum profiles 189 Magnesium and titanium lis... 172 49° Heavy non-ferrous metal, Overviow Designation stern Copper alloys 4.10 Other metalic materials Composite mats Ceramic matarisle 7 Sintred matale 178 4.11 Plastis, Overview 179 ‘Thormoplastics 12 ‘Thotmosot plastic, Elastomers... 184 Plastics processing 186 4.12 Material testing methods, Overview 188 Tensile esting 90 Herchess test, 192 413 Corrosion, Corrosion protection 196 4.16 Hazardous materials 197 76 Table of Contents - _ Table of Contents y 5 Machine elements 201 7 Automation and Information Technology 345 5:1. Thxeads (overview) 202 Grooved pins, Grooved arivesuds 711. Basie terminology fr contol Structured txt (ST 4 Matric 180 threads 204 Clevis pins 238 cngineering oY Secured went ( ae Whitworth threads, Pipe threads ....208 5.7 Shatt-hub connections Basic terminology Code letes, Simple functions oe “Teperoldal ang bites treads 207 Se eer eo ae sag tin Three tolerances 28 Paral and wood ays 20 | ‘Analog contolrs 3 Handing and robot systems 5.2 Bolts and screws (overview) ..... 209 Splined shafts, Bling rivets 281 Discontinuous and digital contliers 349 ores axes. By Besaratons stot 20 Teal tapers cca} va ai ‘0 Robot designs we Hexagon ead bolts & stews .."""212 5.8 Springs, components offs tral ecuits eee Other bots & srews 26 srdtacis Grit symbols as 77 Coons stom ay Screw join calculations zr Springs 244 Designations in circuit diagrams’... 353, rogram structure cording io DIN 32 Locking fasteners mm Drill bushings 2a Cireutt diagrams rogram srr secon to DIN. 382 Wieths eros lat, Bot and Standard stamping pars 251 | Sensors Machining motions as per BIN 384 serow drive systems 223 59 Deve slements Protect precautions Machining motons 0 pe PAL 53. Countersinis 224 bats 253 | | 2. Funetion charts and funtion diagrams {Geman esocton 308 Goumersins for eouriersuck Gears 20 ]7 Faneton shee ms [Semana head screws 224 Transision aos 2 Function dogreme a PALprogemming system forming 582 Coumorboresforcap serous 225 Speed graph 260 | 74 Pneumatics and hydraulics 7.8 information technology 54 Nuts overview) 228 510 Beringe | Greattsymbcle 9 Numbering syste a Designations, Strength 2 Pain borings [overview 261 Lsyout of ere liograms oes ASC code ry Hexegon nuts 2a Pian bearing bushings 22 | Contoters 6 oon aa thaaecseseepe on Other ns zi ‘Anticon bearings (overview)... 268 Prarie ids ee WD omg «28 58 Washers (overview! 233 ‘pe of olor beatings be Phowmate eines Sea : Fatwashore ma Fatningsings 28 | Foroen, Specs, Pow ie Fy Clovis, Conta spcing washers 228 Sesing denen m Prockion sel ube in 56 Pins and clevis pins overview «238 viating ols a 15 Programmable gl control wal pin, Ter pins Spring pind 237 Uiretng greases m PLC programming nguagee......373 Dovel is Tse Senge User diagram LD) = a 6 Production Engineering m3 Function block anguago .... 374 * Stanger, emily me Location of pinch oder shai. 317 8 Material chart, Standards ‘07 tatty pearing, Guay esting = 2786.6 Forming me Sous mS foe ' 81 Inmatonl mata wo Proves cpa o 28 popes es 82 DIN, DINER, 50 et. standards |. 