Me Doeuk NoamKhmer 01 មេដឹកនាំជាតិខ្មែរ ភាគ១

PaK 1
ksarsmat;
esckIEfgGMNrKuN
(Acknowledgment)
CabzmsUmelIkhtfVaybgM nigsUmeKarBEfgGMNrKuNy:agRCaleRCAcMeBaH elakBuk Gkmay

nigCatiExr CaGkmanKuNdelIslub Edl)anpl;CIvit pl;kMeNIteGaykUn nigxitxMciBawmbI)ac;EfrkSakUn.
sUmeKarBEfgGMNrKuNelakRKU GkRKU saRsacarTaMgGs; Edl)anpl;cMeNHdwgdl; nigkulbuRt kulFIta
ExrRKb;rUb. sUmeKarBEfgGMNrKuN RBHetCKuNRKb;RBHGg RBmTaMgPriya nigbnrbs; Edl)anCYy
sRmYlkickar kgkarcgRkgesovePAenH. sUmeKarBEfgGMNrKuN Gs;elak elakRsI Edl)anCYy]btm
KaMRT. esovePAenH cgRkgeLIg edIm,I]Tisdl;GkdwknaM GkeshaCati nigGkCatiExrniym EdlsuxcitlHbg;
kMlaMgkay cit rhUtdl;bUCaCIvit edIm,IbuBVehtukarBarCatimatuPUmiExrRKb;CMnan; eGay)anKg;vgSrhUtmkdl;
bcb,nenH.
esovePAEdlxitxMcgRkgeLIgenH KWkgeKalbMNgrYmcMENkkgkarbNHsartICatiniym nigbNHqn
RbCaCatiExreGaymankaryl;dwgbEnmGMBI emdwknaMCatiExr nigyuTsaRsdwknaMrbs;bNaRbeTsGPivDn_
mYycMnYn edIm,ITajykbTBiesaFn_nigKMnit mkGPivDRbeTsExr eGaymankarrIkcMerIndUcbNaRbeTsTaMgLay
enAelakxaglic.
sgwmfa esovePAenHnwgCYybMPWdl; RBHetCKuN sisS nisiSt CMnan;eRkay nigGs;elak elakRsI
EdlmanbMNgcg;kayCaemdwknaMdl sMrab;sgmCatiExr btambNasabnepSg. ehIyyl;fa tamry
esovePAenH KWCakBak;qHbBaaMgBIKMnit nigbTBiesaFn_pal;rbs; dtictYcscesIg minTan;)anRKb;RCugeRCay
enAeLIyeT. rIkraynigTTYlyknUvkarriHKn; Eklm RKb;Ebbya:gGMBIelakGkGan.
CacugbBab;enH sgwmfa Gs;elakGkGanBitCanigTTYl)annUvKMnityuTsaRskdwknaM edIm,IGPivD
sgmCatieyIgeGaymankarrIkcMerInrugerOg nigeFVIeGayxneyIgkayCa kMBUlGkdwknaMKMrUlkgsgmCatiExr
naeBlGnaKt. { kasekIteLIgedaykarRbwgERbgerobcM minEmnekItedaysarkaredkcaMkaseT}
eFIVenATIRkugva:sIunetan
fTI07 Exkkda qaM2007
bNit s FmrgSI
(Y)
eroberogeday GtItsasacar s FmrgSI
rkSasiTi
Garmkfa
emdwknaM mantYnaTIsMxan;Nas; kgkardwknaMRbeTsCati shRKas Rkumhun Ggkar bsabnepSg edIm,I
ymankarvivDn_ lUtlas;eCOnelOneTAmux. dUecH edIm,IyRsbeTAnwgkaleTs nkarvivDn_rbs;tMbn; nig
saklelak esovePAemdwknaMCatiExrenH nwgqHbBaaMgTaMgRTIsI nigkarGnuvtn_ EdlCakarBiesaFn_ rbs;emdwknaM
kMBUl enAelIelakenH . eyIg)andkRsg;mkcgRkgpgEdr nUvKMrUvIrPaB rbs;vIrburs mhabursExr
eyIgykmkKYbpSM nwgsankarN_ RbvtisaRsBitnana EdlRbeTsCati nigExreyIgRKb;rUb)anEhlqgkat;
sMrab;CaKMnit dl;karRtiHriHBicarNaeRbobeFob kgkardwknaMRbeTsExr eGayrs;ranKg;vgSCaExr
dUcGarRbeTsnanaelIelakenH.
edIm,IBa)alCMgW evCbNit caM)ac;RtUvsal;eraKsBaaBit. y:agNamij edIm,IrkviFIEkbBaasgmExr eyIg
ral;Ka CaGkdwknaM mankarxVayxVl; cMeBaHGayuCIvitrbs;RbeTsCati RtUvEtsal;dl; bsKl; nbBaa sikSaKas;
kkay rkeGayeXIjkarBit CaedImcm. GkniBnBayamtaMgcit CakNal Etfa karsikSarknUvGIVEdlBit rEmg
b:Hdl;tYrGgNamYy edayecosminrYc dUcPasitExreBalfa{BakBitErgrwg RsaErgRsvwg minsUvCa }. karsikSa
rkkarBit minRKan;EtCameFa)ayeGayeyIgGacrkviFIEkxbBaaCati b:ueNaHeT EtnwgCYy eGayeyIgGacnaMmk
nUvyutiFm dl;GkEdl)an)at;bg;CIviteTA nigdl;sgmCatieTotpg. eRBaHfa enAkgsgmExreyIg Gkcaj;ehIy
sab;EtgEtxus Gkrs;ehIyQH eTaHmankMhusFn;FrkMritNa rEmgEkxnlak;kMhus ykRtUvCanic. bBaaEbb
enH ekItmankgsgmExreyIg Caerogdrabmk EdlCaehtueFVIyBUCsasn_Exr cuHGn;exSayesIputBUCdUcsBVf.
ma:geTot karcgRkgesovePAenH Caksar edIm,IbNHKMnit sisS nisSit RbCaCatiExr ykayeTACa
emdwknaMmYydlmYyedayxng sMrab;sgmCatiExr naeBlGnaKt kgbMNgcg;eGay matuPUmieyIg sm,reday
emdwknaMl manRbsiTiPaB manKMniteshaCatiBit RKb;RsTab;nsgm. sgmCatimYy sm,redayemdwknaMl
RKb;sabnCati nwgeFIVysgmenaH mankarrIkcMerIn eCOnelOnya:gR)akd. smyGgr Ca]TahrN_ sMrab;eyIg
CaExr ykmkeFVIkarsikSa. RBHBuTGg)anTUnan Tukfa {malPik PiknI ])ask ])asikaTaMgLay smykalNa
manRBHraCaemdwknaMl smyenaH namWunmRnIkRbkbedayFm emXdIxl; GakasFatukl karbgbegInpl k

)anpll RbCanikr krs;)ansuxekSmkSan eTAtamenaHEdr. pyeTAvij smykalNa manRBHraCaminl smy
kalenaH namWunmRnIkminRbkbedayFm emXdIxl;GakasFatu kERbRbYlmineTogTat; naMymanTwkCMnn;raMgst
hYtEhgxusRbRktI karbgbegInpl kmin)anpll mbGaharsMbUredayCatiBisBul RbCanikr kmaneraKaCMgW
QWfat;EbkBIRbktI nigrs;edaykarlM)akRkIRk Gt;Xan Pyxac lg;exA efakTab y:ab;yuWn eTAtamenaHEdr }.
EpktamRBHsURtenH eyIgGaceRbobeFob)any:aggay cMeBaHsgmExrsBVfenH fay:agNa?.
ii
rkSasiTi
GkniBn minhanGHGagfaksarviPaKTandscesIgenH CatMradmanRbsiTPaBmYy jMaugeGayeyIg

RKb;KaBitCakayeTACaGkdwknaMExr dlenaHTaMgRsug)aneLIy. EtvaGaRsyelI qnHrbs;eyIgRKb;rUbkgkar
Rbtibti nigkardak;FurcitkaybMerICati enaHmankMritmutmaMb:uNa. GkniBn min)anGFib,ayeGay)anek,aHk,ay
lMGitBIrebobdwknaMeT RKan;Etpl;KMniteKal BIrebobdwknaM nigRKwHsMxan;xHCaKMnit dl;elakGkGanykeTA
sikSaRsavRCavbEnm eGay)andl;CMerABuTieTotcuH. GIVCaeKaledA kgPaKTI 1 nesovePAenH GkniBncg;epat
elIkarbNHqn Catiniym dl;kulbuRt kulFItaExr eGayPJak;rlwk KitKUrseRgaH RbeTsCatieyIgedayxng
mincaM)ac;edkcMasgwmbuKlGsar brg;caMGkmanbuNNaeLIy. eRBaHfaGkmanbuN EdlExrPaKeRcIn kMBug
edksgwmenaH CakarsgwmemX sgwmxl;Etb:ueNaH. enARbeTsExr BYkemRtYtRta minEdl)anbNHqnExr
ynwkcg;kayxnCa emdwknaM esaHeLIy. elIsBIenH eKEtgBgVk;Exr yrs;luHlg; kg])aykle)akR)as PuUt
Pr KankarBit. pyeTAvij enAbswmRbeTs eKEtgbNHelIkTwkcitBlrdeKTaMgGs; eGaymancMeNHdwg eGay
manqn eFIVCaemdwknaM RKb;Ka. RbeTsGaemrik Ca]TahrN_Rsab; eTIbcab;kMeNItRtwmCag 200 qaM esaH
RbeTsenHGacsagxnCamhaGMNacRtYtBiPBelakenH)an keRBaHEt eKdwknaMRbCaCatieK tammaKa
EdlRbkan;karBitsc enH nigEpkelIRbeyaCn_Cati CnrYmCatiCaeKalFMcMbgx<g;x<s; CagRbeyaCn_buKl
tamRKwHnlTiRbCaFibety esrIPaB smPaBBit rbs;BlrdenHg KanbuKlNa manbuBVsiTenA
eRkAc,ab;GgyelIc,ab;eLIy RKb;Ka RtUvEtsitenAeRkamc,ab;rdEtmYy EdlxusRsLH rdFmnuBaExr
EbrCaman x maRta EcgfabuKlBUCBgS sabnenH minGacb:HBal;riHKn;)andac;xat sUmGanrdFm
mnuBaraCaNacRkkmCa CMBUkTI 2 maRta TI 7 vKxNTI 3. etI buKln RkumRKYsarenaH eFVIGIVminxusrhUtb?.
enHCaTegVIbEgVgdan xVHkarTTYlxusRtUvkgPaBCamnusS nigritEtminsksm CaGkdwknaMmanTsBitraC
FmenaHeTAeTot.
RBHBuT)anTUnanRbedAeyIgeGayrs;enAkgPaB PWsVagn BuTi nigbBaa edayEpktameKalkarN_ {km
pl} evorcak GviCa. )annyfa mineCOCatidTgayedayxVHkarBicarNatam ehtu pl .
ebIeyIgeFIVGMeBIya:gNa nwgTTYlmkvijnUv plEbbenaH bGacfa{ ebIeyIgdaM eBat pl )anmkvijCaEpeBat.
ebIeyIgmanemtaeday PaBlg;exA nwig)anplmkvijdUcerOg GkbreTHnigRkeBIdac;Twk kgel,IkExr
)anRbedATukmkdUecaHEdr. cuHebI esc sIhnu EdlciBawmRkeBI yYn lTpl )anmkvij vadUc ExreyIgsBVfenH.
KWeBlyYnmankMlaMghk;mkxaM Rt)ak;k,alExrya;:ghwg. mwgehIy escenH enAEteBalTaMg gegIlEbbLb;sti
edayKaneGonxas; KanvicarNBaaNCamnusSbnicesaH enAcMeBaHmuxhVgnisSit naqaM 1991 salaPUminrd)al
kgTIRkugPMeBjfa {BYksaFarNrdecHEtecaTfa yYn RKan;EtCYyyYn rMedaHTwkdIeKesaH
rMedaHExrkm<CaeRkamBI yYnxagt,g eTACarbs;yYnTaMgRsug BYksaFarNrdecaTfa k,t;CatiEdr}. enH
CasMdIlIlaEbbmnusSk,t;Cati Edlsm,CBaCamnusS. }sUmcucsab;sMdI sIhnu> cucsab;enAkg sIuDI
D:\Kh Hist\
D:\Kh Hist\
EdlPab;mkCamYy
coup-1970-a.mp3 coup-1970-b.mp3
iii
rkSasiTi
Exrsab; 3lannak; minEmnCaerOgcdn bExrRtUvEtrgTukeTas tamBuTTMnayeLIy. EtvaCa kMhus

rbs;GkdwknaM KWesc sIhnu enHgya:gR)akd. TwsedARBHBuTGg EsVgrkkarRtas;dwg edIm,IrkpvCYystVelak
eGayrYcputTukesak PaBGviCaepSg. RBHGgBMu)andak;TMnayeTasTN Cati sasn_NaeLIy. erOgBuTTMnay
GacCa kll,ic xagcitsaRsmYyrbs;yYn tak;EtgeLIgedIm,IeFIVeGayExr sgwmemXsgwmpay nigeFVIeGay
Exr Gs;CMenOelImaKarbs;RBHBuTGg EdlCamaKacak;RKwHkgsgmExr rab;Ban;qaMmkehIy nigkCamaKa EdlFab;
naMExreGaykayCacRkPBmYydGsar eRkamkardwknaMdeqovqatrbs; BUCBgS vrn dUcCa RBH)aTCyvrnTI7 Ca
edIm. edaysarBuTsasnaenHEdr EdleFVIeGayExrGacQH nwgTMgn;Can;QI b:unb:grMlayGkSrsaRsExr BIGaNa
niKmn_)araMg eGayenAKg;vg; sMrab;kUnExrrhUtdl;sBVf. Cak;EsgCagenH edaysar RBHBuTsasnaenHg Edl
)aneFIVeGayyYn minGacrMlayqnHCatiniymExreRkam )angaytamTMenIgcitva. maKaEpkelI karBit {sc}
enHehIy CamaKa ExrsmycRkPBGgr nigGaemrikRbkan;yk.
kUnExreGIy sUmGksMlwgemIlR)agR)asaTTaMgLay enAedrdasBaseBjTwkdIneRCaysuvNPUmienH
manR)asaTGgr CasldYgRBlwgrbs;Exr CaskIn TwkdIcRkPBdFMlwVgelIVy nigGtItkal drugerOgGsar Kan
eRbobrbs;Exr nasmyGgrkgrCkal RBH)aTCyvrnTI2/ sUrvrnTI1-TI2/ CyvrnTI7. Et\Lv
enH KYreGaysegVKhYsnisSy R)agR)asaTEdlminGackat;fy:aglRbNitTaMgenH RtUvsitenAeRkamecar
yYneTAvij naeBlbcb,n sux Kg; GtItTahanyYn A50 EdlkMBugEteFIVGaCIvkm elIGcriyvt CaRBlwgdUnta
Exr EtBYkk,t; hun Esn minEdlnwkxVl;xVayTal;EtesaH TukeGayExrrs;kgGng; Gt;Xan lg;exA Pyxac.
GkniBnxitxMsresr nigRsavRCavtamcMeNH dwgbnicbnc kgeBlEdlrYcputBIeKaledAtamsMlab; rbs;
EqbMerIyYn nigbkSBYk hun Esn. EteTaHCa rgnUvkartamRbmaj:ya:gNakI esckIBayamcgRkgenH GkniBn
manbMNgEtmUyKt; cg;eGaykUnExrTaMgGs; PJak;rlwk kMuxacrGaesckIsab; xitxMeronsURt sikSaRbvtisaRsBit
rbs;Exr ehIyeRkakQreLIgeFVIkartsUkarBarRbeTsCati kMuyrlay)at;bg;eTA kgdecaryYnsysasn_ Edl
manGay:g hun Esn CaEqbMerIi. esckIsab; mancMeBaHmnusSRKb;rUb Kanmak;nNaGacecosputeLIy EtebIeyIg
hanlHbg;CIvit hansab;edIm,IRbeyaCn_Exr Cakarsab;kgkitiys. eyIgsab;BitEmn EtekreQaHeyIg minsab;
eLIy nwgenArs;CaGmt RkGUbBieraHrNM kgcitKMnit sartI dYgRBlwgGarmN_kUnExr CMnan;eRkay Caragdrabmin
esaHsUnCanicRKb;CMnan;. ExrRKb;rUb nwgyktMrab;tamKMrUvirPaBdRbB edIrtamlMGandl rbs;eyIgenH Cak;Ca
minxanCaerogrhUt. tamRTwsIBuTsasna CnTaMgLay EdleFIVTandl;RbeyaCn_saFarN rEmgTTYlplbuN
kusl ya:geRcInelIslb; CaGenkGnnCagkareFIVTan edaycMeBaHeTAelIbuKl mannyfa vIrkmrbs;eyIg Edl
)anlHbg;GayuCIvit eBlevla FnFan nigesckIsuxpal;xn edIm,IkarBar EfrkSa PaBrs;ranKg;vS karrIkcMerIn
nsgmCatiExr RbeyaCn_saFarN rEmgTTYlplbuNy:ag\tKNna nig)aneTAekItesaysux y:agRbesIr
x<g;x<s; enAGnaKtCatiya:gR)akd. karsab;EbbenH eTaHCaekItsab; 100CatieTot keyIgCaExr enAEteBjcit
iv
rkSasiTi
sab;. vIrbursExreyIg eRcInrab;minGs; )anbUCaCIvit edIm,IkarBarCati TwkdIExr eGayKg;vgS dl;bcb,n manCa

GaT RBH)aTCyvrnTI2 sUrvrnTI1-TI2/ RBH)aTCy vrnTI7/ Gg DYg/ ]kj:a RkLaeham Kg/; ]kj:a sWn Kuy/
swug g:ukfaj;/ )a:g xat;/ )a:c QWn/ nYn DYg/ buN cnmu:l/ Gacar Ehm ecov/ Gacar eBarkMe)ar/ semc sgraC
CYn Nat/ eGov ekIs/ yutivgS/ sm sarI/ RBab Guin/ RBHetCKuN sM buneFOn/ CaedIm.l.
ExrPaKeRcInemIlmindwg RbwgKitminyl; xMsMKal;kmineXIj )anedaygayeLIy nUvkll,ic exARkxVk;
EdlyYn )anerobcMxMsMlab;bMputBUCExr. kgraCkSRtI GgmIu 1835-1841emTByYn eQaH eRTOg mijy:ag
)aneRbIviFIekA rMlayBUCsasn_ExrEtmin)ansMerc. stvtSr_TI 18 yYn )aneRbIRsI CaFak;Tak;esc CyeCda elb
ykTwkdIExreRkamGs;mYyPaKFM. stvtSr_TI20 yYn hU CImij )anbryuTsaRsBIkareRbIviFIekAmkeRbIviFIRtCak;
dRbkbedayBisBul edayyklTikumnisCameFa)ay elbRt)ak;RbeTsExrCabn. TsvtSr_qaM 1980 eRkam
elsfa CYyrMedaHExr BIrbbRblyBUCsasn_ yYn)anQanBanTwkdIExr bn;ykRTBsm,tiExrGs; bnSl;TukEt
sMbkRbeTs. yYn elIkbnbCnkgVak; hun Esn elaPGMNac k,t;Cati eGayeFVIkarbMerIplRbeyaCn_va edIm,I
sMerceKaledAcugeRkay elbbegIyTwkdIExr dUcyYn Fab;elbyk RbeTscM):a nigdIExrkm<CaeRkamCaedIm.
kll,ic dsKsajTaMgenH RtUv)anGay:g hun Esn kMBugEtGnuvtn_sBVftambBaa yYnecAhVayva.
vaeRbIRKb;meFa)ay edIm,IBgVk;Exr eGaygab;sartICati nwksanfaRbeTsCati mansniPaB EtCasniPaB sitenA
mat;eRCaHmrN BUCsasn_ExrTaMgmUl nwgRtUvrlaysabsUn. yYn hun Esn BgVk;Exryvk;vegVgnwgfaMejon
El,g RsIRsa GMeBIBalaGava:EsepSg karsb,ay hWuha gb;gl; nwgmasR)ak; sMParH buNsk muxmat; GYtKa.
EtCaGMnYtRbehagkg CaPaBePItePIn enAmat;reNAmrN. eFIVyExr )at;kIsgwm )at;CMenOelIesckIl elIPaB
RtwmRtUv elIkarecHdwg elIKMnitbBaa sartI smtPaBExrxng EdlmatuPUmi BnBgSExr )anpl;eGayBIkMeNIt.
vajauMgyExrmanEtKMnitBwgEpkelIecaryYn edayePcesckIsab; . vaeFVIeGaysgmExr ERbBIseTACaexA BIl
eTACaGaRkk; BIecareTACa]kj:a BIPaBCaCnk,t;Cati laPlnBNCaGkmanbuNGMNac. BI)atdRbLak;Qam
rs;kgfkTukTaruNExr eRsabedayeRsameTvta RkLBgSavtaExr eGayR)ascakkarBit CaehtujaMugeGayExr
CMnan;eRkay vegVgvgVan; rkxusRtUvmineXIj. kll,icEbbenH yYn)anGnuvtn_taMgEt smyraCesc sIhnu TI1
CyvrnTI9mkemH trhUtmkdl;nayRtsk;EpmRbEhl esom CaGkerobcMnigsBVfenHg. sUmemtaGan
GanlMGit kgesovePA TsSnviCa neya)ay rbs;elak sasacar eTog NariT nigsab;RbvtisaRsExr Edl
pSayedayviTGasIuesrI PaK 22 dl;PaK 24.
enATIbBab; GkniBnsUmrMlwkdl;KuNbuBVbursExr vIrburs vIrHnarI RBlwgGkeshaCatiTaMgGs; Edl)aneFVI
BlikmedIm,IPaBrs;ran Kg;vgSnCati sasna RbCaCatiExrTaMgGs; cUlmksNit kgdYgRBlwgviBaaNkUnExrRKb;
rUb eGayPJak;rlwk emIleXIjpvRtUv mansartIkahanGg;GaceRkakQreLIgBYtdKa CYysegaHkarBar matuPYmi
Exr dCaTIRsLaj;elIsCIvitneyIg eGayrYcputBIRkjaMuecaryYn nigBYkGay:gk,t;Cati Edlmanectnay:agKeXIn
kgkarrMelaPrMlayBUCBgSExr nigelbykTwkdIExr naeBlbcb,n tamryGaNaniKmn_yYn EbbfIenH.
rkSasiTi
matika
esckIEfgGMNrKuN ---------------------------------------------------------------- i
Garmkfa ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ii
EpkTI 1
eKalkarN_emdwknaMeshaCatiExr ------------------------------------------------------1
I. eyIgCaExr RtUvsal;GIVCaExr ----------------------------------------------------1
II. GkeshaCatiExrBitR)akd-----------------------------------------------------6
III. eKalbMNg nigTisedA--------------------------------------------------------10
IV. smtPaB keTs nigkarBiesaFn_c,as;las; ---------------------------------------11
V. esckIkahan karlHbg; nigkarebCJacit -------------------------------------------15
VI. suxPaBl -----------------------------------------------------------------16
VII. KuNFm ------------------------------------------------------------------17
k-RBhviharFm ------------------------------------------------------------17
1- emta---------------------------------------------------------------17
2- kruNa--------------------------------------------------------------18
3- muTita--------------------------------------------------------------18
4- ]ebka -------------------------------------------------------------18
x-TsBiFFm ---------------------------------------------------------------19
1- Tan ---------------------------------------------------------------19
2- sIl---------------------------------------------------------------19
3- bricaK-------------------------------------------------------------21
4- GaCv -------------------------------------------------------------22
5- mTv --------------------------------------------------------------24
6- tb---------------------------------------------------------------24
7- GekaF ------------------------------------------------------------26
8- GvihwgSa------------------------------------------------------------26
9- xnI ----------------------------------------------------------------27
10-GvieraFn------------------------------------------------------------27
VIII. eFIVKMrUnaMmuxeK--------------------------------------------------------------29
IX. hanTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHskmPaBrbs;xng ---------------------------------------30
vi
rkSasiTi
]sSah_sikSaeronsURtbEnm ---------------------------------------------------32
XI. RtUvsMercciteGayTan;eBlevla-------------------------------------------------33
XII-RtUvecHCYyKa lak;Ka karBarKa eTAvijeTAmk---------------------------------------34
X.
EpkTI 2
sil,kardwknaM --------------------------------------------------------------------36
I. ckvisy --------------------------------------------------------------------36
1- neya)ayvatTwkdIrbs;kumynis\Ncin ----------------------------------------36
2- rbbkumynis ehg sMrin hun Esn Gay:gyYn -----------------------------------49
3- GaNaniKmn_yYnEbbfI nigCnGenaRbevsn_yYn -----------------------------------51
4- hun Esn Kabsgt;CiHCan;RbCaBlrdExreGayexSay RkIRk lg;exAnigPyxac------------57
k- etIyYn hun Esn eFVIeGayExrRkIRktamviFINaxH?------------------------------57
x- etIyYn hun Esn eFVIeGayExrlg;exAtamviFINaxH? ----------------------------58
K- etIyYn hun Esn eFVIeGayExrPyxac)ak;s,attamviFINaxH?---------------------58
5- karsnidanvasnaGnaKtCatiExr-----------------------------------------------59
II. eKalbMNg nigTisedAemdwknaMCatiExr ---------------------------------------------59
III. yuTsasTwk ---------------------------------------------------------------60
1- TwktamniymnyviTasas --------------------------------------------------60
2- TwkRbdUckmaMgGkeshaCatiExr-----------------------------------------------61
3- GtsBaaNrbs;kmaMgGkeshaCatiExr -----------------------------------------61
4- KuNsm,ti nigTwkcitrbs;kmaMgGkeshaCatiExr----------------------------------62
5- virPaBrbs;Twk -----------------------------------------------------------64
6- kMlaMgGkeshaCatiExrBitR)akd ---------------------------------------------64
7- yuTsasrbs;TwkenAkgkarRbyuT --------------------------------------------65
8- yuTsasrbs;TwkenAkgkarkarBarxn ------------------------------------------67
9- Twk nigsil,sRgam sun sU -------------------------------------------------67
10-l,icdl,Il,ajnanaenAkgsRgam --------------------------------------------68
k- l,icsMlab;sRtUvedayxIdaveK---------------------------------------------68
x- l,icbrRsemal nigPaBBit -----------------------------------------------72
K- l,icTIRkugKanmnusS----------------------------------------------------73
X-l,icdkfytamyuTsas ------------------------------------------------74
vii
rkSasiTi
11-bNaMRBlwgemKg --------------------------------------------------------75
yuTsaRs -----------------------------------------------------------------76
1- eKaledA
k- eKaledA yYn hun Esn-------------------------------------------------78
x- eKaledAemdwknaMCatiExr ------------------------------------------------78
2- vayluk --------------------------------------------------------------79
3- RbmUlpM --------------------------------------------------------------81
4- kll,ic --------------------------------------------------------------82
k- yYnykRsIeFVIFak; Tak;emdwknaM ------------------------------------------82
x- l,icekAeFVIsRgamQanBanExr -------------------------------------------84
K- l,icxIdavsRtUveRbI yYneRbIl,iceGayExrsmab;Exr--------------------------85
X-EpnkaryYnsMlab;Exr kgrbbraCaNacRkEkgkay ---------------------------86
5- kPaBGkdwknaM --------------------------------------------------------90
6- snSMsMc -------------------------------------------------------------91
7- qk; -----------------------------------------------------------------91
8- snisux---------------------------------------------------------------91
9- gayRsYl -------------------------------------------------------------92
10- RBmKa ---------------------------------------------------------------93
V. begItRkumkargar ------------------------------------------------------------93
1- RkumkargarKWCamnusSmanqnEtmYy -----------------------------------------93
2- eRCIs EtgtaMgmnusSEdlmanfVId nigkarBiesaFn_x<s;kgkargar --------------------94
3- mnusSenAkgRkumkargar RtUvebCJacitTaMgGs;Ka ---------------------------------94
VI. karerobcM ------------------------------------------------------------------95
1- kareRCIserIssmaCik ----------------------------------------------------97
2- Parrbs;smaCik -------------------------------------------------------97
VII. ParGkdwknaM ------------------------------------------------------------ 101
1- RbmUlBtman-------------------------------------------------------- 102
2- eFVIEpnkar----------------------------------------------------------- 103
3- Gnuvt ------------------------------------------------------------- 105
4- tamdanRtYtBinit ---------------------------------------------------- 105
5- RtYtBinitlTpl----------------------------------------------------- 105
IV.
viii
rkSasiTi
6- sikSaeLIgvij -------------------------------------------------------- 105

VIII. karCYbRbCMu ------------------------------------------------------------- 106
IX. karelIkTwkcitbuKlik ------------------------------------------------------ 107
X. karR)aRsyTak;Tg-------------------------------------------------------- 108
XI karkMNt;mit nigsRtUv------------------------------------------------------109
XII karedaHRsayTMnas;--------------------------------------------------------110
XIII. RbePTnkardwknaM ------------------------------------------------------- 111
1- kardwknaMEbbpac;kar---------------------------------------------------- 111
2- kardwknaMEbbkumynis -------------------------------------------------- 112
3- kardwknaMEbbRbCaFibety ---------------------------------------------- 112
4- kardwknaMEbbGnaFibety------------------------------------------------ 113
XIV. ktasMxan;edIm,IeFVI[kardwknaMmanRbsiTPaB ----------------------------------- 115
XV. ktaEdlnaMeGaybraCy ---------------------------------------------------- 115
XVI.GMeBIGaRkk; 22 Rbkar EdlemdwknaMCatiExrRtUvecosevog --------------------------- 122
ksareyag-------------------------------------------------------------------- 123
3C3
ix
rkSasiTi
EpkTI 1
rkSasiTi
eKalkarN_emdwknaMeshaCatiExr
(Principles of Khmer Patriot Leaders)
GkdwknaMExr CaCnEdlRsLaj; Cati sasna nigRbCaCatiExrBit brpac; EfrkSa karBarplRbeyaCn_

Exr karBar ksagsgmCatiExreGayKg;vgS manvibulPaB nig]tmPaB RbkbedayckvisyEvgqay. emdwknaM
Exr CaGkminQk;vegVg nwgGMNac yssk laPskar RbeyaCn_pal;xn bkSBYk bG)aymuxepSgmanRsI Rsa
El,g faMjaNCaedIm. emdwknaMExr RtUvEtCaCnman\sSrPaB TaMgkarpcepImKMnit karKit kardwknaM nigminsit
eRkamKMnabbreTsNaeLIy. emdwknaMExr RtUvEtRbkan;maKamYydCak;lak; kgkareFVIeGaysgmCatimankPaB
\sSrPaB manGFibetyPaB vibulPaB RbCaFibety CaCatimYyesImux enAelIelakeyIgenH. emdwknaMExr Kit
CacMbgdl; suxmalPaBrbs;Exr RKb;RsTab;kgsgm. RtUvEtdwgKuNCati dUcdwgKuN Bukmayxn eRBaHCatiTwk
dIExrenHehIy Edl)anpl;kMeNItyeyIgmanQamCrCaExr. ehtuenH kgnameyIgCaExr RtUvEteFIVkartbsg
sgKuN cMeBaHCatieyIg enARKb;kaleTsEdlGaceFVI)an. kgzanCaGkdwknaMExr eyIgRtUvEtsal;eGayc,as;
BIGIVCaExr nig taMgcitRsLaj; karBarGPirkS nigGPivDn_ GVIEdlCaExr enaHeGayKg;vgS rugerOgRbesIreLIgCanic
nirn. emdwknaMExrRtUvsal;eGayc,as;BI GtItkal bcb,nkal nigGnaKtkal. emdwknaMExrRtUvriHrkmeFa)ay
CYyRbCaCatiExrTaMgGs; enARKb;TWsTI eGayrYcputBIkar )at;bg;GtsBaaNCaExr BIPaBRkIRk Gt;Xan lg;exA
Pyxac nignaMmknUv siTiesrIPaBeBjelj CUndl; BlrdExrTaMgGs; CaBiess ExrEdlkMBugrs;rgTukenAelITwk
dIExrsBVf. {yYneFVIBlikmFMeFg mutRsYcxaMgNas; eTIbvaGacykdIExr)anedIm,irMedaHCatiBIyYn
eyIgRtUvEtmansartI lHbg; brpac; Gg;Gac ekovka mutRsYc Gt;Ft; sURTMa R)akdniym skmelIs
yYneRcInsibdg}{edIm,IPaBrs;ranKg;vgSsitesrrbs;RbCaCatiExrGkdwknaMCatiExrRtUvEthaneFVIGIVRKb;y:agminfa
CaGIVeLIy}.
;
-eyIgCaExr RtUvsal;GIVCaExr (We are Khmer so we have to know about Khmer)

