Ch 3 Fluid Statics (Part B)

From Last Lecture

Pressure is independent of direction

Pressure increases with depth
--constant density p = gh
Pressure scales
--units
--datum
Pressure measurement

Basic equation of fluid statics

Free surface

P = P0 +gh

Characters of pressure at a point

Pressure at any point is the same in all directions.

Absolute, gage, and vacuum pressures

absolute pressure - Pressure measured relative to absolute zero.
gage pressure - Pressure > Patm measured relative to Patm
vacuum pressure - Pressure < Patm measured relative to Patm
Patm - local absolute pressure due to the local atmosphere only.
standard Patm at sea level = 1atm = 101.3 kPa

Outline

Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface

Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface
Buoyancy and Stability

Lecture Goals
Analysis and calculate
1.force due to pressure of the fluid;
2.the direction of the resultant force;
and
3.the position of the resultant.

3.6 Force on a Plane Area

Specifying the magnitude of the force.

Specifying the direction of the force.
Specifying the line of action of the force.
To determine completely the resultant force
acting on a submerged force.

3.6.1 Force on a Horizontal Plane Area

Simplest Case: Tank bottom with a uniform pressure distribution

p = h
Now, the resultant Force:

FR = p A
Acts through the Centroid
A = area of the Tank Bottom

3.6.2 Force on a Plane Area:

General Case
The origin O is at the Free
Surface.
is the angle the plane makes
with the free surface.
y is directed along the plane
surface.
A is the area of the surface.
dA is a differential element
of the surface.
dF is the force acting on
the differential element.
General Shape: Planar
View, in the x-y plane

C is the centroid.
CP is the center of Pressure
FR is the resultant force
acting through CP

Notation for hydrostatic force on an inclined plane surface of arbitrary shape.

3.6.2 Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface: General Case

Then the force acting on the differential element:
Then the resultant force acting on the entire surface:
We note h = ysin

With and taken as constant:

We note, the integral part is the first moment of area about the x-axis

Where yc is the y coordinate to the centroid of the object.

hc

Resultant Force
z

To obtain the net hydrostatic force F on a plane surface:

1. Determine depth of centroid hc for the area in contact
with the fluid.
2. Determine the (gage) pressure at the centroid Pc.
3. Calculate F = PcA

hc is the vertical distance from the fluid surface to

the centroid of the area.

3.7 Center of Pressure: Location

Now, we must find the location of the center of Pressure where the Resultant Force Acts:
The Moments of the Resultant Force must Equal the Moment of the Distributed Pressure Force
Moments about the x-axis:
And, note h = ysin

We note,

Second moment of Intertia, Ix

Then,

Parallel Axis Thereom:

Ixc is the second moment of inertia through the centroid
Substituting the parallel Axis thereom, and rearranging:

We, note that for a submerged plane, the resultant force always acts below the centroid of the
plane.

Center of Pressure

Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Area: Geometric Properties

Centroid Coordinates
Areas
Moments of Inertia

Centroids
Centroidal coordinates and moments
of inertia for some common areas

Hydrostatic Force: Vertical Wall

Find the Pressure on a Vertical Wall using Hydrostatic Force Method

Pressure varies linearly with depth by the hydrostatic equation:
The magnitude of pressure at the bottom is p = h

The depth of the fluid is h into the board

The width of the wall is b into the board

yR = 2/3h

By inspection, the average pressure

occurs at h/2, pav = h/2

The resultant force act through the center of pressure, CP:

y-coordinate:

1
I xc = bh 3
12

h
2
A = bh
yc =

bh 3
h
yR =
+
h
12 (bh ) 2
2
h h 2
yR = + = h
6 2 3

Hydrostatic Force: Vertical Wall

x-coordinate:

I xyc = 0

b
yc =
2
A = bh

xR =

h
(bh )
2
b
xR =
2

b
2

Now, we have both the resultant force and its location.

Center of Pressure:

b 2h
,
2 3

Summary
To find hydrostatic force on a plane surface:
1. Find area in contact with fluid.
2. Locate centroid of that
that area.
3. Find hydrostatic pressure Pc at centroid,
typically =

gh c (generally neglect Patm ).

4.Find force F = Pc A.
5.The location will not be at the centroid., but at a distance below
the centroid.

Example: Hydrostatic Force Acting on the

Door of a Submerged Car
A heavy car plunges into a lake during an
Discussion
A strong person can lift 100 kg, whose weight is 981 N or
accident and lands at the bottom of the lake on
about
1 kN. Also, the person can apply the force at a point farthest from
its wheels. The door is 1.2 m high and 1 m wide,
the
m farther)
forismaximum
andhinges
the top (1
edge
of the door
8 m beloweffect
the and generate a moment of 1
kN
m. The of
resultant
hydrostatic force acts under the midpoint of the door,
free surface
the water.
and
thus athe
distance
of 0.5
m from
hinges.
Determine
hydrostatic
force
on thethe
door
and This generates a moment
the50.6
location
pressure
center,
discuss
if
of
kN ofm,the
which
is about
50and
times
the moment
the driver can
the drivergenerate.
can open the
door.
possibly
Therefore,
it is impossible for the driver to open the
door of the car. The drivers best bet is to let some water in (by rolling the
2
Pwindow
ghC =
b/2)=
84.4 kN/m
ave = PC =down
a g(s
little,+for
example)
and to keep his or her head close to
the ceiling. The driver should be able to open the door shortly before the
FR = PaveA = (84.4 kNm2) (1 m 1.2 m) = 101.3 kN
car is filled with water since at that point the pressures on both sides of
doormare nearly the same and opening the door in water is almost as
yPthe
= 8.61
easy as opening it in air.

