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Kine 326 Finalproject
Kine 326 Finalproject
Subjects wore headgear and nose clips and were instructed to breath into a three-way Daniels valve in
order to assess gas exchange data for each breath. Participants were encouraged to exercise all-out by
maintaining a high cadence rate (rpm) prior to each increase in workload in order to facilitate each
transition. The metabolic cart (Parvomedics True One, Sandy, UT) was calibrated to gases of known
concentrations along with room air temperature, humidity and barometric pressure before
exercise.Variables obtained from this test include maximal determinations of VO 2 (Lmin1 and
mLkg1min1), HR, RER, VCO2 and ventilation. The attainment of VO2max was confirmed by the
incidence of plateau in VO2 at VO2max as well as RER max. At volitional fatigue, maximal workload (in
watts)was noted and used to set training intensities.
Data Analyses: Data are expressed as mean SD and were analyzed using the Statistical Package for
the Social Sciences (version 20.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Statistical comparisons were performed using
a mixed ANOVA (2-way ANOVA with repeated measures) to obtain the analysis of variance between and
within all subjects. An independent t-test was used to examine the statistical significance between the two
different groups of subjects. The level of significance was set at a p-value of p<0.05. Comparison of data
between groups analyzed visually analyzed using Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Excel 2010; Windows
Vista, 7, XP).
RESULTS
Table 1. Physical and physiological characteristics of subjects.
Group
Gynoi
d
Androi
d
Age (yr)
Height
(m)
Body
Mass (kg)
Body Fat
(%)
BMI
21.882.1
7
1.680.06
3
60.795.7
3
24.134.1
2
21.412.0
3
35.232.06
0.6940.01
8*
20.381.1
9
1.660.07
3
58.889.5
6
21.412.7
6
25.756.6
9
37.393.61
0.7650.01
2*
VO2max
WHR
(mL/kg/min)
Physical
Activity
(hrs/week)
4.50.93
3.881.46
*Note that this table includes baseline data for all women who initiated the study.
*All data reported as mean SD
*Only true differences between subjects
All subjects were approximately the same age, height and weight and performed a similar
amount of physical activity weekly. Gynoid subjects had a higher percentage of body fat
(24.134.12) than android subjects (21.412.76). The latter group had a higher BMI
(25.756.69) and a higher VO2max (37.393.61) than the former group (21.412.03 and
35.232.06 respectively). Gynoid subjects were classified as such based on their smaller waistto-hip ratio (0.6940.018) than android subjects (0.7650.012).
Table 2: MFO and Minimum FO, for Gynoid and Android Subjects
Gynoid
Android
MFO
Fat Min
MFO
Fat Min
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Mean*
(kcal/mi
n)
1.95
1.25
4.00
2.09
2.21
2.61
2.2
1.8
2.30.8
0
(watts)
110
70
150
90
90
110
130
110
107.5.24.
93
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
(kcal/min
)
1.6
2.26
2.14
2.78
2.86
2.64
1.34
1.26
2.110.6
0
(watts)
90
130
90
130
130
70
130
70
105.27.77
Table 2 shows minimum fat oxidation (Fatmin) and maximum fat oxidation (MFO). Substrate oxidation
was greater in gynoid subjects than android subjects. MFO was 2.30.80 kcal/min and Fatmin was
a107.524.93 watts. Android subjects oxidation levels were 2.110.60 kcal/min and 10527.7 watts
respectively. In addition, maximum carbohydrate oxidation was 16.54.33 kcal/min for gynoid and
15.084.43 kcal for android subjects.
Figure 1a-b: Fat oxidation for gynoid (a) and android (b) shaped subjects.
a)
b)
Figures 1a and b depicts the decline in fat oxidation with the increase in exercise intensity for all subjects.
Figure 2a-b: Carbohydrate oxidation for gynoid (a) and android (b) shaped subjects
b)
Figure 2a and b depicts the increase in carbohydrate oxidation with the increase in exercise intensity for
android and gynoid shaped subjects.
