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45
I. Pengertian Integral tak tentu
Definisi : Integral tak tentu dari f(x) ditulis :
x dx = 4 x
3
+c
1.
x dx = + 1 x
2.
x dx = ln x + c
+1
+c
: 1
ax
ln a
;a > 0
sin 1 x + c
dx =
1
1 x2
cos x + c
1
11.
12.
tg 1 x + c
1
=
dx
1 + x2
1
ctg x + c
13.
sec1 x + c
dx
=
x x3 1 cos ec1 x + c
46
contoh :
3x
4
7
dx = ...
1 + x 2 x
jawab :
4
7
dx dx
x
1 + x2
1
1
dx 7 dx
= 3 x 4 dx + 4
2
x
1+ x
3 5
1
= x + 4tg x 7 ln x + c
5
= 3 x 4 dx +
Teknik Pengintegralan :
II. Metode Substitusi
f ( x)dx g (u )du
u =u ( x )
contoh:
3
2
x( x + 1) 2 dx
u = x 2 + 1 du = 2 xdx
Substi.
x( x
xdx =
3
1
du
2
+ 1) 2 dx =
1 2
u du
2
12 2
u +c
25
5
1
= ( x 2 + 1) 2 + c
5
sin(x)dx ;
cos(x)dx
atau
x cos 2 xdx
u=x
dv = cos 2x dx
maka :
du = dx
v=
1
sin 2 x
2
x e
n (x )
dx
dimana n = jumlah
47
1
1
x sin 2 x + cos 2 x + c
2
4
Tipe II
x ln (x)dx ,
contoh: ln xdx
u = lnx
du =
dv = dx
v=x
1
dx
x
maka :
1
ln xdx = x ln x x. dx
x
= x ln x x + c
Rumus Reduksi
Rumus berbentuk :
( x)dx = g ( x) + f k ( x)dx
u = cos n 1 x du = (n 1) cos n 2 x
= sin xdx
v = cos xdx v = sin x
Ambil =
n 1
(n 1) cos n 2 xdx
1
sin x cos n 1 x +
n
n
untuk n = 1
0
x + cos 1 xdx
1
48
1
1
+c
sin x cos x +
2
2x
1 1
+ cos 2 x
2 2
1 1
sin 2 x = cos 2 x
2 2
cos 2 x =
contoh :
1.
sin
=
x cos x dx =
(1 cos
sin
x) cos 6 xd ( cos x )
1
= cos 7 x cos 9 x + c
9
7
1
1
= cos 7 x + cos 9 x + c
7
9
2.
sin
1 1
1 1
cos 2 x + cos 2 x dx
2 2
2 2
1
1 1
1 1
2
cos 2 x + cos 2 x + cos 2 x dx
4
4 2
2 2
8 8 cos 2 x + 4 cos
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
8
2
2
8
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
x sin 4 x sin 3 2 x + c
8 2
8
6
1
1
1
49
Tipe II : Bentuk
tg
xdx
atau
Gunakan hubungan :
tg
Contoh :
tg x(sec
tg
tg
xdx
tg 2 x = sec 2 x 1
ctg 2 x = cos ec 2 x 1
xdx = tg 4 x
ctg
tg 4 xdx
x 1 dx
1
= tg 5 x tg 2 x sec2 x 1 dx
5
1 5
= tg x tg 2 x sec2 xdx tg 2 xdx
5
1 5
= tg x tg 2 xd tg 2 x sec2 1 dx
5
1 5
1
= tg x tg 3 x sec2 dx dx
5
3
1 5
1 3
= tg x tg x d (tgx ) dx
5
3
1
1
= tg 5 x tg 3 x tgx x + c
5
3
tg
ctg
x secn xdx
m
atau
x cos ec n xdx
tg
tg 2 x tg 2 x1 d (tgx )
tg
1.
1
2
2
x + tg 2 d (tgx ) = 2tg 2 x tg 2 x + c
3
sec2 x = tg 2 + 1
cos ec 2 x = ctg 2 x + 1
tg 2 x = sec2 x 1
ctg 2 x = cos ec 2 x 1
50
1
2
2.
tg
(sec
x 1 sec
(sec
x 2 sec2 + 1 sec
2
4
sec 2 x sec 2 x + 2 sec 2 x + c
5
5
1
2
.sec x
xd (sec x )
Tipe IV : Bentuk
dx
1
2
1
2
xd (sec x )
xd (sec x )
1
Gunakan hubungan :
1
[sin ( + )x + sin ( )x]
2
1
cos x cos x = [cos( + )x + cos( )x ]
2
1
sin x cos x = [cos( + )x cos( )x ]
2
Contoh :
sin x cos x =
1.
1
sin 7 xdx sin xdx
2
1 1
= cos 7 x + cos x + c
2 7
2.
