Chng 6

DAO NG K
6.1. NG PHNG TIA M CC
Dao ng k (electronic oscilloscope) l mt dng c hin th dng sng rt
thng dng. N ch yu c s dng v dng ca tn hiu in thay i thao thi
gian.

Bng cch s dng my hin sng ta xc nh c :

Gi tr in p v thi gian tng ng ca tn hiu
Tn s dao ng ca tn hiu.
Gc lch pha gia hia tn hiu.
Dng sng ti mi im khc nhau trn mch in t.
Thnh phn ca tn hiu gm thnh phn mt chiu v xoay chiu nh th
no.
Trong tn hiu c bao nhiu thnh phn nhiu v nhiu c thay i theo
thi gian hay khng.
Dao ng k ging nh mt my thu hnh nh nhng c mn hnh c k v
c nhiu phn iu khin hn tv. Hnh 1.2 l panel ca mt dao ng k thng dng

vi phn hin th sng, phn iu khin theo trc x, trc y, ng b v ch mn hnh

v kt ni u o.
Mn hnh ca dao ng k c chia , 10 theo chiu ngang v 8 theo chiu
ng. ch hin th thng thng, dao ng k hin dng sng bin i theo thi
gian : Trc ng y l trc in p, trc ngang x l trc thi gian. chi hay sng
ca mn hnh i khi cn gi l trc z.

Dao ng k c th c dng rt nhiu lnh vc khc nhau ch khng n

thun ch trong lnh vc in t. Vi mt b chuyn i hp l ta c th o c thng
s ca hu ht tt c cc hin tng vt l. B chuyn i y c nhim v to ra tn
hiu in tng ng vi i lng cn o v d nh cc b cm bin m thanh, nh
sng, rung, p sut, nhiy
Cc thit b in t thng c chia thnh hai nhm c bn lathit b tng t
v thit b s, dao ng k cng vy. Dao ng k tng t (analog oscilloscope) s
chuyn trc tip tn hiu in cn o thnh dng electron bn ln mn hnh. in p
lm lch chm electron mt cch t l v to ra tc thi dng sng tng ng trn mn
hnh. Trong khi , dao ng k s (digital oscilloscope) s ly mu dng sng, a
qua b chuyn i tng t s (adc). Sau n s dng cc thng tin di dng s
ti to li dng sng trn mn hnh.

Ty vo ng dng m ngi ta s dng dao ng k loi no cho ph hp.

Thng thng, nu cn hin th tn hiu di dng thi gian thc (khi chng xy ra) th
s dng dao ng k tng t. Khi cn lu gi thng tin cng nh hnh nh c th
x l sau hay in ra dng sng th ngi ta dng dao ng k s c kh nng kt ni vi
my tnh v cc b vi x l. Phn tip theo ca ti liu chng ta s ni n dao ng k
tng t, loi dng ph bin trong k thut o lng.
6.2. CC KHI CHC NNG CA MT DAO NG K THNG DNG

Tn hiu vo c a qua b chuyn mch ac/dc (kha k ng khi cn xc nh

thnh phn dc ca tn hiu cn khi ch quan tm n thnh phn ac th m k). Tn hiu
ny s qua b phn p (hay cn gi l b suy gim u vo) c iu khin bi mch
nm xoay volts/div, ngha l xoay nm ny cho php ta iu chnh t l ca sng theo
chiu ng. Chuyn mch y-Pos xc nh v tr theo chiu ng ca sng, ngha l
c th di chuyn sng theo chiu ln hoc xung ty bng cch xoay nm vn ny.
Sau khi qua phn p, tn hiu vo s qua b khuch i y khuch i lm lch a
ti iu khin cp lm lch ng. Tn hiu ca b khuch i y cng c a n
trigo (khi ng b), trng hp ny gi l ng b trong, kch thch mch to sng
rng ca (cn gi l mch pht qut) v a ti iu khin cp lm lch ngang ( tng
hiu qu iu khin, mt s mch cn s dng thm cc b khuch i x sau khi to
in p rng ca). i khi ngi ta cng cho mch lm vic ch ng b ngoi
bng cch ct ng tn hiu t khuch i y, thay vo l cho tn hiu ngoi kch
thch khi to sng rng ca.
i vo khi to sng rng ca cn c hai tn hiu iu khin t nm vn
time/div v x-Pos. Time/div (c nhiu my k hiu l sec/div) cho php thay i tc
qut theo chiu ngang, khi dng sng s dng trn mn hnh vi n chu k nu tn s
ca sng ln gp n ln tn s qut). X-Pos l nm iu chnh vic di chuyn sng
theo chiu ngang cho tin quan st.
ng phng tia in t CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) :