412 cess capi eae 62. Production planing Wilcing processes m ‘Tne accountng szording to REFA. 252 Weld propraton a Subject index a7 Cost sosouming 2 Sec wong eal Mochine hour aes 25 Sas ato etal are weding =. 328 63 Machining processes fre welding a Productive to 2 ‘ermal ating x Machining coolants 22 Igonteation of as clndes 331 | Curing ook mater inser Soierng and bracing 3| “ool hlders 234 Adhesive bonding = Forces and paver 288 6.8 Workplace safety and environmental Ecting date Driling, Reina protection Turning | ar Prohibitive signs 338 ating data apa tring ze pos = ating data Ming m5 Mandatory signs index on ape outs and resigns ....340 {utng tata rincing an Honing’ 908 Rauuiorae a 64 Matera removal Danger symbols 22 | Caing sto a0 Icentifeation of pipelines 30 | Proceso 318 Sound and nolee aaa 65 Separation by cutting Eating ree a8Table of Contents 9 Standards and other Regulations rose ONY 0s, or aca cs “Types of Standards and Regulations (selection) Te ‘Antreviaon | Explanation Tematonal Orpanaton tandae | 180 semen, | iso rite stops on sondod| Pesce [vox | YateaDartttnsnetn” (a Stinn eae esbanc | “1 Numerical tables Square root, Area of circle 0 +] wae00 a7ese Sine, Cosine i" 2 | rawe | aie Tangent, Cotangent 2 = 9posiesise ——*1.2Tigonometric Functions yoann Definitions 8 came ne Sine, Cosine, Tangent Cotangent 3 Sere “tape Laws of snes and cosines 14 Se ‘Angles, Theorem of intersecting ines 1« 113 Fundamentals of Mathematics Using brackets, powers, roots 15 3,8. 1a Equations 6 xix" x Powers often interest calculation 7 Percentage and proportion calculations e 14 Symbols, Units Formula symbols, Mathematical symbols, 19 TRW-h=36-10°Wss Sl quantitis and units of measurement 2 Non units 2 18 Lengths Calculations in a right triangle 2 ‘Sub-dividing lengths, Are length P Flat lengths, Rough lengths 25 18 Areas ‘Angular aroas 28 Equilateral triangle, Polygons, Circle 2 Circular areas 2 117 Volume and Surface ares Cube, Cylinder, Byram 2 Truncated pyramid, Cone, Truncated cane, Sphere 20 Composite solids a ar a ae . Genera calculations a Linger mass density 3 ‘Area mass density 31 i> == ™10 Mathematics: 1.1 Numerical tables Mathematics: 1.1 Numerical tables n Values of Sine and Cosine Trigonometric Functions. 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‘ove | aeoze|escze| cose | cot| ax |: [osore losore oases losses sna | {2 | cox [racac | a> | some | rasas | nr | roses [rea | sr | seaer | sues | | 00 | sore aon | 7m | aor | a |e nseses| one asese| ooze] sono | o ‘a | eoz02 |iamse | se | saoos | rsszse | tea | rz [rane | 196 | veor | so7e07 | wlewlwle|t @lelatlwlot| Table values of Zand A are rounded off 7 Table values ofthe trigonometric functions are roundad off to four decimal places.2 Mathematics: 1.1 Numerical tables _Mathomatcs: 1.2 Tigonometri Functions 13 Values of Tangent and Cotangent Trigonometric Functions ce in es ule forse "10 5 ano oot ] Defnitons bn ne ——————e| fies as ae aS on a vf oo |e | ow |e | a waht ane salon te sos rte | tre «© |o.000 | oooae | ooner | oars | oor [aa °| +000] +008) or) ane xosss) ae x pont ise 4 | oamo| ooze | oar | ose | ose [arr |ar | tarze| ee] oor) tae] 1106 ae ar 2°| 00826 | o0s68 | oost2 | a.0sss | 0.0600 | a6°| as°| 1106] 11204) 1.1303] 1.1403) 11908) a= : ee omp- ‘| oom | oores| aovr | cans | srs ise oq) 1708] 1a 15t|4 Pinal sea i $ a4 ‘5°| 0.0875 | 0.0919 | 0.0963 | 0.1007 | 0.1051 1.1918] 1.2024 1.2131] 1.2239] 1.23¢0| 59° hypotenuse, 2 adjacent | tangent = opposite side, tne = 2 tang = 2 | ores |osoos| ost |ortee| ooze zu] taco) 125m 12ns| 1270) 5 ag ‘Sheena 3 a8 S| enaze| oszra [oan [361 | o1mos 1zn0] saote| tata] aati] 1327/37 | manus 5 | on4as | 0.1480 01495 | 01500 oses fore] sa°| 12070) 12902] 13614] 13608] 13708) 9° 2 opt sono cotangent = Sppoataaias | cote = 2 cmp = t | ensas | osaes [osama |osrve| 0.76 |eo| ex | trea] teat] sao%e| ato] 1azei| a L et _| | ‘Graph of the trigonometric functions between an 10° | 0.1763 | 0.1908 | 0.1883 | 0.1899 | 0.1944 [79°[ 55°| 7.428%] 1.4475 1.4550] 1.4687] 1.4828] 34° 2 = ee pandas 1W| gee 0c |o.ass| 0200 |oatae| me] ser| ran] toca] ston] soo] 1200] Saersoronsintace Gra f enanat non 42| aan 217 |oazt7| za |ozame |r| sr-| swe] saeny| reno] 20] tes) so ae 42°] 0220 | 20s | nator | acer | oaazs [ye] s| ane teteo] taste] era] Leo) at ‘0 te | ozazs [ze | oasze | 0300 |o2er [3s s0*| vee] tome] teen] 010] toee| oo 1 woh’ vl 18 [0267 [02726 | 0.2773] o2s20 | 02067 [7a] ear] 37223] 17096) 1.7675] 1.78 +2020] 20 16 | 02867 | 0.2015 | 0.2062| 0.2010 | 02087 {7a er-| +4040] 12228) taste] 126r4] 1 8007| 26 17 | o20sr | oatos | o31ss| 03201| 03240 |72-]ez-| 2007] 18007) 8210] 19] 1.9625| 27 1 | 0249 [0.208 ossa6| os:0s| oa |71+|e3| 19626] 19690) 200sr] 20278| 20809] 26 1 | ous | oa | 03s | 0.3590 | 040 [70 [er | 20503] 2722] 2.ges| 2.1200| 2 1446| 25+ | ax | 03620 | 0820 [0373p [ores [ose | 9: | | ares] 2cao| 21019) 2.2100) aco] 26| 21° | 03829 | oa | 03838 | 03660 | oona | | es| 2.2eeo| 22v27| 22500) 2.2270) 22550] 26| 2°) aoa | n40e1 | paver | ores | eanas| er] 7° | 2assa| aaea7| 2ansa) 24000] 20st] 2 2s) 424s | 04206] oases | ceca |o4s2| 6) 6| 2.751] 2s0ss| 2306) 25715] 2eoni| 2 /27° | 0.5096 | 0.5150 | 0.8206 | 0.5261 | 0.5317 | 62°} 72° | 3.0777) 3.1240) 3.1716] 3.2208] 3.2709] 17° ‘te correct sign, Calculators with trigonomeine funetions display both the value and sign forthe desired angie. | sna| oso) as [ner |ore| ar || sar] aes] 386) Sao] Sse | sve tee 32° | 0.6249 | 0.6310 | 0.6371 | 0.6432 | 0.6404 | 57°] 77° | 4.2915] 4.4194] 4.5107] 4.6057| 4.7048] 12°} 008 (80" +) =-8in 08 180° +30") = cos 120" = 9.5000 ein 90° = 08 | osn| sats eave ess | canes srr | eel sary] Sav] sete) sce te seeeeen See aaa Relationships betweon the functions of an angle ozees | 02770 | o.8ee7 | 0.8925 | o sone || ag | 14207] 1:2571| se.n90| sret0s|ia08t%) Sesto ts nee oi ao ‘03008 9083 | o916s | aszea | ogszs |a7>|07-| 90819 20a) 229058] 25ab%7|2ecac3| >| (03325 09407 | 09200 | 0.9573 | 0.9657 | a+| ae | 2.6363 2.720 28885) 45.2ae|s7.2900| | ‘esr | 0372 | nszr | ose | ome | as ao | 5250] rau) iam ete | _| _| wlelwlwl elt) pwhalewlwleyt ones ae wo4 Mathematics: 1.2 Trigonometric Functions _ Mathematics: 1.3 Fundamentals 15 (re ees Mm | Lawofsines and Law of cosines