Pressure Diagram
The pressure diagram is a second way of analyzing the forces on a vertical wall.
Pressure Diagram
(1) According to a definite scale, static pressure can be expressed by a
definite length line
( 2) The line expressing the direction of static pressure with arrow, is
perpendicular to the acting wall.

Pressure diagram

Which of the following is wrong

A. B. C.

Pressure Diagram: Vertical Wall

The area of this triangle represents the resultant

force per unit width on the vertical wall
Resultant Force:
O

1
FR = h 2b
2

Location of the Resultant Force, CP:

The force acts through the centroid of the pressure diagram
Center of Pressure:

b 2h
,
2 3

Atmospheric Pressure on a Vertical Wall

Gauge Pressure Analysis

Absolute Pressure Analysis

But,

So, in this case the resultant force is the same as the gag pressure analysis.
It is not the case, if the container is closed with a vapor pressure above it.
If the plane is submerged, there are multiple possibilities.

1
e= L
3

L(2h1 + h2 )
e=
3(h1 + h2 )

Example
A 6-m deep tank contains 4 m of water and 2-m of oil as shown in the
diagram below. Determine the pressure at point A and at the bottom of the
tank. Draw the pressure diagram.

oil
water

2m

water = 1000 kg/m3

4m

oil = 980 kg/m3

Solution:
Pressure at oil water interface (PA)
PA= oilghoil = 980 x 9.81 x 2
= 15696 Pa=15.7KPa
Pressure at the bottom of the tank;
PB = PA + waterghwater
=15.7x1000 + 1000 x 9.81 x 4
= 54940 Pa=54.9KPa
2m
4m

oil

water

PA=15.7 kPa
PA

PB = 54.9 kPa
Pressure Diagram

Example

Here is a vertical rectangular sluice gate as shown in figure,

h1=1mh2=2m, width b=1.5m. What is the resultant force and the
center of pressure?

Here is a vertical rectangular sluice gate as shown in figure,

h1=1mh2=2m,width b=1.5m. What is the resultant force and the center of
pressure?

Solution

3.8 Force on a Curved Surface

Many surfaces of interest (such as those associated with

dams, pipes, and tanks) are non-plannar.

Since this class of surface is curved, the direction of the

force is different at each location on the surface.

Gates

Gates

Force on a Curved Surface

FR on a curved surface is more involved since it requires integration of the

pressure forces that change direction along the surface.
Easiest approach: determine horizontal and vertical components FH and FV
separately.

3.8 Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface

General theory of plane surfaces does not apply to curved surfaces
Many surfaces in dams, pumps, pipes or tanks are curved
No simple formulas by integration similar to those for plane surfaces
A new method must be used

Then we mark a F.B.D. for the volume:

Isolated Volume
Bounded by AB an AC
and BC

F1 and F2 is the hydrostatic force on

each planar face
FH and FV is the component of the
resultant force on the curved surface.
W is the weight of the fluid volume.

Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface

Now, balancing the forces for the Equilibrium condition:
Horizontal Force:
Vertical Force:
Resultant Force:
The location of the Resultant Force is through O by sum of Moments:
Y-axis:

F1 x1 + Wxc = FV xV

X-axis:

F2 x2 = FH xH

Horizontal Component (Fh)

Fh = Resultant force on the projection of the curved

surface on a vertical plane

The horizontal force will act

through the c.p. (not the
centroid) of the projected area.

to determine the horizontal component of force on a curved surface in a

hydrostatic fluid:
1. Project the curved surface into the appropriate vertical plane.
2. Perform all further calculations on the vertical plane.
3. Determine the location of the centroid - c.g. of the vertical plane.
4. Determine the depth of the centroid - hcg of the vertical plane.
5. Determine the pressure - Pcg = r g hcg at the centroid of the vertical
plane.
6. Calculate Fh = Pcg A, where A is the area of the projection of the curved
surface into the vertical plane, ie. the area of the vertical plane.
7. The location of Fh is through the center of pressure of the vertical plane,
not the centroid.

Vertical Component

The vertical component of force on a curved surface

equals the weight of the pressure prism necessary to
cause the pressure on the surface.

pressure prism

pressure prism

Pressure Prism
Components of Pressure Prism
1Pressed curved surface
2Vertical surface drawn along the curved surface edge
3Free surface or extended surface of the free surface.

Classification of pressure prism

Real pressure prism and virtual pressure prism.
For real pressure prism Fh acts downwards.
For unreal pressure prism Fh acts upwards.

