Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Agro Ecological Zones
Agro Ecological Zones
1. INTRODUCTION
The soil, water, climate, flora and fauna constitute
the basic natural resources and the national treasure of
any country. The soil is the most important among them.
It is the basic source to produce food, fodder, fuel and
fiber - the necessities of the human being. The
agriculture and the other allied activities and in turn the
prosperity and economic growth of a country depend
on the soil resource. It is, therefore, important to
understand the inherent potential and limitations of soil
for managing it for sustained production.
India is gifted with heterogeneous landforms and
variety of climatic conditions such as the lofty
mountains, the raverine deltas, high altitude forests,
peninsular plateaus, variety of geological formations
endowed with temperature varying from arctic cold to
equatorial hot, and rainfall from extreme aridity with a
1
Need
To assess yield potentialities of different crops, crop
combination in agroecological regions/zones.
To formulate future plan of action involving crop
diversification.
To disseminate agricultural research and agrotechnology to other homogenous areas.
To determine the crop suitability for optimization of
land use in different agro-ecological regions/zones.
PHYSIOGRAPHY
SOIL-SCAPE
Climatic (database)
AER/AESR
BIO-CLIMATIC CLASSIFICATION
FIELD VALIDATION
(LGP in limited scale)
Methodology
The methodology used in delineation of agroecological region is shown in Fig. 1. Four basic maps
i.e. soil, physiography, length of growing period (LGP)
and bioclimate are required to delineate agro-ecological
regions (AER) (Sehgal et al. 1992) (Fig.2 and legend
Table 2) agro-ecological subregion (AESR) and agroecological zone at state and agro-ecological unit at
watershed level. The criteria used at different levels of
Agroecological zoning exercise is shown in Table 1.
The nomenclature used in describing AER may be
denoted from, the Key to map symbol see Fig 2. For
the sake of clarity, it is described for a case, A13Eh1
LGP MODELING
(For extrapolation)
Level
No.
Criteria used
Soil
Physiography
Bioclimate
LGP*
1.
Great group
association
(1:7 m scale)
Broad 15 divisions
2.
Agro-ecological sub-regions of
India (60 AESR) (for resource
planning at regional level).
Sub group
association
(1:1 m scale)
Sub division
3.
Soil family
Landform
association
(1:250,000 scale)
4.
Soil series
association
(1:50,000 scale)
Geomorphic Unit
5.
Details of
geomorphic units
(Table 2 concluded)
11. Chattisgarh/Mahanadi Basin Agro-eco-region (J3 C3)
11.0 Moderately to gently sloping Chattisgarh/Mahanadi Basin, hot
moist/dry subhumid transitional ESR with deep loamy lto
clayey Red and Yellow soils, medium AWC and LGP 150-180
days (J3Cd/Cm5).
12. Eastern Plateau (Chhotanagpur) and Eastern Ghats, hot
subhumid eco-region (J23C3(4)
12.1 Garjat Hills, Dandakaranya and Eastern Ghats, hot moist
subhumid ESR with deep loamy Red and Lateritic soils, low
to medium AWC and LGP 180-210 days (J2Cm6)
12.2 Eastern Ghats, hot moist subhumid ESR with medium to deep
loamy Red and Lateritic soils, medium AWC and LGP 180210 days (H2Cm6 ).
12.3 Chhotanagpur Plateau and Garjat Hills, hot, dry subhumid
ESR with moderately deep to deep loamy to clayey Red and
Lateritic soils, medium AWC and LGP of 150-180 days
(J2Cd5 )
13. Eastern Plain, hot subhumid (moist) ecoregion (08C4)
13.1 North Bihar and Avadh Plains, hot dry to moist subhumid
transitional ESR with deep, loamy alluvium-derived soils, low
to medium AWC and LGP 180-210 days (O8Cd/Cm6).
13.2 Foothills of Central Himalayas, warm to hot moist subhumid
ESR with deep loamy to clayey Tarai soils, high AWC and
LGP 180-210 days (B10Cm6).