Caloulations with brackets ‘aw oe Te Espanaton ae ‘ 2 aaa ‘Application n ealeulating sides and angles | nie te orocets by ts vols, ‘Collation of see ‘ataloton af anlar P| tar ba et 20 oF iaipeten/ai In ised aquations, the brated Tova must saved | x= 8b (By ie ee Types of angles Datnions | 8 base Tg pbc se ox: Oppowt anin | Sion | Gourde aaron cae 7-3] Tlpicton | Powers wih the eam basa we matiped ded) by | @- ay on ERE ‘ ST eae oan Geyet AG 2dr Ea TD & [Seen i ee 8 aaa Se 2a tg: [Cae a © |iescuemystien — | 0,0 | tatew — — : Tat Becomaante aan a [[Rromn de] tito 3 wor hous = z | So an sta iB + eee |e Fal iter wae 310 a al Mathematical symbols eS ore sewer ‘rd ewe: [Calton the eal by viding) verers = isertavonen 22 = Spon Spoken Seoten ene & [Ea i [eee = machines produce 32 wor | 4 2 [Bezier | ae [Eee saemnine 120 Mathematics: 1.8 Symbols, St! Base quantities and base units Mathematics: 1.4 Symbols, Units 2 (uantties and Units (continued) Siu a tc be ] ca: Thermo | amount ot | Luminous Unit otationshi ae: Stuy | tmen | ome [tm | Sree | am | sgemte | rine ane rma " ee "Tonnage rs of nS ra rewon |W [py a Bigs | Te fos 1 Nofee «change nvr | Base quantities, derived quantities and their unite | i ctty Jayna] name oyna stom a =e may waar Yo] in cseeeyeri ff [erigna (ebeemmetce rent ee is - »2 Mathematics: 1.4 Symbols, Units Bit ‘Quantities and units (continued) Pern Mathematics: 1.5 Lengths Calculations in a right trian Theorem, oxo [SS] none [S| Mtoe hase ea Electricity and Magnetism as v] Errore | efor” |e fiveawacsue | agmermatmana i See, | 6 fines |e fis-sanvem [Seneca | Euclidean Theorem (Theorem of sides scueaate ab eae | wat = 029 rai eo [nano [rier ral | cart | det [ova [toca | Wo [reve] i [ tre rica efeletmt«[e[@[r[«[y[elT Pow oan oF] wae Poe Poe Pao? Pot wr | or Pe Pe we | Fi 1 Tie sample: Se ula le sso eae ‘Non-Stunit Pythagorean theorem of height ta re i ear | Theat nano ec D‘Mathematics: 1.5 Lengths Subsdiviing lengths BBP e HE668 e: 1.5 Lengths Effective length, Spring wire length, Rough length Effective lengths Bre lenath Composite length ee same comes active oth Pmt fete a Bin On some Fox: Dy lis) Example: Vas Var a Ve Ven Weett ea) w26 m | Square Mathematics: 1.6 Areas | Mathematics: 1.6 Areas Li oka eumenci) Equilatral tangle 27 some gular polygons 1) ana fie m2 eae Tha cso coer : Comeectienset a = : Hessoovih Orme de? A=? a 1 = 0-sin( ©) < comm sin{ 2) - 40mm —| bane astray | ——— ~ Calton fol polypon sng table whies | a 4 |a00:p* | 1000. e | 1.000 e| raves | raresa | 000.1 | 0707-0 | o707 1000-2 | 2 iogerimgh oe & |sess:o: | base. | 2as0.e| daon.1 | tiss-e | 135-1 | oase-0 | bsoo-0 | oar. | ee wD |esso: | oate-ce | sane-e| aoe Bese lestcel|iesazelliccesel a ae || oo) a L pane —-—] | 728 Circular sector Mathematics: 1.6 Areas Circular sector, Circular segment, Circular ring, Ellipse Mathematics: 1.7 Volume and Surface area 29 CIO nt ned Cube exam Chordie 1=2-r-sing 2 ecm Gircular segment VAs? Ay 28: 8120 m= 2400 mes? * note And (lowelshew-h) Stee mm Cylinieasurace area a A tattoos poiht aon ] Exar t | fs -mbea onan] 7094 mnt yn wight fy agent Twh 7 1 