Real pressure prism

virtual pressure prism

Example

To determine the vertical component of force on a curved

surface in a hydrostatic fluid:
1 .Identify the Pressure Prism.
2.Determine the volume of the pressure prism.
3.Calculate the weight of the pressure prism
Fv = gV.
4.The location of Fv is through the centroid of V.

Resultant force

F = F +F
2
H

tan =

2
V

FV
FH

The angle the resultant force makes to the

horizontal is

FV
= arctg
FH

Static Surface Forces Summary

Forces caused by gravity on submerged surfaces

horizontal surfaces FR = g hA
inclined surfaces (y coordinate has origin at
free surface)
FR = hc A

I xc
yR =
+ yc
yc A

curved surfaces
Horizontal component FR = hc A
Vertical component
(weight of fluid above surface )

Example: Forces on Curved Surfaces

Find the resultant force (magnitude and location)

on a 1 m wide section of the circular arc.

FV = W1 + W2
3m
= (3 m)(2 m)(1 m) +1/4(2 m)2(1 m)
water
= 58.9 kN + 30.8 kN
= 89.7 kN
2m

2m
W2

pc = hc

= (4 m)(2 m)(1 m)
= 78.5 kN

FH = p c A

W1

Example: Forces on Curved Surfaces

The vertical component line of action goes through

the centroid of the volume of water above the surface.

Take moments about a vertical

axis through A.
4R
4(2 m)
xR FV = (1 m)W1 +
W2
3

4(2 m)
(1 m)(58.9 kN) +
(30.8 kN)
3
xR =
(89.7 kN)

A
3m

water

W1
2m

2m

W2

= 0.948 m (measured from A) with magnitude of 89.7 kN

Example: Forces on Curved Surfaces

The location of the line of action of the horizontal

component is given by

ba 3
I xc =
12

W1

3m

b
a

I xc = (1 m)(2 m)3/12 = 0.667 m4

yc = 4 m
0.667 m 4
yR =
+ (4 m ) = 4.083 m
(4 m )[(2 m )(1 m )]

water

2m
W2

2m

I xc
yR =
+ yc
yc A

4.083 m

0.948 m

Example: Forces on Curved Surfaces

78.5 kN horizontal
89.7 kN vertical
119.2 kN resultant

Example

A
y

C
Hinge
6m

Fx = yc ACB
= 9810 * 3 * 6 *1
= 176.6 kN

Fy = V ABC
= 9810 *

62

4
= 277.4 kN

*1

Fx

B
Fy

4r
x=
3
4*6
=
= 2.55 m
3 *

1* 63 / 12
yR = yc +
3 * 6 *1
= 4m

Example
An 1-m-diameter water pipe is made of a piece of steel
plate. Its permission stress [] is 150MPa and the
pressure expressed in the height of water column in pipe
reaches 500mwhat is the least thickness of the pipe?
Pressure difference between different points caused by
elevation difference is negligible

Solution:
Assume cutting the pipe into two half as shown in figure, and
analyze forces exerted on a half pipe as an isolated body.
Horizontal force on inner surface of the half pipe is equal to the
force on the projection upon a vertical plane .

The force is equal to the pulling forces,

2T = F = pDl
Assume T distributes uniformly along the pipe thickness, thus

Multiple Choice

Multiple Choice

3.9 Buoyancy and Stability

Buoyancy is due to the fluid displaced by a body.

FB=fgV.
Archimedes principal : The buoyant force acting on a
body immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the
fluid displaced by the body, and it acts upward through
the centroid of the displaced volume.

3.9 Buoyancy and Stability

Buoyancy force FB is equal only

to the displaced volume
fgVdisplaced.
Three scenarios possible
1. body<fluid: Floating body
2. body=fluid: Neutrally buoyant
3. body>fluid: Sinking body

Stability of Immersed Bodies

Rotational stability of immersed bodies depends upon relative location of

center of gravity G( )and center of buoyancy B().
G below B: stable
G above B: unstable
G coincides with B: neutrally stable.

Stability of Floating Bodies

If body is bottom heavy (G lower

than B), it is always stable.
Floating bodies can be stable
when G is higher than B due to
shift in location of center
buoyancy and creation of
restoring moment.
Measure of stability is the
metacentric height (
)GM. If GM>1, ship is stable.

Examples of Archimedes Principle

The Golden Crown of Hiero II, King of Syracuse

Archimedes, 287-212 B.C.

Hiero, 306-215 B.C.
Hiero learned of a rumor where the
goldsmith replaced some of the gold in his
crown with silver. Hiero asked Archimedes
to determine whether the crown was pure
gold.
Archimedes had to develop a nondestructive
testing method

The Golden Crown of Hiero II, King of Syracuse

The weight of the crown and

nugget are the same in air: Wc =
cVc = Wn = nVn.
If the crown is pure gold, c=n
which means that the volumes
must be the same, Vc=Vn.
In water, the buoyancy force is
B=H2OV.
If the scale becomes unbalanced,
this implies that the Vc Vn,
which in turn means that the c

Goldsmith was shown to be a

fraud!