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Aluminium Innorganic Chemistry
Aluminium Innorganic Chemistry
CHEMISTRY OF ALUMINIUM
BY:
DWI HARKITA NINGRUM
(1113031080)
(1113031082)
(1113031088)
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(1-10)
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1.1 Title
1.2 Introduction
interesting, logic,
structure of writing,
coherency and unity.
1.3 Body the concepts,
qualitity of
explanation
(discussion),
coherency unity
1.4 Concluding
Remark, showing
conclusion or
remarking future
looks or suggestion
1.5 Refference way to
Non-Content
2.1 English quality
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2.2 order of typing,
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CHEMISTRY OF ALUMINIUM
Aluminium is the commonest metallic element in the earth crust and
occurs in rocks such as feldspar and micas Cotton, 1995: 357). Aluminium has
excellent resistance to corrosion due to the thin layer of aluminium oxide that
forms on the surface of aluminium when it is exposed to air. Aluminium is a
popular choice of material for complex sectioned hollow extrusions. Aluminium is
much more metallic than boron and forms a greater number and variety of ionic
substances. Aluminium can be easily fabricated into various forms such as foil,
sheets, geometric shapes, rod, tube and wire. This essay will explain briefly the
history, abundance, isolation, uses, properties of aluminium, hydrides and their
complexes, carbides and nitrides, halides and their complexes, oxide and chalconides,
hydroxides, spinnel and aluminates, salts of oxyacid.
Aluminium derives its name from alum, the double sulfate KAL(SO4)2 .
12H2O, which was used medicinally as an astringent in ancient Greece and Rome
(latin alumen, bitter salt). Humphry Davy was unable to isolate the metal
proposed the name aluminum and then aluminium, this was soon modified to
aluminium modified to aluminium and this form is used throughout the worl
except in North America where the ACS decided in 1925 to adopt aluminium in
its publication. The impure metal was first isolated by the Danish scientist H.C
Oersted using the reaction of potassium amalgam on AlCl3. This method was
improve in 1827 by H. Wohler who used metallic potassium, but the firs
commercially successful processwas devised by H. St.C Deville in 1854 using
sodium. In the same year both he and R. W Bunsen independently obtained
metallic aluminium by electrolysis of fused NaAlCl4. 1n 1855, Emperor Louis
Napoleon III used Al cutlery on state occasions. By W. Siements in 1870,
aluminium it is used as cheap electric power the development of dynamo and
secondly to the independent development in 1886 electrolysis of alumina
dissolved in cryolite by P.L.T Heroult in France and C.M Hall the USA. World
production rose quickly and 1879 exceeded 1000 tones pa for the first time
(Greenwood, 199: 216)
Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the earth crust (8.3% by weight),
it is exceeded in abundance only by O (45.5%) and Si (25.7%) and is approached
only by Fe (6.2%) and Ca (4.6%) (Enhag:2004). Aluminium is a major constituent
of many common igneous minerals including feldspars and mics. The most
important of aluminum production is bauxite, which is hydrated aluminum oxide
containing 50 to 60% Al2O3, 1 to 20% Fe2O3, 1 to 10% silicate little titanium,
zirconium, vanadium, and other transition metal oxides, and the rest 20 to 30%
water.
Properties
Aluminium is a silvery white metal with many desirable properties. It is
one of the two common metals having electrical conductivity high enough for use as
an electrical conductor. The conductivity of electrical conductor grade (alloy 1350) is
about 62% that of the International Annealed Copper Standard. Aluminium has nonmagnetic properties which make it useful for electrical shielding such as busbar or
magnetic compass housings. The fact that aluminium is essentially nontoxic was
discovered in the early days of the industry. It is this characteristic which enables the
metal to be used in cooking utensils without any harmful effect on the
body(Mathers,2002). Aluminium with its smooth surface is easily cleaned,
promoting a hygienic environment for food processing. Selected atomic properties of
aluminium are given in the following table.