CRT l mt ng chn khng vi cc h thng in cc v mn hynh quang,

chm electron do katot pht ra s c hng ti mn hnh theo s iu khin t bn
ngoi v lm pht sng lp photpho ti im chng p vo.
Cu to :
Phn 3 cc (triot) gm katot, li v anot.
Catot lm bng niken hnh tr y phng ph oxit pht ra in t. Mt si t
nm bn trong katot c nhim v nung nng katot tng cng thm s in t pht
x. Si t c in th khang 6,3v nhng catt c in th xp x 2kv.
Li l mt cc niken c l y bao ph ly catot. Th ca li xp x t 2kv
n 2,05kv iu khin dng electron t catot hng n mn hnh. Khi th ca li
thay i s iu chnh lng electron bn ra khi catot, tc lm cho im sng trn
mn hnh c chi khc nhau. V vy thnh phn iu khin th ca li cn gi l
thnh phn iu khin chi.
Anot gm 3 anot a1, a2, a3. A1 c dng hnh tr, mt u h v mt u kn c
l gia cho electron i qua. tip t nn c th dng hn catot, electron c gia
tc t catot qua li v anot n mn hnh. Cc anot ny c gi l cc in cc iu
tiu hay thu knh in t. V cc electron cng mang in tch m nn chng c xu
hng y nha, ngha l chm tia in t s loe rng ra v khi p vo mn hynh
quang s tao ra mt vng sng, ngha l hnh nh hin th b nhe. Nh c cc in cc
iu tiu, chm electron s b hi t li lm cho cc electron hng ti mt im nh
trn mn hnh, tc l hnh nh hin th c r nt. A2 c th 2kv to ra cc ng
ng th lm cho cc electron chuyn ng qua anot c tc n nh.
Phn 3 cc trn i khi cn c gi l sng in t.
H thng lm lch (hay cn gi l li tia)
Khi cc tm lm lch ngang v ng c tip t hoc khng ni th chm
electron c th i qua chng v p vo tm mn hnh.
Khi t in p ln cc tm lm lch th cc electron s b ht vo tm c th
dng v b y raxa khi tm c th m. tc dng ca cc in p lm lch +/Gy ra nhng khong lch nh nhau th th +e/2 phi a vo mt tm v th -E/2 i
vo tm cn li (vi e l th chnh lch gia hai tm).

in p cn thit to ra mt vch chia lch mn hnh c gi l h s

lm lch ng ca ng, n v l v/cm.
lch do 1v tao ra trn mn hnh gi la nhy li tia, n v l cm/v.
Ngoi ra, trnh nh hng ca in trng gia cc cp li tia ngi ta i
khi cn s dng mt mn chn cch in gia cp li tia nganf v cp li tia ng.
Mn hnh ca crt c m mt lp photpho mt trong ca ng, khi chm
electron p vo mn hnh th cc electron bn trong lp m s chuyn ln mc nng
lng cao v khi tr v trng thi bnh thng s pht ra nh sng. S lu sng ca
photpho kh di t vi ms n vi s nn mt ngi mi nhn thy hnh dng sng hin.
Lp than ch c tc dng thu hi cc electron th cp v nu khng thu hi li th s
tch t ca cc electron c th to ra mt th m mn hnh v th m ny s chng li
s di chuyn ca dng electron tin n mn hnh. Ngoi ra, ngi ta c th dng mn
nhm th thu gp electron v dn ti t. Mng nhm ny c tc dng tng cng
chi ca lp sng do phn x nh sng v pha mn thy tinh v tn nhit cho mn
hnh.
ng xon c lm bng cht liu c in tr cao kt ta trong ng thy tinh t
ch tm li tia ti mn hnh c tc dng gia tc cho electron sau khi lm lch c
c chi cn thit (nu gia tc trc lc lm lch th s lm gim kh nng iu
chnh dng electron ca cc tm lm lch).
Ch : Vi cc my hin sng nhiu knh (nhiu tia) th c th thc hin theo
hai cch nh sau :
S dng cho mi knh mt sng in t v cp lm lch ng ring
nhng cng chung cp lm lch ngang.
S dng mt sng in t, tch chm tia in t thnh nhiu phn trc
khi cho qua cc cp lm lch ng (ng vi s knh) v tt c cng qua
mt cp lm lch ngang.