14. Western Himalayas, warm subhumid (to humid with
inclusion of perhumid) ecoregion [A15C(BA)4(5)]
14.1 South Kashmir and Punjab Himalayas, cold and warm by dry
semi-arid/dry subhumid ESR with shallow to medium deep
loamy Brown Forest and Podzolic soils, low to medium AWC
and LGP 90-120 days (A15Dd/Cd3).
14.2 South Kashmir and Kumaun Himalayas, warm moist to dry
subhumid transitional ESR with medium to deep loamy to
clayey Brown Forest and Podzolic soils, medium AWC and
LGP 150-210 days (A15Cd/Cm6).
14.3 Punjab Himalayas, warm humid to perhumid transitional ESR
with shallow to medium deep loamy brown forest and podzolic
soils, low to medium AWC and LGP 270-300+ days (A15BA9 )
14.4 Kumaun Himalayas, warm humid to perhumid transitional ESR
with shallow to medium deep loamy Red and Yellow soils, low
AWC and LGP 270-300+ days (A3B/A9).
14.5 Foothills of Kumaun Himalayas (Subdued ) , warm moist
subhumid ESR with medium to deep, loamy arai soils, medium
AWC and LGP 270-300 days (A10A9).
15. Assam and Bengal Plain, hot subhumid to humid
(inclusion of perhumid) eco-region (Q8C(BA)5).
15.1 Bengal basin and North Bihar Plain, hot moist subhumid ESR
with deep loamy to clayey alluvium-derived soils, medium to
high AWC and LGP 210-240 days (08Cm7).
15.2 Middle Brahmaputra Plain, hot humid ESR with deep, loamy
to clayey alluvium-derived soils, medium AWC and LGP 240270 days (Q8B8).
15.3 Teesta, lower Brahmaputra Plain and Barak Valley, hot moist
humid to perhumid ESR with deep, loamy to clayey alluviumderived soils, medium AWC and LGP 270-300 days (Q8A9).
15.4 Upper Brahmaputra Plain, warm to hot perhumid ESR with
moderately deep to deep loamy, alluvium-derived soils,
medium AWC and LGP 300 days (Q8A10).
16. Eastern Himalayas, warm perhumid eco-region (C11A5)
16.1 Foot-hills of Eastern Himalayas (Bhutan foot-hills ), warm to
16.2
16.3
17.
17.1
17.2
18.
18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4
18.5
19.
19.1
19.2
19.3
20.
20.1
20.2
Table 3. Randomly selected (120) districts meant for Long Term Mechanisation Strategy with agro-eco region/subregion
No. of
Districts
A.A.I., Allahabad
A.A.U., Jorhat
M.P.U.A.T., Udaipur
O.U.A.T., Bhubaneswar
A.N.G.R.A.U., Hyderabad
B.A.U., Ranchi
C.I.A.E., Bhopal
G.A.U., Ahmedabad
G.B.P.U.A.T., Pantnagar
State
District
Agro-eco subregion
(Fig 3)*
Agro-climatic zone
(Fig 4)**
4.3
4.4
4.3
11.0
15.4
15.4
15.4
15.4
15.4
4.2
2.3
5.2
2.3
5.2
5.2
12.1
12.1
12.2/18.5
12.2
12.2
18.5
7.2
7.1
7.2
7.2
7.2
12.3/11.0
12.3
12.3
12.3
11.0
5.2
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.0/10.3
10.1
10.1
10.1
2.4
2.3
4.2
19.1
5.2
14.5
14.2
9.1
4.1
9.1/4.1
14.5
4
4
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
8
14
8
8
8
8
7
7
7
7
11
11
10
10
10
10
10
4
7
7
7
7
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
13
13
13
13
13
1
1
5
5
5
1
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Assam
Assam
Assam
Assam
Assam
Rajasthan
Rajasthan
Rajasthan
Rajasthan
Rajasthan
Rajasthan
Orissa
Orissa
Orissa
Orissa
Orissa
Orissa
Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh
Bihar
Bihar
Bihar
Bihar
Bihar
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Gujarat
Gujarat
Gujarat
Gujarat
Gujarat
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Varanasi
Lalitpur
Kanpur Dehat
Mirzapur
Jorhat
Dibrughar
Dhemaji
Sibsagar
Golaghat
Udaipur
Jalore
Chittorgarh
Sirohi
Banswara
Kota
Sonpur
Angul
Ganjam
Nayagarh
Khurda
Jagatsinghpur
Rangareddi
Kurnool
Medak
Nalgonda
Warangal
Ranchi
Dumka
Dhanbad
Deoghar
Gumla
Nimar (Khandwa)
Seoni
Sehore
Chhindwara
Damoh
Bhopal
Vidisha
Raisen
Rajkot
Banaskantha
Ahmedabad
Valsad
Vadodara
Almora
Bageshwar
Bijnor
Baghpat
Muzaffarnagar
Nainital
(Table 3 contd . . .)