The Atomic Properties of Aluminium
Atomic number
13
III A
Color
Silver
Classification
Metallic
Atomic weight
26.981538
Electron configuration
1s22s22p63s23p1
I. 577.5
II. 1816.7
III. 2744.8
660.45
Boiling Point/ 0C
0
2520
-3
2.699
Hardness (Mohs)
2.75
Hfus/kJ mot-1
10.71
Hvap/kJ mot-1
294
329.7
2.655
-1.676
E (M + 3e = M(s))/V
0.55
Electronegativity
1.5
3/2 O2
Al2O3
This properties is used as the basic to reduction of sulphide and oxide. Example:
2Al
Fe2O3
Aluminium is react with acid to produce hydrogen gas. The reaction as follows:
2Al(s) + 6 H+ (aq)
2Al3+(aq) + 3H2
It has properties to produce hydrogen gas when react with strong base. The
reaction as follow
2Al(s) + 2OH- (aq) + 2H2O
Isolation
In 1825, Oersted was obtained pure aluminium by reduction of aluminium
chloride with amalgana potassium-mercurium. By destilation mercury can
separate and get aluminium metal.
AlCl3(s) + 3K(Hg)x(l)
3KCl(s) + Al(Hg)3x(l)
The isolation of aluminium can get from bauxite by two processes namely
Bayer and Hall-Heroult process. In the Bayer process, the bauxite is purifying to get
Hall-Heroult
BAUXITE
Bayer Process
Process
ALUMINA
ALUMINIUM
]-(aq)
SiO2 that contain in bauxite is react with NaOH. The reaction as follows:
SiO2 + 2OHAl(OH)4-(aq)
SiO32-(aq) +H2O(l)
+
Al(OH)3(s) + CO32-(aq) + H+
CO2
The other component except aluminium oxide is not dissolve. So the aluminium
oxide will be separated from interference of Fe. This separation can be done by
filtration. After the separation, it interferences which not dissolve will enter to the
precipitation process. The filtrate that contain of aluminium hydroxide is cooling,
the produce solid white precipitate. Next step is calcinations, solid white
precipitate of aluminium hydroxide is heat in the temperature 10500C. In this
step, the heating of aluminium hydroxide will decomposition become alumina and
produce vapour in its process. (Brawijaya,2009)
Al(OH)3(s)
Al2O3(s)
3H2O
4-
+ 3e
Al(s)
+ 6e
2Al(s)
(aq)
+ C
3O2-(aq) + 3/2 C
+ 4F-(aq) or
Based on the reaction above, all of reaction can write by simpler reaction
became:
2Al2O3(s) + 3C(s)
Uses
Aluminium foils are able to withstand the heat, because it has power
reflectivity of 95%-98% that receivedsolar heat will be reflected back.
Installationof aluminium foil placed under the battens, so the heat received
by a layer of roofing directly returned from getting into the room.
Aluminium foil is heat resistant of roof coating, roof insulation serves as a
building material made of strong, elasticand waterproofasa weelas
freonresistant. So,it is safe for environment.
3LiAlH4 + AlCl3
4[AlH3(Et2O)6] + 3LiCl
AlH3 readily forms adducts with strong Lewis bases (L) but these are more
conveniently prepared by reactions of the type
Et2O
LiAlH4 + NMe3HCl
[AlH3(NMe3)] + LiCl + H2
[AlH3(NMe3)] has a tetrahedral structure and can take up a further mole of ligand
to give [AlH3(NMe3)2] this was the first compound in which Al was shown to
adopt a 5-coordinate trigonal bipyramidal structure. LiAlH4 is a white crystalline
solid, stable is dry air but highly reactive towards moisture, protic solvents, and
many organic functional groups. It is readily soluble in ether and is normally used
in this solvent. LiAlH4 has proved to be an outstandingly versatile reducing agent
since its discovery some 50 years ago. It can be prepared on the laboratory (and
industrial) scale by the reaction
4LiH + AlCl3
LiAlH4 + 3LiCl
NaAlH4
2AlF3 + 3H2O
AlF3
AlCl3
AlBr3
AlI3
MP/0C
1290
192.4
97.8
189.4
Sublimation 1272
180
256
382
H0f
707
527
310
1498
2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2(g)
AlCl3 in laboratory
In Al2Cl6 dimmer, Al atom in AlCl3 is follow the octet rule with use one pair
electron together. The structure dimmer of Al2Cl6
Cl
Cl
Cl
Al
Al
Cl
Cl
Cl
2AlCl3
Al(OH)3 + 3H-(aq)
Al2Br6(s)
2Al(s) + 3I2(l)
Al2I6(s)
Br
Br
Br
Al
Al
Br
I
Al
Al
Br
Br
I
I
I
I
4 Al(OH)3 + 3 CH4
4 AlCl3 + 3 CH4
4 Al + 3 C
Al4C3
Al4C3 + 6 CO
Silicon carbide also reacts with aluminium to yield Al4C3. This conversion limits
the mechanical applications of SiC, because Al4C3 is more brittle than SiC
4 Al + 3 SiC
Al4C3 + 3 Si
Oxides
Alumina (Al2O3) or Aluminum Oxide is the only oxide formed by the
metal aluminum and occurs in nature as the minerals corundum (Al2O3);
diaspore, gibbsite and most commonly as bauxite, which is an impure form of
gibbsite. The precious stones ruby and sapphire are composed of corundum (and
thus also natural forms of alumina) getting their colors by small amounts of
impurities. Some of these are Corundum (discovered in 1799), Diaspore (1801),
Gibbsite (1820), Boehmite (1924), Bayerite (1925), Nordstrandite (1956).