Nguyn tc hin hnh ca CRT :

Catot pht ra electron v c cc h thng in cc iu khin c s lng
ht, vn tc v hi t cn thit. H thng lm lch s lm cho chm tia in t di
chuyn trn mn hnh theo phng ngang v phng ng hin dng ca tn hiu.
ch hin th dng sng thng thng, tn hiu cn hin th c a vo
cp lm lch ng cn mt tn hiu dng rng ca c a vo cp lch ngang.

Khi vi tn s rng ca (cn gi l tn s qut) ph hp trn mn hnh s c

mt sng ng c dng sng cn hin th.

Thit lp ch hot ng v cch iu khin mt dao ng k :

Thit lp ch hot ng cho mt dao ng k :
Sau khi ni t cho dao ng k ta s iu chnh cc nm vn hay cng tc
thit lp ch hot ng cho my.
Panel trc ca dao ng k gm ba phn chnh l vertical (phn iu khin
ng), horizontal (phn iu khin ngang) v trigger (phn iu khin ng b). Mt
s phn cn li focus ( nt), intensity ( sng).C th khc nhau ty thuc vo
hng sn xut, loi my v model.
Ni cc u o vo ng v tr (thng c k hiu ch1, ch2). Cc dao ng k
thng thng s c hai que o ng vi hai knh v mn hnh s hin dng sng tng
ng vi mi knh.
Mt s dao ng k c ch autoset hoc preset thit lp li ton b phn
iu khin, nu khng ta phi tin hnh bng tay trc khi s dng my.
Cc bc chun ha nh sau :
1. a tt c cc nt bm v v tr out.
a tt c cc thanh trt v v tr up.
a tt c cc nm xoay v v tr centered
a nt gia ca volts/div, time/div, hold off v v tr cal.
2. vn volts/div v time/div v v tr 1v/div v .2s/div.
3. bt ngun.
4. xoay y-Pos iu chnh im sng theo chiu ng (im sng s chy
ngang qua mn hnh vi tc chm). Nu vn time/div ngc chiu
kim ng h (theo chiu gim) th im sng s di chuyn nhanh hn v
khi v tr c s trn mn hnh s l mt vch sng thay cho im sng.
5. iu chnh intens thay i chi v focus thay i nt ca
vch sng trn mn hnh.

6.

a tn hiu chun kim tra chnh xc ca my.

a u o ti v tr ly chun (hoc l t my pht chun hoc ngay
trn dao ng k v tr cal 1vpp, 1hz). Vi gi tr chun nh trn nu
volts/div v tr 1v/div v time/div v tr 1ms/div th trn mn hnh s
xut hin mt sng vung c bin nh nh 1 trn mn hnh v
rng xung cng l mt trn mn hnh. (xoay y-Pos v x-Pos c
mt cch chnh xc).

Sau khi ly cc gi tr chun, ty theo ch lm vic m ta s dng cc nt

iu khin tng ng.
6.2.2 Cc phn iu khin chnh :
6.2.2.1 iu khin mn hnh

Phn ny bao gm :
iu chnh sng-Intensity- Ca dng sng. Thng thng khi tng tn s
qut cn tng thm sng tin quan st hn. Thc cht y l iu chnh
in p li.
iu chnh nt focus ca dng sng. Thc cht l iu chnh in p cc
anot a1, a2, a3.
iu chnh lch ca trc ngang- Trace- (khi v tr ca my nhng im
khc nhau th tc dng ca t trng tri t cng khc nhau nn i khi phi
iu chnh c v tr cn bng).
6.2.2.2 iu khin theo trc ng:
Phn ny s iu khin v tr v t l ca dng sng theo chiu ng. Khi tn hiu
a vo cng ln th volts/div cng phi v tr ln v ngc li.
Ngoi ra cn mt s phn nh:
Invert: o dng sng.
Dc/ac/gd: Hin th phn mt chiu / xoay chiu / t ca dng sng.
Ch i/ii: Chn knh 1 hoc knh 2
Dual: Chn c hai knh

Add:Cng tn hiu c hai knh.

Khi bm nt invert dng sng ca tn hiu s b o ngc li ( o pha 180o)
Khi gt cng tt v v tr gd trn mn hnh s xut hin mt ng ngang, dch
chuyn v tr ca ng ny xc nh v tr t ca tn hiu.
Gt cng tc v v tr dc ngha l trong tn hiu bao gm c thnh phn mt
chiu v xoay chiu, gt v v tr ac l hin dng sng tch thnh phn mt chiu.
Xem hnh di y: ( bn tri l ch dc v bn phi ch ac)
Khi n nt dual chn c hai knh th trn mn hnh s xut hin 2 th ca 2
dng sng ng vi 2 u o. Add cng cc sng vi nhau. Ni chung v tr ca 3 nt
ch i/ii, dual v add s cho cc ch hin th khc nhau ty thuc vo tng loi my.