Carbohydrate oxidation (CHO) across groups had a p-value of 0.708 and fat oxidation (FO) across groups
had a p-value of 0.425. CHO and FO across watts had p-values of 0.000. Mean differences and p-values
for subject measurements acquired from an independent t-test had p-values > 0.05 for all measurements
except for WHR with a p-value=0.000.
Figure 3: RER vs. Watts for Gynoid and Android Subjects
Figure 3 shows an increase in RER with an increase in exercise intensity for both gynoid and android
subjects.
DISCUSSION
The purpose this study was to investigate the effects of fat patterning in premenopausal women
on lipid oxidation during steady-state exercise. It was hypothesized, relating with previous research
(Isacco et al., 2013), that women with a lower WHR (<0.75; gynoid shape) would exhibit higher lipidoxidation rates than those with a higher WHR (>0.75;android shape). Previous studies have shown that
the ingestion of carbohydrates prior to exercise can reduce the rate of fat oxidation in the subsequent bout
of exercise (Achten, Gleeson, & Jeukendrup, 2001). To ensure that fat oxidation would not be impaired
by carbohydrate ingestion, the tests were performed after a 12 to 14 hour fast. Results demonstrated that
there was no significant difference between the gynoid and android groups in regards to fat oxidation (p
>0.05).
Data analysis rejected this studys initial hypothesis, which stated that women with a lower WHR
are more apt to burn fat. These findings are contrary to those found in Isacco et al. (2013), which
demonstrated that a lower abdominal to lower body fat mass ratio was correlated with a higher ability to
oxidize and metabolize fat. Since there is no widely accepted WHR standard in assessing android and
gynoid subjects, each study utilizes a different set of guidelines; Isacco et. al (2013) grouped androids
with a WHR > 0.78, while the present study used the WHR of 0.75. WHR was the only significant
difference between present subjects (p-value = 0.000). Although their testing was somewhat longer than
the present study (45 minutes vs. 25-30 minutes), both tests observed primary fat oxidation at a moderate
intensity. Difference in results could be attributed to the inability to recruit the appropriate type of
android subjects, which is discussed furthermore in limitations of the study. There were no significant
differences in all subject traits including age, height, weight, and VO2max (p-value > 0.05) especially
with fat and carbohydrate oxidation rates. Also, the results may not show any significant difference
because all subjects were required to be physically active and have a VO 2max between 30-45 L/min. This
requirement may limit results as trained women are prone to have higher fat oxidation rates during
moderate to intense exercise intensities (Astorino, Schubert, Palumbo, Stirling, & McMillan, 2013).
The most detrimental limitation of this study had to do with subject recruitment. Android
subjects didnt necessarily have their fat deposited around their waist, they simply had smaller hips.
Isacco et al (2013) observed the same type of subjects, but the WHR that they used to distinguish was
0.78 rather than 0.75
In effort to maintain instrumentation validity, the same equipment (e.g, ergometer, skin callipers,
scale, measuring tape) were used to assess all measurements obtained by a single researcher. Selective
attrition was not a threat to internal validity because none of the subjects withdrew from the study. The
research environment in which subjects were closely observed along with the unfamiliarity of equipment
may have influenced the participants reaction to the study thus not performing to maximal exertion.
Another possible improvement of the study could have been using a larger sample size to increase the
probability of witnessing a significant difference between the two groups. Additional limitations of this
study include inexperience with the machines from the testors, subject not reporting accurate food intake.
In order to validate subjects nutritional status we could have measured insulin levels prior to testing,
which would have confirmed that subjects were in a fasted state. Self-reported data, such as amount of
physical activity per week and food intake prior to testing, is limited by the fact that it cannot be verified.
Future studies can observe sedentary females in the two body shape categories to see how the
outcome would change. Additionally, blood samples could be taken to assess glucose, plasma
concentration and insulin levels in order to monitor their effects on substrate oxidation. Implementing
dietary intake for the 24hrs prior to the test would allow us to control for food intake and observe how
substrate metabolism would change accordingly.
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