trots oan v-nw A a @ dense pa cs 3 ion cfemmames —, Yer w= me N= ey =? [ee | men Example: ate ya tine 2h rn ha yh a nasa Sinn oF bs i =te¢h mm oo hayite »30 Mathematics: 1.7 Volume and Surface area Mathematics: 1.8 Mass 31 Truncated pyramid, Cone, Truncated cone, Sphere, Spherical segment Cot m | Mruneatedpyramid okimes of composte sols hme ( Mpport vluee ae ff — y= tA] Sine nsighe q A - 20m ‘Sint aight ee lena Liner maze deny 6210.62) 1 ner mse deny 7 Toe mand 50 mn p= Seine: ema oor ee eo = ne : eal fia Avan beled Azed- ||32 Mathamatics: 1.9 Contoids Cae eaeu race Table of Contents Controids of tines 2:1, Motion CEE Rea — — Uniform and aceleated motion ou ‘atm hotel dacanes of he ne Setnote fom eye ‘Speeds of machines 35 aaa 22 Forees [a By 4 Aang and resohing force vectors 26 Raa Weight, Spring force x ew ‘nwt 44 | Tension, Compression, Surface pressure vvee.1. 8 Shoat, Bucking % Bending Torsion a souumon Ne, | Shape fectoreinsvengih rH eeeeeee B Stale moment Section modi Maret oinena 49 Yen 0424477 _ Comparison of various oss sectional shapes. 50 a ? 27° Thermodynamics peathet Temperatures, Linear expansion, Shrinkage ..... 51 Ye= 06002: | # uartty of heat 3 | j Heat ux Hest of combustion 2 | L set | = 28 eloticty | | |! Orme, conductor resistance 3 | Resistor cute se + y ‘Types of current 55 | Elect! work and power = Diin heat Tees a = = — - ‘ase ack and a Se wen Nop 2nd exo oc Dispacsent eto | Uniformly aseslerated motion {iting speed, Creunnforential velocity esa Seiclmecen ont grntond oa Wend Tuning. n= 200m = ven an | wDroe calving forces comple MeO Fl teat fose a meron am Melt temo m= EM, lawn GEERT] || (fr ad ——— ia ea) (AQ ea} wa 200.218 eee ee aeoe| | eae - Spring force a ampresion spring, 8 Winn; 6 2mm: Fo ment ame | Weight Sema eet Re) fy tangenlfrce tanga fore Ms toM= 12-600 = 7208 eval eee F wien = ss made 1 move some ora 2 a0 | see »38 Physics: 2.3 Work, Power, Efficiency We "Mechanical work iting work and frictional work Physics: 2.3 Work, Power, Efficiency F force inaoctonaftrovel_ WW work Fiona work, Fy 0818 = 12. Wore Cen) Wepre] Bolt” Wehr | M [Rear] man ‘ens nae Bet | [ecsrtnp bal WaR oh A ‘rota atin GE 08 — we ioiting wineh™ z fr fucd Foti | 2 = er Whe t | "The tomuloe eproa hypathataletonlescondlon whan he Gupiz wank Tf Salo Teinp wom40 Physics: 2.9 Work, Power, Efficiency reseed Physics: 2.4 Friction Gro Fem 9= 120049981 me?= 11772 r power 7 dancer tate dracon Zee [op _ nie. frac roughnese Frm Fv Lae FreuFy2003- 1008-301 Fy zed xa: |= Ste ‘osficionts of fiction (guideline values) {oeficients of roling Fiction (guldline values” otal v% az] 01 | oie | 010-005 i: Z| = | ias-a00s “ae i” | | ee aa Semi” [Sere S| | ge m42. Physics: 2.5 Pressure in liquids and gases ot) Pressure: Physics: 2.6 8 oe adeases [= sample: = ibsolute pressure ae Hydrostatic pressure, buoyancy Po=gee-h Feao-e-V ropartio, stress limite a oe Tori cae | * Fo & fc eae | tour 7 cd a Pi Pon wh woh Pressure changes n gases 1 volume 1 volume Pins Baa Ve 7 ty Ve wow te Te | = | ee wr ae |e 1 fev ma = lw |e |S m44 Physics: 2.6 Strenath of Mat Mechanical strength properties, Allowable