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Bao Cao Mon Cơ Sở Lý Thuyết Truyền Tin
Bao Cao Mon Cơ Sở Lý Thuyết Truyền Tin
rng i hc S phm H Ni 2
Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin
Lp:
Sinh vin:
H Ni , 4/2014
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Sinh Vin: V Th nh Linh Trnh Hu Minh
MC LC
Gii thiu ................................................................................................................ 3
1. Cch khi nim v nguyn l hot ng ............................................................ 3
1.1. Cch biu din m Ma trn sinh ............................................................... 3
1.2. Cch m ha ............................................................................................... 4
1.3. Cch gii m (tt) ......................................................................................... 4
1.4. M tuyn tnh h thng, ma trn sinh h thng ............................................ 5
2. Vn pht hin sai v sa sai .......................................................................... 7
2.1. Khng gian b trc giao .............................................................................. 8
2.2. Cch pht hin sai ....................................................................................... 8
2.3. Syndrome vecto sa sai (corrector) .......................................................... 8
2.4. Ma trn kim tra.......................................................................................... 9
2.5. Cch sa sai .............................................................................................. 12
3. Mt s gii hn ............................................................................................... 17
3.1. Gii hn trn Hamming v s lng t m ............................................... 17
3.2. Gii hn v s lng bit kim tra .............................................................. 17
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Sinh Vin: V Th nh Linh Trnh Hu Minh
Gii thiu
M khi tuyn tnh c xy dng da trn cc kt qu ca i s tuyn tnh
l mt lp m c dng rt ph bin trong vic chng nhiu.
nh ngha: Mt m khi c chiu di n gm 2k t m c gi l m tuyn tnh
C(k, n) nu v ch nu 2k t m hnh thnh mt khng gian vect con k chiu ca
khng gian vect n chiu gm tt c cc vecto n thnh phn trn trng GF(2).
Trng GF(2) (Galois Field (2)) l trng nh phn ng thi php cng l php
cng modul 2 (k hiu l ), cn php nhn l php v (AND). C th:
0 0=0
0 . 0 =0
0 1 = 1
0.1=0
1 0=0
1.0=0
1 1=0
1.1=1
M tuyn tnh C(n, k) c mc ch m ha nhng khi tin (hay thng bo) k bit
thnh nhng t m n bit. Hay ni cch khc trong n bit ca t m c cha k bit
thng tin. Cc phn tip thao sau s trnh by cch biu din m, cch m ha cc
thng bo thnh t m, cch gii m t t thnh thng bo, cch pht hin sai v
sa sai.
Quy c: Vit du + thay cho du v du + s c hiu theo ng cnh.
Gk n
g0 g00
g g
10
1
g k 1 g( k 1)0
g01
g11
g k 11
g0( n 1)
g1( n 1)
g k 1 n 1
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Sinh Vin: V Th nh Linh Trnh Hu Minh
G47
g 0 1
g 1
1
g 2 0
g 3 1
1 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0 0 1
G47
g 0 1
g 1
1
g 2 0
g 3 1
1 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0 0 1
a0 = b3 b4
a1 = b4
a2 = b5
a3 = b5 b6
H phng trnh trn c gi l h phng trnh gii m.
C th c nhiu h phng trnh gii m khc nhau nhng s cho kt qu nh nhau.
1.4. M tuyn tnh h thng, ma trn sinh h thng
Mt m tuyn tnh C(n, k) c gi l m tuyn tnh h thng nu m t m c mt
trong hai dng sau:
Dng 1: T m bao gm phn thng tin k bit i trc v phn cn li (gm n k
bit) i sau (phn ny cn c gi l phn d tha hay phn kim tra).
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Sinh Vin: V Th nh Linh Trnh Hu Minh
Gk n
1 0
0 1
0 0
k k
0
0
P00
P10
1 P( k 1)0
P01
P11
P( k 1)1
k ( n k )
P0( n k 1
P1( n k 1)
P( k 1)( n k 1)
0 0 0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 0 1
G47
g 0 1
g 1
1
g 2 0
g 3 1
1 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 1 1 0
0 0 1 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 1
G47
g0 g1 g 2 g3 1
0
g2
1
g1 g 2
g3
1 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 1
0 0 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 1
Ch : Ta c ma trn mi G c cc ct 1, ct 4, ct 6 v ct 3 to thnh mt
ma trn n v (cc ct c nh s t tri sang phi v bt u bng 1).