1
cos12 xdx + cos 2 xdx
2
1 1
1
= sin12 x + sin 2 x + c
2 12
2
1
1
=
sin 12 x + sin 2 x + c
24
4
=
51
V.
ax + b
Contoh :
Substitusi :
1
dx
x+3 x
u=
x u2 = x
2udu = dx
1
1
dx = 2
2udu
u + 3u
x+3 x
1
d (u + 3)
= 2
du = 2
u+3
u+3
= 2 ln u + 3 + c
= 2 ln x + 3
2.
3.
contoh:
1
x
4 x2
dx
x = 2 sin
x = a cos
1
1
cos
2 sin 2 4 1 sin 2
1
1
cos
2
2 sin 2 cos
d =
1
1
(ctg ) = ctg + c
4
4
1 4 x2
=
4
x
a sin 4 4 sin 2
2
2. cos
d
d
1
cos ec 2d
4
+c
p( x)
dx
q( x)
Dimana p(x) dan q(x) adalah polinom-polinom dan derajat p(x) < q(x)
Contoh :
52
1.
x +1
dx ( p ( x ) < q (x ))
x + 2x 1
2.
x3 + x
dx ( p( x ) > q( x ))
x + 2x + 3
x 2 + x
xdx
2x + 6
dx
+ 2x + 3
2x + 6
dx
2dx + 2
x + 2x + 3
3
p( x )
p( x )
p (x )
dapat diuraikan menjadi :
=
q( x )
q( x ) ( x a1)( x a 2)......(x an )
A1
A2
An
+
+ ...... +
x a1 x a 2
x an
2x + 1
dx
x + 2x 3
2
2x + 1
2x + 1
A
B
=
=
+
x 2 + 2 x 3 ( x 1)( x + 3) ( x 1) (x + 3)
A( x + 3) + B( x 1) ( A + B )x + (3 A B )
=
=
(x 1)(x + 3)
(x 1)(x + 3)
B = 2-3/4
B=
53
2x + 1
3
1
3
1
dx =
dx +
dx
x + 2x 3
4 ( x 1)
4 ( x + 3)
3
5
= ln ( x 1) + ln ( x + 3) + c
4
4
p( x )
p( x )
p( x )
=
dapat diuraikan menjadi :
m
q( x ) ( x a1) ( x a 2 ).....(x an )
q( x )
A1
A2
Am
B1
B2
Bn
+
+ ...... +
+
+
+ .... +
m
2
(x a1) (x a2)
(x an)
(x a1) (x a 2) (x a3)
x +1
dx
x2 2x + 1
x +1
x +1
A
B
= 2
=
=
+
2
x 2 x + 1 ( x 1)
x 1 (x 1)2
contoh :
A( x 1) + B
(x 1)2
x + 1 = A( x 1) + B = Ax( A + B )
A =1
A+ B =1 B = 2
x +1
1
2
=
+
2
(
)
x
1
(x 1)
(x 1)2
x +1
1
1
x 2 2 x + 1dx = (x 1)dx + 2 (x 1)2 dx
2
= ln x 1
+c
x 1
=
Kasus III : Bila q(x) memuat faktor kuadrat (yang tidak dapat diuraikan menjadi faktor linear)
berlainan. Misalkan : q ( x ) = a1x 2 + b1x + c a 2 x 2 + b 2 x + c 2
(x d1)(x d 2).....(x dn )
p( x )
maka :
dapat diuraikan menjadi :
q( x )
p( x )
p (x )
=
q( x )
a1x 2 + b1x + c1 a 2 x 2 + b2 x + c 2 ( x d1).....( x dn )
A1x + B1
A2 x + B 2
c1
c2
cn
=
+
+
+
+ .... +
(x dn )
a1x 2 + b1x + c1 a 2 x 2 + b 2 x + c 2 ( x d1) ( x d 2 )
contoh :
x2
hitung : 2
dx
x + 1 ( x + 2)
)(
)(
54
(x
x2
Ax + B
C
= 2
+
+ 1 ( x + 2)
x + 1 (x + 2 )
( Ax + B )(x + 2) + C (x 2 + 1)
(x 2 + 1)(x + 2)
Ax 2 + 2 Ax + Bx + 2 B + Cx 2 + C
x 2 + 1 (x + 2 )
+ (2 A + B )x + (2 B + C )
2
+ 1 (x + 2)
Dengan prinsip identitas diperoleh :
A+C=0
2A+B = 1
2B+C = -2
=
2A + B = 1
2B A = -2
X1
X2
( A + C )x
(x
2A + B = 1
4B 2A = -4
5B = -3
B = -3/5
2B A = -2
A