stresses, Safety factors "Mechanical strength properties in static and dynamic loading” Physics: 2.6 Strength of Materials 45 Coe) Type ot load Tension Compransion | Shwer Bening Teron oe 0 so | mo | a | a | ae eittoa Ea a | seo | a | Soo | 30 ees oo avo | bo | ts | tm | tas ENGIS-700 500 sao | 300 | 320 | Sos | 5 ‘Allowable stress for (preJsizing of machine parts fore sopra wth pai thee i ¢ Stewoce fy Wate sera ang 5 Example Futon = Cua Seti SR Nem? Lohan = for acer te) Exams: suac pressure amo er Stvgedgrongnnmum wtb soe pe ‘Duecsiny tert atswuneethccicoedna? C0 ES pretation 09-19-5800 nye MONO gg E 4 “Alowable surface presaure fo jolt with pins and bois Forman sang ropa for bots page 21 ‘ade of sea etandard vals! Seley fctors Tor preszing machine parte pees ae a ee ee ieee Tea Tai amami Sea Ea aa orn Vso IGWB apes Hog bso Vabos HaH Be ig MWS we 597 wD46 Physics: 2.6 Strength of Materials _Physies: 2.6 Strength of Materials _ 47 Rice Bending and torsional stress Bending stress AS BEET co en gsnn srt a ema eile le ebm Futon Guiting oF materials Shear eth : m-F 1 | | | a = | Fyne Load cose Faxon allowable buckling force & Modulus of elasticity force: “ee a i ——— | Baas With) jib Shei Bed te fa wie me EC HRODN en WN? Fae I, 2000 | Ey BEM cate Ti {re tukag legs “rua otnr cn ane romae pge ee it [ Moduks ofetsichyEmRNnm®@ . seine ‘Stet | ENGI. | ENGH- | ENGIS | GS35 [ENGIMW-| CuZn4 | Alalloy | Talay * wea [arse | toe | vem [ao | | eee | ome | ran [Fx sin odo pon a48 Physics: 2.6 Strength of Materials Biocon loading ame a Dimensioning exemplea 95 [Transformers Tae i 39 Surfaces = ws eer Hardness specifications in drawings ‘ee one St earns i cmontotnk Waa Form deviations, Roughness Fprmaryconeeandary 6+ voteasinv a Surface testing, Surtees ndontons : Example Em | ‘oasengion 3:10 150 Tolaranoos and Fite 19258 My 1ODE, =P f= 025 Es =? | spite St? Fundamentals 2 F |, _Basic hole and basic shat ystems 106 ev et crt 4 If Genera tolerances ii0 pee Thy He EF floter bearing ts a Bele tay 7A nM Fi recommendations in aM nt Geometitolorancing m2 D58 ‘Technical drawing: 3.1 Basic geometric constructions: Technical drawing: 3.1 Basic geometric constructions 59 Eee Parle toa ne ‘Tangent froma point Pto a cle Bisecting@| ‘vn i Rounding an angle are tangent to two straight in Dropping @ perpondioular 2S Acme au rtoat nemcingnacch | ‘Gonnecting two crlos by ares bout My with re + ih cs R= tart wth 10d Cele about yh rc Ry 5. Gila wih cone with nae Steen rv adenosine att ie “Constructing a vertical line at point ‘Grcummecribed regular polygon (a pots Biseating an angie ‘ive: Ciclo ameter For paygens wih on aven umber a snes Can at connected 2. Ave 2 wih re out Ar AB & Cireamceribed hexagon, dodecagon Dividing ane eae i | \4 J ven cite of mer” Technical drawing: 3.1 Basic geometric constructions Cirle inseribed in a triangle Circle creumearbing a wiangle Technical drawing: 3.1 Basic geometric constructions, 6 Eg Cycloid, Involute, Parabola, Hyperhola, Helix Finding the cantar ofa are 2 Stig bepronimtypeenacubresrapeine lina | “Constructing an lipse rom two cision 5 Contac