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Sinh Vin: V Th nh Linh Trnh Hu Minh
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Sinh Vin: V Th nh Linh Trnh Hu Minh
1 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0 0 1
By gi chng ta cho ( a0, a1, a2) ln lt cc gi tr (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0,
1) th chng ta s xc nh c (a3, a4, a5, a6) ln lt nh sau (1, 0, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1,
0), (0, 1, 1, 1). Vy chng ta c ma trn H nh sau:
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Sinh Vin: V Th nh Linh Trnh Hu Minh
1 0 0 1 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 1 1
Th
H ( nk )n Pk ( nk )T | I ( nk )( nk )
Gk n
1 0
0 1
I kk | Pk ( n k )
0 0
k k
0
0
P00
P10
1 P( k 1)0
P01
P11
P( k 1)1
k ( n k )
P0( n k 1)
P1( n k 1)
P( k 1)( n k 1)
Xt ma trn H sau:
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Sinh Vin: V Th nh Linh Trnh Hu Minh
H ( n k )n Pk ( n k )T
P00
P01
| I ( n k )( n k )
P0( n k 1)
P10
P11
P( k 1)0
P( k 1)1
1 0
0 1
P( n k 1)
P( k 1)( n k 1)
0 0
( n k )k
Ta chng minh G H T 0
chng minh iu ny ta chng minh gi h j 0i 0,..., k 1, j 0,...n k 1
trong gi ( gi 0 ,..., gi ( n 1) ) l hng i ca G cn h j (h j 0 ,..., h j ( n 1) l hng j ca ma trn
H. Th vy ta c:
n 1
k 1
n k 1
s 0
s 0
s k
g h gis h js gis h js
is
h js h ji gi ( k j ) Pij Pij 0
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Sinh Vin: V Th nh Linh Trnh Hu Minh
1 0 0 1 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 1 1
T y suy ra:
(u v) H T 0
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Sinh Vin: V Th nh Linh Trnh Hu Minh
s(e) e H T ai hi ai hi
i 1
ai 0
G47
1
0
0 0 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 1 0
0 0 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 0 0 1
T tng ny gi cho chng ta mt loi m cho php pht hin sai 1 bit
nhanh nht. M ny c tn gi l m tuyn tnh Hamming.
M truyn tuyn tnh Hamming: M tuyn tnh Hamming l ma trn H c
tnh cht gi tr ca ct hi bng i(i = 1, 2, ...)
V d ma trn sau biu din m tuyn tnh Hamming C(4, 7):
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Sinh Vin: V Th nh Linh Trnh Hu Minh
0 0 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 1 0 1
T y chng ta suy ra cng thc tnh cc bit kim tra a1, a2, a4 theo
cc bit thng bo a3, a5, a6, a7 nh sau:
a1 a3 a5 a7
a2 a3 a6 a7
a4 a5 a6 a7
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Sinh Vin: V Th nh Linh Trnh Hu Minh
3. Mt s gii hn
3.1. Gii hn trn Hamming v s lng t m
nh l 1: Nu b m w1,
, wM gm cc t m nh phn chiu di n c
th sa sai cc li sai t bit, th s lng t m M phi tha mn bt ng thc sau:
M
2n
t
( )
i 0
n
i
(tn ) (in )
i 0
M (in ) 2n
i 0
2r (in )
i 0
n
i
) vecto
i 0
li v vy c
n
i
n-k
= 2r. Tht
i 0
2r (in )
i 0
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Sinh Vin: V Th nh Linh Trnh Hu Minh
2n
( )
i 0
n
i
. T y suy ra 2r 2n k (in ) .
i 0
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Sinh Vin: V Th nh Linh Trnh Hu Minh