(Table 3 contd . . .)
1
C.C.S.H.A.U., Hissar
Ch.S.K.K.V.V., Palampur
I.I.S.R., Lucknow
I.I.T., Kharagpur
J.N.K.V.V., Jabalpur
K.A.U, Thrissur
M.P.K.V., Pune
N.D.U.A.T., Faizabad
P.A.U., Ludhiana
P.D.K.V., Akola
S.K.U.A.S.T., Jammu
Haryana
Haryana
Haryana
Chandigarh
Himachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh
Manipur
Bhiwani
Faridabad
Kaithal
Sonipat
Kangra
Una
Imphal
2.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
14.3/14.2
14.2
17.2
6
6
6
6
1
1
2
Mizoram
Meghalaya
Meghalaya
Tripura
Nagaland
Arunachal Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
Sikkim
West Bengal
West Bengal
West Bengal
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Kerala
Kerala
Kerala
Kerala
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Punjab
Punjab
Punjab
Punjab
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Bihar
Bihar
Bihar
Bihar
Bihar
Bihar
J&K
J&K
J&K
Aizawl
Jaintia Pahar
East Khasi Hills
West Tripura
Mon
Tawang
West Kameng
East Siang
Lucknow
Bara Banki
Bankura
West Sikkim
Hooghly
Midinipur
Bardhman
Umeria
Katni
Jabalpur
Rewa
Korba
Idukki
Pathanamthitta
Kollam
Alappuzha
Thane
Raigarh
Pune
Satara
Balia
Gonda
Mau
Basti
Gorakhpur
Gurdaspur
Mansa
Ludhiana
Nawashehar
Yavatmal
Akola
Amravati
Lakhi-serai
Madhubani
Samastipur
Katihar
Vaishali
Siwan
Udhampur
Kathua
Jammu
17.2
17.1
17.1
17.2
17.1
16.3
16.3
16.3
9.1/4.3
9.1
12.3/15.1
16.2
1615.1.2
15.1/12.3
15.1/12.3
10.3
10.1
10.1
10.3
11.0
19.2
19.2
19.2/19.3
19.3
19.1/19.3
19.1/19.3
6.4/6.1
6.4/6.1
9.2/13.1
13.1
9.2/13.1
13.1
9.1/14.2
9.1/14.2
2.3
4.1/9.1
9.1
6.3
6.3
6.3/10.2
13.1
13.1
13.1
13.1
13.1
13.1
14.2/14.1
14.2
14.2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
8
5
2
2
3
3
2
7
8
8
8
7
12
12
12
12
12
12
9
9
4
4
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
9
9
9
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
(Table 3 contd . . .)
(Table 3 concluded)
1
T.N.A.U., Coimbatore
U.A.S., Raichur
Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu
Pondicherry
Karnataka
Karnataka
Karnataka
Karnataka
Karnataka
Goa
Namakkal
Nilgiris
Tiruvanamalai
Coimbatore
Tuticorin
Erode
Salem
Karaikal
Haveri
Belgaum
Gadag
Dharwad
Chitradurga
Goa
8.3
19.2
8.3
8.1
8.1
8.3
8.3
18.2
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.4
8.2/3
19.2/19.3
10
12
10
10
11
10
10
11
10
10
10
10
10
12
Fig. 3. Map showing AESR and randomly selected districts for long term mechanisation strategy (Refer Table 3)
10
11
12
Constraints
Coarser soil texture and low plant available water
capacity (AWC).