paral ote te rile nee AB and though E Constructing an olipee ap 1, Asomicicte wth aus r= MC aout A yi point {EB tough tose pts ive Para mrzcon paints of thing numb ae pits on thes. | ‘Spiral eae es il tersect nt ot aaa ee | race Semera, * Reamrern reve hate concn Involute Esl nana dnt vimestmattictn, | 7 Para an Minkacrat ncscnnancamanenneconas| Tw a&2 Technical drawing: 3.2 Graphs"! Technical drawing: 3.2 Graphs Gru a eee Polar coordinate systems, Area graphs | Cartesian coordinate system leniousd) | fe ‘rape wth tipo wD Se re rin ne rie ty we vgn gle erection ofhorzots an ve aay ‘nol postion Postive angles pte count lig, (rd mart sry plating othe vals, a rae Example pring characte ct: us pe spare f° [os] | mi caremot | a | we nlf | se ema pei can Inuntsis= os mmp whe sPtna selec he Contral angle. The percentage xto be plotted determines the cor vm (ox e oe cant cient Rear engahemnenteme es | a ; ee | —| ay atm METechnical drawing: 3.3 Elemen3 Technical drawing: 3.3 Elements of drawing fier er ciad Technical drawing: 3.3 Elements of drawing 67 tat Fold nie 10mm we) Ss ‘by 108 mm width towards the Format oO A a we ™ = | + 4 “Examples of application Folding for DIN Ad format DIN 674 (181-8 — | . Sdinot tinged scien 1 Seton ine on ough and F a 4 ‘atfold: Fold right side (190 mm widel * short conta lines ‘machined part HP oh y i and fol: fain eit of ‘ha ae enatrations: ‘oot diameter of toothed gear k ”~ ‘ eh. | LL DP nme teegunrnonss| | ems eegeareos are a ' (AY AU) om eerie Seems nea Boda eos oro ae | re aan Paaneee aE Sas Cae el tebe ote ae =| sats nt | aiarann aes oa som snin co! a oo ee hs —— a | come ih bein A ames] "| Bal] | fitz] oscaoonino | "mating weno aoiraaa, ~~ natngsecon ioe eee z et a aweoee | taxa, aa Supplemental and auniiary symbols in ELDINEN SES TOD) ® 5s and oles, Soosneasee no Pi Weld al rune / Wale surface ol (coe 2 Undue Ss a ptr a ee s = at nae enone ace eS {ne constion x ured (omen) [Sanigamyormndeen oy proces intel we | Nocnally undeveuts are represented in drawings as 8 simplified antry with the Gssignator: However thay can also bs Representation in drawings (basic symbols) 1997.08) spsily desu and cimesione Wield type! ~~ Representation ‘Weld type! ‘Representation ample Shot th unde 0509-9202 | ample: Hob wh andro DIN S08 E1202 yet | nied mba | onc" yma 1 so9-F12002 r ‘On 5o9-€ 12002 _ co LA pron on W q f Vv iSar 4 Technical drawing: 3.8 Welding and soldering Technical drawing: 2.8 Welding and soldering 95 Symbols for Welding and Soldering EUCLA SL Ca Representation n drawings ibase symbols) ceON EN 265072) Composite symbols for symmetrical welds" (examples) ce 255180789 Weld el 7 maa 4 x ee | tet ea z ZY | soit | K ZX | ter | X tion examples for auxiliary symbole DIN ENS 7 v ZS Representation e en ea IZ96 “echnical drawing: 3.8 Welding and soldering Sosa Geese etc samples (continued) Technical drawing: 3.9 Surfaces 7 ing and Soldering, uu an eens Btn SS LE] Serato can —_| “ns = ane! Pomern 1m Intermediate area may | bert : | ce A moe Ceoeetanes 0230 en” i Roeion newer See A Se 2S ee oe, —| Bees) | feo) as | [eas | = a = 3 cma Berea fe sults 1 | 2, Sem) EO geste || fee | 4&9 | ets SS rl eprevertaton of chesve,oWed and TREO EET ren Celie eters Poca cael a : Tigeot | wotigps!