GkdwknaMCatiExr RtUvEtCaExrBitR)akd RtUvsal;GIVCaExr sal;BIRbvtisaRsCatiBit TMenomTMlab;RbBNIExr
vb,FmExr nigGIVEdlmanelITwkdIExr. tamRTwsIrbs;elak sun suI )aneBalfa {sal;xngc,as; sal;sRtUvc,as;
sal;briyakasCMuvijxngc,as; c,aMgmYYyrydg QHTaMgmYyrydg}. dUcenH munnigykQHelI GkdT eyIgRtUv
sal;xngeGayc,as; KWykQHxngCamunsin. ebIsa l;xn g Etminsal;sRtUvGacQHGaccaj;.sal;sRtUv
Etminsal;xng k_GacQH Gaccaj;. EtebIminsal; xng minsal;sRtUvkarbraCyrg;caMeyIgCanic .
I
Rtg;cMNucenH GkdwknaMExr Edlsal;xngc,as; eFIVeGayGkdwknaMenaH manPaBeCOCak;elIxng PaB

eCO Cak;elIxng naM[GkdwknaMenaH manPaBR)akdniym PaBR)akdniymCakIsgwm kalNamankIsgwm man
kMlaMgcitenaHehIyCafamBldmhasal GacrujRcaneGayQaneTArkeCaKCy)an. GkdwknaMRtUvsal;c,as;
las; nUvmaKa EdlRtUvnaMExr edIreTArkeCaKCy PaBrugerOg vibulPaB nigGacBakrN_dwgmunBI ]bsK nigPaB
rkSasiTi
braCypgEdr edIm,Icat;viFankarN_karBar muneBlplvi)akekItmaneLIg. ehtuGIV)anCaGkdwknaMExr RtUvEtsal;

eGayc,as; BIGIVCaExr? ebIeyIgsal;Exrminc,as; eyIgnigcaj; bkQHedIm,Icaj;. Cak;Esg GkdwknaMbcb,n
mYyPaKFM CaCnCatiyYn EdlecHniyayExr dUcCa huk LgDI/ bun sm/ sux Kg;/ cay saMgyun/ mas suPa/
pan; gYn/ nigmYycMnYneTot RBmTaMgBBYkQk;vegVgnwgmenaKmn_viCayYn BYkeqVgniymRCul dUcCa hun Esn/
nig ehg sMrin/ Ca sIuIm. BYkenHmin)anbMerIplRbeyaCn_Cati nigRbCaCatiExreT,Iy pyeTAvij BYkvaCabIsac
CBak;Qam Cati nigRbCaCatiExr edIm,IplRbeyaCn_pal;xn bkSBYk nwigCaexackgEdleGayd eTAecAhVayvaKW
yYn EdlCaGkeRKageGaymankarsMlab;rgalBUCsasn_Exr edayviFIbMPnya:gRtCak;bMput. ehtuenHehIy
CMhandMbUgrbs;GkdwknaM KWRtUvsikSaBIxng edIm,IEsVgrkcMNucexSay nigcMNucxaMg. ebIeyIgdwgBIcMNucexSay
rbs;xngehIy eyIgRtUvEtEkERb sikSabEnm eFIVya:gNaeGaycMNucexSayenaH)at;bg;eTA ehIyEkxxneGay
kan;EtmanPaBrwgbwugRbesIreLIg. ebIeyIgdwgBIcMNucxaMgrbs;xnehIy eyIgRtUvEtkarBar EfrkSanigeFIVxneGay
kan;EtRbesIreLIg erogral;fbEnmeTAmuxeTot kMuyenAdEdl edayeRbobeFobCamYy niwgKUrRbECgEdlxaMg
CageyIg. etIeFIVdUcemc eTIbsikSadwgBIxneyIg)an? KWeyIgRtUvEtxitxMrkBtman EdlTak;TgnwgxneyIg tam
rykarsab; Gan emIl Gegt nigkarRsavRCavBIRKb;mCdan ykmkRtiHriHBicarNa ehIyeRbobeFobxneyIgeTA
nwgGVIEdl)anGan emIl sab; >>> edIm,I EkERb eFIVxneGayRbesIreLIg. kalNaGkdwknaM sal;xngc,as;enHCa
ktacitsaRsmYyFMNas; kgkardwknaMxng kdUcCakardwknaMCatipgEdr. tamRTwsI BuTsasnafa {QHbuKldT
BuMesInwgQHxngeLIy} . dUecHGkdwknaMExr RtUvykQHcitRbCaBlrdExrTaMgGs;Camunsin. edIm,IykQH
citRbCaBlrd)an luHRtaEteyIgsal;BI RbvtisaRsExr critExr TMenom TMlab;RbBNIExr vb,Fm cMNg;cMNUl
cit nigesckIRtUvkar rbs;RbCaCatiExr naeBlbcb ,n. etI BlrdExrkMBgu RtUvkarGICV acaM)ac;? RkumGkdwknaMExr
RtUvmankaresaHRtg; nwg ]tmKtirYm hanlHbg ; kIsuxpal;xn TaMgGayuCIvit RTBFn eBlevlaya:g brpac;
bMput edIm,IeFVIRbeyaCn_CUn Cati CnrYmQamExr nigRtUvrs;enArYmsukrYmTuk y:agsit rmYtCamYyRbCaBlrdExr
edaymineKcevssMgMykrYcxn kgRKaGasn CaBiess enAkgkaleTsenH.
eyIgRtUvql;fa ehtuGIV)anCayYn EdlCaecartamRBMEdncinesaH vaGacvatTIykTwkdICatidT )anFMliVwg
elIVy rhUtykTaMg TwkdIcM)a: nigTwkdIExrenAkm<CaeRkam)anTaMgRsug ehIyRBmTaMgbn mkelbykTwkdIExrsBV
feTot. edaysar yYn)ansikSa sal;c,as;BIcMNucexSayrbs;Exr rbs;BYkemRtYtRtaExr EdlelaPnwgGMNac
RsI Rsa GMeBIBala eRskXanmuxmat; ysski laPskar KanRBMEdnenHg . cMENkRbCaBlrdExr qab;lg;
qab;eCO GkdT CatidT edayxVHkareRtHriHBicarNarkxusRtUv eGay)aneRCARCH nigkarxVHcMeNHdwgkgkarfwg
Efg nUvehtuplepSg keRBaHEtkardwknaM xVHTsBitFmrbs;escGay:genHg. hU CImij )anerobcMEpnkar
bgb;Exreyokmij yYneyokmijEdlecHExr EdlyYnva)an bMBak;bMb:nmenaKmn_viCakumynisrYcehIy Cacarkm
rbs;va eGaymkbegIt PaBvwkvr kgCYrExrRkhm naMeGaymankarkab;sMlab;Exr y:agrgalkgrbb b:ul Bt
km<CaRbCaFibety kg bMNgkkUrsankarN_ kgrbbenHeGayexAggwt Ebk)ak;Ka. edaysarPaBRCulniym
rbs;RkumenH )aneFVIy ExrEbk)ak; kab;sMlab;Kavwkvr cuHexSayxaMg ehIyyYnva vayQanBan bn;RTBsm,ti
rkSasiTi
elbykRbeTsExrEtmg nigEkEkg RbvtisaRsExr eTACaRbvtisaRs\Ncin tMrUveGaykUnExr eronRbvtisaRs

enHeTAvij. edIm,IbnEpnkarelb ykTwkdIExr yYn)anbnbBYkExrRkhm hun Esn ehg sMrin CaGay:g
cab;taMgBIfTI 7mkra qaM1979 mk. erOgRbvtisaRs\Ncin minxusKaBIsmyeRkaysmyGgrbnic esom)an
erobcM eGaymanbdivtn_mYy enAkgRbeTsExr ehIyeFVIeGaynayRtsk;Epm EdlCaXatkrsMlab;escenaH min
RtwmEt minmaneTasb:ueNaHeT EtRtUv)aneK cat;TukfaCaGkmanbuN eLIgesayraCCMnYsescRKgraCEdl
RtUv)aneFIVXatenaHeTAvij . cUreyIgnaMKaKitbniceTAemIl_fa kg1000qaMmun GMNacesc kMBugman\TiBleBj
bnk swgminmanraRsNaemIlmuxcM)an etIehtuGIV)anCa nayRtsk;EpmeFVIXatescehIy RtLb;CaminmaneTas
rYcehIyelIkeLIg [esayraCeTot. etIGacekIteTArYceT ebIsinKankMlaMgBIeRkAekobsgt;bgM eGaymRnICati
nigBlrdExrEdlesaHRtg; nwgraCvgS TwkdI Cati RbCaCatiExr TTYlyl;RBmykTaMgbgMeTenaH. ma:geTot kar
krekItCamhacRkPBmYyeTArYc etImanmhabNit GkecHdwg eRcInesksHkMritNa eTIbGacksagRsukeTs [
)ansMercdl;kMritenaH ehIyetI vrCnTaMgenaH suxcitTTYlyk PaBexAggwt EbbenHedaygay b? bmYyk RtUv
BYkQanBan ebIminEmn esom k yYn EtGacesomeRcInCag eRbIl,ickab;sMlab; y:agrgalelICnTaMgenaH dUc
yYn eRbIBYkkumyniseqVgRCul niym eGaysMlab;ExrkalBI 1975-93 nigbnrhUtdl;sBVf dUecHEdr. kar
RbRBitikarsMlab;rgalEbbsenH RtUv)anlb; lagbEgVgdan bM)at;karBit edaykartak;EtgRbvtisaRsEkgkay
elIkdMekIg]RkidCnrUbenH nigbgbnnay Rtsk;Epm nigbnfaCaGkmanbuNmanGayudl;Cag 400qaM Edl
hYsBivisymnusSeCO)aneGaykUn Exreron rhUtdl;sBVf. vakminxusKanwgeBlsBVfEdr BYkk,t;CatiGtItExr
RkhmdRbLak;Qam hun Esn/ ehg sMrin/ Ca sIum EdlRtUvExrTUTaMgRbeTsmineBjcit eFVIkartsURbqMag
y:agKRKWkKeRKgkalBIqaM 1979-93 nig)ane)aHeqatTMlak;ecalkalBIqaM 1993 RtUv)anyYnerobcMbnb[
kan;GMNac nigeGayBYkk,t;mYykab;tUcenH bnb escGay:gbneTot. kgbMNg[escGay;:gCYyBRgwgGMNac
k,t;Cati EdlmanecaryYnCaecAhVayvaenABIeRkayxg[kan;EtrwugmaMeLIg edaykartMeLIggar BYkk,t;TaMgenH Ca
semcmhaecaredkeCa cRkIenHcRkIenaH bkfaCa mKeTsk_CneTAvij. minyUreLIy RbvtisaRsExr nwgRtUvBYkva
EkRkLbneTot edaycat;Tuk BYkk,t;CaBUCGkmanbuN bkfa CaExSelahitRBH)aT hun eTon mkcab;Cati
Cak;Caminxan. rYcehIy va[kUnExrsmyeRkay eronRbvtiEkgkayqtlIlaenHteTAeTot. ehtuGIV)an CayYn
nigGay:gerobcM eGaymanRbvtisaRsEkgkay ? dUceBalrYcmkehIy ebIExrminsal;xngCaGkNa mkBINa
manRbvtirugerOgy:agNa etImanGVIGaceFIVy kUnExrsmyeRkay manKMnitCatiniymduHdaleTArYc. cuHebIyuvCn
KanKMnitCatiniym KanKMnitRsLaj;CatimatuPUmi etImanKMnitkarBarCatiBINamkekIt. CaTUeTA kardwknaMnanaEbb
smyTMenIb eKEtgEtsikSaBIkMhusqg GtItkal bBIGIV EdleK)aneFIVrYcehIy nigcgRkgTuk edIm,IkMueGaykMhus
qgdEdl enaHekIteLIgeTotenAeBlGanaKt. Etkartak;EtgRbvtisaRsEkgkay CaviFImYyeFVIeGayExrCMnan;
eRkay minGacrkkMhusqgGtItkal EdlCabuBVehtu naMeGayExrcuHexSay naMeGaybraCyenaH)an. edIm,ITuk
kas eGayecaryYnTaMgenH ykkll,icdEdlhwg mkGnuvtelICatieyIg enAeBlmuxeTot. BYkescGay:g
)anRbeyaCn_Etma:g KWedIm,IkMueGayExrsmyeRkay cab;kMhuscMeBaHGMeBIqtlIlarbs;va nigkarkarBarmuxmat;
raCvgSescGayEtb:ueNaH ebIeTaHCa raCvgSescGayenHsitenAeRkam)ateCIg Gay:gyYnkI ksuxcitEdr
rkSasiTi
minRBmeFVIsm<nmiRtCamYyGaemrik mhaGMNacelIelakeT Etsuxcit t,lk,altRtukTaMgBUC mkeFVICakBaH)at

eCIg hun Esn Gay:gyYn eTAvij enHCaKMnitEqetO. sUmbgbnExrrYmQam rYmelahit emtaBicarNaeLIgvij
eGay)anditdl;. CaBiess BYkbNit bGkswikSaRbvtisaRs emtaykkarecHdwg eFIVCaRbeyaCn_dl;Cati kMuyk
karecHdwgeTAbMerIsRtUv dUcbNitkmynis EdlFab;;)anCYyyYn kgkarbMpaj RbeTsCatikngmk.
srubmk kgnameyIgCaExr CaCatimYyFab;manGarFmrugerOg CaBUCmanelahitedIm rbs;mnusSenA
tMbn;GasIuenH tamkarsikSaRsavRCavrbs;elak saRsacar ekg va:n;sak; EdlcuHpSaytamviTGasIuesrIfa Exrmn manExSQam kgCMBYk kumb:UhSg; GW Caelahit BYkmnusS dMbUgeKenA tMbn;GasIuenH etIeyIgGaceGabd
lak;xn BYnyksux minhaneRkak karBarCatixnedayxngeTb? bmYysuxcitsMgM beNayeGay ecaryYn
sysasn_ mkCiHCan; eKgRbvBa ykRTBsm,tiExr TwkdIExr luHrlayBUCBgSbg;sUn Etmgby:agNa?.
etIeyIgrs;enA mannyGIV? ebICatisab; eyIgnwgrs;enAya:gevTna KantMlCamnusSesaHeLIy.
manKMrURsab;ehIy bgbnrYmelahitExr EdlenAkm<CaeRkam RtUvvaeFIVTukbukemj qk;bn;ykdIFI bM)at;esrIPaB
CMenOsasna cab;pSwkRBHsg y:agyg;Xg hYsnisSyCamnusS. rs;enAelImatuPUmiminekIt xMRbevRbv:a
rkSasiTi
rt;TaMgRtdabRtdYsBIeRkam mkenAmatuPUmixagelI sgwmfaCIvitnwgmanBnWrsI EtKYreGayGasUreBkRk

mkdl;dIkMeNItdUntaxnenAxagelI RtUvBYkGay:gyYnecaTRbkan; faCayYn eTAvij edayeGaytMlCayYn
CnCatiPaKtic ehIyRtUvBYkvatamcab;dak;Kuk dak;Rcvak;RBat;RbBnkUnbneTot. KYreGayGnica
bgbnrYmQamExreyIgTaMgenaH Bn;eBk segVKcitesIsab;TaMgrs; manTwkdIdUntaxnbnSl;TukeGayenAKg;vgSEdr
EtmYyCIvitrs;KanCati KanTwkdInwgeK enAxageRkam RtUvyYnecaTfa Exr mintUcciteT eBjcitnwgTTYl
Etmkdl;elIRtUvBYkk,t;lg;lIlaecaTfa CayYneTAvij. EteBlenH minfaEtExreRkameLIy ExrelI
RtUvBYkvaeFIVeGayrs;elclg; kgPaBRketaky:ak Gt;XanKansIu lg; exA exacpSar RKb;eBlevla
rgarPitPyxac kgrbbePvrkm. yYngab;mYy Gak,t;ERskesIEbk]eXasnsB EtExrsab;rab;ry
rab;Ban;eRBaHkarGt;Xan KansIu xHRtUvRbeTsCitxag)aj;sMlab;TaMgmanpeBaH EtGak,t;eFVImindwgminB.
pyeTAvij minRtwmEtminrkxusRtUv EtBUYkGak,t;ecaTTaMgGKtifa CnTuKt nigkumarTaMgenaH sab;eday RsvwgRsa
RsImanpeBaH RtUveK)aj;sab;enaH cecshamXat;minsab; cUlRsukeKxusc,ab; eGaysab;eTAcuH . ExrsBVf
rs;enA eRbobdUcCakUnkMRBa KanBukmayEfrkSar. etIeyIgCaGkdwknaMExr Edlkan;esovePAenH enAkgd
suxcitebIkEPk emIlTukevTnarbs;Exr beyIgeRkakQr edIm,IkarBarExr?. etIeyIgsuxcitsab; eday
min)antbt bExrsuxciterIedIm,IExrrs;?. ExrRk evTna RBat;R)as;RKYsareRBaH yYn nigkarRtYtRtaGak,t; hun
Esn} ExrBitCamanPBV maneCaKCy ebIExr RbusRsI rYbrYmBYtdKa. siTesrIPaB kraCPaBCati Carbs;Exr
RKb;Ka. CyCMnHrbs;Exr ekIteLIgedaykar brQam brCIvit minEmnekIteLIgedaykarsMuTan BIecaryYn nigBYk
k,t;CatieLIy. siTesrIPaBrbs;Exr ekIteLIgkarbrCIvit brQam . ExrBitCars; eRBaHExrhansab;
rkSasiTi
dUcerobrab;kgRbeyaKxagelIrYcmkehIy RbCaCatiExrRtUvEtRbugRbyt minEmn[EteXIj ecHPasaExr

niyayPasaExrc,as; eyIgfaGkdwknaMenaHCaExr BitR)akd)aneLIy. emdwknaMCatiExr RtUvRbyt GkecHPasa
Exr EtmanKMnitbMerIyYn tamEdlyYn)anGb;rMmk nigCnCatiyYn bcarkmyYnecHPasaExr bnMdUreQaHCaExrCa
edIm. GtItkal )anbeRgoneyIgrYcehIy Gacar emog CaCnCatiyYn Edl)anlbmkbYseron enAkgvtExr )an
bnM dUreQaHBI emog eTACa man ehIyeTACa sWug g:ukmij edIm,I CameFa)ayeXasna PUtkuhk ExrfaCa bnrbs;
elak sWug g:ukfaj; ehIyeqotTajykcMeNjxagneya)aycitsaRs BIRbIy_PaBrbs;elak swug g:ukfaj;
EdlRtUvesc sIhnu sMueGay)araMgcab;ykeTAdak;Kuk eRBaHEtRcENn nwgRbIy_PaBrbs;elak. sWug g:ukmij enH
ehIyEdlCa emekagkkUrkkaysgmExreGayEbk)ak;. EteyIgkminRtUvecHEtecaTRbkan; edayKanehtupl
KanPstag KankarsegtBiniteLIy. karecaTRbkan; edayggitggl; KankarBicarNaeGaylitln; nwgnaMmk
nUvkarEbk)ak;. bBaaenHminBi)akrhUtdl;eyIgeFVIminekItenaHeLIy eyIgGacsal;GkTaMgenH edayeFIVkaresIub
GegteGay)anht;ct; tamrykartamdansikSaRsavRCav CIvRbvti karsMPasn_ karesBKb; nigcuHpal; esIub
tamdanGkCMuvijepSg bGkPUmi mas;Rsuk nBBYkbuKl EdleyIgmanmnilsgSyenaHrs;enA. eyIgminEmnCa
CatierIseGIg BUCsasn_eLIy EteyIgCaExr cg;rs;kgsuxsniPaB mincg;eGayCatiNamYy mkkkUrkkay bMpaj
esckIsuxrbs;Exr dUckngmkehIy ehIyvaGYtR)ab;breTsfa vaCaCatiqat ExrCaCatilg;exA. Catisasn_Na
kRtUvkar karBarGPirkSBUCsasn_xn dUcExrEdr ehIyenHCabuBVsiTBIkMeNIt kgkarrs;ranCaCatimYy.
-GkeshaCatiExrBitR)akd (The Real Khmer Patriot)
etIExrGkeshaCatiBit RtUveFIVdUcemc? RtUvEtCaGkRsLaj;Cati sasna nigRbCaCatiExr edaybrpac;
manTsSnyl;eXIjeday\sSrH maneKalmaKakraC TaMgkarKit karBicarNa nigskmPaB minluHtamkar
jHjg;rbs;breTs minbMerIbreTseLIy. minepkpl EteTAelICMnYyRKb;Ebb BICatidTeday hYsehturhUt
dl;)at;bg; KMnitBWgeliIxng. RtUvriHrkviFI eRbIR)as;FnFan manRsab;kgRbeTs CaCagedkcMaEtCMnYyBIGkd
T. karBwgEpkelIbreTsTaMgRsug CaKMnitxJMeK KMnitKankraC. breTsCYyeyIg eRBaHeKsMlwgRbeyaCn_GIV
mYyBIExr ebIminedIm,IplRbeyaCn_ xagneya)ay kgTB esdkic kareXasna kedIm,IGIVmYyy:agdac;xat ebImin
eRcInktic ecosminrYc. dUcyYn EdlCYyBYkkmynisTaMgBIrRkum b:ul Bt nigGay:g hun Esnk eRBaHEt yYn
RtUvkarxIdBYkenH eGaykkUrbriyakaskgsgmExr Ebk)ak;kab;sMlab;KavwkvremIlGIVminyl; RsYlgayva erob
cMkas mksRgb;pac;RBat;Etmg edayykelsfamkCYyExr. ebIeTaHbI Rkum b:ul Bt dwgfa yYnb:gelbExr
ehIyxMrkviFI edaHkunkI k\tRbeyaCn_ eRBaHyuTsaRsneya)ayrbs;xnKan\sSrPaB KankraCtaMgEtBIdMbUg
mkehIy. etIeGayExrrg;caMTwkfa edIm,IemIleXIj)atfa mansIemcekItsMdIelak exov sMpnebITaMgyYn nig
Gay:g kkUrsankarN_Exr ylk;rhUtdUecH. yYn BYkGay:g nigescenHehIy CaedImcmbBaa EdlbMpaj k
PaBCati nigesckIsuxrbs;Exr. sUmkMueCO BakqtlIla EdleyIgFab;Bfa {GakMe)a:ge)akcin GaxiVne)akGa
emrik}. RtUvcaMfamhaGMNac EdlGaceFVIxnRtYtBiPBelak)an minEmnlg;eGaymnusSmak;eron)anRtwmkUn DIbm
RsukyYnhwge)akeK)aneGayesaH. manEtGakMe)a:gelIBkfasxngnwgehIy EdlRtUvyYne)akGs;kitexa
II
rkSasiTi
e)akGs;TwkGs;dIenaH. erOgRsLaj;CatieTotesat GkNakniyay)an eBalekIt)anedayminBi)ak .

eyIgRtUvEtBicarNa kMuRsLaj; RtwmEtbbUrmat; minRKb;RKan;sMrab;GkeshaCatieLiy EtRtUvRsLaj;
edayskmPaB edaykareFVIya:gtaMgcit taMgKMnitmutmaMbMput minlHbg;minfmfycuHcaj; nwg]bsKepSgeday
gay eRBaHEt ktaenHenaHbnicbnc. RtUvEtCaskmPaB EdleFVI edayesI minGak;minQb;minQr edayrwgbwug
rhUtTTYl)aneCaKCypac;RBat;.
GkdwknaMCatiExr BitR)akdRtUvman
man\riyabf BaksMdIRbcaMf minERbRbYl sMEdgecjnUv sartIRsLaj; karBar nigelIktMekIg GIVCaExr
manGtsBaaNCaExr plRbeyaCn_CatiExr nigvb,FmExr minemIlgay bnabbenak b jHjg; eGayExrEbk
)ak;samKIPaB kPaBsgmeLIy minykbBaapal;xntUctac mklayLMnwg erOgCati.
mansartICatix<s; PJak;rlwksVHEsVgRbmUlrkKamkrYmKit rYmeFVIedaymincMa)ac; maneKmkdas;etOn
eRkInrMlwkeRcIneLIy. xVl;xVay PyRBYyBIGayuCIvitRbCaCati nigRbeTsCati KitKUrBIplRbeyaCn_
CatiExrCaFM KanKMnitGaRkk; eKgRbvBa edIm,ICaRbeyaCn_pal;xn minGataniym KanbkSBYkniym
KanKMnite)akR)as; RbCaPifuti edIm,IGMNac buNski RTBsm,tieLIy.
hanlHbg;;x<s;bMput TaMgeBlevla RTBsm,ti esckIsuxpal;xn nigGayuCIvity:agbrpac;emaHmut
RsYcRsavedayskmPaB edIm,IkarBarCati nighaneFIVGIV CaRbeyaCn_dl;CnrYmCatiExr.
Rtg;cMNucenH GacbBaak;)anfa KMnitnaMeGayEsgecjmkCasMdI sMdIecjmkCaskmPaB skmPaB naM

eGaymanTMlab; TMlab;naMeGaykayCa critlkN critlkNRbcaMf naMeGayGkpg emIleXIj nigmanCMenO
elIeyIg faetI CaGkeshaCatiBit bkRtwmEtbbUrmat;. RbeTsCati rugerOg bliclg; GaRsyelIemdwknaM Edl
mansmtPaB manKuNsm,tiRKb;RKan; RBmlmdwknaMeTArkkarrIkcMerIn)an . CaBiess RtUvsegtBinitylit
ln;fa GkdwknaM enaHCaExrBitR)akd CabuKlEdl esaHsRKPkI cMeBaHCati nigRbCaCatiExr edayKanlak;elom
bl,ickickl, mineRkam\TiBlbreTs. ehtuenHehIy ExrTaMgGs; RtUvBicarNa eGaylitln; eTAelI cit KMnit
BaksmI skmPaB lTpll GaRkk; TMlab; crwtlkN nigRbvtiBitR)akd rbs;buKlEdl eyIgpl;kar eCO
Tukcit belIkdMekIg eGayeFIVCaemdwknaM. eyIgminRtUvRbfuyRbfan pl;CMenOeTAelIGkNamYy edayRKan;Et
eKmkeFIVl EtmYyEPt beGaybecg mYyfg; sarugmYy faeKlenaHeLIy. eyIgRtUvemIl eTAelIlTpl nTegIV

rbs;emdwknaM etIlbGaRkk; rIkcMerInbTn;exSay eshaCati bbMpajCati CaExrbCacarkmbreTsmkbnMxn. crit
Exr eyIgEtgman karGaNitGasUr cMeBaHTuKtCn minRbkan;faCatiNaeLIy. CakarBit critGaNitGasUr CaKuN
Fm dl minGackat;f)an rbs;CnCatiExreyIgEmnehIy EtkCaeTasmYyEdr EdlnaMeGayExrFak;xn dUcsBVf
enH eRBaHeyIgmanesckIseNasRbNI edayxVHkarBicarNa xVHkarRbugRbyt. eTasEdlExr TTYltbsgBIkar
GaNitGasUredayxVHkarBicarNaenH minxusKa nwgerOgel,IkExr {GkbreTs nigRkeBIdac;Twk b GksMupHsak;
rkSasiTi
bk RtI nigkuk} enaHeLIy. ehtuenH ExreyIg minRtUvpl;karTukcit edaykarGaNitGasUr ePckarRbugRbyt

ePcGtItkal ePcesckIsuxrbs;xn nigCatixnenaHeT. dUntaExr)ancgRkg CaerOgel,Ik edIm,ITUnanbeRgon
eyIgCMnan;eRkay karBiesaFn_kExreyIg Fab;Pk; Fab;sakehIyEdr minRtUvedIrCan;dancas;eLIy.
eyIgKYrelIkykerOgel,Ik { kuk nwgRtI } mksikSa nigBicarNa. enAkgfkmYy TwkrIgstrkklnwgrIg
Gs; . RtI kMBWs TaMgtUcFMnaMKaPyRBYy BImhnrayEdlkan;EtCitmkdl; kgeBlqab;. enAmat;fk kukkBaas;
mYy EdlminGaccab;RtI)an eBaleTABYkRtIfa {GaNitRtITaMgGs;Nas; yklKYreTArkbwgRtBaMgFM}. BYkRtI
EdlminFab;sal;kukesaH EtedaykarPyRBYynwg eRKaHmkdl; kePcxnfa BUCBgSxnCaRtI CacMNIdqaj;rbs;
kuk suxciteCOtamcritlak;But rbs;kuk edayEkgxnCastbUt . BYkRtIeXIjdUecH suxciteGay kuk BaMRtImYy
eTArkbwgFM. kuk )annaMRtI eTAbgajbwgFMmYy ehIynaMRtImkvij. rYcehIynaMRtIepSgeTot eTAemIlbwg3enaH
ehIynaMRtLb; mkdak;enAfkenaHvij. BYkRtIedayxVHBicarNa kyl;RBmeGaykuk naMykBYkxn eTAmgmYy
edIm,IeTArkbwgFMenaH. kuk )annaMRtIeTAmgmYy EtBMu)annaMykeTAbwgFMenaHeLIy KWykeTAsIueTAvij rhUtdl;
Gs;RtIBIRtBaMg.
karBiesaFn_fI kgsmyeyIgenH Caemerondl;ExrRKb;rUb. carkmyYn EdlcUlmklak;xnkgRsukExr
enAeBlvamanKatic EtgmancritstbUtKYreGayGaNit b:uEndl;eBlyYnBUnpMKa)aneRcIn yYncab;epImratt,at
nigvayk,alExrEtmg. elIsBIenHeTAeTot enAeBl esc sIhnu GnuBaateGayyYn dak;TBenAelITwkdIExr enA
RKadMbUg TByYnTaMgenaH mancritstbUt eKarBnUvRbBNIExrya:gl. yYn enApHNa EtgCYye)asRcassMGat
pHsMEbg CMnYsExrmas;pHenaH. yYn CYyBuHGus ErkTwkdak;Bag ekIbGacm_eKa Gacm_RkbI CYyeFVIkargardksg
epSg. yYn minedkenAelIpHeT suxcitedkeRkampHGkRsuk ebIsUm,I RtUvkUnGkRsukenamdak;k,al kyYnmin
EdlsMEdgeTamnsSesaHeLIy. enAeBlyYn ebHpldMNaMExr yYnEtgcgluydak;tam eQITaMgenaH TukeGay
mas;. ebIyYneFVIGIV eGayxUcxatdl;RbeyaCn_Exr yYneFVIsg bsgCaluyvijPam. TegVIEbbenHehIy )aneFVI
eGayExrenAtamRsukERscMkarsab;cit ePcKitRbvtiEtGug ePcKiterOgTwkdIExreRkamEdlyYnelbfI dUcRtIePc
Kitfa kuk EtgsIuRtICaGahardUecaHEdr. ExreCOCak;TaMgRsugfa yYnCamnusSl KYreGayRsLaj;TMnukbMrug. Ca
erOgKYreGayGama:s;bMput EdlyYnenAelITwkdIExrehIy yYn)ane)aHBum<Rkdas;R)ak;Exr Ekgkay edIm,Iykmk
bgM ExreGaylk;RsUvGgeGayva nigedIm,IsUk)a:n; mU:nik kgkarbBaHbBalesc sIhnu yyl;RBmeGayyYn
e)aHTBedayxusc,ab;elITwkdIExr. luHdl;yYnmanmUldan mankarerobcMkMlaMgTB rwgmaM nig)ansabRBYs lTi
kumynis eFIVeGaysgmExr Ebk)ak;regaHregI ehIyyYncab;epImekobsgt;elIExr enAtamCayEdnEdlCa tMbn;
vadak;TBenaH edaykarbgMeGaylk;es,geGayvaEknExrmas;RsukeGaydwkRKab;rMesv es,gGahareTAeGay
TBvaenAtamsmrPUmi nig RtYtRtatMbn;TaMgenaHfa CaTwkdIrbs;vaEtmg. elIsBIenH karlYcqgEdn cUleTAvay
RbharTBGaemrik enAkm<CaeRkamyYnxagt,g rYcrt;mkBYnenAkgTwkdIExr yYnTaMgenaH min)anlak;xnenAtam
RBPMeT vaEtge)aHTB enAtamPUmirbs;GkRsuk . luHkgTBGaemrik nigyYnxagt,g vayRbedjmkvijman kar
rkSasiTi
)aj;epag bTMlak;RKab;EbkCaedIm EtgeFIVkarvayRbharelIPUmiTaMgenaH bNaleGayExrstRtg; RtUvsab;TaMg

ekgcas; y:agGaeNacGaFm. erOgGs;enaH minEmnCaehtukarcdneT EtCaeRKagkarexARkxVk;dCak;lak;mYy
EdlyYneRKagTuk nigbegIteLIg edIm,IykelsdutsRgammkkgRsukExr. eBlenaHehIy eTIbExrPJak;xn ekA
RkhayeRkakeLIgeFIV)atukmRbqaMgnwgTByYnTaMgenaH. Etesc sIhnu RtLb;CaefaleTas)atukrExreTAvij.
RKaenaH yYnmankMlaMgTBRbkbedayGavuFTMenIb mankarBiesaFn_sat;CMnajkgsRgamTBRB TBerobry dl;
eTA 60 000-80 000nak; elITwkdIExreRkamkar]btmKaMRTeBjTMhwgBIesc sIhnu. EtkgxNCamYyKaenaH
TBCatiExrmanGavuFFunGn; xVHkarhVwkhVWn xVHkarBiesaFn_ KanlTPaBerobcMeRtomsRgam eRBaHRtUv)anesc
sIhnu kMritfvika nigcMnYneGaymanRtwm30 000nak; bu:eNaH. enHCa TegVIedayectna kgkarcgdTBExr min
eGaymansmtPaBtbt nwgsRtUvQanBan. sIhnu xngkdwgEdrfa nwgmanerOgCayfaehtu ekIteLIgeday
eCosminrYc. erOgenH minxusBI TegVIk,t;Catirbs; hun Esn Edl bMpajGavuF rab;EsnedIm ecalsBVfenHeLIy
CaTegVIeFVIeGayExrsab; edaybiTEPkminCitenAeBlxagmux. TaMg kumnis b:ul Bt TaMgBYk kmynis hun Esn/
Ca sIum/ ehg sMrin/ suTswgCamnusSEdlbNHbNalGb;rMedayyYn. Qutqak EdlnaMeGaymanval BiXat
nigPaBvwkvrsBVfenH kecjBIneya)ayvatTI EdleRKagTukeday hU CImij enHg. ehtukardUcerobrab;mkenH
ehIy EdlCaedImcm naMeGaymanRBitikarN_ 18 mina 1970 enaHekIteLIg. PaBmaneRbob xageyaFa nigkar
eRKagTukCamunrbs; yYn Edlmanesc sIhnu CYypgenaH ehIy)anpl;lTPaB eGay yYn RBehIn vaysRgb;
Pam y:agsahav snab;mkelITBCatiExr enARKadMbUg kgbMNgeRbIR)as;eBldxIbMput nwg elbRt)ak;ykdI
ExreGay)anEtmg. EtmindUckarKitrbs;ecar yYn eLIy yuvCnExr)aneRkakeLIgeFIVkarttaMg y:agGg;Gac eFVI
eGayyYn)ak;GMNYteTAvij. cMENkesc sIhnu minRtwmEtminCYyTb;Tl;eT EtEbCanaMRbBn kUnTaMgBUCeTA
CYyyYneGaymkvayExr nigERskefaleTas GkEdleFVIkar karBarCatieTAvij. kgRbvtisaRs escEdlman
eQaH sIhnu enH mancMnYn 2nak;ehIy suTswgEteFVIkBaHyYnTaMgGs;. ExrminRtUvePc emeron GtItkalTaMgGs;
enHeT karePcGtItkal nwgeFVI eGayGtItkal lgvij enAeBlNamYyminxan.
RtLb;mkvij ktasab;rs;rbs;Exr sitenAelIkareRCIserIsGkdwknaM CaExrBitR)akd CaGkesaHRtg;
cMeBaHCati mankarPJak;rlwk hanniyayBit eFIVBit hanTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHTegVIrbs;xnedaymineKcevsedaHsar
Rbkan;BakBitsc hanlHbg;GIVRKb;ya:g edIm,IeGayCatirs; Kg;vgS nigrIkcMerIn. minEmnCaGkGataniym Kit
EtRbeyaCn_xn RkumRKYsar nigbkSBYkxneLIy. kngmkehIy enAeBlEdlExrman emdwknaM CaGkeshaCati
BitR)akd )aneFVIeGayRbeTsExr minRtwmEterIbMrH BIkarrukran rbs;sRtUv)anb:ueNaHeT EfmTaMgeFVIeGayRbeTs
Cati kayCamhaGMNacmYy dGsarenAkgtMbn; manTwkdIFM lVwgelVIy. dUcmanrYcmkehIy RBH)aTCyvrnTI 2
TI 7/ suriyavrnTI1TI2 CaedIm )annaMRbeTsCatirIkcMerIn dl;kMBUl nastvtSr_TI 7-13 kngmk. elak sWn
Kuy hanlHbg;CIvit edIm,IeGayvb,FmExr nigRBHBuTsasnaenAKg;vgS sMrab;ExreRkam. semcsgraC CYn
Nat/ swug g:ukfaj;/ Gacar Ehm ecov/ )a:c QWn/ GIuv ekIH/ yutivgS/ ]kj:a RkLaehamKg;
hanlHbg;CIvit erIbMrHcMeBaHkar Kabsgt;rbs;breTs edIm,IkarBarCati matuPUmiExr [Kg;vgS rhUtmkdl;sBVf
rkSasiTi
keRBaHEtGs;elakTaMgenH CaGkeshaCatiBitR)akd. dUcenH eyIgCaGkeshaCatiExr RtUvEtxitxMrkviFI CYy

seRgaHRbCaBlrdExr EdlkMBugEt rgnUvkarQWcab; TaMgpvkay pvcit nwgGMeBIyg;Xg CiHCan; sgt;sgin kab;
sMlab; EbbRBpS y:agGyutiFm BIsMNak;BYkmanGMNack,t;Cati nigkarrgeRKaHedaysarGMeBIBukrlYy rbs;
BYkva EdleFIVeGayExrrs;kg PaBRkIRk lg;exA Pyxac Gt;Xan.
-eKalbMNg nigTisedA (Goal and Objective)

emdwknaMCatiExr caM)ac;RtUvmaneKalbMNg nigTisedAc,as;las; eRCIserIs yuTsaRs nig meFa)ayb
viFankar RtwmRtUv RsbtamsankarN_tMrUv edIm,InaMpv GkeRkambgab; GnuvtkickarmYy eGay)aneCaKCy TTYl
)annUvlTplEdlcg;)an. ebIeyIgCaemdwknaM KaneKalbMNg nigTisedAc,as;las;eT enaHKan GkeRkambgab;
edIrtameyIgeLIy. eKalbMNg eTotesat CaeKalbMNgFMcMbg minEmnCaerOgsMrab;buKl bRkumRKYsareLIy.
eKalbMNg nemdwknaMExr RtUvEtKitdl; plRbeyaCn_rYm plRbeyaCn_CatiTaMgmUl.RbCaCatiExr nigGkesha
III
CatiTaMgGs; RtUvmansartI sVyPJak;rlwkneya)ayx<s; edaymincMa)ac;maneKdas;etOneRcIn ehIyhaneRkakQr

