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Analysis and Design of Structures Iv: Innovative Work
Analysis and Design of Structures Iv: Innovative Work
INNOVATIVE WORK
NAVEEN KUMAR S
ACE10UAR021
SEM 8
ACE,HOSUR
T
Y
P
E
S
Folded Plates
Barrel Vaults
Short Shells
Domes of Revolution
Folded Plate Domes
Intersection Shells
Warped Surfaces
Combinations
Shell Arches
CORRUGATED CURVES
UNSTIFFENED EDGES
T
Y
P
E
S
EDGE MEMBERS
THE LAZY S
BUTTERFLY SHELLS
SHORT SHELLS
barrel vaults were described having a length of barrel which is long in
comparison to the width. the short shell structure is a cylindrical shell
having a large radius in comparison to the length. The two types of shells
have uses which are altogether different and the architectural and
engineering problems require a different approach. There are, of course,
borderline cases where it is difficult to distinguish between the long an
short shell.
BASIC ELEMENTS OF SHORT SHELLS
1) the shell spanning between arches, and 2) the arch structure. In
this structure, the edge beams are provided at the lowest point of
the shell and the arch is placed on top of the shell so that forms
may be moved through the barrel. In small structures, the edge PURE ARCH AND SHELL
beam can be omitted if the shell is thickened. The curve of the shell
is determined by the proper shape of the arch and may be a circle
for small structures or may conform to the thrust line of the arch for
long span structures. :
RIGID FRAMES
Short shells may be used with concrete rigid frames as the principle structural
element.
The rigid frame without a horizontal tie at the low point of the shell is suitable only for
short spans because of the massive proportions required for the knees. It is not
necessary to have the spans of all the rigid frames equal, and the bending moments in
the frames may be reduced if shorter side spans are used.
Skylights may be used in a short shell and they may be continuous transversely if
they are placed in every other span so the shell on each side of the skylight cantilevers
out from the adjacent span. Rigid frames are usually built with tie rods connecting the
base of the columns, especially if soil conditions will not permit lateral loads on the soil
material.
MASSIVE ABUTMENTS
Domes
The primary response of a dome to loading is development of membrane compressive
stresses along the meridians, by analogy to the arch.
The dome also develops compressive or tensile membrane stresses along lines of
latitude. These are known as hoop stresses and are tensile at the base and
compressive higher up in the dome.
SPHERE SEGMENT - COLUMN SUPPORTS
If a dome is built as less than a half sphere, a tension ring of steel bars, plates, or
wires is required at the base to carry the thrusts of the shell.
In this case, the ring has been made big enough so that it assists in distributing the
reaction of the columns into the dome.
The direct stresses in the shell are mostly compressive in this structure and are so
small that the stress calculations are hardly necessary. There are bending stresses
in the shell wall due to restraint of the thrust ring and to change in temperature. T
herefore, the thickness of the shell is increased in the vicinity of the thrust ring.
Otherwise, the shell thickness is a minimum and may be 2 1/2 to 3 inches for spans
up to 150 ft.
Meridional
Compressive
Stress
INTERSECTION SHELLS
combining portions of the previous types arranged to form more stable combinations than
the individual elements alone. The most appropriate name is "intersection shell" because the
surfaces that produce the shell appear to meet at an intersection. Any of the basic types may
be used in this manner but the barrel shell is the most familiar and useful. The structural
efficiency of the intersection shell depends on the angle of the intersection of the surfaces. If
the angle is small (called here for descriptive purposes, sharp), then a natural rib is formed by
the adjacent elements of the basic shells which is much stiffer than the adjacent shells on
each side.
An itersection for which the angle is very large is called here a shallow intersection. An
intersection of 90 degrees is the optimum value because it gives a stiff rib.
Circumferential
Hoop Stress
(comp.)
Circumferential
Hoop Stress
(tens.)
MULTIPLE DOMES
Folded Plates
Folded plates are assemblies of flat plates rigidly connected together along their
edges.in such a way so as to make the structural system capable of carrying
loads without .the need for additional supporting beams along mutual edges.
Types of folded plates :
1- Prismatic : if they consist of rectangular plates.
2- Pyramidal : when non-rectangular plates are used.
3- Prismoidal, triangular or trapezoidal.
classified as:
single.
Multiple.
Symmetrical.
Unsymmetrical.
Simple.
Continuous.
Folded plates with simple joints.
Folded plates with multiple joints.
Folded plates with opened cross
sectional.
Folded plates with closed cross
sectional.