| Mansel [peat] waar] pet [ee | aa Ret See ee st co os SSE eo -o8+08 = | an — Gefen franigmnin| toot Toros [neue [bane | tos eee eee =: newD 98. ‘Technical drawing: 3.9 Surfaces Form deviations and roughness parameters Form deviations Tr Technical drawing: 3.9 Surfaces Surface tes aeuring sections for roughness. Surface 5 Cee dears routes EEE: ‘and parameters i 9070) aOS ON EN ‘paraons ie Tetras Rian oe me ‘etl nS wee a se by mam Fo a [|e] ee Seka eeiagen ome | heehee 7 ecooeas | aise seacre| emeacaag | psi Z Setar | fesare error eee rt ane] wor fopooma|_om [ames sorsae [soso vera [ aa] one i iecteron Sac a aacavia aoa a » usw ee iat ms Sina Mesa Symbot [Lt aru "nhest ue ae messuad veue rey seco he spect Naha a. im Technical drawing: 29 Surtoces 101 Pe EST deaton of surface fish ended mulonment of roughness valves to 150 tolerance spedtiatina” ‘Symbols for groove direction are 180 tolerance grade aoe ip i ae fe Bop ee rfwl ets siete rughnas fears? ae a 8) ie ip amanactor ye of marlon é CE a fee et eae yen Burishing 31 i0—[ 0005 [008-16] 2 | xampies of drawing onties Plasma cutting = Vice perions: Boring ox “20 [ 0085 ey oh aa Countersinking 63 20 08 ( ort Tig Leghdhaoning [1 0] a | = = oe aA) neil Fring Fig »102, Technical drawing: 3.10 Tolerances and Fits Recueil Technical drawing: 3.10 Tolerances and Fits 103, ee pm 3 cae c gant Bat eee ae ame. | i ar - ie ne ae SE TE fom oe ont ee hie et po ee a paeneaveee ee a a " 7 at 4] oy 5 | ai sue 78 {= ONG, 3p 1 sone Samm neces +t 3 i a Raa ae aw ie ole Sat | ‘ie te F ee Gene | Gee ene] ia Ee ae EEE (eee | RMN urs ne omar ergo Yo iar Sore) ee ee ae Ts f= Gis a r ea example: Shot 2008 Gg» 7:1 ote ee “insane Tine cere me ees oy a msm 104 Technical drawing: 3.10 Tolerances and fits Fundamental deviations for shafts sion) Technical drawing: 3.10 Tolerances and fits 105 Eines ES=EivT Susie a | | Te D Ms» 106 Technical drawing: 3.10 Tolerances and fits Basic hole system (ef D180 29621908: Technical drawing: 3.10 Tolerances and fits 107 oma | raed on ‘ae Pate ent ole | are on nat eee Ft abn cn ogee rn a a eh 8) SE teens Sea i a St et atl Sei. ee Spa eat et al al og eo |] 31 2] Bolas | 3] "] [0 co| “zal -2e| aaeledsa| “s| “orl to] Se] a0] | ao 0-4 | oa] of os] +s2|tanp asi] 18| 12] +10] 20 saa sa] 16] 0] seo] | | “¢|"s2|a8] saa in} 20]-13| “4| v2| se] 108] aa) in| [3] tn] 32 aarp aor 13 48) +68 S| og “2 tim 5 |] |e) ts] 2) 5 =| 3] 3) <3 Gd eee *| a Ee “vol == za Sa] | [= ee a ‘ao a | [v0 apa a = in| Se 0-100 = 7-18 wa 33 8-3) 2) iLiad “S| 8] 3) “yrs| “| -1e| das sam - "| “la | le vem | wl) e) ola helanal fla ie a| «| a ' [son | ses [in| tas] 22 | -2e| 20] 0| 20 tea 220] 125 Tiso| Sea ne = a] te rans Noml cess upto 34m: Habre! aso » ms. 108 Technical drawing: 3.10 Tolerances and fits Technical drawing: 3.10 Tolerances and fits 109, ee sory a ‘Umit deviations in pm for tolorence lasses” 180-200 ] Oe >| -7|-s1|-s1| 40| 29 | 180] 15] 0| 1e| s9| 26] 20 == :|4|"|2n erates tae laiaiaie D ms