Over exploitation of groundwater, resulting in
lowering of groundwater table in some areas
At places, imperfect drainage conditions lead to
spread of surface and subsurface soil salinity and/or
sodicity.
Constraints
The intermittent dry spell periods.
Imperfect drainage limits optimum root ramification
and oxygen availability in low-lying areas.
Salinity and alkalinity hazards under irrigated
agriculture.
Severe salinity and seasonal inundation by sea water
in the Kathiawar coast resulting in crop failure.
*Due to subsidence of groundwater table and leaching of salts due to tubewell irrigation, the soil has since been changed form Salic Natrustalf
to Typic Natrustalf.
13
14
Constraint
High runoff that results in severe soil erosion.
Coarse soil texture and low to medium PAWC1 ,
resulting in severe droughtiness during the crop
growing period.
Nutrient imbalance, resulting from deficiency of N,
P and Zn.
Constraint
An injudicious use of irrigation water may lead to
waterlogging and salinity hazards.
15
16
Constraints
Flooding and imperfect drainage conditions limit soil
aeration.
Salinity and/or sodicity, occurring in patches, affect
crop yields.
17
18
19
20
21
Table 4. Location and characteristics of different subregions with major soil groups (Velayutham et al. 1999)
Agro-ecosubregion/region
Distribution
States/Districts
Major Soil
Groups
1.1
A13Eh1
6.4
(<60)
Western Himalayas
(Ladhakh Plateau), cold arid
ecosystem with shallow skeletal
soils and GP less than 60 days
Cryorthents,
Cryorthids
100-150
(700-800)
9-11C
1.2
A13Et2
8.8
(60-90)
Cryorthents,
Cryorthids
300-800
(700-800)
2-8C
2.1
M9Eh1
12.3
(<60)
Rajasthan: Bikaner,
Jaisalmer, Barmer, Jodhpur
(50%) and Ganganagar
Punjab: Faridkot
Torripsamments, 100-300
Calciorthids,
(1700-2000)
Camborthids
25-28 C
2.2
L12Eh1
2.0
(<60)
Kachchh Peninsula, hot arid ecosystem Gujarat: Lakhpat, Banni Great Salorthids,
with saline and alkali soils and LGP
Rann of Kutch
Natrargids,
less than 60 days
Camborthids,
Torripsamments
<300
(1800-1900)
25-27 C
2.3
M9Et2
11.5
(60-90)
Camborthids,
Calciorthids,
Torripsamments
Natrargids,
Salorthids
<300-450
(1800-1900)
24-2 7C
2.4
L12Et2
6.1
(60-90)
Camborthids,
calciorthids,
Natrargids,
Halaquepts
400-500
(1800-1900)
26-27C
3
K6Et2
(4.9)
Rhodustalfs
Haplustalfs
Paleusterts
Chromusterts
Ustropepts
400.500
(1800-1900)
27-28C
(Table 4 contd . . .)
22
(Table 4 contd . . .)