Alumina is main materials in process of aluminium electrolyze, aluminium
have morphology as white powder with melt point 2050
C and gravity
specification is 3,5-4,0. Alumina is usually in the form of ionic crystals, but the
oxide ion (O2-) polarized by aluminum ions so that most bonds are covalent, melts
at a temperature of 2053C, insoluble in water is very hard and stable. Aluminum
oxide is found in nature as corundum as an extremely hard crystal that is used as
an abrasive and sharpening. Corundum containing impurities (a little mix of other
metal oxides) are widely used as precious stones such as:
(no mixing)
(containing Co)
(containing Ti)
Ruby
(containing Cr)
Aluminium oxide is occurs in two form such as -Al2O3 corundum) and Al2O3 (activated alumina). -Al2O3 is stable at high temperatures and also
indefinitely met stable at low temperatures. It occurs in nature as the mineral and
may be prepared by heating
-Al2O3. Large
properties. In case of fire the heat energy is absorbed by the aluminum oxide
trihydrate this.
The preparation alumina from bauxite by bayer process:
1. Hulling process of bauxite until certain size
2. The dissolve process of alumina with NaOH by concentration of 35-45%.
Al2O3.2H2O + 2 NaOH
2 Na2AlO2 + 3H2O
3. Separation of soiled that precipitate by filter and get the colorless sodium
aluminate solution
4. Sodium aluminate dissolve in water and then the precipitate of sodium
aluminate by adding seed (smooth powder of alumina) which spread in
alumina solution and precipitation of alumina, so that obtained
precipitation of alumina with big size as result of production of alumina
and the smooth of precipitation of alumina used as seed to precipitation.
2NaAlO2 + 4H2O
2 NaOH + Al2O3.3H2O
polished to high surface finish. These qualities make it useful as a biomaterial. For
example, alumina is used for artificial joint replacements; porous alumina is used
as a bone spacer and for teeth implants. (Alumina as a bio material) In the
biomedical field, alumina is also used for cochlear implants (hearing aids for the
deaf). In the more general field of medical instruments, ceramics are also used to
manufacture medical tubes and other scientific, medical products
Electronics.
Alumina is widely used in the electronics industry for passive components such as
interconnection, resistances, and capacitors and is specifically employed in
applications such as substrates for hybrid circuits, multi-layer interconnection
circuits, materials for type II condensers, and hyper frequency resonators (mobile
phones).
Chalcogenides
The chalcogens are the chemical elements in group VIA of the periodic
table. This group is also known as the oxygen family. It consists of the elements
oxygen (O), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), the radioactive element
polonium (Po). The synthetic element livermorium (Lv) is predicted to be a
chalcogen as well. The word chalcogen comes from the Greek word chalkos,
meaning "bronze" or "ore", and the word gens, meaning "born". While sulfur has
been known since antiquity, oxygen was only recognized as an element in the
18th century. Selenium, tellurium and polonium were discovered in the 19th
century, while livermorium was discovered in 2000.