10
rkSasiTi
eLIgmuneK sVHEsVgrkKIKa cgRkgkMlaMgeshaCati eGayPJak;rlwkrYmKaCaFgmYy eFVIkartsUedIm,IbuBVehtuCati

sasna nigRbCaCatiExreGayrYc cakputBIkarCiHCan; rbs;BYkemRtYtRtapac;kar hun Esn EdlCakBaHdac;f
rbs;yYn eGay)anTan;eBlevla ehIyBYtdKa naMCatieyIgeGayTTYl)annUv kPaBCati sniPaB kraCPaB
GFibetyPaB RbCaFibetyBit nigvibulPaBBitR)akdmYyRbkbeday ]tmPaB eGay)any:agdac;xat sMrab;
xneyIg nigkUnecAExrCMnan;eRkay. RKb;degImecjcUl eyIgRtUvTenj rlWk cgcaMCanicfa etIeyIgmanbMNgeFIV

GVI? eFIVya:gem:c? eFIVenAeBlNa?RtUveFIVenAkEngNa? nrNa cg;)annUvlTplenH?. eyIgRtUverobcMxneyIgCa
mun munnwgeTAdwknaMeK dUcRBHsgEdr RtUvbMeBjFmCamun munnwgTTYl)ankareGankayfVaybgMedaysuTcit
BIBuTbrisT. minxVHeTGkedIrtam xVHEtGkdwknaM EdleFVIxn eGayeKTTYlRBmedIrtamb:ueNaH.
-smtPaB keTs nigkarBiesaFn_c,as;las; ( Professional Skills and Experiences)

emdwknaM bIdUcCa GkebIkbrnavamak; CaGkEdlsal;TwsedAc,as; mankeTskgkarebIkbrBitR)akd
edIm,InaMExr[dl;eRtIy RbkbedaysuvtiPaB. EtebIxngminsal;pvc,as;eTenaH nwgnaMyGkedIrtam vegVgpv
maneRKaHfak;dl;GayuCIvit. emdwknaMExrBitR)akd KWCaGkEdlmansmtPaB mankeTs karBiesaFn_ nigsad
GIVmYyBitR)akd dUcCa keTsxagc,ab; esdkic neya)ay eyaFa sgmkic nigvisyaepSg CaedIm. emdwknaM
KansmtPaB bKancMeNHdwg ebIeTaHCamanKMniteshaCatiFMb:uNa kminGacEkxbBaaCati)aneLIy. ebIeyIg
segtemIlRbeTsExrbcb,n eRkamkarRtYtRtaBYk hun Esn CnBalkMeLA/ ehg sMrin Gkkab;RCUk GanGkSr
ExrminRtUv/ Ca sIum CaecarlYceKaenAtamRBMEdn ehIyGYtxnfa CabNitTaMgggitggl;\teGonxas etIRbeTs
CatinwgrIkcMerIn dUcemcekIt? ebIfa bMerIplRbeyaCn_yYn edImI,GMNaceTIbRtUvCag. TegVIrbs;BYk ecar taMgxneFVI
ecHTaMgenH maneRKaHfak;y:agFn;Frdl;RbeTsCati bGacfaCaTegIVk,t;Catiedayectna dUcKanwgBakfa GkxVak;
naMpv GkvegVg bkfa {kardwknaMedayPaB lg;exAmaneTasesInwg GMeBIk,t; }ya:gdUecaH Edr.
IV
Rtg;cMNucenH sUmelIkykerOgeRBgExrmYymkviPaK GMBIkardwknaM KWerOg FnBay. GkniBnbgajBI

virPaBrbs; FnBay EdlmanRtkUlCaraRssamBa GackarBarTwkdITl;nwg karQanBanBI breTs cineday
sarPaBeQsv nigsmtPaB. edaysartITTYlxusRtUv manKMniteshaCatix<g;x<s; FnBay GacedaHRsay
Rbsa CamYyGkR)aCJcin )anedayeCaKCy cMENkesc KitEterOg RsIjI sIiueCar ehIylg;nwgkarEGbGblut
Rkab nigraCblg KansmPaBkarBarRbeTsCati minhanykGkR)aCJmkCit xaceKdeNImGMNac rhUtbBaa
eGayeKsMlab;GkR)aCJecalEfmeTot. TaMgenH srbBaak;fa esc GsmtPaB lg;exA rEmgPyRBYyxac BYk
bNitGkR)aCJ. cMENk FnBay CakUnrbs;BlrdRkIRk samBaesaH ebIeTaH RtUvrgnUvkarBaFaBa)aT BIBYk esc
escsg nigmRnIEGbLby:agNakI kminlHbg;nUvKMnitxVl;xVay BIeCaKvasnarbs;RbeTsCati CnrYmelahit
esaHeLIy enAEtriHrkmeFa)ay CYykarBarRbeTsCati TwkdIeGayenAKg;vgSBIkarrMelaP bMBan cg;)an TwkdIBI
breTs cinCitxag luHRtaEt)ansMerceCaKCy. edaymankarBayamsikSaBI RBHRKecAGFikarrbs;xn y:ag
sVitsVaj eFIVeGayFnBay mancMeNHR)aCJa GacGUsTaj BYkesdI nigesc yluHtamKMnitrbs;xn)an y:ag
11
rkSasiTi
RbesIr. erOgenHGkniBncg;bBaak;fa tYrGgesc kgerOgenH KansmtPaBdwknaMRbeTsCatiTal;EtesaH nig

bgajfa Blrd kmansmtPaBGacdwknaMRbeTspgEdr EtBYkeKKankas. )annyfa minEmnmanEtBUC esc
eT eTIbmansmtPaB ehIykminEmn eGayEtraRssamBa suTEtGklg;exAenaHeLIy. GkniBncg;KUs bBaak;
ma:geTotfa escEdlbnbedaybreTs EtgmancritmYy KW { eBlGasn RtUvkarGkkahan GkR)aCJ eBl)an
blg )anGMNackxacGkR)aCJ GkkahandeNImbuN ehIyktaMgrkelssMlab;;GkTaMgenHecal }. ehtudUecH
ehIy )anCaRbeTsBak;kNalelIBiPBelak )anedIreTArklTiRbCaFibety yGMNacRbCaBlrdCaFM. eBl
FnBayCitsab; FnBauy )anpaMescfa {ebIsIu RtIRBYlkMuecalRska sIuRtIR)a kMuecal RskI } kMufaeLIy dl;eTAKit
eXIj sUm,IEtGtnynRbeyaKrbs; FnBay kesckMeLAenHminyl;pg. GkniBnkcg;KUs bBaak; pgEdrfa
eRkaysmyGgr Exrkan;EtcuHexSay erovrYjtUc mkdl;sBVf keRBaHEtRbeTsExrmanEtescGsmtPaBeLIg
RtYtRtaRbeTsb:ueNaH bRtUv)anRtYtRtaedayBYkesc EdlelIkbnbedaybreTs bCaGay:gbreTsCaerogrhUt
mk sUmGanRbvtisaRsExr. RbeTsExrsBVf kmansPaBdUcKa nwgerOgenHEdr. enHCaktasab;rs;mYy naM
eGayExrrlt;rlaycuHexSay rkklnwgsab;dUceBlbcb,n . edayehtudUc)anBnl;erobrab;mkxagelI eTIb
)anCa enAkgsgmRbCaFibety GkdwknaM eKeGayRbCaBlrdmantMl mansiTiesIKa TaMgRbusRsI. RbCaBl
rd RtUv)anbNHeGaymansmtPaBRKb;Ka edIm,IdwknaMRbeTs eTIbRbeTs mankarrIkcMerIn minEmnmanEtmnusS
mak; EdlxaMgdUc Gay:gyYn hun Esn eLIy KMniteRcIn RbesIrCag KMnitmYy bkfa skGkecH RbesIrCag
skesA skmnusSexA skesARbesIrCag.
tamBitRbeTsExrRtUvTTYl)anesrPaB nigsniPaB rugerOgcab;taMgBI )araMgRbKl;kraCna qaM1954
mkemH. EtpyeTAvij RbeTsExr)anFak;cUlkgsgamcab;BIqaM1964 bnrhUtdl; RBitikarTMlak; sI hnu )an
ekIteLIgenAf 18 mIna 1970. escenH min)anykeBlevladmantMl nsniPaBdlRbesIrCit 20qaM enH
edIm,IksagRbeTseT EtEbCalIla hk;elat tamExSjak; yYn cin qtnwgGMNac siIueCartamkar beBaar kar
beBaIcbeBaI BIBYk yYncin TaMgenH nigKitEtEtgkunelan EdlemIlminyl;enaHeTAvij. sUm,IEtdl; kMritsBVf
enHeTAehIy enAEtqtnwgkarraMeRcog Etgkun EtelandEdl . ebICa kunelan RbvtisaRsCati Edlxn)an dwg
)anqgkarenaH CakarRbesIr EtCaerOglIla RsIekgeTAvij.
12
rkSasiTi
escetOenH minRBmeFIVsm<nmiRtkgPaBesImux nwgmhaGMNacputelx elIelakeT EtsuxcitRbmUlTaMg

BUC eTAeFVIkBaHdac;frbs; EqbMerI hun EsnyYn eTAvij. kMhusqgrbs; esc sIhnu kgkarGnuBaaateGay
ecaryYneyokug dak;taMg TBCit 1Esn nak; eBlenaH TahanExr manmindl; 40000nak; pg enAelITwkdIExr
CaehtunaMeGaysgmCati )ak;EbkERbHqaCabkS CaRkum nigCaedImcmnaMeGaymanRBitikar 18 mina 1970 enaH
ekItmaneLIg eRkamkardwknaM rbs;elak ln; nl; nigRTg; sIusuvti sirimt edIm,Iedj yYn eyokkug BITwkdIExr.
sUmbBaak;fa RBitikarN_ 18 mina 1970 enaH minGacekItmaneLIgedaykg bedaycdneLIy ebIKanGMeBI
k,t;Catirbs;esc sIhnu eTenaH. sRgamvwkvr eBjpRbeTs rvag kgTBkumynis EdlmanyYn eyokkug CYy
KaMRTy:ageBjTMhwg )anrIkraldalrhUt dl;f 17 emsa 1975. f 17 emsa 1975 Caf CyCMnHrbs;
yYnkumynis\Ncin minEmnCaeCaKCyrbs;BYkkumyhis b:ul Bt eT. cab;BIf 18 mina 1970 dl; 7 mkra

1979 yYn)aneRbI esc sI hnu EdlmanKMnMusgswk nwgCnrYmCatiExrstRtg; EdlmindwgGI ehIy nigsPaCati
Exr Edl)anTMlak;xnBIGMNac eGayGMBavnav tamviTeb:kaMg dl;Exr eGaycUlRBm:aKI cUl RBtsUmkc,aMg
nwgExrKag. esclIlaenH eFVIedayrIkray TaMggegIlBkfas edayminKitfaxnkMBugEtsMlab;
CnCatiExrTaMgLay EdleKarB EdlehAxngfa eBjmat; . yYneRbIR)as; lTikumynis CameFa)ay
edIm,IbMEbkbM)ak;sgmExr nigeRbIR)as;BYkExreyokmij EdlyYn)an cab;bBaneTA bMBak;lTikumynis enAyYn
xageCIg nigeqVgRCulniym b:ul Bt sIhnu edaymanPak;garyYn bnMxnCaExr bgb;CamYy BYkRkhm TaMg 3Rkum
enH eFIVkarjHjg; eGaymankarkab;sMlab;KarvagExrKag CaBiess eGayeFVIkarkab;sMlab;sgswkeTAelI BYk
GkCatiniym EdlRsLaj;lTiRbCaFibety BYksaFarNrd ln; nl; nig sirimt ehIylabBNTMlak;
13
rkSasiTi
kMhusTaMgRsugeTAelI rbb b:ul Bt. rYcehIyyYndEdlenH )anykBYkExreyokmij mYyRkumeTotEdlman Eb:n

suvN/ ehg sMrin/ Ca sIum/ hun Esn CaExl edIm,IvaylukcUlRsukExr edayykelsfa mkCYyrMedaHExr
BIrbbvalBiXateTAvij. yYnTuk sI hnu CaExlsMlab;citBlrdExr rhUtmkdl;bcb,n. f 7 mkra 1979
minEmn Caf rMedaHeT EtCa fEdlyYn QanBanelb ykTwkdIExr nigbn;ykRTBsm,tiExry:agR)akd ehIy
kCafEdlyYn elIkbnb BYkk,t;Cati ehg sMrin/ hun Esn/ Ca sIum eGayRtYtRta RbeTsExr edIm,Ibn
Gnuvtn_ neya)aykab;sMlab; rMlayBUCsasn_ExrteTAeTot sRgampkg nig k5rhUtdl;qaM 1993. rhUt
mkTl;sBVfenHeTotesat Gay:g hun Esn/ Ca sIum/ ehg sMrin/ enAEtGnuvtn_neya)aykab;sM;lab;enH Ca
drabmkedayKanQb;Qr eRkampak raCaniymfI manesc sIhnu CYybiT)aMg neya)ayk,t;Catirbs;BYkva nig
EpnkarexARkxVk;rbs;yYn. ebIyYn CYyExr ehtuGVI )anCamankarcgRkgRbvtisaRsEkgkay TukeGayExreron
enHminKWCamhcitaelbykdIExr EdlmankareRKagTuky:aglitln;eTb?.
RBHBuTCaGgmas;)anRtas;fa {minRtUveGayCnBalGviCa manGMNacdwknaMeLIy eRBaHfaCn RbePTenH
manEtkarelaPln; sahavyg;Xg nigkareRskQamRbCaBlrdg bBukmaybegItxng edIm,IGMNac}.
KMnitmYyeTot)aneBalfa {minRtUv[CnBalmanGMNaceLIy EtRtUvdkhUtGMNacBICnBal mkRbKl;

CUnGkEdlmanKuNFM mansmtPaB esaHRtg;nwgCati RbCaCatiExrvij} .
ktaEdlnaMeGayExrmansRgambgrQamedaysar
{kMhusemdwknaM } Caesc EdlbnbedaybreTsQanBan CaCnelaPGMNac KanKMniteshaCati
sasna nigRbCaCatiExrTal;EtesaH. emdwknaM GsmtPaB dwknaMedaybuKlmak; minEmnCaRkum
emdwknaM .
{neya)aydwknaM} neya)aydwknaMminRtwmRtUv Kanckvisy KankraC Kan\sSrPaB xagKMnit.
{RbBnRKb;RKg} RbBndwknaMEbbbuKlniym cas;KMril pac;kar GtaFibetyniym .
{vib,tiraCvgS} Tas;ETg deNImGMNacKa BwgBak;breTs nwgPaBCaGay:gbreTs .
neya)ayvatTIniym elbTwkdIBIsMNak; yYn esom CaedIm yk menaKmn_viCakumynis b
sasna CameFa)ay.
14
rkSasiTi
ExremIlgayxng emIlgayxng eGaytMlCatidTCagExrKag BwgEpkEteTAelI breTs

edIm,IGMNac. Exr)at;bg; RBlwgkPaBCati RBlwgCaGkkahan RBlwgCaGkksagGgr .
-esckIkahan nigkarebCJacit (Braveness and Commitment)

eyIgCaemdwknaMExr RtUvEtmanesckIkahan naMmuxeK muneK BuHBarRKb;]bsKCanic minRtUvrYjra bkMsak
xacsab;enaHeT,Iy. eBalKW eyIgminGacdwknaMeK)aneT ebIeyIgenABIxageRkayeK. dUcBMuenalmYyeBalfa {ebI
dwgehIyminhan eronecHehIymineFIV b:gehIysak;esIrminbrpac; sMerccitminTan;eBlevla etInwgmanRbeyaCn_

GIV?} . eyIgCaExrGkeshaCatiRKb;rUb RtUveronykcMeNHmkCYy bMerICatieyIgeGayrIkcMerInrugerOg. KannrNa
mak;EdlGacrs;enA CaGmteLIy ekItmkehIyKg;Etsab;eTAvij . ehtudUecHehIy kgnamCaemdwknaMExrmYy

rUb eyIgRtUvEthaneFIVGIVmYyCaRbeyaCn_ dl;sgmCati nigRbCaCatiExr edayminxacrGa cMeBaHesckIsab; eRBaH
fa esckIsa b;mancMeBaHmnusSRKb;rUb KannNamak;ecosputeLIy RKan;EtmunnigeRkayEtb:eu NaH. RbeTsCati
kMBgu Fak;kg mhnrayehIy eyIgCaemdwknaMExr RtUvEtsVHEsVgrt;rkrYbrYmKa eRkakQreLIg eFVkI ar seRgaH karBar
Cati kMeu Gay)at;bg;.
esckIkahan enATIenH sMedAeTAelIGkEdlhaneRkakQr hanniyay haneFIV nigxitxMRbwgERbg ya:g
eBjTMhwg Gs;BIkMlaMg kay cit edayminedkrg;caMmanemdwknaMNaeLIy. eyIgCaExr manbuBVsiTieBjelj
RtwmRtUv Rsbc,ab; kgkarnaMKaeRkakeLIg edayesckItaMgcit y:agmutmaM edIm,ICYyeRsacRsg; seRgaHCatiExr
EdlkMBugQaneTArkhaynPaB dFn;FrenH. eRBaHfa ebICatiExrrs; eTIbeyIgCaRbCaCatiExrTaMgGs; rs;enA
edaymantMlCamnusS mankitanuPaBnigemaTnPaBCaExr enAelIBiPBelakenH. eyIgminRtUvrg;caMGkmanbuN
BINamkdwknaMExreLIy eRBaHBakfa GkmanbuN RKan;EtCaBak eFVIeGayExredklk; GacCaBake)akR)as
erobcMeLIgeday BYkGksRgamcitsaRsrbs;yYn edIm,IRKan;EtCameFa)ayeFVIeGayExr sgwmenA
kgreNAmrNEtb:ueNaH. karrg;caMenH Cakarrg;xl; rg;caMpayelIemX EdlKanfekItmankarBitesaHeLIy
ehIyCakarrg;caM TukkaseGayyYneRbI hun Esn sMlab;qnExr rhUtdl;kMerIkElgrYc )at;bg;TIkdITaMgRsug
dUcRbeTscM)a: nigkm<CaeRkamEtb:ueNaH . eBlenaH ExreyIg R)akdCa hYseBleTAehIy.
ebIeyIgTaMgGs;KabENtbeNay TukeGayCatieyIgsab; enaH RbvtisaRs mnsikar nwgedoletHeyIg
fa CaCnrmilKuNCati EdlCaGk)anpl;kMeNIteGayeyIgral;Ka. CatieyIg kMMBugEtmanCMgW bIdUcCaBuk may
eyIgmanCMgWdUecaHEdr ebIeyIgminbI)ac;rkSakarBar bBa)alelak eGaymanCIvitCIv:a Tan;eBlevlaeT eBlEdl
elaksab; eTAvaKanRbeyaCn_GIV EdleyIgnaMKa yMesakseRggsayeRkay RbwgeFIVbuNeGayenaHesaHeLIy
eRBaHfa elakminGacrs;mkvij)aneT. cMeBaHCativijkdUecaHEdr eyIgRtUvEtnaMKaEfrkSa kaBarCamun kMueGay
)at;bg;TwkdI nigBUCsasn_eyIgCadac;xat. karrYbrYmBit CakMlaMgclkrdmhasal GacvayrujRcan sRtUvyYn
15
rkSasiTi
nig Gay:geGayrlaysabsUn)an ebIeyIgTaMgGs;KamanesckItaMgcitmutRsYcCagxaMg tsUGt;Ft; RTaMGt; RTaM

Xanx<s;CagxaMg eyIgR)akdCa)aneCaKCy. cegwHmYy)ac; yYnkac;min)ak; ebIeyIgEtmak; yYnnwgbM)ak;)an.
y:agNamij ebIeTaHbIeyIgmanKMniteshaCati RCaleRCAkMritNa brpac;fak;NakI EtebIeyIgminsVHEsVg rt;rk
cg)ac;KaCa)ac; CaFgmYyeT eyIgminGacTTYleCaKCy)anesaHeLIy.
eyIgKYrelIkyk erOgGaxVak;GaxVin mkBicarNa nwgeFVIeGayeyIgyl;)anfa GkniBncg;bBaak;fa esc
EdltaMgxnCamas;EpndI manEtPaBkMsak suxcityraRs sab; CMnYsxneTAvij edayeFVIya:gNa eGayEtxn
)anrs;enAblg elIGMNacb:ueNaH xVHkarTTYlxusRtUv xVHkIkahanGg;Gac eGaysmzan xVHPaBbrpac;rYmsux
rYmTukCamYyraRsxng. pyeTAvij edaysartIsamKI rYbrYmKa nayxVak;nayxiVn CaCnsamBa ebIeTaHbIxnCa
CnBikar nigdwgxnfaRtUvsab;kI Et)anBYtdrYmKa y:agekovkaGg;Gackahan eBjedImRTUgCakUYnRbus egIbeLIg
tsU edImI,karrs;ranrbs;xn nwgRbCaCati. BYkeKminRtwmEt GackarBarCIvitxn BIcMNIykSb:ueNaHeT EtGackar
BarCIvit RbCaCati CnrYmCati eGayrs;rUYcputBIcMNIykS )anedayeCaKCy. nayxVak;nayxVin min)anedkrg;caM
GkmanbuN GsarNa mkCYyxn edayePckarBwgEpkelIxngesaHeLIy. enHCaemerondRbesIr EdlRbCa
CatiExrTaMgGs; KYrfwgEfg RtgRtab; yktMrab;tam ehIyeRkakeLIgrYmKa eFIVemdwknaMedayxng dUcnayxVak;
nayxiVn edIm,IGayuCIvitRbCaCatiExr plRbeyaCn_Cati nigRbeTsExreyIgeGayKg;vgS kgkaleTsenH.
-suxPaBl (Healthy)
suxPaBenATIenH sMedATaMgBIry:ag TaMgsuxPaBxagpvkay nigsuxPaBpvcit. suxPaBxagpvkaysMedA
eTAelIkaysm,Ta. kgzanCa emdwknaM RtUvEtCamnusSEdlmanlkNeBjelj Rbus bRsI BitR)akd minEmn
CamnusSBika nUvjaNmYYyNa ehIyKan CMgWQWFn;Fr. suxPaBemdwknaM eRbobdUcCassr sMrab;RTRTg; pH TaMg
mUl eGaymanlkNrwgmaM. emdwknaMExr RtUvmanGnamyCanic rhsrhYn skmkargar nig]sSah_ Bayam.
emdwknaM minEmnCamnusSEdlxilRcGUs bRbmwk EdlRbRBwtiGMeBITucrit man El,g RsI Rsa BukrlYy GyutiFm
nigPUtPrkuhk enaHeLIy. emdwknaMExr RtUvmanTwkcitrIkray Rss;fa rak;Tak;dak;GkeRkambgab;munCanic. em
dwknaMCatiExr minRbkan;erOgkMbiukkMbu:k bkRbkan; bkRkGWtRkTm dak;GkeRkambgab; bk kwbekg CiHCan; rwbyk
plRbeyaCn_RbCaBlrd edIm,ICaRbeyaCn_pal;xn bbkSBYkeLIy. emdwknaMExr man\riyabT viCman nig sartI
rwgbwug TwkmuxFmta Canic eTaHCakgeBlCYb]bsK bkaleTsEbbNakI. sUmsikSabEnm viFIeFIV eGaycit
brisuT rbs;elak yan yab .
VI
suxPaBpvcit emdwknaMRtUvmanmenamyiTi. emdwknaMExr RtUvman citsaRsx<s; Gacsal;BIcit tMrUvkar

nig GacTak;TajGkeRkambgab; eGayeKarB RsLaj; nig cUlcitxn. emdwknaMExr minRtUvmancitesAhg Tuk
RBYy xVayxVl; GIVTaMgGs;. emdwknaM RtUvmansmaFi citsb; . emdwknaM RtUvRKb;RKgGarmN_xn eGay)anl
minqab;rMePIb sIueCar GMNYt Gn;cit xwgeqvqav RcENnQanIs. emdwknaMExr RtUvmancitl citTUlay nigecHCYy
16
rkSasiTi
GkdT. m:agvij eTot emdwknaMExr RtUvxitxMBayam hVwkhat; eGaymanmenayiTi. emdwknaMExr Gachat;eron

edayxng)an tamrykarhat;bBaa elIGarmN_xng kalNaeyIgbBaaelIGarmN_rbs;xng)anehIy
eBlenaH eyIgCak;Ca GacbBaaelIGarmN_ GkdT)andUcKaEdr.
-KuNFm (Virtue)
emdwknaMExr CaRkumCnEdlGacdwknaMRbeTseTArk suxsniPaB suPmgl RbCaFibety yutiFm rugerOg
dl;sgmCati. emdwknaMExr RtUvEtCaGkmanKuNFm cMeBaHRbCaBlrdExr eRBaHfaemdwknaM eRbobdUcCa Buk rI
GkedIrtam bRbCaBlrdExr eRbobdUcCa kUn nigCakIsgwm sMrab;RbCaCatiExr CaelIkcugeRkay . dUcenH em
dwknaMExr RtUvRbkan;xab;nUv RBhviharFm nig TsBiFraCFm .
VII
k-RBhviharFm
etIRBhviharFmmanGIVxH? RBhviharFm manemta kruNa muTita nig]ebka.
1-emta (Love)
emta KW esckIGaNit RsLaj; cg;eGayGkpg)ansux. emdwknaMExr EtgEtmankarGaNitGasUrCanic
dl; GkeRkambgab; nigRbCaBlrdExr . ykcitTukdak;x<s;bMput eBalKW ebIeyIgRsLaj;xngb:uNa eyIgRtUv
Et RsLaj;GkdT Rkumkargar kUnecA GkeRkambgab; nigRbCaBlrdExr bu:NwgEdr. RBH)aTCyvrnTI7 Ca
kSRt Edlman TsBiFraCFm nigRBhviharFmBitR)akd RTg;ykRBHTyTukdak;xVayxVl;cMeBaHrasCanic {RTg;
manRBH TyRBYy)arm cMeBaHeraKrbs;RbCaraRsRBHGg CagRBHGaBaFRBHGgeTAeTot eRBaHfaesckITuk rbs;

raRs KWCa esckITukrbs;GkRKb;RKgTaMgLay minEmnesckITukpal;RBHGgeT EdlnaMeGayRBHGgRBYyQWcab;
enaH } . cUr eyIghat;RsLaj; GkNaEdlGksb;bMput .
2-kruNa (Help)
kruNa ecHCYyseRgaH GkdTy)anesckIsux. emdwknaMExr RtUvecHCYyseRgaH GkRkIRklM)ak Gk
rgeRKaH GkEdlsitkgPaBlg;exA nigGkmanvibtiepSg. emdwknaMExr RtUvEthanlHbg;RKb;Ebbya:g edIm,I
CYyseRgaHCnrYmCatixn yrYcputBIesckITukevTnaTaMgGs;enH EtdMeNaHRsaykgkarCYyseRgaHRtUvedaHRsay
BIedImcm nbBaa kMuBayamedaHcugbBaa vaCakarxateBl xatFnFan\tRbeyaCn_ ehIyebIeyIgRbwgedaH xaMg
b:uNa bBaaknwgekIneLIgb:ueNaH eTaHedaHrhUtsab;TaMgxneTot kBMuGaccb;)aneLIy. RBHBuTGg CaKMrURsab; RBH
Gg hanlHbg; raCsm,ti ysski esckIsuxpal;xn nigkamkiels tNaepSg rhUtdl;GayuCIvit edIm,I sVH
EsVgrkpv seRgaHmnusSelakTUeTA yrYcputBI GviCa KW esckITuk. elak swn Kuy CavIrbursExreRkam han
lHbg;CIvit edIm,IrkSaTuknUv RBHBuTsasna vb,Fm TMenomTMlab; nigRbBNIExr enAkm<CaeRkameGayKg;vgS
rhUtmkdl;bcb,n. buBVbursExr GkeshaCati CaeRcIneTot Edlsuxcitlbg;bUCaCIvit edIm,ICYy karBar Cati
17
rkSasiTi
TwkdI ekr_tMENl nigvb,FmExr eGayrYcputBIkarQanBan elbRt)ak;rbs;breTs eFIVeGayTwkdIExr)an Kg;vgS

rhUtmkdl;eBlenH. cMENkeyIgCa GkdwknaMExrmak; EdlkMBugGanesovePAenHenAkgd eyIgk_RtUvEtmankar
tBVkic eRkakQredaysVyPJak;rlwk CYyseRgaHCati bgbnrYmQamExrTaMgGs; eGayrYcputBIkarelbRt)ak;
rbs; ecaryYn EdlkMBugeFVIGaNaniKmn_EbbfI edayman huk LgDI/ sux Kg;/ nig CnCatiyYneRcIn eTot
kMBuglak;xnbgb;kgsabnsMxan; rbs;Cati RtYtRtaRbeTsExr nigRtUvCYyseRgaHCatiExreGayrYcput BI rbb
kumynIspac;kar hun Esn bMerIyYn ehIynaMRbCaCati nigRbeTsExr edIreq<aHeTArkkarrIkcMerIn Kg;vgS kgvibul
PaB nigmanfamBl sitesr esImuxnwgRbCaCatikgelakeGay)an. etI eyIgTaMgGs;Ka CaCatiExr suxcit Qr
eGabdemIlTukevTna RbCaBlrdExr EdlkMBugEtdegayehArk eyIgral;KaCaGkeshaCati eGayCYyseRgaH
CYyrMedaH erogral;f)aneT? beyIgTuk eGayBUCsasn_ExreyIg RtUvrlay)at;bg;BIelakenHeTA nasmyenH?
3-muTita (Unjealous)
muTita emdwknaMExr minRtUvmancitRcENnQanIs bGn;citcMeBaHkarrIkcMerIn eCaKCyrbs;GkdT b
GkeRkambgab; bRbCaBlrdeLIy. pyeTAvij emdwknaMExr RtUvsb,ayeRtkGr nwgesckIsuxcMerIn rbs;RbCa
CatiExr brIkraysaTr eBleXIj Exr )anesckIsuxedaysarxn. eRkayBIeBl xn)anCYyseRgaH eTaHbICaeK
minEfgGMNrKuNkeday kminRtUveTamnsS. mannyfa emdwknaMExr minRtUvrMlwk KuNrbs;xn GYtR)ab;eKeGay
dwgeBlCYyGkdTenaHeT . EtpyeTAvij emdwknaMExr RtUvsresIr nigGrKuN cMeBaHRbCaCatiExr Edl)an eFIVl
mkelIxn eTaHCaGMeBIlenaHtickI eRcInkI. eCOerOgKYreGayGam:as; nigQWcab; EdlRbCaCatiExrrs;eRkam)ateCIg
CnBalkMeLAdUcbkSBYk hun Esn sBVfenH. CnkMeLAenH EtgEtbBaaeGay dkhUtykeTAvijnUv rbs;rbr
TaMgLay Edlvaykmke)akExr ebItMbn;enaHraRsExrmine)aHeqateGayva. eBlfIenH va)anRbkasEkgfava
nwgeFVICanaykrdmRnI mYyCIvit Etvanwgminsagsg;salaeroneToteLIy ebIvaFak;BIGMNac. vaminEdl dwgKuN
GrKuNExreT EtvarEmgrlwkKuN dwgKuNecaryYn mindac;BImat;. dUcesc sIhnu minEdl GrKuN ExrGktsUkg
karCUndMeNIrxneGay)aneLIgesayraCenaH esaHeLIy EtescenH GrKuNGay:gk,t;Cati hun Esn eTAvij.
4-]ebka (Justice)
]ebka emdwknaMExr RtUvRbkan;citCakNal minlMeGog eRBaHsb; RsLaj; RcENn ninaQanIs Gn;
cit. emdwknaMExr esaHesIcMeBaH RbCaCatiExrTUeTA edayminerIseGIg edaysarPaBGKti nigkarRbkan; bkSBYk
neya)ay dUcGak,t; hun Esn sBVfenHeLIy. GkdwknaMExr RtUvbegIteKalkarN_rYm nigc,ab;rdCac,ab; mYy
mansmPaBGnuvtn_ elICnTUeTAdUcKa ehIyCaGk naMmuxeK Rbtibti Rbkan;eKalkarN_ nigGnuvtc,ab; [)an
RtwmRtUv. Etkgrbbk,t;sBVfc,ab; sMrab;cgdExrstRtg;eTAvij RkumRKYsarBYkk,t; minEdlmaneTasesaH
eLIy. ] enA qaM 1999 RbBn hun Esn )ancat;eGayEqrbs;xn )aj;sMlab; sil,krExrdl,I GkRsI Bisid
BlIkar eRBaHEtkarRbcN edayKaneTasBr_. enAqaM 2004 kyrbs; hun Esn eQaH nYYn suPa )aj;sMlab;
18
rkSasiTi
y:agrgal elIGkRkIRkTaMgkNalf kNalTIRkugPMeBj edayKanGkNarkyutiFmeGayesaH. elIsBIenH

enAtamTIRkug RbCaBlrdExr RtUv)anBYkGay:g beNjecjBIpHsMEbgedayKansMNg KankaredaHRsay edIm,I
ykdIlk;[QjbreTs. pyeTAvij CnCatiyYn EdlmktaMgTIlMenAxusc,ab; RtUv)anBYkvaxHExgrkpH sMEbg
dIFI nigkar]btmy:agRbesIr. minEmnRtwmEt lMeGogedayGKit eT EtvaCakarbgajy;:agc,as;RkELt nUvPaB
CakBaHdac;f lk;Catilk;TwkdI rbs;BYkGak,t; hun Esn sBVfenH. emdwknaM RtUvRbkan;yutiFm nigkareKarB
c,ab;CaFM CacMbg edayEpkelIRbeyaCn_ CatiExrCaFM.
x-TsBitFm
TsBiFFm KWCaeKalFmTaMg 10Rbkar EdlemdwknaM RKb;rUbRtUvEtRbkan;xab;Canic. eKalFmTaMg 10
Rbkarman
1-Tan (Donation)
Tan KWkarpl;eGaydUcCa vt sMPar cMeNHdwg Gb;rM k,nc,ab; nigkarGb;rMRBHFm dl;RbCaCatiExr CaTI
RsLaj;rbs;xnCaedIm. emdwknaMExr RtUvhanlHbg;FnFanpal;xn eFVIGMeNayTan dl;RbCaBlrdExr EdlRkI
RklM)ak. emdwknaMExr RtUveFVITan kgKngKtibNit minEmnkgEbbRbCaPifuteLIy. eBalKW GMeNayCa Ep ExS
snc nigcMeNHdwg edIim,IeGayExr ecHrk ecHscRtI ciBawmCIvitedayxng. EtminEmn ykRtI sMGuymYykny

knbsarugmYy eTAeGayraRsExr ehIybgab;ExreGaysb;ExrKag RsLaj;ecaryYnbn;TwkdIenaHeLIy. TegIV
rbs;bkSBYk hun Esn EdlykGMeNay becgmYykBab; nigknbsarugmYy eTAEckeGayExr CaTegIVEbbhut