1
4.1
N8Dd3
11.8
(90-120)
4.2
P14Dd3
7.6
(90-120)
Ustorthents,
Ustochrepts,
Fluventic
Ustochrepts
500-850
(1400-1700)
25-27C
4.3
N8Dm4
6.9
(120-150)
Ustochrepts,
Ustorthents,
Halaquepts,
Natrustalfs
700-900
(1400-1600)
24-25C
4.4
I6Dm4
5.9
(120-150)
Ustochrepts,
Chromusterts,
Ustorthents
800-1000
(1400-1600)
24-25C
5.1
L4Dd3
2.7
(90-120)
Ustorthents,
Ustochrepts,
Chromusterts,
Salorthids
600-700
(1700-2000)
24-25C
5.2
I5Dm4
14.0
(120-150)
Rajasthan: Bundi,
Chittourgarh,
Banswara, Kota, Jhalawar
M.P.: Ujjain, Ratlam, Jhabua,
Indore, Dhar, Dewas,
Khandwa
(East Nimar), Khargone
(West Nimar),
Mandsaur
Gujarat: Panch Mahal
(Godhra),
Kheda, Vadodara, Bharuch,
Surat (N. Part)
Ustochrepts,
Chromusterts,
Pellusterts
800-1000
(1500-1800)
24-25C
5.3
17Dm4
0.9
(120-150)
500-800
(1800-1900)
26-27C
(Table 4 contd . . .)
23
(Table 4 contd . . .)
1
6.1
K4Dd3
7.6
(90-120)
600-750
(1500-1800)
26-27C
6.2
K4Dd4
12.6
(120-150)
Ustorthents,
Ustropepts,
Chromusterts
700-1000
(1700-1900)
26-27C
6.3
K5Dm4
5.4
(120-150)
Ustorthents,
Chromusterts,
Ustochrepts
800-1100
(1600-1800)
26-27C
6.4
K4Cd5
5.4
(150-180)
Ustorthents,
Ustropepts,
Chromusterts,
Pellusterts
(1600-1700)
1100-1200
24- 25C
7.1
K6Dd3
3.9
(90-120)
Ustorthents,
Rhodustalfs,
Ustropepts,
Chromusterts,
Pellusterts
700-750
(1800-1900)
28-29C
7.2
K6Dm4
9.2
(120-150)
Deccan (Telengana, Plateau, hot semiarid ecosystem with mixed red and
black soils and GP 120-150 days and
GP 90-120 days
A.P.: Karimnagar,
Rangareddi, Hyderabad,
Warangal, Khammam,
Mahboobnagar,
Nalgonda,
Sangareddi, Medak
Rhodustalfs,
Haplustalfs,
Pellusterts,
Ustropepts,
Chromusterts,
Pellusterts
700-1000
(1600-1800)
25-29C
7.3
H6Dm/Cd5
3.4
(150-180)
Haplustalf
Ustropepts
Chromustert
Pellustert
Rhodustalfs
800-1000
(1500-1800)
24-25C
8.1
H6Dd3
3.7
(90-120)
Chromusterts,
Pellusterts,
Haplustalfs,
Ustropepts,
Ustorthents,
Ustifluvents
800-1100
(1500-1800)
28-29C
8.2
K1Dm4
6.5
(120-150)
Haplustalfs,
Rhodustalfs,
Pellusterts,
Chromusterts,
Ustropepts
600-900
(1600-1800)
26-29C
(Table 4 contd . . .)
24
(Table 4 contd . . .)
1
8.3
H1Dm4
8.9
(120-150)
A.P.: Chittoor
T.N.: North Arcot (Vellore),
Dharamapuri,
Salem, Arcot (Cuddalore),
Chengalpattu
(Kanchipuram), Periyar
(Erode), Tiruchhirapalli,
Pudukottai and Tuticorin
(Non-Coastal plains and
Uplands)
Haplustalfs,
Rhodustalfs,
Pellusterts,
Ustropepts,
Ustorthents,
Chrmusterts
550-1000
(1400-1600)
23-25C
9.1
N8Cd/cm4
3.9
(120-150)
700-1000
(1700-2000)
28-29C
9.2
N8Cd5
8.3
(150-180)
700-1000
(1300-1500)
24-26C
10.1
I5Cd5
8.1
(150-180)
Ustochrepts,
Halaquepts,
Natrustalfs,
Haplustalfs,
Ochraqualfs,
Haplaquepts,
Ustorthents
1000-1200
(1300-1500)
25-26C
10.2
K5Cd5
2.8
(150-180)
Ustochrepts,
Chromusterts,
Ustorthents,
Rhodustalfs,
Haplustalfs
1000-1500
(1400-1600)
24-26C
10.3
I6Cd5
5.8
(150-180)
Ustorthents,
Ustochrepts,
Chromusterts,
Haplustalfs,
Rhodustalfs
1000-1200
(1300-1500)
25-26C
M.P.: Betul
Maharashtra: Wardha,
Nagpur
(Table 4 contd . . .)