At normal temperatures the only stable chalconides of Al are Al2S3
(white), Al2Se3 (grey) and Al2Te3 (dark grey). It can be prepared by direct reaction
of the elements at
solution to give Al(OH)3 and H2X (X=S, Se, Te). The small size of Al relative to
the chalcogens dictates tetrahedral coordination and the various polymorphs are
related to wurtzite (hexagonal ZnS), two-thirds of the available metal sites being
occupied in either an ordered ( ) or a random ( ) fashion. Al2S3 also has a -form
related to
coodinated (Al-S 223-227 pm) whereas the other half are in trigonal bipyramidal
coodination with Al-Seq 227-232 pm and Al-Sax 250-252 pm. Aluminium sulfide
is readily prepared by ignition of the elements.
2 Al + 3 S Al2S3
This reaction is extremely exothermic and it is not necessary or desirable to heat
the whole mass of the sulfur-aluminium mixture; (except possibly for very small
amounts of reactants). The product will be created in a fused form it reaches a
temperature greater than 1100 C and may melt its way through steel. The cooled
product is very hard.
aluminium oxide. These compounds together are the major components of the
aluminium ore bauxite. Freshly precipitated aluminium hydroxide forms gels,
which is the basis for application of aluminium salts as flocculants in water
purification. This gel crystallizes with time. Aluminium hydroxide gels can be to
form an amorphous aluminium hydroxide powder, which is readily soluble in
acids.
Diaspore, -AlO(OH) occurs in some types of clay and bauxite; it is
stable in the range 280-450 and can be mde by hydrothermal treatment of
bochmite, -AlO(OH), in 0.4% aqueous NaOH at 380 and 500 atm. Crystalline
boechmite is readily prepared by warming the amorphous, gelatinous white
precipitate which first forms when aqueous NH3 is added to cold solutions of Al
salts. In -AlO(OH) the O atoms are arranged in hcp; continous chains of edgeshared octahedral are stacked in layers and are further interconnected by H bonds.
The underlying hcp structure ensures that diaspore dehydrates directly to -Al2O3
(corundum) which has the same basic hcp arrangement of o atoms. The structure
is also adopted by several other -MO(OH) (M=Ba, V, Mn, and Fe); this contrast
with the structure of boechmite,
packed, though within each layer the O atoms are arranged in cubic close packing.
dehydration at temperatures up to 450 proceeds via a succession of phases to the
cubic -Al2O3 and the
Spinel
Magnesium aluminium is the large member of the spinnel group minerals.
It has the formula MgAl2O4. Spinel crystallizes in the isometric system commonly
in the form of crystal octahedral. It has an imperfect octahedral cleavage and a
conchoidal fracture. Its hardness is 8, its specific gravity is 3.5-4.1 and it is
transparent to opaque with a vitreous to dull luster. It may be colorless, but is
usually various shades of red, blue, green, yellow, brown or black.
Salt of oxyacids
Aluminium Sulfate is an aluminium oxy-acid salt that is extremely soluble
in water. An anhydrous form exists but it is relatively unimportant. Aluminium
sulfate (Al2(SO4)3), commonly called alum, is produced as white crystals which
are non-combustible and soluble in water. This dry hydrate (Al2(SO4)3.14H2O) is
17% Al2O3 and is also sold as a 47% aluminium sulfate solution which is 8%
Al2O3. It is also sold in solid form as kibbled, ground or dust. Aluminium sulfate
has been used by man since 2000 BC, when the Egyptians used a mineral alum as
a mordant in dyeing. It has long been used in paper sizing to improve durability
and ink receptivity and in water treatment to clarify water. Other uses for alum
include wastewater treatment, as a waterproofing agent and accelerator in
concrete, as a clarifier for fats and oils and as a foaming agent in fire foams. In
paper making the alum reacts with rosin sizes of various types, helping to attach
the newly formed rosin aluminates to fibres. Sizing makes the paper water
resistant. Alum, which exhibits a cationic charge, is also used to flocculate anionic
trash including paper fines and other anionically charged material by
neutralization, in a similar way to water treatment, improving drainage, retention
and strength of the material. Aluminium sulfate is produced according to the
following exothermic reaction: 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2SO4 + 8H2O Al2(SO4)3 .14H2O
fH = -156 kJ mol-1 Alum is generally produced batch wise in a reactor. The
reactor is a stirred vessel made of materials resistant to the acidity and heat of the
reaction.(Mathers,2006).
REFFERENCES
Cotton, F.Albert. Wilkinson, Geoffrey.Gaus, Paul 1995. Basic
Inorganic