TwksMlwgkak edIm,Ie)akR)asExr bryksnwkeqat ykGMNaceTAbMerIplRbeyaCn_ bkSBYkvamYykab;tUc nigyYn
ecAhVayva.
2-sIl (holy)
GkdwknaMl KWCaGkEdlRbkan;xab;viny GMeBIl tamvaTRBHBuT. emdwknaMExr RtUvmansIl 5kg xn.
TI1-sIlTaMg5 rYmman
GkdwknaMExr minsahavyg;Xg minRbRBwtGMeBITucritepSg minebotebonmitrYmkargar GkeRkamvaT
RbCaBlrdrbs;xn rhUtdl;karkab;sMlab;CaedIm. ]TahrN_ dUcCarbb hVasIus GIuEt/ m:UsUlInI/ ma:kS elnIn/
em:A esTug/ b:ul Bt/ kumynis\Ncin yYn ExrRkhm hun Esn Edl)aneFIVeGaymnusS
sab;rab;lannak;.
TI2-GkdwknaMExr minRtUvBukrlYy sIusMNUk lYcbnM ekgykRTBsm,tiCati bRTBbuKl bRkumRKYsar
NamYy edIm,IRbeyaCn_pal;xn bRbeyaCn_RkumRKYsar nigbkSBYkeLIy. emdwknaM RtUvEtmankaresaHRtg; cMeBaH
CatiRKb;eBlevla.
etIbkSBYk hun Esn manluymkBINa rab;landula dak;FanaKareRkARbeTs nigRTBsm,tihUrehor
epSg eTot? eyIgKYrBicarNaemIlfa hun Esn ehg sMrin nigbkSBYk ecjBIrbbRblyBUCsasn_kumynis
19
rkSasiTi
\Ncin man)atdTeTr dUcExrdTeTotEdr EtBYkenHmanRTBsm,tieRcInsniwksnab; cayminGs; ehIyykeTA

lak;TukecalenAFnaKar breTsrab;Ban;landulaeTot enHmin KWCakarlYcqk;bn;RTBsm,tiExreTb?. suxcit
lYcykluyCati eTATukecal EteGayRbCaBlrdExr RkIRk rehm rham Gt;Xan dac;eBaHsab;. BYkCnpac;kar
TaMgenH lYcRTBsm,tiCati edIm,Ixng RKYsarnigbkSBYkxnEtb:ueNaH. RBeQI FnFanFmCatieRkamdI elIdI Er:
mas Er:t,g RtUvBYkenH XubXitlk;eGayQjbreTs eFIVkarkab;Kas;kkay Kansl; eFVIeGayekIteRKaHraMgst
TwkCMnn;. kargarensaT GaCIvkm CMnajepSg RtUvBYkenHbeNayeGayyYn cUlmkdeNIm ykKansl;
eFIVeGayExrkayCaCnRkIRk rt;lUneTArkrs; enARbeTsCitxag ya:glM)akevTna ehIyRtUveK)aj;sMlab; TaMgkUn
kgp edayKanRbNIemta . eTaHdUecHkI BYkenHminEdlrkxusRtUveGay ExrstRtg;TaMgenaH Tal;EtesaH .
pyeTAvij ebICnCatiyYn xusc,ab;gab;mak; vaERskesIEbkviTTUrTsSn_rbs;Exr. enHCaPaBkBaHdac;f
rbs;BYkGak,t; hun Esn. BYk hun Esn/ Ca sIum/ ehg sMrin CaCnk,t;Cati CaeQIgsgm CaRBaybIsac
CBak;QamExr CaRkumecarlYcCati lk;Cati CaedIimcm nTukevTna karRBat;R)as; PaBlg;exA Pyxac Gt;Xan
rbs;Exr RKb;RsTab;. dUcmankgr)aykarN_ kbblvidENs ecjpSay Ca]TahrN_Rsab;.
etIeyIgCabBavnExr CaGkdwknaMExr suxciteGay Cnk,t;CatiTaMgenH bMpajExr sMlab;Exr rhUtdl;putBUC
beyIgRtUverI edIm,Irs; man \sSrPaB esImuxCamnusS dUcCatinana?.
20
rkSasiTi
TI3-GkdwknaMCatiExr minRtUveBalBakkuhk RtUvEtesaHRtg; taMgBIkarKit niyay nigkaeFIVeLIgeTA .

eBal KW Kit niyay nigeFIV Et1. emdwknaMCatiExr minRtUvKitepSg niyayepSg eFIVepSgenaHeT. GkdwknaMExr
minRtUvPUtPr kuhk e)akR)asExredIm,IGMNac dUcBYkGay:g hun Esn EdlFab;eFVI nigkMBugeFVIsBVfenHeLIy.
TI4-GkdwknaMCatiExr minEmnCaGkEdlelaPkamtNa buNski GMNac nigRTBsm,tiCatiieLIy. min
RtUvb:HBal;kUn RbBneK b eFIVeGayxUcxatplRbeyaCn_Cati nigRbCaBlrdExr. CaerOgdGaRsUvbMput Edlman
GMNacdUc hun Esn ehIyeTArMelaPbMBanelIRbBnkUnraRsg ehIybeNayeGayRbBn xng eRbIGamIuGaefag
eTA)aj;sMlab;RBpS edayKaneTasBr_esaHenaHerOg Bisid BIlIka.
TI5-emdwknaMCatiExr minRtUvlg; kgkaresBeRKOgjan GaePon kBaa RsI Rsa El,g eRBaHnaMeGay xUc
sartI nig b:HBal;dl;suxPaB. CaBiess emdwknaMExr RtUvRbyt carkmyYn dak;faMtammbGarhar faMeBT edIm,I
sMlab;eyIg beFIVyeyIgmanCMgWepSg dUcCarlakefIm sab;mYycMehogxn nigdac;srsQamxYrk,alCaedIm.
l. Cakarcukcab; bMputcMeBaHmuxmat;ExrRKb;rUb EdlRtUvbiT)aMglabln edayCnjaNfaM dUcGak,t; hun Esn
rUbenH. etInwgbMbiTfaMjaN emc)an ebIva CaemekagjaNfaM nig Caemekagrt;faMjaNdUecH.
sarubmk emdwknaMRtUvRKb;RKgGarmN_TaMg6 eGaymanPaBRbRktICadac;xat KWPaBsamBa minvegVg nig

lg;tamGarmN_TaMg 6 enaHeLIy eRBaHnaMeGayeyIgmancMNucexSayePcsartI. RBHBuTRTg;Rtas;Tukfa{ Gk
eFVsRbEhs )at;bg;sartI eRbobdUcmnusSsab;} .
3-bricaK bkarlHbg; (Sacrifice)
bricaK b karlHbg;. emdwknaMExr RtUvlHbg;xn edIm,ICYyseRgaHCati eGayrs;ran manCIvitKg;vgS.
karlHbg; CaktasMxan;kgTak;TajCMenOBI GkeRkamvaT bGkCMvij eGayedIrtamxn. PaBkMNaj;sVit nwgeFIV
eGayGkdwknaM )at;bg;RbIy_PaB )at;bg;CMenO BIGkpg. karlHbg;TIenH cg;niyaysMedA eTAelIkarlHbg; edIm,I
sag RbeyaCnGIVmYysMrab;sgmCatiExr. kgzan CaemdwknaMExr RtUvhaneFVIKMrU naMmuxeK kgkareFVIBlIkmGayu
CIvit lHbg;taMgBI FnFan eBlevla esckIsuxpal;xn kitiysmuxmat; rhUtdl;CIvit edIm,IeFVIRbeyaCn_ CUnCati
nigCYyseRgaH RbCaCatiExr EdlkMBugrgTukevTna RkIRk Gt;Xan lg;exA nigPyxac rs;kgrbbePrvkm.
etIRtUveFVIkarlHbg;GVIxH?
21
rkSasiTi
-lHbg; PaBmuxmat;niym sMParHhWuha GMnYtGYtGagniym Gataniym nigPaBePItePIn.

dUceBalxagelIxHmkehIy edIm,IdwknaMeKRtUveFVIeGayeKmanCMenOmkelIxneyIg RsLaj;eKarBeyIg
Camun. edIm,IeGayGkpg eCORsLaj;eyIg eyIgRtUveFVIxneGaysmsYn manbJkBarffr edaykarvacak GMeBI
G)aymuxepSg. CaBiess lHbg;kareRskXanmuxmat;GMnYtGYtGag PaBePItePInigsMParHniym hWuhasMbUr Kan
RBMEdn.
-lHbg; PaBmuxmat;niym
-kgzanHCaGkdwknaMExr RtUvhanlHbg; minRtwmEtRTBFn eBlevlab:ueNaHeT EtRtUrhanlHbg;taMgBI
muxmat; kitiys eLIgeTA. eBalKW RtUvEtcuHbMerIBlrddl;TIkEng. edaysanPaB sBVfGay:g hun Esn nig
yYn )aneRbIRKb;meFa)ay edIm,IeFVIeGayExrminTukcitKa. ehtuenHehIyedIm,ICMnH EpnkarexARkxVk;enH eyIgRtUv
Ethandak;xn eGayTab lak;xntamEbbepSg edIm,IeGayeyIg)anpSarPab;CamYyRbCaCatiExr EdlCaehtunaM
eGayeyIgGacTajykkarTukcitKa RsLaj;KakgnamCnrYmCatiExrEtmYy)an. ebIeyIgminenAEnbNitCitsiT
ral;feT eKmineCOeyIgeLIy. CagenHeTAeTot xaMgeRbIR)as;RKb;kll,icedIm,IbMEbkbM)ak;eyIg. BlrdeyIg
mankarRBWrgar ehtuenHeyIgRtUvEtCYyelIksysartI das;etOneRkInrMlwkCaRbcaM . eyIgGacrkviFIeTACYYb eTArk
edayeRbIviFIKMrbeRcIny:ag dUcCa CaGkrt;m:UtU Cakg;Dub CaGkb:Hkg; .l. RBHBuTGg
suxcitlHbg;raCsm,ti kIsuxpal;xnedim,IEsVgrkpvseRgaHCIvitmnusSelak suxcit RTaMRTlM)akRKb;y:ag
edaykarrs;nwg)ay)at. edIm,IsMercEpnkar elbRt)ak;ykRbeTsExr CnCatiyYn suxcitlHbg; zanCa
]tmesnIy bnMxnrs;CaGkb:Hkg; CaRsIeBsa kgkardwknaMGnuvtn_kickarrbs;va. eyIgCaExrRtUvEtman
karlHbg; haneFIVGIVRKb;y:agedayPaB mutRsYcCagva xaMgCagva eTIbeyIgGacrMedaHCatieyIgeGayrYcput
BI])ayklrbs;va)an. eyIgminRtUveFVIRtwmEt edIr eBalLLa xateBl\tRbeyaCn_ EteyIgRtUveFVIGIVEdlCaKnWH
CaCMhannaMeTArkeCaKCy.
CatiExrnwgrs; ebIRbCaCatiExrPJak;rlwk rYbrYmsamKIKaeRkakeLIg eFVIkartsUedayminxacsab; .
eBlenH matuPUmiRtUvkareyIg[mankarlHbg;mYydFM sMrab;ExreyIgTaMgmUl kMurg;caM[yYn sMlab;rgal

rhUtdl;)at;sartI gab;esckIkahan bTukeGay yYn eRbIl,icsMlab;Exr RbmaN 2lannak; kgsmyBYkRkhm
b:ul Bt eTot. valBiXat kngmk Caemeron EdlExrRtUvEtPJak;xn nigcgcaMCanic. semcsg CYn Nat/
swug Kuy/ XaMg emOg/ swug g:ukfaj;/ buN cnm:ul/ Gacar Ehm ecov/ eBar kMe)ar/ )a:g xat;/ hU sux/ Ca
viCa nigRBHetCKuN sM buneFOn RBmTaMgbuBVbursExrCaeRcInrab;minGs; )anlHbg;CIvit edIm,IkarBarCati matu
PUmiExr eGayenAKg;vgSrhUtdl;sBVf. etIeyIgCakUnecACMnan;eRkay CaGkTTYlxusRtUv cMeBaHmuxRbvtisaRs
dUnta suxcitrs;enATaMgexacpSar emIlyYn nigGay:g eFIV)abCiHCan;Exr yvinasdUc smykSRtIGgmuI 18351841 yYn eRTOg mij ya:gbya:gNa?.
4-GaCv b esckIesaHRtg; (Honest)
22
rkSasiTi
GaCv KWCaesckIRtg; minevocevr RkLicRkLc. emdwknaMExr RtUvesaHRtg;cMeBaH ]tmKtirYm muxgar tYr
naTI rbs;xn Rtg;cMeBaH Rkumkargar Rtg;cMeBaHRbeTsCatiExr nigRbCaBlrdExr Rtg;TaMgkarKit karniyay nig

karGnuvtkargar Rtg;cMeBaHGkeRkambgab; nigRtg;cMeBaHesckIlTaMgLay. PaBesaHRtg; CapvdlmYy jaMug
eGaymankareCOCak; BIGkCMuvijxn. CMenOCak;BIGkpgTaMgBYg nwgeFVIeGayman karrYbrYmsamKIKaCMuvijxn eyIg
CaGkdwknaM ehIyGacCYyeFVIy kardwknaM rbs;eyIg edIreTArkeCaKCy)anqab;rhs. kb:uEn enAeBl Edlman
karrYbrYmCMuvijxnehIy eyIgCaemdwknaM minRtUvePcxnePItePIn emIlgayGkpg CMuvijeLIy. kan;EtmankarrYb

rYmCMuvijxn xaMgeLIgkalNa kan;Etpl;sarHsMxan; dl;shkarICMuvijxn kan;EteGanlMeTan RbkbedayesckI
ffrx<s;eLIgCanic. minKYrniyayBIGkeRkamvaT faGaRkk;y:agenH minly:agenaHeLIy. RtUvriHrkviFIEkx
edayPaBesaHRtg; edIm,IeFIVeGaymankarrIkcMerInTaMgGs;Ka edIreTACamYyKaeq<aHeTArkeCaKCy. RtUvcaMfa Gg
karneya)aydwknaMrbs;eyIg eRbobbIdUc CaRkumtUrtRnImYyEdr. RtUvmanPaBb;iunRbsb; kgkargarerogxn dUcKa
esIKa. ebI srelgl EthIta elgGn; kminkRnak; Tak;GarmN_ GkemIlGksab;. ebIs hIta elgl EtebI
GkeRcog eRcogminBieraH KankarTak;Taj enArwgsk kmi;nGacTak;GarmN_ GkeRkamqak eGayhk;elat
eLIgraM)aneLIy. eBalKW TaMgGs;Ka CaRkumkargar EdlesaHRtg;nwgKa mankarTTYlxusRtUvtammuxgarerog
xnedayesaHsRK Kanl,icEb:geCIg Eb:gdKaeLIy. y:agNamij kgPaBCaGgkarneya)aymYy RtUv
EtksageGay eTACa RkumkargarlrlUnbMput Best and smooth Team WorkeTIbGacCMrujeGayRbCaCatiExr
TaMgGs; PJak;rlwkeCOCak;elIeyIg)an. mak; manPaBesaHRtg;cMeBaH Parrbs;xnCaGkdwknaM minfafak;Na enA
TINa kEngNa mincaM)ac; edkcaMeGaymanGkdas;etOn beFVIedIm,Ipab;muxmat;eLIy. mak;RtUvKitfa eyIgecHGIV
mYy EdlGkeTotminecH EtGkeTot kecHGIVmYyEdleyIgminecH. ehtuenH edIm,IsMerceCaKCy GkdwknaM
manParHBUt RbmUlpM smtPaB nigkarRbwgERbg rbs;Gk CMuvijxn edIreq<aHeTArkeKaledArYm edayPaBesaHRtg;

nigBuHBar Bayam brpac; y:agGt;Ft;bMput edaykarnaMmuxeKCanic kgkarBuHBar]bsKepSg. cUrBicarNacgcaM
nigyl;y:agCak;fa ExShItamYy mansMelgEtmYyb:ueNaH ExSTaMg5mansMelgxusKa EtedayPaBbiunRbsb;

rbs;GkelghIta ecHrYmpSMsMelgExSTaMgenaH bBalKaeFIV[Gkelg GacelgePg)any:agBieraHrNM naMRBlwg
Gatn Gksab; GkTsSna eGaylg;lk; eTAtamcMNg;rbs;eK)an. etIGkNamYy GacTayfa GkelgEdl eRbI
R)as; hIta enH nwgelg)an RtwmEtb:unanbT R)akdCaKancMeLIyeT. y:agNamij eyIgCaGkdwknaMCatiExr Edl
RsLaj;CatiBit kRtUveronsURtBIenHEdr eTIbeyIgGacksag RkumkargarlrlUn)an. eRkABIenH karrYmsux rYmTuk
CaktasMxan;xaMgNas;. eyIgCaemdwknaM RtUvrs;enArYmsuxrYmTukCamYyKa minrt;minedaHykrYcxn kgRKaGasn
minedkRsYl sIuqaj; yksuxEtmak;g beRbIehIyminTTYlxusRtUv bmYyk e)akR)aseRbI enaHminEmnCakarl
dl;emdwknaMesaHeLIy. dUcerobrab;mkxagelI mkehIyKW GkdwknaMExr RtUvEtesaHRtg; RKb;\riyabfTaMGs; taMg
BI karKit karniyay kareFVI karrs;enAeday PaBbrpac; cMeBaHCatimatuPUmi RbCaCatiExr nigGgkarneya)ayrbs;

xn EdlxnmantYnaTIdwknaM edIm,ICMrujkartsUeq<aHeTArkeCaKCypac;RBt edayKanevocevr.
{dak;xnyTab edIm,IemIleGay)andl;CMerAbBaa EteRkakQryx<s; edIm,IemIly)anqay eday

PaBPWsVagnGnaKt}.
23
rkSasiTi
cUr {xitxMeron xMeFVI xMksagkMlaMg edIm,IdeNImykGMNac BICnBal mkbMerIRbCaCati nigCati} Et {kMu

eroneFVI ksagRbmUlpMkMlaMg edImI,eTAsMuGMNacBICnBal b eTAbMerICaxJMuCakBaHdac;frbs;BYkk,t;Cati }.
5-mTv b PaBrabsarTn;Pn; (Gentle)
mTv CaesckIrabsarTn;Pn;. emdwknaMExr RtUvsMEdgnUvTwkmuxjjwm rYsrayrak;Tak; Canic cMeBaHGk
eRkambgab; nig RbCaBlrdExrTUeTA eTaHCaenAeBl man]bsK Bi)akya:gNakI. esckIrIkray rbs;emdwknaM
Casf GacelIkTwkcitTahan bGkeRkamvaT eGaymanTwkcitRbyuT bmankIsgwmeTAmux)an. ehtuenH em
dwknaMExr minRtUveFIVmuxRsBab;RseBan muxRkjvmuxsy Rbkan; bkRkGWtRkTm RceggRcgag eqvqav Gagfaxn
gGkFMmanGMNac bemeKenaHeT. emdwknaMRtUvEt rak;Tak;dak;GktUc GkeRkambgab; nigRbCaBlrdsamBamun
Canic. RtUvBayamsal;eQaHGkeRkamvaT eGay)anGs; nigRtUvehAeGaycMeQaH faelak> k>>> b elak
>>>x CaedIm. karehAcMeQaH mannyxagcitsaRsmYyFMNas; CaBiess cMeBaHGkEdlmanzantUcTabCag .
eRkABIenH emdwknaMRtUvTTYlnUvesckIeKarB BIGkpg edaykarykcitTukdak; minRBegIykenIy ehIyRtUvdak;xn
eGaymanlkNsamBa CamYynwgRbCaBlrd nigGkeRkambgab;. minsIueCar GYtGag eBleKsresIr minRtUv
GgyelIcegrelIkxng ehIybnHbgab;GkdT eBal KWminRtUvniyayBIerOg xngfa RKan;ebICag GkdT b
taMgxngCa emdwknaMrbs;GkTaMgGs;enaH. pyeTAvij eyIgRtUvtaMgxneyIg CaGkbMerI RbCaBlrdExr eTIb
RbesIr. emdwknaM RtUvhansarPaBkMhus edaykarTTYlxusRtUv nigedayTwkmuxjjwmeBjcit cMeBaHGIVEdl eyIg
)aneFIVxus beyIg)ancat;karxus . emdwknaMExr RtUvTn;Pn; EtminTn;RCayenaHeT ebIeRbobeFobeTA nigedIm eQI
emdwknaMRtUveFIVdUcCaedIm pwk Rkjg nigebg CaedIm EdlmanPaBTn;xageRkA Etrwgbwugxagkg. emdwknaMExr min
RtUveFIVdUc edImlg nigGMeBA EdlmanlkNrwgeRkA EtRbehagkgenaHeT. emdwknaMRtUvecH sal;kaleTs nig
sankarN_ etIeBlNa eyIgRtUveFIVemdwknaMeK? ehIyeBlNaeyIgRtUveFIVCaGkeRkambgab;eK?. kan;Etman kar
rYbrYm maneCaKCykgkareFIVeGayGkpgrYbrYmKaedIrtamxn GkdwknaMCatiExr kan;EtmanPaBrabsarTn;Pn;eGan
lMeTan cMeBaHGkCMvijxn xaMgeLIgCalMdab;. PaBrYsray rak;Tak;eGaylMeTan rbs;GkdwknaM CamneshmYy
GaceFIVeGayeKedIrtam eKalkarN_nanarbs;xn nigrbs;Ggkarneya)ayxn)any:agmanRbsiTPaB. { edIm,I
dwknaMeK RtUveFVIeGayeKRsLaj;eyIgCamun edIm,IeGayeKRsLaj;eyIg eyIgRtUvRsLaj; eKedayesaHsRK Ca
mun}. enAeBl RbCaCatiExrTUeTA mankareCOCak;elIeyIg nigmankarPJak;rlwk dUceyIgehIyenaH enaHnwgjaMug
eGayeyIg GacCMrujkarrMedaHCatirbs;eyIgqab;)andl;TwisedA. EtRtUvcaMfa {eyIgCaGkbMerI CatiRbCaCati min
EmnCaGkCiHCan;sgt;sginraRsExrtUctaceLIy}
I
6-tb bsatsM (Clean)

tb karduHxat;sMGatcit bkMcat;nUvGMeBIGaRkk;kgxn. etIRtUvkMcat;;GIVxH? emdwknaM RtUvkMcat;GarmN_
EdlnaMeGayeyIg RbRBwtiGMeBIGaRkk;TaMgLay nigbBaaGarmN_rbs;xng mineGayekARkhay. emdwknaMExr
mineFIVeGayekARkhaydl;citGkdT GkeRkamvaTeLIy. eyIgRtUvmanEpnkar kalviPaK kMNt;c,as;las;
sMrab;kickarRbcaMf ehIyGnuvttamEpnkarenaH. dUecH eyIgRtUvsegtemIlskmPaB rbs;eyIgRKb;eBlevla
24
rkSasiTi
ebIeyIgdwgfa eyIgeFIVxus beFVIGMeBIGaRkk; eyIgRtUvEkERbecj. pyeTAvij ebIdwgxnfamankMhus ehIyminRBm

TTYlkMhus minEkERb dUc hun Esn KWCamnusSKMrk;bMput. ebIeyIgdwgfa xneyIgGataniym KitEtRbeyaCn_
pal;xn eyIgRtUvQb;eFIV dUecaH eyIgRtUvRtLb;mkKitdl;RbeyaCn_Cati RbeyaCn_sgm nigRbCaCatiExr TaMgmUl
vijpg. kgnam eyIgCaemdwknaMExr RtUveFIVdUcRBHGaTitpg nigCaRBHcnpg. etIGIVxHeTot EdlemdwknaMExr KYr
lHbg;ecj? emdwknaMExr RtUvlHbg; Qb;KitBa)aT ExrKag Qb;eQaHRbEkkCamYyExr Qb;cgKMnuM KMuKYn nwig
ExrKag nigQb;niyay DWdgLkLWyedomdam edayBakEppar bGMNYt EbbmnusSBal)atpSar b mYlbgac;
TMlak;kMhusdak; GkeshaCatieTot. emdwknaMExr RtUvQb;kMNaj; bmayalak;But. emdwknaMExr minRtUveFIVCa
mnusSk,al rwg cecs RtUvecHsab;ehtupl nigsab;eyabl;GkeRkambgab;ykmkBicarNa. RtUvcaMfa ebI
eyIgcg;dwknaMeK eyIgRtUvEt ykKMnit eyabl;GkeRkambgab; mkKitmkBicarNa fwgEfg CaKtixH. {GkTabtUc
minsuTEtCaGklg;exAeLIy GkEdlman mansBaabRt bNit minEmnsuT EtCaGkKit RtUveqovqat CageKg
TaMgGs;Edr} ] bNitc,ab; neratm rNriT CaedIm eFVItaMgBIQHeqat rhUtdl;Gs;exa eRBaHEt KMnitGjniym
GtaFibetyniym. ebIeyIgbdiesFKMnit eyabl; GkeRkambgab;TaMgRsug enaHeyIg minGaceFIV CaemdwknaMeK
)aneT BYkeKnwgminedIrtameyIgeLIy. emdwknaMExr RtUvlHbg;ecalnUvkarRbkan;bkx<s;. tamkarBiteTA kar
kac;bk kac;rag CaPaBlg;exArbs;emdwknaMeTAvijeT. kgPaBCa emdwknaMExr Qb;KitfamanEtxngxaMg emIl
gayRbmafGkdT RtUvRbkan;ykKMniteRcIn eRBaHfa KMnitBIrRbesIr CagKMnitmYy ehIyrwtEtl kalNamanKMnit
kan;EteRcInenaH. Epktam karerobrab; mkenH etI KMnitescsIhnu Etmak;g Edleronmincb; DIbm RsukyYn pg
enaH GacQHyYn EdlvaRbmUlKaeRcInKit ehIysuTswg EtCaGkecHdwgesaHRtg;nwgCativaeTotpgenaH)aneT.
min)ac;ERskfa yYn rmilKuNeT enaHCakMhus qtlIlarbs; xngTaMgGs;. esc sIhnu minEdlTukcitExrEdl
dak;cit dak;kaybMerICakUn CaecA rbs;xnesaHeLIy . taMgBIenAesayraC esc sIhnu minEdlykGkecHExr
eFIV TIRbwkSaeLIy luHNaEt GkenaHgecH)aT ecHheGI rhUteTIbenACit)an. pyeTAvij escenH suxcityk
)araMg bCnCatiepSg EdlsuTswgEtCaBYk niymkumynis EdlyYn)anbBanmk mkdak;enAEGbxnCanic. ebI
sUm,IEtsBVfenHeTAehIykI escenH minTukcitExreT suxcitykGgrkS CaCatidT kUerxageCIg eTAvij. dUc
KaenHEdr Gay:g hun Esn suxciterIs CnCatiyYn mkeFVICaGgrkS CaGkkarBarGMNacrbs;va eTAvij nigbMBak;
GavuFTMenIb elIskgTBExr EdlvaTukeGay enAtamCnbTRBPM tMbn;RKuncaj; edIm,Ikarsab;CMnYs vanwgyYn.
R)agR)asaTGgr Camrtk Exr hun Esn minTukcitExreT EtEbrCaeGayeTA sux Kg; CnCatiyYn mkekIbykluy
TaMg lanTaMgekadidula y:agdUecH etIvaCaCnk,t;Cati b CaEqbMerIyYn. ebIemdwknaM suTswgCaCn KancitbrisuT
citsatsM KancitesaHcMeBaHCati KanKMnitRsLaj;GIVCaExr citeBareBjeday PaBesAhgesaKeRKak dUecH etI
RbeTsCati nwgrIkcMerIn suxekSmkSan eTAemc)an.
GkdwknaMExr RtUvEtsatsMTaMgcitKMnit TaMgsartI minRbRBitiGIVEdl CaGMeBIesaKeRKak Ga)aymuxepSg
EdlnaMeGay manerOgGaRsUvdl;ekreQaH nigeFVIeGaykardwknaMminTTYleCaKCy. eRkABIenH minRtUvTTYlyk
sMNUksUk)a:n;epSg EdlnaMyRbLak;RbLs dl;kitiysrbs;xn bnaMeGaymanGyutiFm kgkardwknaM eday
25
rkSasiTi
sarEtkarTTYlyksMNUksUk)a:n;enH. eTaHCa emdwknaMExr RtUvEtRbkan;nUvPaBsatsM minTak;Tamnwg GMeBIminl

minRtwmRtUvtamsIlFm EtGkdwknaMExr minRtUvraErknwgGIV Edlxnyl;fa RtwmRtUvsMrab;karseRgaHCati karrMedaH
RbCaCatiExreLIy. { Exrrs;eRBaH Exrhansab;} Et {Exrnwgsab; ebIExrkMsakxacesckIsab;}.
7-GekaF (Peace)
GekaF KWkarmingayxwgeRkveRkaF. emdwknaMExr minRtUvxwgeRkveRkaF eqvqavCadac;xat eRBaHkar xwg
enH KWCarnaMg)aMgeGayeyIgggwt minsal;xusnigRtUv lnigGaRkk; yutiFmnigGyutiFm edaysarEtesckI vegVg
nwg ePIgkMhwg. ebIemdwknaMExr manesckIeRkaF enaHminEmnCakarlesaHeLIy eRBaHesckIeRkaF eRbobdUc Ca
ERcH rbs;GavuFkgelak eRbobdUcCaePIgeqHsMrab;naMeTArkesckIvinas. GkeRkaFrEmgmindwgnUv ehtupl nig
eFIVy citekA esakesAminsb;manTukCanic. eKsMKal;esckIeRkaF )antamry karmineBjcit karTas;cit
karekA BuHkeRBaal karKiteQaHRbEkk nigkarcgKMnMusgswk. m:ageTotBakfa eRkaF kmannyfa xus dUecH
ebIemdwknaMExr xwg bxJal; mannyfa xus dUcBakcas;eBalfa {xwgxus xwgxUc xwgxat }cUremIlerOg maeyIg.
GaRsyehtuenH emdwknaMExr RKb;lMdab;fak; minRtUvykkarxwgeRkveRkaF mkdak;xneLIy.
sBVfenH RbeTsExr KansuxsniPaBeLIy eRBaHRbCaBlrdExr rs;TaMgRtdr eRkam)ateCIgrbs; Cn
Bal CaePvrkr eRskXanQam RbRBiti EtGMeBIGyutiFm ekobsgt;CiHCan; bNHPaBlg;exA begItGMeBIecarkm
Xatkm kab;sMlab;EbbePrvkm EdlGnuvtn_edayCnk,t;Cati hun Esn nig ecaryYn kMBugeFVImkelI RbCaBl
rdExrRKb;vinaTI. yYn hun Esn EtgeXasnafa RbeTsExrmansniPaBehIy KansgameT. BaksMdIeBareBj
edaykarcgKMnMu cgGaXadnwgExrKag. Twkmux dUcCabIsac eRskQam. vabegIt eGayman karCiHCan; karqk;
bn;dIFI karkab; sMlab; EbbePrvkm. bkSBYkvaEdlmanGMNac EtgEtRtUv EtgEtQH. sniPaB sBVf Ca
sniPaB enAelImat;reNAPMePIg EdlrkklnwgpH eRkamkll,icerobcMedayyYn. vaCakarjauMgeGayExr yl;xus
TaMgRsug Bak famansniPaB luHRtaEt RbeTsExreyIgman kraC snisux RbCaBlrdman CIvPaBFUFarRKb;Ka
min)armBIbBaa RkBH Pyxac nigsuvtiPaB. luHRtaEt RbeTsExr eyIg manRbCaFibety BitR)akd tamqnH
rbs;Exrcg;)an eTIbmanesckIsb; enaHeTIbehAfa mansniPaB.
8-GvihwgSa (Unviolent)
GvihwgSa mannyfa mineboteboneFIVeGayGkdTekARkhay ekItTukedaysarxn CaBiesselI Blrd
rbs;xng. emdwknaMExr minRtUvykGMNactYnaTIrbs;xn eTAKabsgt;CiHCan;KMramkMEhgRbCaBlrd edIm,IEtpl
RbeyaCn_pal;xn bplRbeyaCn_bkSBYkxnenaHeT. emdwknaMExr RtUveKarBsiTiBlrd kumar cas;TMu nigRsIePT.
emdwknaM minRtUveRbIGMeBIhiwgSacMeBaHCnrYmCatieLIy RtUvRbkan;ykRbCaFibety ykRbCaCatiExrCaFM.
emdwknaMExr RtUveGayGPy nigelIkElgeTas cMeBaHGkedIrtam bRbCaBlrdrbs;xn EdleFIVxus. min
Emnxusd ykd xuseCIg ykeCIgeT. RtUvcaMfa GkedIrtam nigRbCaBlrdExrKankMhuseT xusbRtUv KWCa
26
rkSasiTi
lTplrbs;emdwknaM eRBaHemdwknaMCaGkTTYlxusRtUv. RbCaBlrdExreRbobdUcCakUneyIg EdlBYkeKmindwg