6.2.2.3 iu khin theo trc ngang

Phn ny iu khin v tr v t l ca dng sng theo chiu ngang. Khi tn hiu
a vo c tn s cng cao th time/div phi cng nh v ngc li. Ngoi ra mt s
phn sau:
X-Y: ch ny knh th 2 s lm trc x thay cho thi gian nh ch
thng.
Ch :
Khi my hat ng ch nhiu knh th cng ch x mt phn iu khin
theo trc ngang nn tn s qut khi s l tn s qut chung cho c 2 dng sng.

6.3 NG DNG CA MY HIN SNG TRONG K THUT O LNG

My hin sng hin nay c gi l my hin sng vn nng v khng n
thun l hin th dng sng m n cn thc hin c nhiu k thut khc nh thc
hin hm tan hc, thu thp v x l s liu v thm ch cn phn tch c ph tn hiu
trong phn ny chng ta ch ni ti nhng ng dng c bn nht ca mt my hin
sng.
6.3.1 quan st tn hiu
quan st c tn hiu ch cn thit lp my ch ng b trong v iu
chnh tn s qut v trigo dng sng ng yn trn mn hnh. Khi ny c th xc
nh c s bin thin ca tn hiu theo thi gian nh th no. Cc my hin sng
hin i c th cho php cng mt lc 2, 4 hoc 8 tn hiu dng bt k cng mt lc v
tn s quan st c th ln ti 400 mhz.

6.3.2. o in p
Vic tnh gi tr in p ca tn hiu c thc hin bng cch m s trn
mn hnh v nhn vi gi tr volts/div

V d: Volts/DIV ch 1 V th tn hiu cho hnh trn c :

Vp = 2,7 x 1v = 2,8 v
Vpp = 5,4 x 1v = 5,4 v
Vrms = 0,707vp = 1,98 v

Ngoi ra, vi tn hiu xung ngi ta cn s dng my hin sng xc nh thi

gian tng sn xung (rise time), gim sn xung (fall time) v rng xung ( pulse
width) vi cng tnh nh hnh bn
6.3.3 o tn s v khong thi gian
Khong thi gian gia hai im ca tn hiu cng c tnh bng cch m s
theo chiu ngang gia hai im v nhn vi gi tr ca time/div.
Vic xc nh tn s ca tn hiu c xc nh bng cch tnh chu k theo cch
nh trn. Sau nghch o chu k ta tnh c tn s.
V d : hnh bn time/div l 1ms, chu k ca tn hiu l 16, nh vy chu k l
16ms, suy ra f = 1/16ms = 62,5hz.

6.3.4 o tn s v lch pha bng phng php so snh :

Ngoi cch o tn s thng qua vic o chu k nh trn, c th o tn s bng

dao ng k nh sau : So snh tn s ca tn hiu cn o fx vi tn s chun f0. Tn

hiu cn o a vo cc y, tn hiu tn s chun a vo cc x. Ch lm vic ny

ca dao ng k gi l ch x-Y mode v cc sng u c dng hnh sin. Khi trn
mn hnh s hin ra mt ng cong phc tp gi l ng cong lissajou.
iu chnh tn s chun ti khi tn s cn o l bi hoc c nguyn ca tn s
chun th trn mn hnh s c mt ng lissajou ng yn. Hnh dng ca ng
lissajou rt khc nhau ty thuc vo t s tn s gia hai tn hiu v lch pha gia
chng.
Ta c :

f0 m

fx
n

Vi n l s mi theo chiu ngang v m l s mi theo chiu dc (hoc c th ly

s im ct ln nht theo mi trc hoc s im tip tuyn vi hnh lissajou ca mi
trc).
Phng php hnh lissajou cho php o tn s trong khong t 10hz ti tn s
gii hn ca my.
Nu mun o lch pha ta cho hai tn s ca hai tn hiu bng nhau, khi
ng lissajou c dng elip. iu chnh y-Pos v x-Pos sao cho tm ca elip trng vi
tm mn hnh (gc ta ). Khi , gc lch pha c tnh bng :
A
Vi a, b l ng knh trc di v ng knh trc ngn ca elip.
B

arctg

Nhc im ca phng php ny l khng xc nh c du ca gc pha v sai s

ca php o kh ln (5-10%).