25
(Table 4 contd . . .)
1
10.4
K6Cm6
5.6
(180-210)
Ustochrepts,
Chromusterts,
Ustorthents,
Haplustalfs,
Paleustalfs
Plinthustalfs
1000-1200
(1400-1500)
25-26C
11
J3(Cd/Cm)5
14.1
150-180
U.P.: Mirzapur
Bihar: Palamu (Daltonganj),
Hazaribag, Gumla, Lohardaga
M.P.: Ambikapur, Bilaspur,
Raigarh, Raipur, Rajnangaon,
Durg
Ustorthents,
Ustochrepts,
Haplustalfs,
Rhodustalfs
1100-1500
(1400-1600)
24-25C
12.1
J2Cm6
17.6
(180-210)
Maharashtra: Chandrapur,
Gadchiroli
M.P.: Bastar (Jagdalpur)
Orissa: Koraput, Kalahandi
(Bhiwanipatna), Phulbani,
Bolangir, Sambalpur,
Sundergarh, Dhenkanal,
Mayurbhanj (Baripada)
Ustochrepts,
Ustorthents,
Haplustalfs,
Rhodustalfs,
Chromusterts,
Haplaquept,
Plinthustalfs
1200-1600
(1400-1600)
25-28C
12.2
H2Cm6
(3.3)
180-210
Haplustalfs,
Ustochrepts,
Haplaquepts,
Ustifluvents,
Plinthustalfs,
Rhodustalfs,
Haplustalfs,
Ustorthents,
Chromusterts
1400-1700
(1400-1600)
26-27C
12.3
J2Cd5
5.6
(150-180)
(1400-1600)
25-27C
1200-1600
13.1
O8Cd
(cm)6
9.9
(180-210)
1200-1500
(1400-1600)
25-26C
Paleustalfs,
Haplustalfs,
Ustorthents,
Ustochrepts,
Haplaquepts,
Haplaquents,
Udifluvents,
Pssamaquents
(Table 4 contd . . .)
26
(Table 4 contd . . .)
1
13.2
BI0Cm6
1.2
(180-210)
Ustifluvents,
Ustochrepts,
Haplustalfs,
Hapludalfs,
Haplaquolls,
Utochrepts
1200-1500
(1400-1700)
24-25C
14.1
A15Dm
(Cd)3
(6.0)
90-120
Hapludolls,
Haplaquepts,
Fluvaquents,
Udifluvents,
Eutrochrepts,
Haplustalfs,
Udorthents
1400-1500
(1400-1600)
20-24C
14.2
A15Cd
(cm)6
12.7
(180-210)
J&K: Muzaffarabad,
Eutrochrepts,
Baramulla (S. Part), Punch,
Ustorthents,
Mirpur, Srinagar (S. Part),
Hapludalfs,
Anantnag, Riaisi, Jammu,
Hapludolls,
Udhampur (S. Part), Kathua
Argiudolls,
Punjab: Northern wedge
Udifluvents,
(Siwalik foothills) of Gurdaspur Haplaquepts
and Hoshiarpur
H.P.: Southern part of Chamba,
Una (Hamirpur), Solan,
Bilaspur, Nahan, Kullu (S. Part),
Dharamshala (S. Part)
U.P.: Dehradun (S. Part),
Southern part of Narendranagar
(Tehri Garhwal), Gopeshwar
(Chamoli), Almora, Pithoragarh
500-600
(800-900)
8-10C
14.3
A15
(B/A)9
1.0
(270-300)
Hapludalfs,
Eutrochrepts,
Udorthents,
Dystochrepts
600-1300
(800-1000)
15-20C
14.4
A3
(B/A)9
0.5
(270-300)
Ustorthents,
Udorthents,
Eutrochrepts,
Dystrochrepts,
Hapludalfs
2000-2500
(800-1000)
3-30C
14.5
A10B
(A)9
0.9
(210-240)
Hapludolls,
Eutrochrepts
2000-2600
(800-1000)
14-15C
15.1
08Cm7
5.2
(210-240)
Ustochrepts,
Eutrochrepts,
Ochraqualfs,
Haplaquepts,
Ustifluvents,
Haplustalfs,
Dystrochrept,
Udifluvents
1300-1600
(1400-1600)
25-26C
(Table 4 contd . . .)