GIVeT. ehtuenHehIy emdwknaMExr RtUveFIVkarGb;rMbNHbNal BlrdExr ymancMeNHdwg nigsmtPaBRKb;
Ka. ebIGkeRkamvaT eFIVxus bbraCykgkickarGIVmYy kMhusRtUvFak;elIemdwknaM CaGkxus minRtUvdak;kMhus
bdak;eTaselI GkeRkambgab;enaHeT. emdwknaMExr CaGksMerccitelI kickarRKb;ya:gTaMgkar)a:n;RbmaN san
karN_ karerobcMEpnkar karGnuvtn_ kardwknaMeFIV nigRtYtBinitCaedIm.
eRkamGMNack,t;rbs;bkSBYk hun Esn BYkvaelIkTwkcit eGaybkSBYkmanGMNac deNImdIFIBI RbCa

BlrdExr RkIRk Tn;exSay edIm,IplRbeyaCn_bkSBYkxn nigGMNac. elIsBIenH hun Esn xng CaGkEdl
rMelaPelI RsI ePT edaybgM eGaybIRbBn rbs; GkRsI Bisid BIlikar nigelak x RbsiT ElglHKaedaybg<M
edIm,IeGayxn mankasRbRBitGMeBIGanacarelI GkRsI BIsid BIlikar rhUteFVIeGaymankareFVIXadelI sil,kr
rUbenH. eyIgCa emdwknaM RtUvtaMgxnCaGkbMerIrbs;RbCaBlrdExr minEmneFIVCaecAhVayekobsgt;RbCaBlrd
ExreLIy. {sagRbCaFibetyCamYysgmRKYsar EtCamYyGay:gpac;karnigyYnRtUvdeNImedaycugkaNug}.
9-xnI (Patient)
xnI KWkarGt;Fn;. emdwknaMExr nwgTTYl)aneCaKCy elIkickargarTaMgBYg ebIsinCa emdwknaMExrTaMgGs;
manxnI KWesckIGt;Fn;. etIemdwknaMExrRtUvGt;Fn;nigGIVxH? emdwknaMExr RtUvGt;Fn;nigesckIlM)ak esckIevTna
karQWcab;TaMgBYg kariHKn; karemIlgay minelIkTwkcit.l. emdwknaMExr RtUvGt;Fn;nigtNa bmhictapal;xn
EdlKabsgt;CMruj eGayRbRBwtiGMeBIminRtwmRtUv Tucrit. emdwknaMExr mineFIVtamEtGarmN_ bcitrbs;xn enaH
eLIy. emdwknaMExr RtUvGt;Fn;dusxat;PaBlg;exArbs;xn nigPaBlg;exArbs;RbCaBlrd bGkeRkambgab;. em
dwknaMExr RtUvGt;Fn; cMeBaHkargarrbs;xn BakENnaM bkarRbwkSaBIGkpgTaMgBYg minfa GkeRkambgab; bCaRKU
GacareyIgeLIy. emdwknaMExr RtUvGt;Fn; cMeBaHkaretHetHedol karRbqaMgBIsgm nigcMeBaHeBlevla EdleFIV
kargarmic)ansMerc. cMNucBiessmYyeTot emdwknaMRtUvmanGMNt;cMeBaHkarsab; kareCO. minRtUveCOgay xwg
gay epspas RtecokseLIy.B mYyrydg minesInigeXIjmg kareXIjmYyrydg minesIeyIg)anb:Hmg
eTaHCamanehtuplkeday kminRtUv dak;citeCOPameT. emdwknaMExr RtUvcuHemIl sankarN_BitCak;Esgedayxn
g nigbegItTMlab;enHdl;GkeRkambgab;. CaBiess cMeBaHGkeshaCatiExr RtUvmankarGt;Fn; RKb;Ebbya:g
RKb;eBlvlaTaMgGs; rhUtdl;sMerceCaKCycugeRkay kgkartsU seRgaHRbeTsCati [rs;eLIgvij. etag
eKarB RbNibtn_tamRBHBuTbrmRKUneyIg EdlGt;Fn;EsVgrkmaKaeR)asstVelakrhUt)ansMercRBHniBaVn.
{sniviFI GhwgSaeRbICamYyRbCaCatiExr EtCamYyEqbMerIyYnnigyYn RtUveRbIkMlaMgrYmpSM}.
10-GvieraFn (Keep doing right)
27
rkSasiTi
GvieraFn KWkarmineFIVxus. emdwknaMExr RtUveFVIeGay)anRtwmRtUvCanic TaMgkarKitRtUv karyl;RtUv kar

niyayRtUv kareFIVRtUv karBayamRtUv karPJak;rlwkRtUv kartMkl;citRtUv nigkarciBawmCIvitRtUv. EtminRtUvrYjradl;
minhaneFVIGIVesaH eRBaHxacxusenaHeLIy kgPaBCaGkdwknaM RtUvhanRbfuy hanGarkat; enAkgkaleTs caM
)ac;. b:uEnkarhanRbfuy RtUvEpkelI plRbeyaCn_Cati nigCnrYmCatiCaFM EpkelIklyuTsaRsRtwmRtUv
sankarN_CMuvijxn eBlevla nig lTPaBhuceGay. minRtUv RbfuyedayKanRKwH KankareRtHriHBicarNaeLIy.
emdwknaMExr minRtUvRbkan;nUv KuNFmgab;sk KanPaBbt;Ebn tamtMrUvkarsMrab; GkdwknaMenaHeLIYy
RtUvecHviPaKrk GIVl GIVGaRkk; GIIVeRKaHfak;dl;sgmCatiExr eBalKWRtUvhaneFVIkarGakat; edIm,IplRbeyaCn_
RbCaCatiExrnigCatiCaFM.
eyIgKYrsikSaBI erOgel,IkExrmYy EdlniyayBIRBHsg BIrGg eFVIdMeNIreTA CYbnwgRBHBuTGg edIm,I)an
sMerc CaRBHGarhn. enAtampv RBHsgTaMgBIrGg RtUvdac;cgan;. eBlenaH maneTvta mknimitCa stVRtI enA
cMeBaH RBHPRkRBHsgTaMgBIrGg. RBHsgmYyGg Kitfa ebIRBHGgsMlab;RtIenaH eFVIcgan; RBHGgnwgRtUvR)as
cakBIvinyFm edayRtUvdac;Gabti. RBHsg mYyGgeTotKitfa ebIGataGj minsMlab;RtIenH eFVIcgan;eT Gata
Gj nwgRtUvsuKt eday\tRbeyaCn_ ehIymin)aneTATan;RBHRtas;dwgeLIuy EtebI GataGjsMlab;RtIenH qan;
GataGjnwg)anrs;ranmanCIvit eTATan;RBHRtas;dwg ehIyBitCa)ansMerc Grhn Caminxan. bnab;mk RBHGg
RtLb;mkRbs;RtIenaHvij. RBHsgGg Edlmin)anqan;RtI ksuKteTAedaymin)anplGIVeLIy. RBHsgGg
Edlqan;RtI k)aneTATan;;RBH Rtas;dwg ehIy)ansMerc RBHGarhn nig)anRtLb;eTA Rbs;RtIenaHeGayrs;ranman
CIviteLIgvij.
erOgel,IkExrxagelIenH )anbeRgoneyIgfa kgzanCaGkdwknaMExr eyIgminRtUvRbkan; KuNFmgab;sk
rhUtElghaneFVIGIV Edlxnyl;faCaRbeyaCn_dl;Cati dl;RbCaCatiExr eRBaHEtxac R)ascakKuNFmenaHeT.
RtUvhanGarkat;eFVIGIVEdlxnyl;fa CaRbeyaCn_dl;Cati nigRbCaCatiExr edaysURTaMnwgkarriHKn;TaMgLayBI mC
danepSg kgsgmEdlyl;mindl;CMerAnsankarN_ bkmannisSyEtxagriHKn; xageBbRCay Etminhan
eFVIGIVCaRbeyaCn_dl;sgmesaH. minRtUvtUccit rafyeRBaHEt karriHKn;enaHeLIy. eRBaHfa BBYkCnGviCman min
EmnmanEtkgsgmExr bcb,nenaHeT EtmantaMgsmyRBHBuTGg enACakSRtmkemH BYkma. EtebIeyIgman
PaBrwgbwug TaMgpvcit pvkayRKb;RKan; QHerOgra:gGs;TaMgenH eyIgnwgTTYl)aneCaKCyy:agR)akd ehIyBYk
CnGviCmanmaTaMgenH nwgkaymkCabrivar CaGkcuHj:meyIgvijminxan.
-karEdleFIVKMeragEpnkarminxus
emdwknaMExr munnwgeFIVEpnkar RtUvEtsal;sankarN_eGayc,as; sikSaykBtmaneGay)anCak;lak;.
emdwknaMExr RtUvcMra:j;Btman EdlTTYl)an rhUtTal;EtBtmanenaHlitln;l eTIbykBtmanenaH mkeFIVEpn
kar edIm,IeRbobeFobCa mYyKUrRbkYtRbECgrbs;eyIg edaydwgCamunfa KMeragEpnkarenaHBitCaQH bKMeragEpn
28
rkSasiTi
karenaHcaj;. emdwknaMExr RtUvdwgBIxng nig sRtUvTaMgcMnYn kMlaMg smtPaB sartI FnFan beckviTa sMParH
sankarN_ nigbridanCMuvijxn.l. ebIsinmanxVHcenaH RtUvEktMrUv nigbMeBjbEnm eGay)anRtwmRtUv munnigdak;
eGayeKGnuvtn_.
-karmineFIVxusedaysMdI edaycit edaykayvikar edaykargarcMeBaHxng GkeRkambgab; shkarI kar
gar RbCaBlrd c,ab; tYnaTI TMenomTMlab; vb,Fm nigRbBNICatiExr enHehIy CalkN emdwknaMlrbs;Exr.
GkdwknaMExr minKaMRT minsmKMnitnwgGkeFIVxuseLIy . eBleFVIxus GkdwknaMExr RtUvhanTTYlxus min

lMeGog eRBaHGKti 4 ya:g KWkarRsLaj; sb; RcENn QanIs .
-eFIVKMrUnaMmuxeK (Set the Example)

emdwknaMExr RtUveFIVCaKMrUl naMmuxeKCanic taMgBIkayvikar edk edIr Qr Ggy niyaysI nigGnuvtkargar
RKb;ya:g. emdwknaMExr RtUvRbytRKb;vinaTI nUvskmPaBrbs;xn eBalRtUvGnuvteGay)anRtwmRtUvtamPavCaGk
dwknaM. cUrcaMfa { TegVIrbs;eyIgCaGkdwknaM eTaHedayectna b Gectna CatMrab;rbs; GkeRkamvaT} . enAkg
kickarEdllM)ak mankarb:HBal;dl;GayuCIvit CaBiesseBlsRgam GkdwknaMExr RtUvEtnaMmux eFVIkickardlM)ak
maneRKaHfak;enaHmuneK. eRBaHfa {kardwknaMedayTegVI RbesIrCagkarRKan;Etniyay} . kareRCIserIssmaCik b
keRCIserIsemdwknaM EdleyIgRtUvedIrtam kdUcKaEdr RtUvsMLwg cab;ykGkeFIV EtkMucMNayeBlsab; GkEdl
RKan;Etniyay ehIymineFVIenaHeLIy. vaGacnwgeFVIeGayeyIgcMNayeBlecal\tRbeyaCn_ bCYnkaleFVIeGay
eyIgxkciteTotpg. RKan;Etniyay GkNakniyay)an EterOgsMxan; plekItecjBI TegVI minEmnekIt ecj BI
BaksMd IEdlRKan;EtniyayeGayBieraHsab;enaHesaHeLIy. eRkABIenH karenArYmsuxTuk RTaMRTkarlM)ak Gt;
Xan CamYyKa minrt;ecalKa kgRKamanGasn CaktacitsaRsmYy y:agsMxan; kgkarsagkareCOTukcit BIGk
pgCMuvijxn mkelIeyIgCaGkdwknaM . kgkaleTs sBVfenH RbeTsCatieyIg kMBugEtFak;licRswmy:agKMhuk
eTA kgeRKaHmhnrayy:agFn;FrCageBlNaTaMgGs;. esckIRsLaj;sRKesaH BitR)akd cMeBaHCatimatuPUmi
minsitenAelIbbUrmat; EdlRKan;EtedIreBaledIrniyay cayeBlecal\tRbeyaCn_enaHeLIy EtsitenAelI TegVI
rbs;eyIg. eBalKW eyIgminRtUvrg;caM GkdwknaMBINa mkdwknaMeyIgeLIy EtkgzaneyIgCaExr RtUveRkakQr
eLIg eFVIxneyIgeGaysksmCa GkdwknaMExrBitR)akd ehIycab;epImeFVIkickarTaMgLay EdlGacCYydl;eKal
edA nkareRsacRsg;seRgaHCatieyIg mankarCYyeXasnaBnl; RbCaCatiExreGayyl;BIeRKaHGasnrbs;Cati
nigbNHeGaymansartICatiniymx<g;x<s;eLIg PJak;rlwkeRkakQrrYmKa rMedaHCatimatuPUmi CaTIRsLaj;neyIg.
eBaleGaygayyl;KW eyIgxngRtUvhannaMmuxeKeRkakeLIgeFIVkartsU edIm,CaKMrU dl;GkdTedIrtam. manny
fa emdwknaMExr mincaM)ac;maneKmk EtgtaMgeyIgeGayeFIVCa emdwknaMMenaHeT EteyIgRtUvhat;eron eFIVCaemdwknaM
edayxng. eRBaHfa {minxVHeTGkedIrtam kb:uEn xVHEtGkEdlGaceFVIxneGayeKedIrtamEtb:ueNaH}. PaBCa
emdwknaM minEmnsuTswgEtekItBIkMeNItenaHeT EteyIgGachat;eronbNHxneyIg eGayekIteLIg)an. ehtuenH
edIm,Ikayxn CaemdwknaM eyIgRtUvhat;eron eRbobdUceyIgeronmuxviCadTEdr. ]TahrN_ Gus nigePIg. rvagGus
nigePIg eKminEdlykePIgeTAdut edayKanGus)aneT eKRtUvedIrrkGussin eTIbeKykePIgmkdutCaeRkay)an.
VIII
29
rkSasiTi
ya:gNamij kareFIVCa emdwknaM k_dUecHEdr eyIgRtUvhat;eron nighVwkhat; eGaysat;CMnajkgkardwknaMCamunsin

munnwgeyIgGaceFIVeGay eKsRKesaHyl;RBm edIrtameyIg edaymin)ac;rg;cMamanGkNamkEtgtaMgeyIg eGay
eFIVemeKeLIy. KannrNaekItmkkay CaemdwknaMedayKankareronsURtnigGnuvtenaHeLIy. sUmGanesovePA
eKalkarN_ skm 100 Rbkar edIm,I eCaKCy;elak CuM smvasna besovePA sagxng .
RbeTsExrbcb,n kMBugsitenAeRkamkarKabsgt;rbs;Cnpac;kar hun Esn yYn huk LgDI nigbkS
BYkmYykab;tUc. vaekobsgt; bMbiT siTiesrIPaBExr kgkarKit kariyaysI karsresr karbeBajeyabl; KitKUr
bBaa RbeTsCati EpkesdkicCatiCaedIm. RbCaBlrdExr rs;enAkgPaB RkIRk eRskXan xacPitPy nigesckI
sab; elclg;rgTukedaysarGMeBIBukrlYy karkab;bMpajRBeQI PaBKankargarFIV kar)at;bg;TwkdItamRBMEdn
karrMelaPdIFIBIGkmanGMNac CnGenaRbevsn_yYnekIneLIg rhUtdl; 4 500 000nak; tamrysmaKmn_yYn
19 ext Rkug. smaKmn_enH CardaPi)alRsemalrbs;yYn. yYn)anEkERb bnicmg tameKalkarN_ shBn
\Ncinrbs;va edIm,IelbykTwkdIExr ehIyeFIVyRbCaCatiExreyIg kayCaCnCatiPaKticrbs;RbCaCn\Ncin
EdlmanyYnCaGkRtYtRta edaykareRbIeGayyYnEdlecHPasaExr EkERbrdFmnuBa dak;RbeTsExr CaGaNaext
mYy rbs;RbeTsyYn dUckalyYnykTwkdIExrenAkm<CaeRkamkngmkdUecaHEdr. bEnmBIelIIenH vanwgeRbIkMlaMg
TByYn Edlbgb;enAkgCYrb:Ulis CYrTahan nigenACaGkensaTenAtamTenrsab nigenAelIdIsm,Tan sMrab;dMNaM
ekAsU 100000mWunhikta manTahanyYn 35000-50000nak; EdlGay:g hun Esn eTIbcuHhtelxafI
enH eFVIkarekobsgt;bgMExr eGayedIrtamneya)ay]Rkidrbs;yYn. ehtudUecH kgnameyIgCaExrmak; Edl)an
emIleXIjbBaaEbbenH RtUvhaneRkakQreLIg eFIVCaKMrUnaMmuxeK dwknaMRbCaBlrdExr Bnl;ExrRKb;rUb eGaydwg
eGayyl; BIneya)ayvatTIrbs;yYn. rYbrYmKaBIRKb;TWsTI eRkakQreBIgRTUg eLIgmuneK eFVIkarkarBarRbeTs
Cati eyIgeGayKg;vgS TukCaekr dMENldl;kUnExrCMnan;eRkay.
-hanTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHskmPaBrbs;eyIg (Take and Seek responsibility)
emdwknaMExrRtUvman ckvisy KMnitpcepIm qRbDwt KMnitfI edIm,InaMGkdTcab;epImeFIV kardwknaM.
emdwknaMExr RtUvEtEsVgrkpv eRCIserIs yuTsaRs ]bkrN_ nigviFankar edIm,IeFIVeGayRkumkargar rbs;eyIg
TTYleCaKCy nigsMerceKaledArYm EdleyIgcg;)an. emdwknaMExr RtUvhanTTYlxusRtUv cMeBaHskmPaB xng
RtUvecosvagCadac;xat eBlEdlEpnkarTTYlbraCy bxuseTAsIbenasGkdT bTMlak;kMhusdak;GkepSg. ebI
eyIgCaemdwknaMminhanTTYlkMhus EdlxneFIVxusenaH eyIgminEmnCaemdwknaMBitR)akdeT. eyIgRtUvviPaKsan
karN_eGay)anc,as;las; niglitln; munnwgeFIVEpnkarNamYy eBalKWRtUverobcMPak;garBtman ymanRbsiT
PaB KYrTukcit)an beFVIkarBinitsankarN_edaypal;xn. eyIgRtUvTTYlxusRtUvral;TegIV EdleyIg)an sMerccit
ehIy . enAeBlkargar)aneCaKCy eyIgCaGkTTYlsad TTYlRtUvb:uEn eyIgminRtUvelIktMekIgxngeLIy
pyeTAvij eyIgRtUvelIksadenaH dak;eGayGkEdlrYmkargarCamYyeyIg edIm,IeGayGkTaMgenaHkan;Etman
kMlaMgcitbrpac;eFIVkarCamYyeyIgx<s;eLIgEfmeTot. cUrcaMfa {ExgehIrt,itxl; emxaMgt,itBl }. GkdwknaMExr
IX
30
rkSasiTi
minRtUveRbIBakfa kg eCaKCyrbs; eT EtRtUveRbIBakfa kgeyIg eCaKCyrbs;eyIg vij. cUrkMuekgbnM

bM)at;sadrbs;GkdT bekgcMeNj BIsadrbs;GkdTenaHdac;xat TegVIEbbenHminEmn CaGkdwknaMExr Bit
R)akdeT. kgzanCaemdwknaMExr eyIgRtUvEthanniyayfa {enHCakMhusrbs; Gs;elakxitxMeFIVkar xaMgNas;
} smIenHnwgCMruj Twkcit GkEdleFVIxus xMRbwgeFVIGs;BIcit nigeKarBRsLaj;elakCanic.
kngmkBYkemRtYtRtaExrmYycMnYn )aneFIVkMhusy:agFn;FrminGacvas;)an cMeBaHsgmCatiExr EtBYkTaMg
enH minEdlRBmTTYlkMhusTal;EtesaH. pyeTAvij BYkenHsuxcitlak;)aMgkarBit xitxMEkgbnM RbvtisaRstam
EpnkaryYn ecAhVayva eFIVeGaykUnExr CMnan;eRkayggwt emIlmineXIjfa etIGIVxus? GIVRtUv? EdlCaehtu eFIVy
sgmCati RtUvliclg;kgmhnrayedaysar ExrKanqneRkakeLIgkarBarCatimatuPUmiTal;EtesaH eRBaHminyl;
karBit. enHCaTegVI dlg;exArbs; BYkemRtYtRtasBVf kMBugedIrtamKngyuTsaRs yYn KUseGay. BYkk,t;TaMg
enH eFIVyRbeTsExrliclg; nigRbCaBlrdExrrab;lannak; sab;y:agrgal dEsnrnt;hYsRbmaN FnFanrbs;
RbeTsCatiRtUv)at;;bg;RKb;Ebbya:gesIKansl; EtBYkefakTabTaMgenH minEdlhan ecjmuxTTYlkMhusesaH
eLIy etIExrenARTaMTukeGayBYkvaRtYtRtaExrteTAeTotrhUtdl;sab;putBUCby:agNa?.
ehtudUecH edIm,IRsaybBaaTukevTna nigPaBvwkvr sYrBUCminecHcb; ExrRtUvEtRtUvsikSaRbPBnbBaay
)andl;bsKl; c,as;las;Cak;lak; edayEplelI ehtu pl Bit minRtUvEpkelIkarsan tamGarmN_ nwkeXIj
Kanehtu pl KankarBit bGIVCaGrUbIy_ enaHeLIy. eyIgRtUv BicarNafa etIehtuGIV)anCaRbeTsExr mansRgam
Exrsab; )at;bg;TwkdI nigRTBsm,tiCatiRtUvrlayhinehac? cMelIy manEtmYyKt; KW kMhusemdwknaM .
GkdwknaMExrCMnan;eRkay RtUvhanRbQmnwgkarBit hanTTYlkMhuscMeBaHCatirbs;xn eTIbsksm Ca

GkdwknaM BitR)akd.
ExrRtUvRkeLkemIl RbeTsnana CaemeronxH. enARbeTs Cb:un emdwknaMrbs;eK mankarTTYlxusRtUv

x<s;Nas; . ebIemdwknaMNamYy dwknaMc,aMgbraCy nigsab;TahaneRcIn emdwknaMenaH haneFIVGtXatxn edIm,I
bgajBIkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;xn. CaerOgKYreGayGam:as; BYkemRtYtRta EdlCaGay:gbreTs sBVf suxcit
RbmUlTaMgkUn BUnTaMgBUC eTAlak;xneRkamknyk,in beBajsMelg rkBakedaHsarykRtUv y:agkMsakeTAvij
edaysuxciteGayRbCaBlrdsab; edIm,IGMNacxn rYcedIrpSayfaTaMggegIllIlaR)ab;Exrfa CaerOgneya)ay
eTAvijeT. emdwknaMCatisasn_dT dwknaMneya)ay edIm,IeGayRbeTsCatirIkcMerInrugerOg cMENkBYkemRtYtRta
sBVf smab;RbCaBlrdg kat;TwkdIeGaybreTs bMpajRTBsm,tiCati faCaerOgneya)ay. BYkemRtYtRta
EbbenH e)ak)anEtRbCaBlrdExr EdlxVHkarecHdwgEtb:ueNaH Etcab;BIeBlenHteTA RbCaBlrdExr Qb;lg;
Qb;eCOkare)akR)as;rbs;emk,t;Cati dUc hun Esn enHeTotehIy.
31
rkSasiTi
emdwknaMCatiExrRtUvmankarTTYlxusRtUvx<s;cMeBaHRbCaCatiExr kgnamCaGkekItmkmanQamCrCaExr
RtUvhan eRkakeLIg eFIVkar eRsacRsg;seRgaH Cati karBarTwkdIExr BIBYkecaryYn nigGay:g hun Esn Edlva
man bMNgrMlayBUCsasn_Exr nig elbykTwkdIExr tamneya)aydRbkbedaykll,icBisBulenH. ecaryYn
vaeRbIR)as; sI hnu eFIVCaExl nigykRBHBuTsasnaCarnaMg. emdwknaMExr RtUvxitxMcgRkg RbmUlpM CaRkum Ca
BYk rYbrYmkmaMgKa rvagRbCaCatiExr eGaysitrmYt edayminbeNaykaskngeTATeTr bTukeBlevlaecal
\tRbeyaCn_ edayedksgwm rg;caMGkmanbuN mkdwknaMExreLIy eyIgCaCatiExr manbuBVsiTieBjTI edIm,I kar
BarCati sasna RbCaCatiExr TwkdIExr mineGayrlay)at;bg;. emdwknaMCatiExr RtUvhaneFIVCa emdwknaMedayxn
g minrg;caMfEskeLIy KWRtUvcab;epImeFIVPamcab;BIeBlenH fenHeTA nUv kicTaMgLay sMrab;CatiExrTaMgmUl.
dUcPasitburaNExr )anTUnanTukfa {eFIVGIVeFIVyehIy kMuTukeLIybegItekr }. ebIemdwknaMCatiExr EdlGanesov
ePA enHkgdehIy BitCataMgcit tMNageGayCatiExr RtUvEtTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHCatixn edayEpkelIsartI\sSr

PaB EdlRsbtamvaT RBHBuTCaGgmas; RbedATukfa Gtahi Gtaena naefa xnTIBwgxn. karhaneRkak
QreLIg edayEpkelIsartI xnTIBwgxn enHehIy CaFatuy:agsMxan; rbs;GkdwknaMExr kgkarTTYlxusRtUv kg

zaneyIgCaExrmYyrUb.
-]sSah_Bayam sikSaeronsURtbEnm ( Industrous to study)
emdwknaMExr RtUvxitxMsikSaeronsURt bEnmRKb;eBlevla edIm,IeGayxnmancMeNHdwgfI KMnitpYcepImfI
nig karqRbDitfI edIm,Iyxn mankarrIkcMerIneLIg EfmeTotRsbtamsankar nigtMrUvkarrbs;sgm briyakas
CMuvijxn kgkMritCati nigGnrCati . eRBaHfa BiPBelak vilvivtn_ERbRbYleTAmuxCanic eBareBjedaykarRbkYt
RbECgKanQb;QreLIy ebIeyIgKankarsikSabEnmeT )annyfa eyIgrs;enAtamsPavKti dUcstVFatu enaH nwg
minGactTl;nwgGkCitxag deBareBjedaymhcita nigkarelaPln;)aneLIy. cUrkMuKitfa xYnecjBIsala mk
ecHGs;ehIy RtUvcaMfa PaBGviCa bIdUcCa swmERcHEdk dUecaHEdr vaedIrmkrkeyIgerogral;f ehtuenHeyIgRtUvEt
duHxat;vaCaRbcaM. kgkarsikSa eronsURtbEnm minEmn caMTal;EtcUlsalamineFVIGIenaHeT EtemdwknaMExr GaceFIV
tamry karGanesovePA RsavRCavedayxng kareFIVsikasila kareqterontamsalaepSg bkarRsavRCav
tambNajsarBtman GIuneFIeNt karEst viT bTUrTsSn_ RbBneXasnakraC beRkARbeTsCaedIm. enA
kgpHKanesovePA eRbobdUcCamnusS KanviBaaN. kar]sSah_GanesovePA eFIVyemdwknaMkan;Et manBnWPW sVag
kgxn emIleXIjkan;EtEvgqay. karGanesovePA RtUvGan bRsavRCavycMTisedA EdleyIgRtUveFIV nigeKal
bMNg EdleyIgRtUvedaHRsayedIm,I sMrYcckuvisyEdl)ankMNt;. RtUvcaMfa ebIeyIgGanesovePAcb; cab;taMgBI
300 k,al eLIgeTAenaH eyIgnwgkayCaGkkeTsmYyya:gR)akd. elak GaR)aham linxun RbFanaFibtI
Gaemrik elakKanlTPaB eronenAsaklviTalyeT eRBaHelakekItenAkgRtkUlRkIRk EtedaysarqnmuHmut
rbs;elak elak)anBayam GanesovePA edayxng ehIycUlRbLk eFIVCaemdwknaMshrdGaemrik luHRta)an
sMerc. emdwknaMMCaeRcIneTot enAelIBiPBelak EdlmansanPaBdUcKat; k)aneFIVya:gdUecH nigTTYl)aneCaKCy
dRtcHRtcg;pgEdr.
X
32
rkSasiTi
-RtUvsMercciteGayTan;eBlevla (Make the Puntual Decision)

karsMerccit CaktamYysMxan;Nas;sMrab;emdwknaM ebIemdwknaMsMerccitRtUv ehIyTan;eBlevla enaHGac
naMeGayGgkardwknaMTTYl)aneCaKCy. EtebIemdwknaMsMerccitxus minTan;eBlevla enaHnwgeFIVeGaykas n
karTTYleCaKCy)at;bg;eTA ehIyeFIVeGayGgkardwknaM TTYlbraCy nigQaneTArkkarxatbg; plRbeyaCn_
epSg nigbgrkareRKaHfak;dl;GkedIrtam bRbCaCati nigRbeTsCatieTotpg. kgkarserccit emdwknaMExr RtUv
RbmUlBtmaneGayc,as;las; RKb;RCugeRCay mkcMra:j; edayEpkelI ehtu pl Bit edayPaBlitln;sin. min
RtUveCOelIBaksMdI rbs;Cn EdlKanehtupl bBYkEdl GarmN_niym RsemIRsmniym. PaBsak;esIrmin
bUrpac; CaktanaMmknUvbraCy
XI
CaerOy eyIgEtgCYbRbTHnUvCMBUkCn mYycMnYn )anniyayfa{ smyenHeTAehIy minGacRbeTsNa

rMelaPykRbeTsNamYy)aneLIy bkfa ExrcUlGasaneTAehIy minPyxaceKykTwkdIeToteT} . sMdITaMgenH
CaKMnit EdlemIlminqay bkCaKMnit EdleRbIGarmN_ . cUreyIgCaGkdwknaMExr caMCab;Canicfa { smyNakeK
GacelbykTwkdIeyIg bM)at;BUCeyIg )anEdr ebIeyIgminqat bebIeyIgmanEtGkdwknaMCaGay:g CamnusSBal

lg;exAminKitCati. rebobykeKGacpas;bUrviFIeTAtameBlevla nigsmykaltMrUveGay EteKenAEtyk )an
y:agR)akd}.EtebIeyIgmanGkdwknaMeQovqat mansartIlHbg; hanbUCaCIvit edIm,ICati nigRbCaCatiExry:agbr
pac; { smykalNakeyIgGacerIbMrH ykTwkdIeyIgEdl)at;bg;mkvij)anEdr}. eRBaHGIV ? eRBaHeyIgmanrbs;
dman tMlEdlminGackat;f)an EdlBYkemRtYtRtabnubedaybreTs minEdlnwknarvIrvl;Tal;EtesaH KW RbCa

CatiExr eyIgEdlrs;enATIenaH Cab;rhUtmk nigsaksamRbvtisaRssMxan;rab;minGs; CaGMeNaydl;eyIg y:ag
sMebIm. b:uEn vanwgekIteLIg)an GaRsyelIfamBlrbs;eyIgCaExrpgEdr famBl neya)ay kgTB esdkic
nigkPaB nsgmExr eRkamTsSnvisy nGkdwknaMmYyRkumdesaHRtg; nigmanBayam. manRbeTs
GIiuRsaEGl CaKMrURsab; RtUv)anBYk eGhSIub nigGar:ab; rMlayBUC rab;Ban;qaMmkehIy EtCnCatienH GaceRkakeLIg
rYbrYmKaCaCatimYy EdlxaMgminGacGkNab:H)aneLIy . cuHeyIg RtUgeFVI y:agNa ? TukeGayCatisab; sinswm
erI bRtUverIkg eBlEdlCatienArs;?. ehtuenHehIy eyIgCaGkdwknaMExr RtUvEteFVIkarfwgEfgBicarNaeGaylit
ln; eFVIkarsMercciteGay)anTan;eBlevla edayEpkelI ehtu pl Bit Causes, Fact and Effects nigsan
karN_BitCak;Esg enaHeTIb eyIgGac seRgaHCati rbs;eyIg)an. {PaBkMsak naMmknUvesckIsab;dl;xYn}.
PaBRsemIRsm \tehtuplenH manCab;kgsartIGarmN_ rhUtmkdl;sBVfenH EdlCakta eFVIeGay
eyIgsak;esI xVHkarBit karRbwgERbg. RbCaBlrdExr eyIgdeRcInelIslb; TaMgGkKancMeNHdwg TaMgmancMeNH
dwg kMBugrg;caMGkmanbuN bemdwknaMenHg . EterOgGkmanbuN EdlExredkrg;caMkgkIRsemIRsm taml,ic
eXasnarbs;yYn Edl)anpSBVpSayerOg {BuTTMnay} enaH CaGkmanbuN EdlExrKitfa cuHBIelIemX elI
paymk nigEdlKanfnwgekItmankarBitTal;EtesaH. pyeTAvij vaCa])ayklyYn sabRBYs edIm,IeGayExr
edksgwmxl; nigTukkaseGayecaryYn erobcMEpnkarelbykdIExr Etb:ueNaH TMraMExrdwgxn khYseBlkMerIk
ElgrUc nigdl;fbBab;CIvitExreTAehIy. sUmExrTaMgGs;RCabfamundMbUg yYn sMlab;CIvit GkecHdwgExr nigRKwH
33
rkSasiTi
BuTiExrkgrbbRkhm EteBlenHyYneRbI hun Esn sMlab; RBlwgExr qnExr sartIExr eGayrlaysUn Efm
eTot sUmemtaGanbEnmesovePA {dMeNIreq<aHeTATwsxaglicqaM 2000 rbs;elaksaRsacar nYn eXOn.
dUecH kgnameyIgCakUnExr CasrsrRTUgRbeTsCati CaTMBaMgsgbsSI ebIdwgehIy eXIjehIy BehIy

ehIy enAraErksak;esIr sMerccitCYyeRsacRsg;RbeTsCatiminTan;eBlevlaeTenaH RbeTsExrnigkay dUcCa
RbeTscM):a nigExrkm<CaeRkam EdlyYnkMBugRtYtRtabcb,nenHya:gR)akdk KW eQaH RbeTskm<CaenAEtman k
b:uEnminEmnkm<Ca EdlmanExrCamas;RsukdwknaMeT Cakm<CamanyYn CaCnCatiPaKeRcIn CaGkkac;cgYtvasna