= -6/5 + 2
= - 4/5
C = - 4/5
4
3
x
x2
4
1
5
5
x2 + 1 (x + 2)dx = x 2 + 1 dx 5 x + 2dx
x
4
3
1
4
1
= 2
dx 2 dx
dx
5 x +1
5 x +1
5 x+2
2
3
4
= ln x 2 + 1 tg 1 x ln x + 2
5
5
5
q ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c ( x d1)( x d 2)......( x dn )
p ( x)
p( x )
Sehingga :
=
m
2
q( x )
ax + bx + c (x d1)( x d 2 ).....( x dn )
m
A1x + B1
A2 x + B 2
Amx + Bm
D1
D2
Dn
+
+ .... +
+
+
+ ... +
2
m
2
2
3
+ bx + c
(
x
d
1
)
(
x
d
2
)
(
x
dn )
ax + bx + c
ax + bx + c
(ax
) (
contoh :
Hitung :
x3 4 x + 6
(x
+ 2x + 5
dx
55
x3 4 x + 6
(x
+ 2x + 5
dx =
Ax + B
Cx + D
+
2
x + 2x + 5 x + 2x + 5 2
=
=
( Ax + B )(x
)
(x + 2 x + 5)
+ 2 x + 5 + (Cx + D )
Ax3 + 2 Ax + 5 Ax + Bx 2 + 2 Bx + 5B + Cx + D
(x
+ 2x + 5
Ax3 + (2 A + B )x 2 (5 A + 2 B + C )x + 5B + D
(x
+ 2x + 5
maka : A = 1
2A + B = 0 ? B = -2
5A + 2B + C = - 4 ? C = -5
5B + D = 6 ? D = 16
x3 4 x + 6
(x
=
+ 2x + 5
dx =
x2
5 x + 16
dx +
dx
2
2
x2 + 2x + 5
x + 2x + 5
1
3
5
21
x + 1
x + 1 21 x + 1
+C
+ tg 1
ln x 2 + 2 x + 5 tg 1
+
+
2
2
x
x
+
+
2
2
2
2
2
5
16
2 8 (x + 1) + 4
x2
dx =
x2 + 2x + 5
1
(2 x + 2) 3
2
dx
x2 + 2x + 5
1
2x + 2
1
dx 3 2
dx
2 x2 + 2x + 5
x + 2x + 5
1 d x2 + 2x + 5
1
=
3
dx
2
x2 + 2x + 5
(x + 1)2 + 4
(
(
)
)
1
2
1
x +1
ln x 2 + 2 x + 5 3.
d
x
+
1
2
4
+1
2
1
3
x + 1
= ln x 2 + 2 x + 5 tg 1
2
2
2
=
(x
5 x + 16
2
+ 2x + 5
dx =
5
+ 21
2 x + 2x + 5
5
(2 x + 2) + 21
2
dx
2
x2 + 2x + 5
((x + 1)
+4
= d ( x + 1)
56
x + 1 = 2tg
Sub
tg =
x +1
2
2
d
d ( x + 1) = 2 sec
2
2
(x + 1) + 4 = 4tg + 4
= 4 tg 2 + 1 = 4 sec2
1
((x + 1)
+4
d ( x + 1) =
(4 sec )
2 sec2
1
1
1
1 1 1
d = cos 2 d = + cos 2 d
2
8
sec
8
8 2 2
1 1 x + 1 1
= tg
+ .2 sin cos
16
2 32
1 1 x + 1 1
tg
+
16
2 16
x +1
x +1
1 1 x + 1 1
tg
+
2
16
2 8 ( x + 1) + 4
(x + 1)
+4
(x + 1)2 + 4
1
Gnakan subs. 2 = tg x
2
1
x = tg 1 z x = 2tg 1 z
2
2
dx =
dz
1 + z2
1
1
sin 2 x = 2 sin x cos x sin x = 2 sin x cos x
2
2
z
1
=2
2
1+ z
1 + z2
2z
=
1 + z2
1
1
cos 2 x = 2 cos 2 x sin 2 x cos x = cos 2 x sin 2 x
2
2
2
1
z
=
1 + z2 1 + z2
1 z2
=
1 + z2
contoh :
57
hitung
1
dx
5 + 4 cos x
1
dx =
5 + 4 cos x
2
dz
1 z 1 + z2
5 + 4
2
1+ z
1
5(1 + z ) + 4(1 z ) 1 + z
2
dz
1
2
1
z
dz = .3
d
2
z2 + 9
9
3
z
+1
3
2
z
= tg 1 + c
3
3
= 2
1
tg x
2 1 2
= tg
+c
3
3
Hitung :
1
cos x sin x + 1
1
2
dz
1 z2
2z
1 + z2 1 + z2
+
1 + z2 1 + z2 1 + z2
1
1
= 2
dz =
dz
2z + 2
z +1
1
=
d ( z + 1)
z +1
= ln z + 1 + c
=
1
= ln tg x + 1 + c
2