27
(Table 4 contd . . .)
1
15.2
Q8B8
3.2
240-270
Haplustalfs,
Ustochrepts,
Ustorthents,
Ustorthents,
Udifluvents,
Udipsamments,
Haplaquepts
1600-2000
(1400-1600)
24-26C
15.3
Q8A9
1.4
(270-300)
Haplaquepts,
Udifluvents,
Hapludalfs,
Fluvaquents
2000-3200
(1400-1600)
24-25C
15.4
Q8A10
2.3
(>300)
Assam: Jorhat,
Golaghat,
Sibsagar, Dibrugarh,
Northern plain of Kabir
Anglong, Northern
Lakhimpur
Dystochrept,
Kandihumult,
Haplohumults,
Hapludalfs,
Fluvaquents,
Haplaquepts
2500-3000
(1400-1600)
23-24C
16.1
C10A9
0.3
(>300)
2600-3000
(800-1000)
23-24C
16.2
C11A10
1.1
(>300)
Udorthents,
Dystrochrepts,
Haplumbrepts,
Eutrochrepts
2500-3000
(800-900)
13-15C
16.3
C1A10
8.2
(>300)
Arunachal Pradesh:
Bomdila (W. Kameng),
Seppa (East Kameng),
Lower Subansiri (Zirol, Upper
Subansiri (Daporijo), W. Siang
(Along), E. Siang (Pasighat),
Dibang Valley (Anini),
Lohit (Tezu)
Udorthents,
Hapludalfs,
Dystrochrepts,
Paleudalfs,
Haplumbrepts
>3000
(800-1000)
15-25C
17.1
D2A9
5.1
270-300
Dystrochrepts,
Hapludults,
Hapludalfs,
paleudalfs,
Paleudults,
Hapludolls
>2500
(1400-1600)
16-24C
(Table 4 contd . . .)
28
(Table 4 contd . . .)
1
17.2
D3A10
5.5
(>300)
Manipur: Senapati
(Karong), Ukhrul, Imphal,
Churachandpur, Tamenglog,
Thoubal (Chandel)
Mizoram: Aizwal, Lunglie,
Lawngtlai
Tripura: W. Agartala,
Dharmanagar (N. Part),
Udaipur (S. Part)
Dystrochrept,
Hapludalfs,
Hapludults,
Paleudalfs
>3000
(1400-1600)
16-25C
18.1
S7Dd3
0.5
(90-120)
Haplustalfs,
900-1000
Rhodustalfs,
(1800-1900)
Ustorthents,
27-28C
Ustifluvents,
Ustipsamments,
Chromusterts,
Ustropepts
18.2
S7Dm4
1.6
(120-150)
Ustropepts,
Chromusterts,
Paleusterts,
Ustifluvents,
Ustipsamments
1200-1400
(1600-1800)
28-29C
18.3
S7Cd5
2.0
150-180
Ustifluvents,
Ustropepts,
Chromusterts,
Paleusterts,
Rhodustalfs,
Ustorthents,
Haplustalfs
900-1100
(1700-1800)
28-29C
18.4
S7Dd6
3.2
(180-210)
Halaquepts,
Fluvaquents,
Haplaquepts,
Ustifluvents,
Ustochrepts,
Haplustalf,
Chromusterts
1200-1500
(1600-1700)
26-27C
18.5
S7Cm8
1.2
(240-270)
Halaquepts,
Fluvaquents,
Haplaquepts,
Eutrochrepts,
Ochraqualfs,
Tropaquepts
1600-1800
(1400-1600)
26-27C
19.1
E6B6
2.2
180-210
Ustorthents,
Ustropepts,
Chromusterts,
Halaquepts,
Fluvaquents,
Ustipsamments
1600-2000
(1400-1600)
27-28C
(Table 4 contd . . .)