RbeTsCatieTAvij. smykalenH RbCaCatinana EdlRtYvBYkvatTI rMelaPrMlayBUCsasn_ eRkakeLIgeFIVkartsU
RbkbedayeCaKCy nigdeNIm)ansVyPaB kraCPaB ksagCard eLIgvij)anCabnbnab; dUcCa GIuRsaEGl
Timr xagekIt )a:eLsIn CaKMrURsab; ehIymanRbCaCatixHeTot kMBugEteFIVkartsUerIbMrH dUcmanenA TIeb RbeTscin
CaedIm mandMeNIrkarRbkbedayPaBviCman TaMgelIqakGnrCati nigkgmCdanRbCaCatirgeRKaH TaMgenH.
cuHeyIgCaExr suxciteGayputBUC rlayCati nayuKsmyenH)anEdrb? vaCaerOgGam:as;bMput ebImin)an
deNImykkm<CaeRkam Edl)at;bg;mkvijeT kRtUvEtkarBar TwkdIEdlenAsl;enHeGayKg;vgSEdr.
{GkdwknaMExr CaemmenaKmn_viCaneya)ay CaeXasnikdbiunRbsb; CaRKUbgVwkdBUEk CaGkdwknaMTB

RbyuTdekovkabrpac;mutRsYc nigmanRbsiTiPaBx<s;pg EtminEmnCaecARkmcaMkat;kIenaHeT} .
-RtUvecHCYyKa lak;Ka karBarKa eTAvijeTAmk

karCYyKaeTAvijeTAmk CakkanaM[mansamKIPaB nigeCaKCy. ecaryYn nigBYkGak,t; hun Esn )an
xitxMriHrkeRbIR)as;RKb;meFa)ay eFVI[sgmExreBareBjedaykarEbk)ak; nigminTukcitKa. munnwgcab;cgecaT
Rbkan; GkeshaCatiExr vaEtgEt RbDitecaTRbkan;GkeshaCatifa y:agenHy:agenaH dUcPasitExrEtg niyay
fa { edIm,IvayEqCa eKRtUvecaTfaEqenaHqt}. kareRbIR)as;kll,icexARkxVk;dUecH edIm,IeFVI[GkeshaCati Exr
eyIg)at;bg;PaBRtwmRtUv )at;bg;muxmat;RtwmRtUvxagneya)ay nigRtUvrgnUvkarefaleTasBI CnanuCnkgsgmCati
nigsaFarNmti. kb:uEn eTaHCaecaryYn bgUrCnCatiyYn dsnwksnab;cUlmktaMgTIlMenABaseBjRsukExr vamin
EdleGIeBIykEPkemIlesaHeLIy.
XII
ehtudUecHehIy kgnameyIgCaExr minfaCaGkdwknaM bCaRbCaBlrdsamBaeLIy RtUvecHCYylak; CYy

karBar CnrYmCatiExrTaMgLayEdlRtUvrgnUvkarecaTRbkan; BIsMNak;BYkk,t;. karCYylak; CYykarBar CYybiT
)aMg GkeshaCati CameFa)aymYy CYyrkSakMlaMgeshaCati [Kg;vg; nigCakarelIkTwkcit[manGkeshaCati
kan;EteRcIn eRkakQrtsURbqaMgnwgrbbRtYtRtak,t;sBVfenH. minRtwmEt CnrYmCatiExrTaMgelInigeRkamb:ueNaH
eT sUm,IEtCn CatinanaEdlrgeRKaHedaysarkarratt,atBIsMNak;ecaryYn dUcCa yYnesrI m:ug lavesrI CaedIm
.l. eyIgRtUvEtCYylak;)aMgkarBarykGasaredaycitesaHsr PatrdUcCabgbnrYmQamrYmelahit. enHCa
meFa)aymYyeFVI[eyIgkan;EtmankMlaMg GkRbqaMgnwgyYn eRcIneLIg EdlCafamBlmYyGacvayrujRcan[
ecaryYn dYlrlM)an.
34
rkSasiTi
EpkTI 2
35
rkSasiTi
sil,nkardwknaM
(The Art of Leadership)
-ckvisyGkdwknaMExr (Vision of Khmer Leader)

GIVTaMgGs; cab;epImeLIgRtUvEt manckvisy. ckvisy CaRbPBGrUbIy_ dmanRbsiTPaB kgkardwknaM
vaKW CaGIVEdlemdwknaM emIleXIjdl;CMerAnUv GtItkal bcb,nkal nig GnaKt dEvgqay ehIyGacTsSn_Tay
RbemIlsankarN_ EdlGacekItmanxagmux TukCamun RBmTaMgGackMNt;nUv bnat;neya)aydwknaM rbs;xneq<aH
eTArkeCaKCy sMrab;Ggkarneya)ayrbs;xn)aneTotpg. ebIemdwknaM KanckvisyeT enaHnwgKanGkedIrtam
eLIy. ehtuenH emdwknaMExr eTaHkglMdab;NakI RtUvEtmanckvisyCak;lak; nigsal;c,as;las; nUvpvEdl
RtUvnaMeTArkeKaledA nigeCaKCypac;RBt. enAkgckvisy rbs;emdwknaM RtUvmaneKalbMNg menaKmn_viCa
neya)ay eKalkarN_ TwsedA eKaledA nigTMrg;nGgkarneya)aydwknaMmYy EdlRtUv)aneRKageLIg eGayRsb
eTAtamsankarN_ CMuvijxn tMrUveGay. eRkABIenH RtUvmankarelIkTwkcit kicRbtibtikarGb;rM xagRbvtisaRs cit
saRs k,nc,ab; yuTsaRs viFIeFIV k,nxatKMrU Edlbgb;eday KMnitrYbrYmCati kPaBCatiEtmYy tamyuTsaRs
rYmEtmYy Rbkbeday \sSrPaB edIm,IedIreq<aHeTArkeCaKCy. xageRkamenH CaTsSn nigckvisyrbs; emdwk
naMExr EdlemIleXIjBI mhicta rbs;RbeTsCitxagmanEpnkarelbRt)ak;ykTwkdIExr rMlayBUCsasn_Exr taMg
BIGtItkalrhUtmkdl; bcb,nkal nigeBlGnaKt.
I
k-eKalbMNg nig TwsedArbs; yYn

yYn maneKalbMNgy:agCak;lak; kgkarrMlayBUCsasn_Exr elbRt)ak;TwkdIExr nigBRgIkGMNacRtYt
Rta enAelI RbeTsTaMgbIenAeRCay\Ncin. yYnmanmhicta RtYtRtaRbeTsenATwkdITaMgenH dUcyYnFab;)ansMerc
elb ykRbeTscm,a: Exrkm<CaeRkamrYcmkehIyEdr. yYnkMBugdak;GNaniKmn_EbbfIelIRbeTslav nigRbeTs
Exrbcb,n. yYn)anQanBanelbykTwkdIRbeTscm,a: RtYtRtacab;BIqaM1687 ?. fTI4 Exmifuna qaM1949
yYn)anelbykTwkdI Exrkm<CaeRkam EfmeToteRkamkarXubXitCamYy)araMg EdlExrmin)andwgesaH bEbbeFVI
rMlg BIelIk,alExr . vaCakarrMelaP emIlgaymYy minGacTTYlyk)an cMeBaHeyIgCaRbCaCatimas;TwkdI. yYn
)anQanBan RtYtRtaRbeTsExr cab;BIfTI7 Ex mkra qaM1979 RBmTaMgelIk bnbCnkumynis k,t;Cati Edl
bMerIplRbeyaCn_eGayva mandUcCa hun Esn nig ehg sMrin/ Ca sIum tamry snisBaa; sniPaB mitPaB
shRbtibtikar xusc,ab; qaM 1979 1982 1983 1985 rvagBYkGay:g nig yYn. eTaHCamankare)aHeqat
Cabnbnab;mkk_eday lTplenHminEmnecjBIqnHExreT EtCakarerobcMeday yYn nig bkSBYk hun Esn.
36
rkSasiTi
1-neya)ayvatTwkdIrbs; yYn kumynis\Ncin

(Territories Aggression of Vietnamese Communist Indochina)
kalBIsmyGgr kgraCkal RBH)aTCyvrnTI2 RBH)aTCyvrnTI7 ExrCaGaNacRkmYyEdl man

TwkdIFMlwiVgelIVy manRBMRbTl; Tl;nwgRbeTscin naeBlenaH yYnminmanTwkdI bbegIt)anCardkraCenAeLIy
eT yYnenACaBg enAxagt,gRbeTscinenAeLIy. yYn)anRbmUlpMKa rs;enACakulsm<n sitenAeRkamkarRtYtRta
rbs;cin. eRkayBIyYn)an rMedaHxnecjBIkarRtYtRtarbs;cinmk yYn)anGnuvtn_neya)ayvatTwkdI edaykareFIV
sRgamc,aMgTRnanyk TwkdIBIRbeTsCitxag manRbeTsExr nigcM)a:CaedIm. yYn )aneRbIkll,icRKb;Ebby:ag.
yYn)anfVayRsIsat mkerobkarCamYyesc RbeTscM):a eRkaymkRsIyYn )ansMuescRbeTs cM):a edIm,IGnuBaat
eGayCnCatiyYnmkrs;kgRbeTscM):a. CnCatiyYn kan;EteRcIneTA yYn)anbegItsRgampkgsMlab; esccM):a
enaHecaleTA ehIydeNImykRbeTs cM):a RtYtRtacab;BIqaM 1687 mk. eTaHbICaCnCati cam egIbbHe)arRbqaMg
ya:gNakI kRtUvrgnUvkarbRgabya:g sahavbMputBIsMNak;yYn.
cMENkRbeTsExreyIg k)anFak;kg\TiBlyYnEdr kgrCkalRBH)aT CyeCdaTI2 qaM1630. escenH

)anerobkarCamYykUnRsIescyYn EdlmaneQaHfanag kUCInsuin CO CHIN XIN. kUCInsuIn )annaMjatisNan
37
rkSasiTi
kgTB GkbeckeTs tulakar vb,Fm nigGriyFm mkrs;enAkgTwkdIExr enAtMbn;RBnKr nigekaHRkbI edIm,IeFIV

karhVwkhat;TB. yYn )ansMuescExr kMuyykBnGarkCnCatiyYnTaMgenaH. {esckIemta edayPaBlg;exA
naMmk nUvesckIvinasdl;xnnigCnrYmCatiExr}.
CnCatiyYn CaPak;garcarkm cUlmkrs;enAtMbn;enH kan;EteRcIneLIg dUcyYnkMBughUrcUlRbeTsExr

bcb,n. eRkaymkesc CyeCdaTI 2 )ansuKteTA sRgamvwkvr )anekIteLIgenAkgtMbn;enH eBlenaHyYn)an
elIkTBmkbRgabExr ya:gsahavelITwkdIExreRkam dUcCa RBnKr ekaHRkbI nig ext mYycMnYneTot)anFak;kg
kNab;d yYncab;BIeBlenaHmk. ehtuenHehIy eTIb)anCayYn ehAEdndIenHfaCaEdndI kUCinsIun mannyfa
EdndI GkRsITI9sMu.
enAsmy eRTOg mijya:g rCkalesckSRtIGgmIu qaM1835-1841 yYn)aneRbIviFIekArMlay BUC
sasn_Exr nigQanBanelbykTwkdIExrmgrYcehIy Etmin)ansMerc. kalenaHEb:kxaglicRbeTsExr kan;kab;
edayesom Eb:kxagekItkan;kab;edayyYn. yYn)anbgM yExreFIVkarCaTMgn;; CIkERBkvijet sMlab;Exr eday
yYn ykExreTAkb;TaMgrs; TukRtwmkmkelI dak;Ca bImuM ehIyykxHetatmkdaMBIelIk,alExr rYcykePIgmkdut
daMEt. eBlExrrgeRKaHTaMgenaH ekAerIbMrH yYnvaERskfa {RbytkMBubEtGug} . GkxHeTot RtUvkb;TaMgrs;ehIy
ykrnas;mkras;BIelI. edIm,IrMlayExreGayeTACayYn bgMExryesokBak;GavpavrebobyYn nigRtUvlb;bM)at;
vtGar:am edaybegIt sasnaRBHBuTEkgkay nigykmkeXasna fa GkmanbuNenATwsxagekIt edIm,IeFVIy
Exr vwkvrxagCMenOsasna dUcKanwgeBl ral;fvayk Cnkumyniseyokmij eTB vg; mkbMbYseFVICasgraCExr
dUecaHEdr. yYneRbIRKb;meFa)ay kgkarrMlayExr nigCabeNIr vabBanCnCatiyYnxusc,ab; mktaMgTIenAelI
TwkdIExrkgextTaMgenaH nigcat;yCnCatiyYnmkeFIVCaecAhVayext ExrCaedIm. Epnkar eRTOg mijya:g kg
karrMlayBUCsasn_Exr nigelbykTwkdIExr min)ansMerceCaKCy eRBaHExrTaMgGs;egIbeLIgTUTaMgRbeTsbHe)ar
bRgabyYn . karbHe)arenaH Exr)aneRkakRBmKa ehIyedjkab;sMlab; yYn eFVIeGayyYn xHrt;eTA BYnkgTwkbwg
edayyk RskIdUg mkRKbedayTukRtwmEtRcmuH sMrab;dkdegImb:ueNaH. erOgenH ehIyEdlmanTMenom ExrehA
yYn fa GaRskIdUg rhUtmk.
eRkaymkeTot Epnkar hU CImij )anbn neya)ayRtCak;elb TwkdIExrbcb,nsarCafI. dMbUgeLIy
yYn )anbegItkumynis\Ncin enATIRkughugkug dwknaM eday hU CI mij enA fTI 2kum qaM1930. yYnman
bMNg yklTikumynis CameFa)ay edIm,IeGaysMercbMNgxn kgkarBRgIkTwkdI edayRtYtRta elIRbeTsTaMg
3 enAtMbn;\NcinTaMgmUl ExrTaMgmUl ExreRkameRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;yYnxagt,g nig lav.
edIm,IsMerceKaledAenH yYn )aneRbIIkll,icdEdl dUcBImun etIkll,icenaH dUcemcxH ?
38
rkSasiTi
yYn )anbBaHbBalBlrd lav nigExr eGaycUlrYm edayykelsfaRbqaMgnwgGaNaniKm)araMg nig

GaemrikaMg. eRkaymkeTot yYnbBan carburs-narI CaeRcInmkkgRbeTsExr eBlenaHesc sIhnu manmehsI
Capvkar 5 rYcehIy srubTaMgGs; 6 rYmTaMg m:Unic CaGKmehsI sBVf.sUmbBaak;fa m:Unic CacarnarIyYn Kan
QamCrCaExrbniceLIy mayCakUnyYnkat;cin BukCaCnCati GIutalI. sUm,IEtRBHkusm matarbs; sI hnu k
minyl;RBmeGay sIhnu erobGPieskeT b:uEn sIhnu cecserobGPiesk. ehIyPaBrkaMrkuH nigkarminRBmsab;
eyabl;rbs;RBHGg )aneFIVeGayRBHmata kusm QWsuKteTA. )araMg )ankat;TwkdII Exrkm<CaeRkam eTAeGay
yYn enA fTI 4 Exmifuna qaM1949 Edlman TwkdIExrcMnYn 21 ext kgrCkal sIhnu esc sIhnuenH g.
eRkayBIeBl EdlyYndeNImykTwkdIkm<CaeRkamehIy yYn)anbnEpnkarelbykTwkdIExrsBVf enH

eTot. enAqaM1945-54 yYn)ancab;ykkUnekgExrtUc eTAbMBak;bMb:nmenaKmviCakumyniscMnYnCag 4500nak;
EdlBYkenH ehAfaRkumExreyokmij. eBlenaHehIy EdlRsukExr ekIterOg Rbmat;Rbmg; sarCafI mgeTot.
k-TMnak;TMngerOgRbmat;Rbmg;nig valBiXad
tamkarsikSaRsavRCavrbs;elak saRsacar ekg v:an;sak; )anydwgfa enAraCesc CyvrnTI 9

esc sIhnu TI1 RbeTsExr RtUv)anRbeTscin bm:ugehal tMrUveGayRbmUlRbmat; mnusS eTAyRbeTsenH
CaRbcaMerogral;qaM. edaysarPaBkMsak escenH suxciteGayeKsMlab;Exr edIm,IykRbmat; BIRKb;TwsTI. na
eBlenaHKanesc bGkR)aCJbNitNa eRkakQreLIgRbQmmuxedaHRsayerOgenHeT. tamkarbkRsay rbs;
elaksaRsacar )aneGaydwgfa BYkGkecHdwgExr EdlenAeRkamGMNacescminGacsresrkarBit ehtuenH eTIb
)antak;EtgerOg GaxVak; GaxVin enHeLIg kgbMNgeGay kUnExrCMnan; eRkay)andwg erOgRbvtisaRsdCUrct;enH.
GkniBn)anBnl;eyIgfa kartsUerIbMrH BIkarKMnab dlVIgCUrct;rbs;RbeTscin kgkareFVIXatExr edayminerIs
mux edIm,IykRbmat;enH manEtBYkGkEdlrs;eRkamRsTab;)ateCIgeKdUc nayxVak;nayxVin b:ueNaHEdlhaneRkak
eLIgeFVIkartsU ykQHsRtUvdFMenaH)an. GkniBnk)anbBaak;Edrfa minEmncaM)ac;Tal;EtBUCesc bnamWunFMeT
EdlmansmtPaB cUlrYmedaHRsayvib,ti RbeTsCati ral;RKamanGasn ekIteLIgenaH. raRssamBaRKb;rUb k
RtUvmankarTTYlxusRtUv kgkarCYykarBar ksagCati nigkar karBarnUvbuBVsiTiBIkMeNItrbs;xnpgEdr. erOg
39
rkSasiTi
FnBay Ca]TahrN_mYyya:gl sIBI smtPaBrbs;BlrdExr kgkaredaHRsayvib,tiRbeTsCati nigbgajma:g

eTotfa BYkesc namWun FMtUcPaKeRcIn CamnusSkMsak ykEtrYcxn nigKitEtraCblg buNskmuxmat;b:ueNaH.
erOgenH yYn R)akdCa)anelIkykeTAsikSa y:aglitln; edIm,ICaRbeyaCn_ kgkareFVI sRgamcitsaRs
epSg sMrab;elbykRbeTsExr. enAcenaHqaM 1863-1954 eBlEdl RbeTsExr sitenAeRkamGNaniKmn_
rbs; )araMg erOgRbmat;Rbmg;enH )anekItB suHsay enABaseBjRbeTsExr ehIyerOgenH manBdMNalt Ka
rhUtmkdl; TsvtSr_qaM 80. etIehtuGIV )anCamanerOgRbmat;Rbmg;enH ekItmaneLIgeTot eRkayBIerOgenH )at;
eTACit 800qaMehIyenaH?. tamkarsikSaRsavRCav GaceGayeyIgemIleXIjfa edIm,IerobcMelbykRbeTs Exr
yYn)anerobcMedayGt;Ft; y:aght;ct; edIm,IeFVIeGayRbeTsExrcuHexSay sgmExr)ak;EbksamKIKa CaRkumbkS
BNsMbur neya)ay eRcInRkum eRcInBYk CaRbeyaCn_ eGayvaGac RKb;RKgRtYtRta)an muneBl vaeFVIkarvayluk
edaykMlaMgTB enAeBlNamYy. emaHehIy kgGMLgeBlEdl RbeTsExrenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs; )araMg yYn
va)anbBaHbBalExr EdrmansartICatiniym TaMgenATIRkug CnbT eGayegIbeFVIkar RbqMagnwgkarRtUYtRta rbs;
)araMg edIm,ITamTakraC. eRkamkarRtYtRta rbs;)araMg raRsExr min)aneBjciteLIy. )araMg )anerobcM tMbn;
esdkicCaeRcIn edIm,IdwkCBanykeTARbeTseK CaBiess cMkarekAsU eQIlRbNitCaedIm. )arMag )anxitxMksag
pvKmnaKmn_CaeRcIn kgRbeTsExr edIm,IbMerIeKaledAlepSgrbs;xn TaMgxag esdkic kgTB nigkarRKb;RKg
Epkrd)al rbs;xn. edaykarmineBjcit nwgPaBCakBaH)arMag ExrmineBjcit nwgeFVIkarCamYy)araMgeLIy.
enHCaehtueFVIeGay )araMg naMCnCatiyYn RbEhl 40000nak; cUlmkkgRsukExr edIm,IbMerIkar enAkgtMbn; esd
kicTaMgenaH CaBiess tMbn;cMkarekAsU nigkgrd)alRKb;RKgrbs; )arMagtaMgBIraCvaMg rhUtdl;fak; Rsuk XMu rEmg
manyYn eFVIkarCamYy )araMg CaCMnYsExr mas;Rsuk .
eRkayeBlEdl egVog Gkuk b hU CImIj )ancUlCasmaCikkumynisGnrCati. hU CImij )anRtLb;mk
RbeTskMeNItvij nig)anerobcM begItbkSkumynis\NcinmYyeLIg kgbMNg TI1 RbmUlkMlaMg RbCaCatinana
enAtMbn;enHeGayCYyyYnkg karrMedaHRbeTsBI GaNaniKmn_)araMg. EtBIeRkayxg eKaledAenH yYn manbMNg
yklTikumynis CameFa)ay edIm,IelbykRbeTsExr ExreRkam nig lav CaGaNaext rbs;yYnEtmg. kar
sabRBYs lTikmynis enARbeTsTaMgbI Exr yYn lav RKan;EtCameFa)ay eFVIeGaysMerc eKaledArbs;va Et
b:ueNaH. yYn )anTajykRbeyaCn_ya:geRcInBICnCatiyYn Edl)araMg )anbBanmk kgRbeTsExr edIm,IbMerI
skmPaBneya)ay nigkgTBrbs;va. TnwmnwgeBlenHEdr edIm,IGnuvtKMerag karyUrGEgVg hU CImij )ancat;[
lblYccab; bedaykarbBaHbBaltamkare)akR)asepSgdl;kUnExr enAtamRsukERscMkar EdlmanGayuBI1015 qaM EdlminTan;sal; dwgGIVc,as;las; BIExrenAeLIy rYcehIybBaneTA yYnxageCIg. skmPaBEbbenH yYn
)anGnvutn_CaerogrhUt taMgBIrqaMCag1940-70. CaBiess enAeBleRkaysnisiThSWENv 20 kkda qaM1954
tMrUveGay yYndkTB ecjBiIRsukExr EtmYyeBl yYn)anbBaHbBalnaMykkUnExr RbmaNCa 4500nak; ykeTA
dak;tamCMurMnanaenAyYnxageCIg. kgcMeNamenaH manTaMgkUnExrsuTsaF nigkUnyYn EdlekItenARsukExr ecHExr
40
rkSasiTi
c,as;. enARsukExr TUTaMgCnbT nigTIRkug yYn )aneFVIkareXasnaBakccamGaramfa manRbmat; Rbmg; cab;yk

kUnekg eTAkb;TaMgrs; edIm,I eFVICaRKwHfl; s<annana Edl )araMg kMBugksagenARbeTsExr.
ehtuGIV)anCa yYn vaeFVIkareXasna erOgRbmat;Rbmg;enHeLIg ?
1-edIm,Ilak;)aMg Epnkar cab;naMykkUnekgExrenaH eGaysitenAsat;kM)aMg.
2-edIm,Ilak;)aMg EpnkardexARkxVk; rbs;yYn EdlerobcMEpnkarelbykdIExr .
3-edIm,IeFVIeGay sgmExr ekItkarPyxac vwkvr RcbUkRcbl; GesrPaBBaseBjRbeTs.
4-edIm,IeFVIeGay ExrRbqaMgnwg Epnkarksag fl; s<an rbs;)araMg enARbeTsExr RtUvraMgsH.
5-edIm,IeFVIeGay RbeTsExr manKmnaKmn_Tn;exSay CagyYn CaehtueFIVeGayesdkicTn;exSay gay
RsUlyYn gakmkelbRt)ak;eBlvarYcd BI)araMg.
etI BYkekgRbmat;Rbmg; manplb:HBal; nigmankCab;Tak;TgFn;FrkMritNadl; karsMlab;rgalExrCag
bIlannak; enAkgrbb b:ul Bt .
GkNakdwgEdrfa rbbvalBiXad RtUv)anerobcM ]btmKaMRTedayyYn. enAkgesovePA }eRkaysam
jjwmrbs; Exr} )ansresrfa CnkumynisdMbUg EdlekItmanenAkgRbeTsExr suTswgEtCaGnikCnyYn Edl
)araMg )annaMcUlmkenAkgtMbn;esdkicnana BMumanExreT. luHeRkaymkeTiIbmanBYkExrCatiniymegIbeLIgbHe)ar
RbqaMgnwgkarRtYtRtarbs;)araMg EdlRtUvrbbesc sIhnu tamrkcab;xn rt;eKcmkenAkgRB. edayKanCMerIs
bedayminGacrkeXIjkMlMagGkCatiiniymExr eTIbBYkenHRtUvbgMcit bedaykarlYgelame)akR)asbgMciteGay
cUlkgclnakumynisdwknaM RtYtRtaedayyYn. yYn xngkFab;)anGYtGagEdrfa rbbsaFarNrdExr Gac
Kg;vg;)an 5qaM keRBaHEtxnminTan;cg;eGayrbbenHdYlrlMEtb:ueNaHedIm,ITukkaseGayyYnxng erIsmnusS
dak;bnb eRBaHmnusSEdlyYn )anerobbMrugehIyenaH RtUvBYk b:ul Bt e)assMGat Tan;eBlesIEtTaMgGs;. Et
eTaHCay:agNavamindUcyYn GYtGagenaHeT KWsarrbbsaFarNrdExr RtUv)anRbmUlpMedaybBavnCatieRkakeLIg
tTl;nwgyYn eFVIeGayyYn)ak;GMNYteTAvij yYn)anGYtR)ab;sIhnufa yYn nwgvayykRbeTsExrEt 1GaTit
b:ueNaH nwgykblgfVaysemcvijminxan. ehtudUecH GaceGayeyIg emIleXIjfa erOgra:gEdlekItenAelI
TwkdIExr bsRgam\NcinenaHCaerOgyYn erobcMeLIgedIm,IykRbeTsExr niglav Etb:ueNaH. erOgbdivtn_ rbs;
BYk b:ul Bt exov sMpn nigerOg sIhnu RbqMagnwgcRkBtiGaemrikenaH RKan;EtCaerOgEdlBYkenH elattamExS
jak;cin yYn Etb:uNwg minEmnCaerOgekIteLIgedaymnsikar Edlman\sSrH EpkKMnitenaHeLIy. ebIsinCaerOg
enHekIteLIgeday mnsika\sSrH emHsmeBlenaH TaMg nYn Ca/ exov sMpn/ sIhnu minsuxcitt,lk,al eTARCk
eRkam)ateCIgGay:gyYn bkbeNayxnTukeGayBYkGay:gcab;ykeTAkat;eTasenaHeLIy emHBYkenHRtUveRkak
erobcM eTaHedayRbeyal bedaycMeBaHeFVIkarrMedaHCati kgRKaenHCaminxan. ehIyGkNakdwgfa ebIKanyYn
BYk kumynis b:ul Bt hun Esn minGacmanrUbrageLIg)aneLIy.
41
rkSasiTi
eRkaykarbBanBYkTaMgenH eTAenAyYnxageCIg yYn )anEbgEck ekgTaMgenH CaRkum eTAtamCMurMunana

edaylayLMKarvag kUnExrRsukERscMkarsuT nigkUnyYn EdlecHExr. EtmuneBldak;bBalKa ekgTaMgGs;suT
swg bgab;eGaybreQaHeTACaeQaH bdivtn_TaMgGs;. kUnyYn EdlecHExr eGaydUreQaHBIyYn mkCaeQaHExr
vij. enHCaviFIlak;GtsBaaN edIm,IRsYlgay kgkarbBalBYkenH mkkgcegamBYkkUnExr nigedIm,IRsYlgay
kgkareFVIcarkm bMerIneya)ay vatTIelbTwkdIrbs;va enAkgsgmExr bGacehAeQaHma:gfa {ExrfI} KWCaCn
EdlmaneQaHCaExr EtQamCr xYrk,al yYnsuTsaF . BYkTaMgenH RtUv)aneKniym ehAfa {BYkExr eyokmij }
b { BYkPaKxageCIg }.
karGb;rMxusTWs nigkarbNHbNal lTikumynis dl;BYkExreyokmij
edayBit ekgCMTg;TaMgenH minRKan;EtenAvyekgxIeT EtEfmTaMgmindwgc,as;BIGIV CabsKl; RsukeTs
vb,Fm RbBNIrbs;xnCaExr esaHeLIy. elIsBIhwg BYkekgTaMgenH CaekgekItenAkgRkumRKYsar Bukmay
RkIRk tamRsukERscMkarCnbT EdlminTan;ecHGkSrExr EfmeTot ]TahrN_dUcCaelak Eb:n suvN/ Ta )aj/; Ca
edIm. yYn )ancat;eGaymankarsikSaGb;rM tamEbbEpnepSgKa rvagBYkExrevotmij nigExrfI. Exrevotmij RtUv
)anGb;rMbeRgon eGayenAkgkMritmYy EdlxusTWsedA xagsIlFm nigkgkMritmYy RtwmEtCaGkbMerIEpnkar bkg
kMritklyuTTactical Level. ExrfI RtUv)anyYnerobcMeGaymankareronsURtlRbesIrCagkgkMritmYyCaGktMrg;
TwsedA eTACaGkbgab;bBaa kmaPi)alCan;x<s;b Operational Level epSg sMrab;ra:b;rgTTYlGnuvtn_Epnkar
nigkarbBaaBIRkbxNkMBUl rbs;BYkemdwknaM yYn nigkg kMritmYy CaGkRKb;RKgCMnajkardwknaMbBaaelIk,al
BYkExreyokmijkmaPi)alCan;Tab nigExreTotEdl yYn )anxitxMerobcM Gb;rM hVwkhVWn y:agskm enAtamTI
CnbTRsukERs kgRbeTsExr.
k-karbNHKMnitCatiym
kgkarGb;rM hVwkhVWn yYn )anGb;rMBYkExreyokmij tamEbbmYyxusTwsedA edIm,IRsYlgaykgkarRtYt
Rta. ]TahrN_ Tak;TgnwgKMniteshaCatiniym yYn BMu)anbnHeGayBUkTaMgenHmanKMnit RsLaj;Cati RsLaj;
GIV CaExreLIy. pyeTAvij yYn bNHBYkenH eGaymanEtkarQWcab; sgswk cgGaXadkgsgmExr dUcEdlBYk
hun Esn EtgEteFVIkarrMlwk BIrbbExrRkhm enARKb;m:at;mindac; EtminEdlrMlwk cgGaXad nwg ecAhVayyYn
vakat;ykdIExr ykk,alExr daMEtGug enAERBkvijet kalBIGMLgqaM 1813 enaHesaHeLIy. elIsBIenH BYkeK
EbCaniyayedayKankarQWcab;fa {erOgdI)at;bg;CaerOgesc minTak;TgnwgBYkeKeT }. rebobLkLWymYyeTot
EdlBYkenHEtgEtniyayelgesIcCab;mat;enaHKWfa {ebIdwgfarbs;RsIyYnlGIcwg kat;dIeGayyYn eRcInCagesc
eTAeTot}. karbNHKMnitCatiniymRtUv)anyYnbEgVeGayeTACa KMnitGnrCatiniym yuTsamKIPaB b samKIPaB
rvag yYn Exr lav Cabgbn EdlR)ascakkarBiteTAvijExr lav KanGMbUr QamCamYUyyYneT sUm emIlRbvti
42
rkSasiTi
saRs elaknana. minEtb:ueNaH yYn )andak;kMhusfa karbnHeGaymanKMnitCatiniym enAkgCYrGkdwknaMCati

CaerOgEdlRtUvrgnUvkarefaleTasBIGnrCatieTAvij sMdIenHGkniBnpal;Fab;)anTTYlkarriHKn;BIBYkkmaPi)al
]tmesnIy rbs;Gay:g hun Esn enAnaqaM 1999 kgeBlEdlGkniBn)anelIkyk eKalkarN_ bNH KMnitCati
niym dak;enAkgkarGb;rMGkdwknaMkgTBCatisBVfenH. EtenAkgkarGb;rM BYkyYn bExrfI RtUv)anyYn vaGb;rM
BYkenHeGayman KMnitCatiniymyYn y:agRCaleRCAeTAvij.
GnrCatiniym EdlniymEtyYn
kgcMeNamBYkk,t;CatiTaMgenH RtUv)anvaGb;rMeGayKiteGayyl;fa mitPaByYn nigBYkvasMxan;CagGayu
CIvItCati nigRbCaCatiExr. dUcmanfIenH escsgkumynis eTB vgS )ancab;RBHetCKuN Twm saxn pSwkbBan
eTAeGayecaryYn ykeTAdak;KukeFVITukbukemj edaysMGagelsfab:HBal;mitPaB. kgkarRbCMumYykgcMeNam
kgTBeCIgeKakGasannaqaM2000 enARbeTsesom. ebIeTaHCamantMNagkgTBExrlav cUlrYmkI yYn)aneRkak
QrEfgkary:agRBehIn nig\teGonxas;edayGHGagxnCatMNagkgTB\Ncin. naeBlenaH BYk]tmesnIy
k,t; EdlCaGay:g yYn minhaneRkakCMTas;eLIy edayxacb:HBal; mitPaB yYn-hun Esn.
karGb;rM eGayman sartIGnrCatiniym enH mancMeBaHEtCnCatiyYnxngEtb:ueNaH EtCamYyCnCati
epSg eTot dUcCa sUevot nigRbeTsnanaEdlCaRbeTskumynisdUcKa bkCamas;CMnYy yYn nigGay:g min)an
tMrUveGayxVl;xVayBIkar)at;bg;mitPaB esaHeLIYy. CaerOy BYkvinieyaKTun breTs EdlmanCMhr minrNbyYn
EtgRtUv)anBYkvaecaTRbkan;edayRbkarenH RbkarenaHCadrab dUcCakarrMelaPelIkumar karrMelaPsiT karRbRBiti
erOgGnacarepSg edIm,Iykelscab;CnTaMgenaHdak;Kuk beFVIeGaymanBiruT eFVieGayCnTaMgenaHdkfy bGs;
CMenOkgkarrksIuenARbeTsExr EdleFVIeGaymankarb:HBal;dl;karvinieyaKenARbeTsExr. elIsBIenH GkEdl
)anTTYlkarsikSaviCaeyaFa BIRbeTsnana minfaRbeTsesrI bsgmniymeLIy minRtUv)anBYkvatMeLItdMekIg
zanesaHeLIy. EtBYkEdlyl;RBmeTAsikSaviCakgTBBIRbeTsyYn EdlRtUv)anyYnbeRgoneGayecHEt rebob
sMlab;ExrenaH RtUv)anBYkvaelIkdMekIgeGaymanzandwknaMsMxan;kgkgTB bnab;BIBYkkUnyYn EdlecHExr.
x-karGb;rM edIm,IbNHsartIRbyuT
dUc)aneBalxHBIxagelImkehIy BYkenHeBalmindac;mat; BIerOgvalBiXad EtBYkenH EtgEtGHGagfa

CyCMnH 17 emsa 1975 CaCyCMnHrbs;BYkeK EtRtUvrbb b:ul Bt deNImykeTA. EtBYkenHminEdlTTYlfa
GMeBIkab;sMlab; EbbePrvkm enAcenaHqaM 1970-75 tamTIRbCMuCn TIsaFarNnana benAtamCnbTcugkat;mat;
jk b 1975-93 nigbnrhUtdl;sBVffa Carbs;Edlva)anRbRBitiesaHeLIy. enAtamTICnbT yYn erIsyk
EtGkEdlKancMeNHdwg KankarsikSab:ueNaH edIm,IxngayRsYlbgVk;. yYn )anPUtkuhkfa yYn niwgExrCabgbn
Ka fayYnFab;CYyExrCaerogrhUtmk EtyYn minEdlrMlwkBITwkdIEdlyYn )anqk;bn;BIExrCahUrEhmkesaHeLIy.
eRkABIenH vaduteGaymankMhwgQWcab; edaykarbMEbkExrCaRkum BYk dUcCakartMrUv ehAExrGkRsukelIfaCa { Cn
43
rkSasiTi
CatiPaKtic } behAExrEd;lrt;ePosxneTA enARbeTseRkAfaCa { BYkGNikCn} CaedIm. EtvaminEdleGayehA

yYn faCaGnikCnesaHeLIy . pyeTAvij vatMrUveGayrdaPi)alGay:g dak;bBalCnCatiyYn enAtamextRkug
yYn 1RKYsar kgExr 5RKYsar EdlCakarbgajy:agc,as;RkELtnUvKMnit yYnYbnIykmelITwkdIExr. TegVIGs;enH
BYkGay:gminEdleFVI eFVIBTal;EtesaH . ebIyYn sMlab;Exr bn;dIExr vaeFVIRBegIy EtebI yYn gab;mYy vaERskqa
dqaeCIg. CagenHeTAeTot vaEtgGb;rM eFVIeGayExr sb;ExrKag eTAvij.
K-rebobeFVIkarsMerccit
{CIkesACIkTaMgbs} {suxcitcab;RcLM sMlab;RcLM RbesIrCagkarElgRcLMM. mannyfa ebIcab; bRtUv
e)assMGateKRtUvsMlab; be)assMGatGs; mYyExSminfaGkenaHesaHRtg; bminesaHRtg;eLIy. enHCarebob

rMlayKMnitCatiniym KMnitesaHRtg; nigrebobeGaykab;sMlab;edayminerIsmux EdlCaehtueGaymanvalBiXad
ekIteLIg. rebobenHehIy EdlBYk b:ul Bt nig BYkkumynis Fab;;)anRbRBitmkelIRbCaCatiExr eRBaHBYkenHk
TTYlkarGb;rMBI yYn mkedaypal;dUcKanwgBYk hun Esn Edr. esrFab;)an CYbsMPasn_CamYyelak nYn Ca eday
pal;enAGMLg Ex tula 2005 . elak nYn Ca )anbBaak;fa GkEdlsresrnigerobcMmenaKn_viCaneya)ayrbs;
BYkExrRkhm KWman xn elak nig b:ul Bt eGog sarI. elak)anbEnmfa KMnitneya)ay nigyuTsaRsepSg
eRcInsikSayktamyYn nigcin. elakk)anbBaak;pgEdrfa Rkumrbs;elak minEdl)anGan bykKMnitelak xag
lic mkeFVIkarsikSeRbobeFob esaHeLIy. bEnmBIelIenHeTot elak)anniyayfa { EtRsYl minRsYl elgmun
minTukeGayGkenaHGkEdlCab;karsgSyfak,t; eFVImun)aneLIy }. Bakfa { EtRsYl bminRsYl } kgny
fa{ ebIsgSyfaGkenaHk,t; eTaHKanPstagRKb;RKan; bKaneFVIkartamc,as;las; }keday RtUvEtsMlab;ecal.
TaMgenHCacMNucGacKUsbBaak; bgajeGayeXIjfa edayxneGaytMl yYn x<g;x<s;hYsehtu eTIbeFIV[ BYkenH
TTYlykrebobGb;rMhVwkhVWnmYy EbbRCulniym xusTwsedA nigR)ascakBI tkviCa BIsMNak; yYn edayectna b
edaymindwgxn ePcxn fayYn enAEtmanbMNgelbykdIExr ehIyCaehtueFVI eGayxnmanTwsedARCulniym
rhUtdl; mankarsMlab;rgalmkelICatisasn_g.
rebobma:geTot cin yYn )anGb;rMbBaHbBal TaMgesc sIhnu niggBYkRkhmTaMg 2Rkumfa { cg;cMeNj
RtUveFVIsRgam} . Et cin nigyYn min)anbkRsayBll;eGay)anek,aHk,ayfa kareFVIsRgam Edl)ancMeNj
RtUveFVIedayrebobNaenaHeLIy. sMdI { cg;cMeNj RtUveFVIsRgam } RtUv)anesc sIhnu elIkykmkniyayCa
saFarNenAkgBiFIsMePaFn_ naqaM 1967. ehtudUecHehIyeTIb)anCa escenH mankarrIkrayxaMgNas; enAnaTI
dMbUgnRBitikarRN_ 18mina 1970 eRBaHkarRsemIRsmcg;eFVICa escRkhm Edl esc sIhnu Fab;niyayBIerOg
ExrBNCMBU enaHRtUv)aneFVIeGayekIteLIgtamcMNg;KanEpnkarN_eKaledArbs;xn. y:agCak;Esg enAkgBIFI
bgaj BeRgogrdFmnuBa rbs;rdaPi)alnireTs eQaH rdaPi)alrYbrYmCatikm<Ca enATIRkug eb:kaMg qaM 1970.
TaMgenHsreGayeXIjfa CaerOgQutqakEdlerobcMeLIgeday esc sIhnu nigyYn cin y:agc,as;RkELt.
kareFVIsRgam EdlGacfacMeNjenaH KWkareFVIsRgamenAelITwkdIRbeTsdT dUc Edlesc ExrsmyGgr
Fab;)aneFVIrYcmkehIy. kar eFVIsRgamenAelITwkdIxng CakardutbMpajRbeTsCati RbCaCatixng.
44
rkSasiTi
kareFIVsRgamenAelITwkdIxngGacnwg RtUveFVIkgkaleTsmYyEdlRtUvbreTsQanBanehIy eyIgRtUveFVIkar

tsUerIbMrHrMedaHCati CacaM)ac; eBalKWCa kareFVIsRgamedIm,Ikarrs;ranrbs;RbCaCati rbs;CatieyIg.
X-reboberIseKaledAvayRbharObjective
kareRCIserIseKaledA EdlmankMhusqg R)ascak tkviCa. ]TahrN_xageRkamGaceGayeyIgeFVIkar

BicarNa)an
-tamRTwsIBit edIm,IykeCaKCyelIeKaledA {k} RtUveFVIkarkat;pac;karGnraKmn_ BIkMlaMgCMnYyrbs;xaMg
tampvKmnaKmn_ nanaEdlCab;Tak;TgTItaMg { k } enaH edaykareFVIBYnsak; karTb;sat;kMueGayxaMgmkCYy)an
bedaykarkat;pac; s<an fl; GIVTaMgGs; EdlTak;TgnwgeKaledA { k} enHeGay)an. EttamRTwsIBit ral;karkat;
pac; RtUveFVIkarfwgEfg elIktahirBavt nigktacitsaRs CaedIm. ktahirBavt RtUvfwgEfgfa ebIsinCa eKRtUvkar
kat;pac;s<an mYy etItMl eCaKCy neKaledA { k } Gacsksmnwgkarkat;pac;s<anenaHbeT? . ktacitsaRs
RtUvfWgEfgfa etIkarpac;s<anfl;enaH manplb:HBal;dl;Twkcit RbCaBlrdtMbn;enaHbeT ? kgkMritNa? b:HBal;
dl;kareRbIR)as;rbs;eyIgbeT ? ebIRtUvkarCYsCul eRbIeBlb:uNa? CaedIm,I.l. EtenAeBlyYn beRgonBYkenH
vaBMu)aneFVIedayRtg;dUecHeLIy eBalKW
-edIm,IykeCaKCyelIeKaledA {k} RtUveFVIkarbMpaj pvKmnaKmn_ s<an fl; GIVTaMgGs; EdlTak;Tgnwg
eKaledA { k} enHecal edIm,IkMueGaysRtUvmanlTPaBCYyeKaledA {k})an. enHCa]TahrN_mYy.
-edIm,IbM)at;GavuFCatipH RbmUlGavuF rab;EsnedIm dutbMpajecalGavuFTaMgenaHecal.
-edIm,ITb;sat;karkab;bMpajRBeQI RbmUleQI RbmUleRKOgcRk Lan sMParH dutecal.
-edIm,ITb;sat;karensaTxusc,ab; RbmUlTUk GYUn sMNaj;dutbMpajecalTaMgGs;.
-edIm,ITb;sat;kartsUnana RtUvkab;bMpajRBeQIecal { k5 nig eBlbcb,n}.
-edIm,ITb;sat;carkmxaMg RtUvEtsMlab;TaMgExSCIkesACIkTaMgbsminfa Gkk,t;bGkesaHRtg;eLIy.
edayBYkTaMgenH xVHkarsikSa nigedaykareCOelIKMnityYn hYsehtu eFVIeGayBYkenaH EtgtMkl; KMnityYn
suTswgEtRtUv CakareFVIeGayxkxanmin)aneFVIkarsikSaeRbobeFobEvgqayGIVeLIYy. ehIyBYkenHRbRBititamKng
yYn pl;KMniteGay rhUtdl;RbRBitiEbbRCulniym dl;sBVfenH.
45
rkSasiTi
g-rebobRKb;RKg nig cat;kar
enAkgrbb rbs;ExrRkhm eKEtgbBakfa {kartsUebIdac; ExSryH nwgmingay)aneLIgzan bmuxgar

x<g;x<s;eLIy }. mannyfa ebIcUleFVIkartsUtamGkdwknaMNamak;RtUvEteFVIkareGayCab;lab;CamYyGkenaH edIm,I
eGayGkenaHsal;dwgBIvirPaBrbs;xn. EtebIminEmnCaGkerIsxnmkbBaleT nwgKantMleLIy. TaMgenHehIy
CaehtueFVIyeKsegteXIjfa BYkenHnwgminsab;Gkmanzanx<s;CagxnNaeLIy eRkABIemdwknaMpal;rbs;xn.
ebIeyIgsegteGay)anditdl; enAkgclna kumynisrbs;ExrRkhm manclnaCaeRcIn KWBYkkumynisniymyYn
BYkEdl yYn )aneRCIserIserobcM BYkkumynisCatiniymcin Rkumb:ul Bt BYkraCaniym BYkGkCatiniym nig
BYkEdledayeraytamxl;. kgcMeNamenH BYkEdlman\TiBlxaMgCageK KW BYkkumynisniymyYn nig BYk
kumynisniymcin. edayehtufa enAqaM 1960 elak saLt s/ eGog sarI mkBI)araMg edIm,IcUlrYmeFVIkartsU
nigdeNImkan;kab; k,alm:asIunbkSkumyniskm<Ca y:agNakI EtGkdwknaMenARKb;RsTab; CaBiessenARsTab;
eRkamtamCnbT RtUv)anyYnerobcMrYceTAehIy. enAeBlEdl b:ul Bt bsaLt s kan;kab;k,alma:sIunbkS Kat;
RtYtRta)anRtwmEtk,alxagelIEtb:ueNaH RsTab;eRkam nigfak;kNal EdlmanBYkExrfI yYnEdlbreQaH Ca
ExrCaGkdwknaM minsab;karbBaarbs;Kat;eLIy. bma:geTot BYkenHeFVIedIm,IykBtman nigEpnkarepSg BIBYk
b:ul Bt pl;eTAeGayyYndwgTaMgGs;. ehIyebIsab;eFVItambBaa keFVIedaymineBjelj dUcKanwgrdaPi)al
rbs; RTg; rNriT naqaM 1993-1997 dUecaHEdrbkgrebobmYy EdlsuPasitExrEteBalfa {duteGayexac
eraceGayeqA} ya:gdUecaHg. karBiesaFn_enAkgGMLg rdaPi)alcMruHrbs;RTg;rNriT CaKMrURsab;. ebImnusS
rbs; hVnsiunbiuc RtUv)anEtgtaMgCaRbFan sIuPIPI CaGnuRbFan. eBlenaH mnusS sIuPIPI EdlCaGnuRbFan Etg
eFVIVGIV edIm,IkMueGaymnusSxag hVnsiunbiuc eFVIGIVekIt. bma:geTot BYksIuPIPI EtglUkrMlgkargareTAxagelI eday
min)aneFVItamzananuRkm kargareLIy. EtebI sIuPIPI CaRbFan hVnsiunbiuc CaGnuRbFan BYk sIuPIPI EtgeFVIrMlgeTA
xageRkam edaymin)aneKarBtamzananuRkmkargaresaHeLIy bmYyeFVIeGaykargarrbs; mnusS hVnsiunbiuc RtUv
raMgsH.
-tampvcitsaRs mnusSTUeTA EtgEteFVIedIm,IplRbeyaCn_rbs;xn edayeCosminrUc. CaBiess mnusS
Edl GviCa rEmgeRskXan muxmat;buNskedayxusTMng. yYn EdlmanEpnkarelbykdIExr minRtUvkarKuN
PaBmnusSeT eKRtUvkarEt mnusSEdlesaHRtg;nwg yYnEtb:ueNaH. cMENk BYkkumynisniym cin manb:ul Bt
ebIeTaHCa mancriteXareXAemckI kBYkenHRtUvkarmnusSEdlmanKuNPaB rYmpSMnwgGkEdlesaHRtg;nwgbkSy:ag
BitR)akd edIm,ICassrRTRTg;rbs;Ggkarneya)ayxn. karsMritsMraMgKuNPaBmnusS manplb:HBal;dl;kar
Ebk)ak;pkg nigCakaseGayyYn EdlcaMEtqk;ykRbeyaCn_enaH gayRsYllUkd mkkkUrkkaypkgrbs;
BYkkumynis b:ul Bt. BYkkumynis b:ul Bt R)akdCa minerIsyk mnusSEdl bNHbNaleday yYn eLIy.
ehtuenHehIy BYkExreyokmijenH nwggakeTArk yYnedaysVyRbvti. eKalbMNgyYn minRtUvkarGkEdlman
smtPaBeT EteKRtUvkarBYkenH RKan;EtCaexackgeGayd b:ueNaH edIm,IeFVIeGayrbb BYkkumynis b:ul Bt
cuHexSayEbk)ak;Ka.
46
rkSasiTi
-edayehtufa kgEpnkarerobcM yYn )ancat;eGayBYkExrfI kUnyYnenARKb;RKgfak;sMxan;TaMgGs; .

BYkExrlg;exAenAtamCnbT RtUv)anyYncat;eGayeFVIkarenAfak;eRkam. edayehtufa BYkRkbxN kumynis
EdlyYn )anerobcM enABaseBjRKb;TaMgRsTab;eRkam nigfak;kNal ebIeTaHbIBYk b:ul Bt )ane)assMGatenA
fak;kMBUlehIykI EtkarGnuvtn_EpnkaryuTsaRsFMnana RtUvEtGnuvtn_tamryHRkbxNfak;kNal. edayfak;
kNal suTswgCamnusSEdlyYn erobcMehIyBYk b:ul Bt mCwmminGacsal;BYkenHGs;eLIy. ehtuenHehIy
enAeBlEdlbBaaBI mCwmmkeGayeFVIkickarGIVmYy BYkExrfIenH EtgEteFVItamrebob { duteGayexac eraCeGay
eqA } enHg. )annyfa ebImCwmeGay e)assMGat BYkExrfI yYn Edlbr eQaHCaExr100nak;. BYkExrfI
EdlenAfak;kNalenH nwge)assMGatExrstRtg;enAfak;eRkam 1000 b 10000nak;. enHCarebob : sVasIu
)aylabmat;BEB }. ehIyrebobenH yYn Fab;)aneFVImkelI CnCatiyYn kan;sasnakatUlik enAkgrbbsaFarN
rd nRKadMbUgnsRgamdUecaHEdr. EdlCaehtueFVIeGaymtiCati nigGnrCatiefaleTaselI rbbelakesnaRbmux
ln; nl; y:agFn;Fr. kgbMNgeFVIeGayGMNacRKb;RKgrbs;BYk b:ul Bt RtUvregaHregI sgSyKa ElgTukcitKa.
ehIyenHehIyCaEpkmYy nbcyEdlnaMeTArkvalBiXad.
GkniBnsresrbkRsay dUecH minEmn)annyfa EktMrUveGayBYk b:ul Bt RtUvenaHeLIyEt edIm,IeGay
eXIjfa GkEdlkab;sMlab; ExrminEmnmanEt BYk b:ul Bt b:ueNaHeT Etmanesc sIhnu CaBiessKW yYn enHEt
mgEdl)anKUsvaEpnkar valBiXadenHeLIgedIm,IbMerIneya)ayvatTIrbs;xn. eyagtamksarsIBI { yuTviFI
bBalmnusS } rbs;Rkug haNYysUmGanTMBrxageRkay EdldkRsg;pSayedayviTGasIuesrI GacKUsbBaak;
eGayeyIgemIleXIjkan;Etc,as;eLIgEfmeTot BIEpnkarrbs;yYn kgkarelbykTwkdIExr tamryHmnusS Edl
yYnerobcMTuk nigGaceGayeyIgemIleXIjfa karerobcMenHminEmneTIbRtwmEt BYkekgRbmat;Rbmg; 4500nak;
enHeLIy KWtaMgBImunenHyUryamkehIy ]TahrN_rab;minGs; dUcCa emExreyokmij EdlyYn )anbnbeGay eFVI
Ca embkSkumynisExr eQaH emog )andUreQaHmkCa emon ehIymklak;xnbYseron kgvtExr. bnab;mk)an
breQaHCa swg g:ukmij edIm,IibnMeFVICabnrbs;elak swg g:ukfaj; EdlCavrCnExr eBjniymnasmyenaH.
kare)akR)as;tamCMenOGrUbIy
yYnxageCIg yYnkumynis)aneFIVsRgamCamYy yYnxagt,g. yYn )ane)akesc sIhnu faeBlrMedaH
yYnxagt,g km<CaeRkam)annwgRbKl;eGay sIhnu vij. ehIyyYn )anbBaHbBal m:Unik eGayBnl;esc
sIhnu fa sIhnu enHehIyCatYrGgRBH)aT Fmik nigCa tYresc s tUcesIg RtUv)anesayraCelIRbeTsTaMg 3.
Et eBlCamYyKa yYn )anCYyBYkExr kumynis eqVgniymTaMgBYkExreyokmij BYk b:ul Bt nigkumynisniym
yYnfa yYneFIVsRgam edIm,ICYyrMedaHRbCaCatienA eRCay\Ncin Exr ExeRkam yYnxagt,g niglavBI karRtYt
Rta rbs;GaNaniKmn_)arMag nig Gaemric. edIm,IsMerceKaledAenH yYnxageCIg sMueGay sIhnu CYy.
EtpyeTAvij enHCal,icklyYn edIm,IrujsRgamenH eGayFak;mkelIRbeTsExreTAvij. esc sIhnu
)ancuHhtelxaCamYyyYnxageCIgeyokkugsat; edayKansPaExryl;RBmeLIy enHCaTegIV k,t;Cati eRBaH
GagGMNacCaesc ydak;TBkgTWkdIExrPaKxagekItextRkecH mNlKIrI kMBg;cam RBEvg sVayerog
47
rkSasiTi
cMnYnBI 60000-80000nak; eBlenaHesc sIhnu kMNt;eGaykgTBExr manRtwmEt 30000nak; b:ueNaH.

kgsanPaBEbbenH RbeTsExr )an)at;bg;GBaRkitPaB eTAehIy. yYneyokkug )ancUllukluy RbeTsExr
rujsgamenaH eGayFak;mkelIRbeTsExr bgrvinaskmy:agFn;Fr dl;RbCaBlrdExrstRtg;TaMgkgRsuk
TaMgenAtamCayEdn sab;y:agexacpSaredaykarbgrBIkgTByYn nigkgTByYnxagt,g nwgGaemrik Gs;cMnYn
rab;Ban;nak;; erogral;f.
naeBlenaH elak sWug g:ukfaj; )aneFVIkareXasna Bnl;dl;ExrTUeTA eGaymanPJak;rlwk nigeGayyl;
dwgfa neya)ayEdl esc sIhnu kMBugeFVICaneya)aysMlab;Catig. elak sWug g:ukfaj; k)anBnl;pgEdrfa
karrIkcMerInenAkgrbs; esc sIhnu CakarrIkcMerInEbbBBuHTwk CakarrIkcMerInsMrab;EtrlayeTAvijedayecosmin
rYc. esc sIhnu )anefaleTaselak swug g:ukfaj; fak,t;Cati. Exr swgTUTaMgRbeTs eCOlg;tamesc sIhnu.
GkeshaCati CaeRcInRtUv)anesc sIhnu e)akykmk)aj;sMlab;ecalenARtBaMgRkLwg y:agEsn GaeNacGaFm
edayGyutiFm. GkTaMgenaHmin)ank,t;nwgExreT EteKRbqMagnwgneya)aysMlab;Catigrbs;escenHb:ueNaH.
eBlenaH yYneyokkugyYn kumynis )aneFIVneya)ayEbbRtCak; cMeBaHRbCaBlrdExrstRtg; enA

tamCnbT. yYn xagt,gyYn FIvKI vij eRbIneya)ayekA. sUmemIl ksarRbvtisaRs sIuDI bEnm.
edaysarTahanyYneyokkug enAeBjRbeTsExr nigTegIVk,t;Cati rbs;esc sIhnu EdlmanBYk Ca sIum/ hun
Esn/ ehg sMrin/Cnkumynislg;exAdutkMeLacRbeTsExrenHehIy EdlnMaeGayRkumCatiniymRTg; sirImt/
ln; nl; eFIVrdRbharTMlak; sIhnu edIm,IedjyYnecjBIRbeTsExr .
cin nigyYn )anxId sIhnu eFIVCaKMrbbiT)aMgbMPnEPkCati nigGnrCati. cinsMueGay sIhnu CYyyYn
eyokkug nigExrRkhm. yYn nigcin snafadeNImGMNacmkCUnRBHGgvij EtExrCaGksab; nigmhnray. f
48
rkSasiTi
TI 23 Exmina qaM1970 sIhnu )anbegItrNsirSrYbrYmkm<CamYyenAeb:kaMg cUlrYmCamYyExrRkhm b:ul Bt

nig CYyyYneyokkug eGayrMlayBYkesrI sIrmt nig ln; nl;. sIhnuu )anRbkaspSaytamviTBITIRkugeb:kaMg
eGayExrrt;cUlRBma:KI deNImGMNaceGayxnvij y:agekalahl nigedaykIrIkraypg eBareBjeday kMhwg
cgGaXad nwgExrEdlCaraRsrbs;xng. yYn)anBak;pakrUbft sIhnu bnMCakgTB sIhnu edIm,Ie)akR)asExr
eFIVcM)aMgCamYykgTBsaFarNrdExr sirImt nigln; nl;. sIhnu )anCYyyYnkumynIseyokkug rhUt )an
eCaKCyelIExrsaFarNrd fTI17 Exemsa qaM1975 ehIyyYn)anbMBak;CyCMnHenH eTAeGayBYk ExrRkhm
vij EdlkalenaH sIhnu KW Caem . EtyYn )anbNHmenaKmn_kumynis Ebbm:agdl;ExreqVgniym nig bBal
carkmrbs;va kgrbbExrRkhm eFVIeGayrbbenHkab; sMlab;Exr ehIyTMlak;kMhusdak; BYkExrRkhm b:ul Bt .
enHCa l,icsVasIu)ay labmat;BEB. dUecH sIhnu CaGkTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaH RbvtisaRsExr cMeBaHrbbkm<Ca
RbCaFibyety minEmn saLt sr b:ul BtTaMgRsugeT. 13 feRkayKW 17 emsa 1975 sRgamyYn
xageCIg nigyYnxagt,gRtUvbBab; KW enAfTI30 Exemsa qaM1975Edr. fenH KWCa fCyCMnHrbs; kumynis
\Ncin dwknaMedayyYnxageCIg. kumynIs QHBYkesrI ehIyhuckaseGayyYn Edlbgb;xnkgExrRkhm
sMlab;ExrsaFarNrd kgrbbkm<CaRbCaFibety edIm,IrMlayBUCsasn_Exr rMlayGkecHdwgExrEdr. enHCa
EpnkaryYnrMlayBUCsasn_ExrCaelIkTIBIr edIm,IelbTwkdI. carkmyYn)an sMlab;GkR)aCJ bBavnExrTaMgGs;
TukEtGklg;exA eTIbfTI 7 Exmkra qaM1979 yYncUlmkQanBanelbykTwkdIExr bnsMlab;Exr enA k5
nigbn;ykRTBsm,tiExr. etInNaGksMlab;;Exr? etIExrlg;Nas;eTA rhUtdl; sMlab;; bBavnCatixng Rtg;
cMNucenH sUmbgbnCnrYmCatiCYyBicarNar . cMelIyKW kumynis\Ncin dwknaM nigerobcMedayyYn enHehIy
CaGk sMlab;;Exr. ehtuenHehIy 7 mkra CafyYn QanBansMlab;Exrbn minEmnCafdwgKuNyYnenaHeT.
dUecH sRgam cab;BIqaM1970 mkKWCasRgamrvag Exr nigyYn. Etesc sIhnu eFIVneya)ay RtLb;RtLin
CYyyYn BwgyYn eFIV KMrbeGayyYn ebIkkaseGayyYn cUlmkrMlayBUCsasn_Exr nigelbykTwkdIExr. sIhnu
manKMnMusgswk nwgExr CYyyYneGay sMlab;Exr ln; nl; nig sIrImt. cugbBab; yYneRbIl,ic sMlab;;Exr
ehIyTMlak;kMhus dak;ExrRkhm rYcTuk sIhnu CaExl. ExrCaGkbraCy nigxUcxatplRbeyaCn_ RKb;ya:g
EtyYnCaGkcMeNj )anplRbeyaCn_ya:geRcInsniksnab;eTAvij.
2-rbbkumynis hun Esn/ ehg sMrin/ Gay:g yYn
(Pupet Regime of Vietnam, Hun Sen and Heng Samrin)
yYn)ancUlmkQanBanTwkdIExr nigbn;ykRTBsm,tiExr enAfTI7 Exmkra qaM1979 elIkbnb BYk

Gay:g ehg sMrin hun Esn GtItTahanExrRkhm dUckalyYnQsaFarNrdEx ln; nl; ehIybMBak;
CyCMnH eGayBYkExrRkhmEdr. yYn)anbn;ykRTBsm,tiExr cuHkicRBmeRBogsinisBaaxusc,ab; kat;ykTwk
dIExr snisBaaqaM1979-1982-1983 nig1985. yYnbnsMlab;ExreTot edayecaTfaExrRkhm bBanExr
eGayeTAsab;enAtMbn; k5. yYn)an bBanGkCMnajkarmkeFIVkarCamYy ExrGay:g. yYneronPasaExr ykRbBn
bbIExr. yYn 5nak; Exr1nak; enAkgTIRkug cMENkenAtamCnbT yYn1nak; Exr5nak;. enHCa EpnkaryYnsMlab;
Exrpac;BUC.
49
rkSasiTi
shPaBsUevot GkenAeRkayxgyYn )andYlrlMenAqaM1989 caj;shrdGaemric. eBlenaHyYnkFak;exSay

enAkeka eRBaHGasan cin nigshrdGaemrik )andak;karKabsgt;TaMgxagesdkic nigneya)ay eRBaH yYn
QanBanRbeTsExr. cMENkrbbGay:g ehg sMrin hun Esn EdlkMBugRtYtRtaExrxusc,ab; kcab;epIm crcar
CamYyclnatsURtIPaKI tamRBMEdn KWrNsirSCatirMedaHRbCaBlrdExr km<CaRbCaFiety nig hVnsiunbiuc.
eRkayBImankarccarKa CaeRcInelIk rvagPaKExrTaMgbYn GgkarshRbCaCati)ansMerceGay yYndk kgTBecj
BIRbeTsExr. RbeTsExr nwgerobcMe)aHeqatmYy EdlmankarRtYtBinitBIGgkarshRbCaCati (UNTAC). Et
eBl EdlyYndkTBecjenaH yYn)andkTBecjeTAedayxng munkarerobcMrbs;GgkarshRbCaCati eday
bnSl;TukenAkgTBeskBak;sIuvilrab;mWunnak; bgb;xnkg KNbkSRbCaCnkm<Ca. huk LgDI nig bkSBYk
Gay:g minGnuBaateGayGgkarshRbCaCatiRtYtBiniteLIy.
enAqaM1989 hun Esn xng)anecjpSayfa manCnCatiyYnCag1lannak; manGtsBaaNbNCati
Exr dUcKaeTA nigGtsBaaNbNEdlecjeGayCnCatiExrEdr. dUecH BYkyYnTaMgenaHmansiTieBjelj kgkar
e)aHeqatCatiCabnbnab;.
sinisBaasniPaB TIRkug)a:rIsfTI 23 Extula qaM1991 eFIVeGaymankare)aHeqatenAqaM1993. Exr
RkhmemIleXIjyYnbgb; dUcenHPaKIkm<CaRbCaFibetymin)ancUlrYmkare)aHeqatenaHeT. eBlBYkemRtYtRta
xusc,ab; hun Esn KNbkSRbCaCncaj;eqat KNbkShVnsiunbiucqaM1993 edayGagyYnBIeRkayxg Edl
)anbgb; TukkgTB nigCMnajkar kg eBlkgTByYnQanBandkecjBIRbeTs ExrenAqaM1989 BYk hun Esn
min)aneKarBkicRBmeRBog sinisBaasniPaBTIRkug)a:rIseT. l,icneya)ay sIhnu nig hun Esn )aneGay
neratm cRkBgS begIttMbn;Gb,Kmn_ enAeRtIyxagekItTenemKg edIm,IeFIVsRgam nigeFVIeGayraMgs lTpl
e)aHeqat EdleBlenaH hVnsiunbiuc CaGkQH. sIhnu )anCYbcrcarsMgat;Ca mYy hun Esn enAqaM1987
edIm,IrkSakumynIsyYn nigraCblgbneTot. naeBlenaH sIhnu dwgc,as;Nas;fa shRbCaCati )ancMNay
2ekadidula mkelIRbeTsExr keRBaHEt edIm,ICYyRbCaCatiExr eGaymansniPaB rYccakputBITukesakrMaur:Gs;
kalCag 3TsvtSr_mkehIyenaH EtminEmnedIm,I mkCYyeGaymanraCblgeLIgvijeT . ehIy escenH dwg
y:agCak;fa ebITukeGay shRbCaCati enARKb;RKgRbeTsExrteTAeTot sIhnu minGacRkLksankarN_eGay
vileTArkrbbraCaniym)aneLIYy. rI Cnk,t;Cati hun Esn Gay:gyYn kmankaryl;eXIjEdrfa ebIsinCaTuk
eGayshRbCaCati enAkgRbeTsExr vaminGacBRgwgGMNaceLIgvij)aneLIy. cMeBaHyYn yl;fa edIm,Ibn Epn
elbykTwkdIExr RtUvEtCMrujeGaymankardkkMlaMg shRbCaCati ecjBIRbeTsExry:agdac;xat. esc sIhnu
Kitfaxn Gace)ak hun Esn edaykarbeBaIcbeBaI eGaygarCaesc CaeteCa epSg. Cnk,t;Cati eRkamkarjH
jg;BIyYn KitfaxnGaceRbIR)as;esc sIhnu edIm,ICaRbeyaCn_ kgkarBRgwgGMNaceLIgvij)anEdr. ehtuhwg
ehIy CaehtueFVIeGayGkTaMgBIr eFVIkarRbkasedj kMlMagshRbCaCatiecjBIRbeTsExr naqaM 1993 enaHg.
ehIyedaysarEt KMniteRskXanraCblgenaHehIy EdleFVIeGayneya)ayyYnelbTwkdI Exr bneTArkkar
sMercpleFareLIg.
50
rkSasiTi
GnraKmn_BI sIhnu eGayRbeTsman naykrdmnI 2 eRkamelspSHpSaCati bRgYbbRgYmCati RtUv)an

ykmkeFVICaExl nig)anbegIteLIg. BlIkmrbs; GkCatiniymExr EdlbUCaedayCIvit edayQamRss; enAtam
CayEdnxaglic EdleFVI[neya)ayvatTIrbs;yYn Gay:gk,t;Cati RtUvdYlrlMeTAehIyenaH RtLb;Ca\tny .
)anRtwmEt CUndMeNIrescenH [)anesayraC vijEtb:ueNaH nigRtUv)anescenH ykmkCan;QICaEl,g. minEt
b:ueNaH ]tmesnIy GktsUCaeRcIn sibnak; nayTahan CaeRcInBan;nak; EdlesaHRtg; nwgescenH RtUv)anesc
lIla RbmUlykmk[yYn niwgGay:gyYn sMlab;begIenAf 5-6 kkda 1997 nigbnsMlab; tamviFIexAggwtEbb
ePrvkmepSg dUcCa
kll,icsMlab;GkeshaCati
1-naMpwksIu bgrCMelaH )aj;e)aH ehIy)aj;sMlab;.
2-naMpwksIu RsI jI ehIydak;faMsMlab; edayBnaeBl.
3-bgreFVICaeRKaHfak;cracr.
4-)aj;sMlab; edayeFVIEbbCaecarkm bTMnas;KMnMuepSg.
5-ebICnenaHmankarRbugRbyt minGaceFVIGIVekIt BYkvabegIt ksarEkgkayehIyecaTRbkan; edIm,I
cab;dak;Kuk nigedIm,I bgcmuxmat; neya)ay.
I
kll,icyYn sMlab;BlrdExrTUeTA TaMgkUnecA nigBYkkBaHyYnpgEdr