29
(Table 4 concluded)
1
19.2
E2Cm
(B)7(8)
6.9
(210-270)
Maharashtra: Ratnagiri,
Sindhudurg, Dang, Hilly
parts of Kolhapur
Goa: Panaji
Karnataka: Western parts
of Uttar Kannad (Karwar),
Shimoga and Dakshin
Kannad (Mangalore),
Western parts of
Chikmangalore and Kadagul
(Madikari)
Kerala: Cannanore (Hilly part),
Wayanad (Kottapadi), uplands
of Kozhikode (Calicut),
Highlands of Malappuram,
Palghat and Ernakulum,
Kottayam, Pattanamtitta,
Quilon and Trivandrum,
Idukki
T.N.: Udagamandalam
(Nilgiri), Uplands of Trichur
Haplustalfs,
Ustropepts,
Rhodulstalfs,
Tropoflluvents.
Udorthents,
Hapludalfs,
Dystropepts,
Haplorthox
2000-3000
(1400-1800)
27-28C
19.3
R7A(B)8(7)
2.0
(240-270)
Ustropepts,
>3000
Tropaquepts,
(1400-1700)
Troposamments, 27-28C
Haplustalfs,
Haplusdalfs,
Toporthents,
Dystropepts
20.1
T3A10
0.8
(>300)
Troporthent,
Eutropepts,
Tropaquents,
Haplichydraquents,
Humitropepts,
Troposamments
Ustifluvents
>300
(1400-1600)
27-28C
20.2
U16B8
003
(240-270)
Lakshadweep group of
Islands
Ustipsamments,
Udifluvents
1600-2000
(1400-1600)
26-27C
Note: *District shown with bold letters indicate randomly selected districts for long term mechanization strategy.
22. CONCLUSION
Food security remains a persistent and overbearing
problem for a large proportion of world population in
general and Indian population in particular. It has
immediate consequence on soil in terms of determining
survival strategies of small and marginal farmers in view
of declining productivity, loss of surface soil mass and
soil degradation. Global environmental problem such
as land degradation, desertification, loss of biological
diversities and climate change would dominate overall
30
Table 5. The extent, distribution of the different soil classes in Soil Map of India and their equivalents
according to the new USAD system
Sr.
No.
Distribution (States)
1.
Paleustalfs
Rhodustalfs
Haplustalfs
2.
Haplustalfs
Rhodustalfs
3.
Laterite soils
Plinthaquults
Plinthaquults
4.
Haplustults
Ochraquults
5.
Maharashtra
Ustorthents
Ustopepts
6.
Pellusterts
Chromusterts
7.
Pellusterts
Chromusterts
Pelluderts
8.
9.
Haplaquents
10.
Orissa
Ustipsamments
11.
Quartzipsamments
Tropaqualfs
12.
Alluvial soils Khaddar (recent alluvium) Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Bihar, West Bengal,
Hangar (old Alluvium) (3,56,720)
Assam
Haplaquents
Ustifluvents
13.
Haplustalfs
Calciorthents
14.
Punjab
Calciorthids
15.
Gujarat, Rajasthan
Calciorthids
16.
Rajasthan
Calciorthids, Psamments
17.
Lithic Entisols
18.
Haplaquolls
19.
20.
Hapludalfs
21.
Cryoborolls
Cryochrepts
22.
23.
Kerala
Histosols
24.
Madhya Pradesh
Lithic Entisols
25.
Lithic Entisols
Palehumults
Source: Natural Resource Management for Agricultural Production in India J.S.P. Yadav and G.B. Singh (Eds.) Indian Society of Soil
Science, 2000.
31
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32