-sMlab; edayBgVk;nwgRsa nigkardak;CatiBulkgRsa karplitRsaBIsarFatuKImI
-sMlab; tammbGahar karplitGaharedayeRbIsarFatuKImI
-sMlab; tamkarcMlgemeraKeGds_
-sMlab; edaykarbMpajmcaCati
-sMlab; edaykarbMpaj nigdeNImyktMbn;esdkic beNyykdIeRkamels GPivDn_
-sMlab; edayeFVI[ExrFak;xnlg;kgPaBRketaky:ak nigkarbn;ykkargar bn;yk tMbn;esdkicExr.
-TRnanykdIeRkampakRkumhun dIcMkarekAsU dIkgTIRkug. edIm,IsMercEpnkarelbykRbeTsExr
edaymin)ac;bgrQam EdlmanBYkGay:g hun Esn CaGkCYypg. yYn )anpl;luydeRcInsnwksnab; eGayCn
CatiyYn EdlecH Exrc,as; TIjdIenATIRkug TIRbCMuCnFM eRkampakRkumhun kUer: cin kugRtaryHeBl 99qaM. Ettam
karBit suTswgCaCnCati yYnTaMgGs; . ktaenH eFVIeGayBYkExrGkmanrt;eTATIjdIenAtamCnbT ehIyBYk Gk
enAtamCnbTeTArukran TRnan eTAkab;bMpaj;RBeQI enAtamRBPMnana.
{lEgVkR)ak;DYg Exrkab;bMpaj;bsSI PMeBjdulafI Exrkab;bMpajRBeQIrMlayPM}
51
rkSasiTi
3-GaNaniKmn_yYnEbbfI nigCnGenaRbevsn_yYn
(Neo Colonism of Vietnam and Vietnamese Immigrants)
ExreyIgkMBugRbQmmuxnigeRKaHmhnraydFn;Fr KWkar)at;bg;TwkdI nigrlayBUCsasn_ dUc RbeTscM):a

nigExrkm<CaeRkamedaymindwgxn. yYn)anbnSl;TuknUvCMnajkaryYnecHPasaExr dUcCa huk LgDI sux Kg;/
bun sm/ sux Gan nigcay saMgyun CaedIm. BYkyYnecHPasaExrTaMgenH kMBugRtYtRtaRbeTs ExrsBVf
kMBugbgrCnCatiyYneGaytaMgTIlMenAkgRbeTsExrmancMnYn 4500 000nak; bYnlanknH. enH Caneya)ay
yYnnUbnIykm tamEpnkaryYn hU Cimij bBaltamry BYkemRtYtRtaxusc,ab; {KNbkSRbCaCn} Edl man
Gak,t; hun Esn Caemekag. dUecH eTaHCamankarerobcMqakelane)aHeqat bnMEPkRbCaCatiExr nigGnrCati k_
eday k_lTplenHmin Emnecj BIqnRbCaBlrdExrBitR)akdeT.
enAqaM1970 RbCaCnExrmancMnYnEt 6 500 000 nak;b:ueNaH kgenaHmanCnePosxnyYnRbEhlCa
200 000 nak; eTA 300 000nak; CaGkensaTsitenAtambwgTensab. eRkayBIRBitikarN_plrMlMsemc
neratm sIhnu enAkgfTI18 mIna 1970 eBlenaHCnCatiyYnmYycMnYn RtUv)an]tmesnIy_ ln; nl; bBan
eGayRtLb;eTAmatuPUmivij. yYnmYycMnYnEdlenAsl; RtUv)ansab;enAkg rbbkm<C aRbCaFibetyBIqaM1975 eTA
qaM1978. dUecH enAeBlEdlkgTByYnQanBanTwkdIExr enAfTI7 Exmkra qaM1979 enaH KanyYnenAsl; elI
TwkdIExreToteT. tamsmI hun Esn kgkicsmasn_mYy enAfTI6 Exmkra qaM1988 faRbCaBlrdExr enAcug
qaM1987 mancMnYn 7 995 000 nak; BUCsasn_Exr manBI74 eTA80 dUecHmannyfa cMnYnRbCaBlrd BI 1
600 000 nak; eTA 2 000 000 nak; Edlrs;enAelITwkdIExr minEmnCa BUCsasn_ExreT.
enAelIBiPBelakKanCnGenaRbevsn_xusc,ab;Na manGtsBaaNbN mansiTie)aHeqatnigeFVICaGkdwk
naM sMxan;kgsabnCati dUckgRbeTsExrsBVfeRkamkarRtYtRtabeNaHGasnrbs;Gay:g hun Esn enHeLIy.
enARbeTsGaLWm:g;manRbCaBlrd Tur_KI 3 000 000 nak; eTA 5 000 000 nak; kMBugrs;enAkgRbeTs
enH bICMnan;mkehIy EteKminEdlpl;siTieGayRbCaBlrd Tur_KI TaMgenaH mansiTe)aHeqat dUcCnGenaRbevsn_
yYn Edlrs;enARbeTsExreLIy.
enAqaM1979 kgTwkdIExr KanCnCatiyYn mak;eT 0 . EtcMnYnRbCaCnyYn ekIneLIgrhUtdl; 17>5
enAcugqaM1987 1>4 lannak; yYneLIgrhUtdl; 23 enAqaM1995 2>4 lannak; \LvenH yYnekIneLIg
dl; 33 enA qaM2005 4>5 lannak;. bu:Enbcb,nenH RbCaBlrdExr ekIneLIgy:agqab;rhs rhUtdl;cMnYn
14 500 000nak; etIehtuGIV)anCaRbCaBlrdExr ekIneLIgya:gqab;EbbenH. karbBalCnCatiyYn mktaMgTI
lMenARKRKwkKeRKgenH minxusBIGIV EdlyYn)anbBalCnCati yYn mkkgRbeTscm,:a nigExrkm<CaeRkamBI smy
munenaHeT. sUmGanksar eyagCaPasaGg;eKs rbs;GKraCTUt shrdGaemrik EdlcUlnivtn_.
52
rkSasiTi
53
rkSasiTi
54
rkSasiTi
55
rkSasiTi
56
rkSasiTi
4-hun Esn ekobsgt;CiHCan; BlrdExreGay exSaHexSayRkIRk Gt;Xan lg;exA Pyxac

(Hun Sen Makes the People Poor, Illiterated and Scared)
edIm,IelbykRbeTsExrtamryGaNaniKmn_EbbfI neya)ayRtCak;enH yYn)ansMlab;RBlwgExr

tamkarEkERbRbvtisaRsExr nigmenaKmn_epSg. tamryHGay:g hun Esn yYn)anbM)ak;qnExrRKb;viFI.
yYn BayameRbIRKb;viFIsaRs edIm,IeFIVeGayExrminGacegIbeLIgerIbMr:HtsUrYc. RbCaBlrdExrRkIRk KankarGb;rM
litlg; xacBYkGkmanGMNac bkSBYk hun Esn . yYn)ankan;kab;skanuBlCatiExrsMxan; dUcCa xageyaFa
xagesdkic xagneya)ay tulakar nigsarBtman.l. hun Esn eFIVtambBaayYn Edlmanectna eFIVeGay
RbCaBlrdExr exSaHexSayRkIRk Gt;Xan lg;exA Pyxac edIm,IGMNacrbs;va. EtyYnCaGkqk;bn; ykpl
RbeyaCn_ BIExr edIm,IeFVIeGaysMercmhicta elbykTwkdIExrTaMgmUl. yYn eFIVeRbIR)as;meFa)ayRKb;Ebbya:g
eFIVeGayExr vk;vegVgePcCatig Ebk)ak;samKI KitEtGataniym nigKitEtRkBH. yYntMrUveGayBYk hun Esn
dwgKuNyYn dwgKuN7 mkra.
k-etI yYn hun Esn eFIVeGayExrRkIRktamviFINaxH?
yYnRbmUlFnFanRTBsm,tiFmCatiEr: kgdIelIdIrbs;ExrdUcCa RtI RBeQI mas eBRC nigRTB
sm,ti epSgeTotyk eTARbeTsyYn.
yYnbBanCnCatixn eGaymkdeNImkargar dIFI ERscMkar nigplRbeyaCn_Exr.
yYnRKb;RKgRbBnesdkicExr edayeGay sux Kg;/ bun sm.l. eFVIGaCIvkmelI R)ag
R)asaT Exr elIRkumhun elIBaNiCkmsMxan;nana . CnCatiyYntaMgTIlMenAtamtMbn;esdkic
cMENkExr lg;exArs;enARsukERs eFIVERscMkar elIdImYyGMBk . enAtamCayEdn yYn vabgM
eGayExr e)aHbg;ecaldIERscMkar bbg;fQlelIdIERsxng.
R)ak;Extic EtTMnijeLIgf eFIVyR)ak;cMNUlRbCaBlrdExrticCagcMNayKanR)ak;snSM Fak;
xn kan;EtRk.
kab;RBeQI eFIVeGaymaneRKaHFmCati TwkCMnn; eRKaHraMgst nigdIKanCICati CaehtueFVIeGayb:H
Bal;Bal;dl;karbgrbegInpl ksikrExr y:agFn;Fr.
eGay sux Kg; nigRtkUl hun Esn lk;eRbgeLIgftamTMenIgcit sgt;kExreGayGt;Xan.
xIbulbreTsrab;landula Etykluydak;ehae):Apal;xn . RbRBiti GMeBIBukrlYyhYsnisSy
eFVIeGay RbCaBlrdExrRtUvsgbMnulbreTs CMnYsBYkva tamrykarbg;Bn.
yYnkan;EteRcIn dIkan;EteLIgf BYkmRnIk,t; deNImdIFIBIRbCaBlrdExr edIm,Ilk;eGayyYn .
beNayeGayBYkmanGMNac rwbCan;qk;bn;ykdIFIExr lk;eGayeTAQjyYn EdlmankarTMnuk
bMrug nigEpnkarBI rdkaryYn.
RbCaBlrdExrsBVf RtUvCMBak;bMNulbreTs3000 dulakgmak;eTAehIy.
57
rkSasiTi
x-etI yYn hun Esn eFIVeGayExrlg;exAtamviFINaxH?

mineGaykUnExrsikSaeronsURtRbvtisaRsExrBitR)akd eGayExreronRbvtisaRsEkgkay pl;
BtmanminBit edIm,IbM)at;RBlwgCatiExr bM)ak;qneshaCatiExr.
eFIVeGayExrRkIRk KitEtGtaniym nigxVl;EtnwgerOgRkBH naMeGayExreronsURtmin)anx<g;x<s;.
RbBnBtmanKankraCeRkamGMNac yYn hun Esn EtmYy minpl;BtmanBit man
RbeyaCn_ dl;sgmCati manEtBtmaneXasna ePItePIn bgtUcbgFM nigBalaGava:Es.
RbBnGb;rMKanKuNPaB BukrlYy KanbNaly KansMParHsikSaRsavRCav KanbTdan .
bM)ak;TwkcitRKU pl;R)ak;ExRKU minRKb;RKan; bM)ak;TwkcitGkeshaCatiExr KMram nigsMlab; vr
burs Exr bM)ak;sartICatiniym.
yYneFIVeGaysgmExr eGaytMlelIsMPar GMNac nigmineGaytMlxgg mineGaytMlGk
eshaCatiExr bMPitbMPy bM)at;sartI GkKitRbeyaCn_Cati .
K-etI yYn hun Esn eFIVeGayExrPyxac)ak;s,attamviFINaxH?

sM;lab;Ex tamEbb ePrvkm eGay)ak;s,at kalBIrbbkm<CaRbCaFibety nig rdkm<Ca nig
enAEt Gnuvtn_bnkan;EtxaMgeLIgrhUtdl;sBVf.
sMlab;GkeshaCati elIkGklg;exA BYkBal lg;exA eGaymanGMNac edIm,Isgt;sginExr
nigbnKaMRT neya)ayk,t; Cati rbs;BYkva. eFVIeGayExrsmyeRkay ElgmanCMenO Elg
eGay tMlelIkarecHdwg kareronsURt ExrmankaseronsURt tictYc.
lubbM)at; virHPaBGkeshaCatiBitR)akd eGaytMlGkbMpajCati nigGkEdlelaPGMNac RsI
RTBsm,ti laPskar.
sMlab;ExrtamRKb;viFI rdRbharsMlab; ecaTRbkan; ePvrkm )aj;sMlab; dak;faMBul eFVIeGay
eRKaHfak; cracrN_ ecarbn; CMgWeGds_ nigCMgWepSg cab;eGayRkeBIsIu TMlak;eRCaHeBRCnil
nigsMlab;enAkgeBTkal;Em:Rt edaycak;faMsMlab; eBTyYnsMlab;GkeshaCatiExr.l.
58
rkSasiTi
5-karsnidanvasnaGnaKtCatiExr (Conclusion of Future Fate of Cambodia)

srubmk RbeTsExrsBVf kMBugEtsitenAkgGaNaniKmn_yYnEbbfI. hun Esn kMBugRtYtRta RbeTs
ExrbMMerIyYn tamrbbkumynispac;kar ekobsgt;ExrmineGayegIbrYc eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdExrrgTukevTna RkIRk
lg;exA Pyxac nigrs;kgPaBGyutiFm. vasnaExr nwg)at;bg;TwkdI rs;CaCnCati PaKticelITwkdIdUnta xng
KansiTiesrIPaB rgTukevTna dUcCaRbeTs cm,:a nigExrkm<CaeRkam. RbeTs km<Ca nwgmanEteQaHelIEpnTI
RbCaBlrdExrnigkayCaCnCatiPaKtic rbs;RbCaCn \NcinyYn naeBlGnaKtd_xI.
-eKalbMNg nigTisedAGkdwknaMCatiExr Goal and Objective of Khmer Leaders)
edayemIleXIjeRKaHmhnray cMeBaHCatiExr dFn;FrenH eTIbemdwknaMCatiExr )anxitxM RbmUlcgRkg
nigriHrk meFa)ayeFVIeGayman karrYbrYmRbCaCatiExr GkCatiniym GkeshaCatiExrTaMgGs;BIRKb;RsTab; RKb;
mCdan kgeKalbMNgeFVIkartsU tamRKb;meFa)ay RKb;lTPaBEdlman edIm,I segaH Cati sasna RbCaCati
Exr eGayrYcputBI
1-karelbRt)ak;qk;bn;TwkdI BIsMNak;ecaryYn vatTIniym
2-rbbRtYtRta Ebbkumynispac;kar hun Esn bMerIyYn
3-PaBRkIRk GyutiFm nigGMeBIBukrlYy
II
edIm,InaMCatiExrsageGay)annUv
1-kPaBCati ya:gTUlMTUlay kgsgmExrRKb;mCdan enATUTMagTIVbelak. sagsamKICati karrYbrYm
Cati edIreq<aHeTArkPaBrwgbwgKg;vg; rYccakputBI ])ayklrbs;sRtUvCitxag nigecaryYn EdlBayam bMEbk
bM)ak;Exr rMlayBUCsasn_Exr .
2-rbbRbCaFibety kraCPaB \sSrPaBCati BitR)akdmYy kgsgExr naeBlGnaKt xagmux.
3-jaMugeGayRbCaCatiExrTaMgmUl rs;kg suPmgl vibulPaB RbkbedayfamBlrwgbwugCanirnn_ nig
man]tmPaB esImuxnwgRbCaCatiCitxag. eBalKW RbCaCatiExr RtUvrs;kgPaBCaExr CaRbeTsExr elITwkdIExr
man\sSrPaB manvibulPaBkgsgmCati Canicnirn mansniPaBCaerogrhUt. ExrminRtUvrs; kgCIvPaBmYy Edl
manPaBeXgeXag dUcTwkelIswkQUkenaHeLIysRgamvwkvr mincb;sYrBUC. Exr RtUvEtbBab;PaB vwkvrsYrBUC
enACMnan;enHeGay)an ehIye)aHCMhaneTArk PaBKg;vg; manvibulPaB CaerogrhUttkUntecA kgPaBCaExr mas;
Rsuk mas;RbeTs. eBalKW minEmn km<Ca Edlman }BYkExrfI} kUnyYn EdlyYn )anerobcMeGaybnMxnCaExr
enaH CaGkdwknaMRbeTsenaHeLIy . EtKW RbeTsExr EdlmanExr mas;TwkdIBitR)akd CaGkRKb;RKg elITwkdI
kMeNIt dBisid rbs; dUntarbs;Exr.
59
rkSasiTi
-yuTsasTwk
CakarFmta kalNaeyIgcab;epImmanKMnitRbyuT eyIgEtgEtriHrkyuTsasnana EdlnaM[mansMnYr nig
cMelIy
ebIeyIgmanKaeRcIn {xaMg} CagstUv eyIgGacvaylukelIsRtUv.
ebIeyIgmanKatic {exSay} CagstUv eyIgtUveRbIR)aCJa Cadac;xat.
EtebIeyIgmanKatic {exSay} ehIyR)aCJatic eTotpg etIeyIgeFVIya:gNa?
III
edIm,IrkBnWsMrab;eqIyeTAnwgsMnYrenH eyIgKYrBicarNa enAelIRbeyaKmYy rbs;TsSnviTUcindl,Il,aj

mak; eQaH {Lav sW} EdlKat;niyayfa
{enAkgelakenH KanGVIEdlTn;RCay nigexSayCagTwkeT. kb:uEn kgkarvayRbhar GkEdlxaMg nigrwg
maMTaMgGs; minEdleFVI)anQHeTAelITwk ehIyKanGVImkeRbobpwm )annwgTwkeLIy. PaBEdlexSay manCyCMnH

elIPaBkaMgxa PaBEdlTn;RCay manCyCMnHelIPaBrwgmaM eyIgdwgRKb;Ka EtKanGkNamak;yk karecHdwgenH
mk GnuvteLIy.}
elak sun sWu sRgamviTUcin)aneBalfa { CyCMnH nsRgam minsitenATaMgRsugelI GkEdlmankMlaMg
FM btUceLIy EtvasitenAelIkarerobcM. ebIeTaHCa xaMgFMb:uNakI suTswgEtmancMNucexSay . ebIxaMgkarBarBImux
xaMg xageRkayexSay ebIkarBarBIxageqVgxaMg xagsaMexSay ebIkarBarCMuvij CMuvijsuTswgEtmancMNucexSay. }
dUecH tamRTwsIxagelI kgzaneyIg CaGkCatiniym CaGkdwknMaExr EdlenAkgPaB kEvkkqaMg xVHmux
xVHeRkayTn;RCay {exSay} GacrkRckecj edIm,IykCyCMnHeTAelI BYkemRtYtRtak,t;Cati EdlkMBug {xaMg} nig
ruwgmaM)an ebIeyIg yl;c,as; BIRTWsIenH nigGaceFVIRtab;tamlkNsm,tirbs; {Twk} )an. enHCakarmYy Edl
eyIgtUvEthanRbQmmux BicarNa Rsvayk[Tal;Et)an.
1-TwktamGtnyviTasas
KanBN Kankin KanrsCati
CaFatumYyEdlKanrUbragBitR)akd EdlGacsMrbsMrYlrUbragxageRkA eTAtamkEngEdlvaenA k

b:uEn vaminGacbRgYj[tUc tamsMBaFnana)aneLIy.
TwktamlkNFmCati
TwkhUrBITIx<s; eTATITMnabkEngEdlTTYlrak;Tak;nwgTwk.
TwkmaneKaledAEtmYy KWhUreTArksmuRT.
ebIminTan;dl;eKaledA Twksak;enAkEngmYy EdlmansirPaBCaTIbMput.
TwkhUrecjBIkEngmYyeTAkEngmYy Tal;EtmandICMer cMNucexSayxaMg.
TwkGacbrPaBekA nigPaBRtCak; CamYyGkCitxag.

60
rkSasiTi
TwkGaceRsacRsg; bGackMeTcGkCitxag tamry evlayUr sat;esom RCab b qab; hUrRKbdNb; b GhwgSa RCab hwgSa hUrbuklb;elI
enAkgsmuRTEdlCaeKaledAFMbMputrbs;Twk Twk)anTTYlkarsak;enAedaysuxsanRtaN sm,r
sb,ayCaTIbMput CaKuNbMNac;EdlTwk)anTTYl tbsgGMBIvIriyPaBrbs;xnrhUtdl;Gvsan.
2-TwkRbdUcnigkMlaMgGkeshaCatiExr
kMlaMgGkeshaCatiExrsBVf tUvRbQmTl;muxnwg ecarQanBanpg nwgGMNacpac;kar EdlCaGay:g
yYnpg. eKaledA FMcugeRkaybMput rbs;kMlaMgGkeshaCati KWRtUvEt rMedaHsuk[rYcput BIkNab;d {ecaryYn
nigBYkGay:g hun Esn} EdlmanmeFa)ay eRcIn elIslb; sMrab;kMeTcGkeshaCatieyIg. EtGkeshaCati
kmanParkicCacaM)ac; kgeBlbcb,nenH edIm,I seRgaH RbeTsCati BIkarsab;)at;bg; nigkarBar RbCaBlrd TaMg
Gs; EdlkMBugsitenAeRkamkarCiHCan;rbs;rbbRtYtRtasBVfenH. edIm,IsMerc ebskkmdBisid nigCaRbvtisaRs
enH kMlaMg eshaCati tUveRkbCBak;ykkarecHdwgGMBITwk TwkEdlTn;RCay-exSay EtGackMeTc stUvxaMg-rwg
maM)an.
3-GtsBaaNrbs;kMlaMgGkeshaCatiExr
TwkKanBN dUcCakMlaMgGkeshaCatiExr Edlman \sSrHPaB TaMgxagkarpcepImKMnit karKit kar
niyay karerobcMkickarneya)aynkartsU nigkarGnuvtn_ edayminluHtam karjuHjg; karjak;BI breTs bbkS
Gay;:gbreTseLIy ehIyminRbkan;bkSBYk BNsMbur tMkl;xny:agx<s; sMrab;bMerI Et RbeyaCn_Cati nigRbCaCati
Exr minlk;k,albMerI RbeyaCn_ bkSBYk bkumNamYyeLIy. eyIgdwg ehIyfa edIm,IbMpajExr yYn )anBayam
EjkbMEbkExr Ca ExreRcInCnCati Cacam CaGnikCn. Et tamBit TaMgcam TaMgExr suTswgCaGkrg eRKaHeday
sarecar yYnTaMg Gs;Ka . ehtuenH TaMg Exr TaMgcam EdlekItelIdIExr RtUvKitfaeyIgCaExrTaMgGs;Ka RtUvrYbrYm
samKIKa kMcat; yYn EtmYyEdl CasRtUvRbvtisaRs eTIbeyIg)ansux. eyIgRtUveFVIeGaymankarrYbrYmCMuvij pl
RbeyaCn_ GayuCIvit Cati CacMbgbgs;. eyIgRtUv CYyTMnukbMrug tamEdlGaceFIV)an dl;RbCaCatiTaMgLay dUc
Ca lav m:ug nigGkRbCaFibetyCatinana EdlrgnUvkareFVITukbukemj BIsMNak; ecaryYn. karrYbrYmrbs; RbCa
CatiTaMgGs;kgtMbn; CayuTsaRssab;rs; y:agsMxan;mYy kgkarplrMlM mhcitaecar yYn eGay rlt;rlayeTA
)any:agmanRbsiTPaB.
TwkKankin kdUcCakMlaMgGkeshaCatiExr tUvecHerobcM cgRkgkMlaMg edaysat;esom nigrkSakar
sMgat;bMput mineFVI[ecaryYn nigGay:g cab;PwkBIskmPaBrbs;eyIg)anTal;EtesaH. eTaHCaeFVIkar)anl beTaH

CamankarefaHeFay enAkgebskkmrMedaHCati kKanelcB esaHeLIy.
61
rkSasiTi
TwkKanrsCati kdUcCakMlaMgGkeshaCatiExr tUvmanebskkm eFIVRbeyaCn_CUnCati nigsgmCati
mineFVIRbeyaCn_ eTA[kumbkSBYkbuKl b pal;xneLIy.
TwkKanrUbragBitR)akd kdUcCakMlaMgGkeshaCatiExr enARKb;kEngtamkumtUc tamkumFM dUcTwk
fk tUcFM enARKb;kEng ehIytUvecH bMEPgrUbragrbs;xn eTAtamkEngEdlsak;enA. eTaHCaenA kgfktUc bFM

TwkminGacerovrYj)ak;qnH edaysarEtmansMBaFBIelIeLIy kdUcCa kMlaMgExrGk eshaCati eTaHCaenAtamkum
tUc btamkumFM k { Twkcitbrpac; } minGacrYjmktUc b min)at;bg; KMnitepcepImkgkareFVIkugkarerobcMrbs;xn
edaysar karxVHxat karlM)akRKb;Rbkar Edlxn)an CYbRbTHenaH eLIy. eBalKW enAEt rkSa\sSrPaBKMnit
\sSrHPaBxagsartIkgkareFVI karerobcM y:agskmCab; Canic minedkcaMmankardas;etOn bedkcaMEtmeFa)ay
BIfak;elIeLIy.
4-KuNsm,ti nigTwkcitrbs;kmaMgGkeshaCatiExr
TwkhUrBITIx<s;eTATITab tamk,nmYy ya:gCak;c,as; kdUcCa kMlaMgExrGkeshaCati kgskmPaB
rbs;xn tUvEteKarB {eKalmaKa bneya)ayrYm yuTsaRsrYmEtmYy nigRbkan;xab;nUvk,ntRmaswk nigkardwknaM
RtwmRtUv} kgkarerobcM nigkareFVIskmPaB dUcCasil,sgam rbs; {sun sU} Ca edIm edIm,I[)an lTpll
dUcTwkhUr BIx<s;eTATab.
TwkhUrBITIx<s;eTATITMnab cUlfk cUlswg cUlTen cUlsmuRT Etfk swg Ten nigsmuRT minEdl
degIyehATwk[hUrcUleLIy kdUcCakMlaMgExrGkeshaCati tUvEtsVHEsVgrab;rkGkeshaCati dUcKa mincaM)ac;

edkcaMeKBnl;GgVr bsnapl;rgVan; CyPNNamYyeLIy. pyeTAvij fk swg Ten nigsmuRT minEdlRbEkk
minTTYlTwkeLIy. GkeshaCatiExr EtgEtRbkan;yk ]tmKti bMerI Cati CaBiessRbCaCatiExr EdlkMBugrgTuk
evTna RtUvEtriHrkviFICYyEkx edayminedkcaMeGayBlrdTaMgenaHrt;mkrkeyIgeLIy. GkdwknaMExrRtUvEtsVH
EsVgrkGkCatiniymnana RbCaCatiExr Edl rgTukeTas RbCaCatinanaEdlrgeRKaH edaysar yYn nigBYk Gay:g
62
rkSasiTi
k,t;Cati nigGkTaMgLay Edlmanninakarneya)aydUceyIg mansmancitTTYleyIg edaykIeBjcit ehIyGk

TaMgenaHehIy EdlCYylak; karBareyIg pl;Btman rYmkMlaMgCamYyeyIg kgkarplrMlMBYkk,t; Cati.
TwkmaneKaledAEtmYy hUrcUleTAkgsmuRT . smuRT CaeKaledAEtmYy rbs;Twk . y:agNamij

eKaledAEtmYyKt; rbs;GkdwknaMExr KWkarrMedaHCati[rs;ranKg;vg; rbs;RbCaCatiExr RbeTsExr kraC \sSr
Rbkbeday vibulPaB manfamBl rwgbwugsitesr nigman]tmPaB. eTaHCasab;xnkGkdwknaMExrminrYjraminlH
bg;eKaledA enHdac;xat.
ebIminTan;dl;eKaledA Twksak;enAkEngmYy EdlmansirPaBCaTIbMput kdUcCakMlaMgGkeshaCati
Exr ebIminTan;rMedaHCati nigRbCaCatiExr)aneT karRbwgERbg karerobcM karrs;enA nigskmPaB tUveFVI[man sni

sux CaGtibrma. kgkaleTs tsU eyIgrEmgCYbnUv ]bsKsab;rs; rab;minGs; . ehtuenHehIy rEmgmankar
Ebk)ak; karbraCy xHedayeCosminrYc CaehtueFVIeGaydac; ryHTak;TgKa rvagxagelI nigxageRkam enAeBl
NamYy. EtkgzanCaGkdwknaMExr minRtUvGs;sgwm min RtUvcuHj;:me)aHbg;kartsU eLIy. pyeTAvij RtUvecH
rkSa\sSrPaBxagsartI KWRtUvecHrs; ecHlak;xn ecHsnSMkMlaMg ecHkarBarkMlaMgeGayKg;vg; ecHerobcMkMlaMg rg;
caMeBlevla EdlGkCatiniym nana mkeFVIkarrYbrYm pMKaeLIgvij edIm,IbnkartsU eq<aHeTArkeCaKCy.
TwkhUrecj BIkEngmYy eTAkEngmYy Tal;EtmandICMer . )annyfa TwkEtgEt edIreTAsRtUv Edl
mancMNucexSay Et Twk minedIreTArksRtUvEdldwgxnRbugRbyteLIy. dUc)aneBalmkehIyfa eTaHCaxaMgFM

b:uNarEmgmancMNucexSay cMNucRbehagCadac;xat. karrs; karlak;xn minRtUvedk lak;xn edayGs;sgwm
bedIm,Isab;eLIy Etlak;xn edIm,IsikSarkcMnucexSayxaMg edayRbugRbyt ehIybneFVI skmPaBtsU eFVIkarerob
cMeTAmuxeTot edaykarPJak;rlwk nigTTYlxusRtUvx<s; smzanCaGkdwknaMExr. GkdwknaMExr RtUvsikSarkeGay
eXIjcMNuc exSayrbs;xaMg ehIyeFVIkarvayRbharenATIenaH tameBlevlamYysmKYr nigmansnisuxdl;xn nig
mitrYmGavuF. eBalKW eBlevla EdlxaMg ePcxn KankarRbugRbyt edayGnuvtn_ tamk,ntMra nigklyuTkgTB
y:agRtwm RtUv minRbmaf. eFVIEbbenH eyIgtUcEtGacTTYleCaKCy)any:ag R)akd.
TwkGacdUrPavekA nigPaBRtCak; CamYyGkCitxag kdUcCakMlaMgGkeshaCatiExr tUvecHEvkEjk
sal; [c,as;rvagstUv nigmit. kMlaMgGkeshaCatiExr RtUvecHlak;xn sMrbxn bnMxn eTAtam eBlevla tam
TIkEng edIm,I eFIVeGayxnrs; enAeFVIskmPaB)an. tUvdwg[c,as;fa tYvrYbrYmCamYy mit GkCatiniymdUcKa min
vayRbharKa eTaHedaysMdIkI CYyKaeTAvijeTAmk minKitplRbeyaCn_ EtRtUvcMeBaHsRtUvRtUvriHrkvIFIbMpicbMpaj
vatamRKb;meFa)ay EdlGaceFVI)an edaysat;kM)aMg minGYtGag minecjmux.
TwkGaceRsacRsg; bGackMeTcGkCitxag tamyuTsas ryevla yUr sat;kM)aMg RCab b qab;
63
rkSasiTi
vayluk hUr-lic b GhwgSa RCab tamPaBhwgSa hUr-lic kdUcCakMlaMgGkeshaCatiExr tUvsal; nig
Gnuvtn_eTAtamdMNak;kalnkartsUrbs;xn edayminelog eBalKW enAeBlEdlxn kMBugerobcM RtUvRbwgERbgeFVI

eGayGs;sgwm mincaMkardas;etOn. bkenAedkcaMemIl Tal;Et bsUr kgkaMg eTIbman TwkcitRbwgeFVI RbwgerobcM
enaHeLIy. eRbIyuTsas eRbIkll,ic eRbIkarbiT)aMg enARKb;CMhan RKb;eBlevla edIm,IsMgMenA eFVIkarerobcM
eGay)an nigeRtomxnRbyuT eBl kas eRKagTuk )anmkdl; kgkarCYyeRsacRsg;RbCaCati Cati nig kMeTc
stUveGay)anCaGtibrma TaMg xagkMlaMg neya)ay citsaRs nigFnFan.
5-virPaBrbs;Twk
enAeBlNa TwkTMlayTMnb;mYy)anehIy vaminEdlenAcaMTTYlCyPNNamYyeLIy vaEtgEtrul

tMrg;eTAeKaledACanic. GkEdlTTYlCyPNmuneK KW mcaCati xg kam EdleKminGac XaXaMg )aneLIy.
KuNbMNac;rbs;GkeshaCati )anya:gbribUrN_ cab;BIeBlNaEdlkartsUr)ansMerceCaKCy rhUt

dl;Gvsan nCatisasn_Exr dUcCaTwk)anKuNbMNac;rbs;eK enAeBlNaEdlxn)aneTAdl;smuRT dUecaHEdr.
KuNbMNac;rbs;GkeshaCati minEmnCasMParEdl
)anmkGMBIkarrMelaPGMNac RbRBitiGMeBiBukrlYy lYcCati ienaHeLIy.
)anmkBIkardeNIm blYcbn; BIRbCaCatiExreLIy.
)anmkBIkarlk;sm,tiCati lk;Cati b lk;k,al CakBaHbreTs enaHeT.

KuNbMNac; rbs;GkeshaCatiExr man {sMPar} { kitiys } nig{ CIvitrs;enARbesIr} )anmkBIkar
RsLaj; kartbsg BIsMNak;Cati nigCnrYmCatiExr EdlmankarGbGrsaTrrIkray nigpl;CUnCa kartbsgsg
KuN sksmeTAnwg virPaB KuNbMNac; rbs;eyIgCaGkbMerICatiGs;mYyCivit. kitinam kitisB rbs;GkeshaCati
tUvcar enAelIsilacarwk nigkgRkaMgmasRbvtisas nigGarFmExr. dUcman silacariknana Ca]TahrN_Rsab;
Edlcarerobrab;BI vIrPaB rbs; CyvrnTI7 nigGs;elak CaemTBCaedIm. bkdUcCaekreQaH rbs;virCn CaeRcIn
man]kj:a sWun Kuy/ RkLaehaKg;/ Ehm ecov/ sWug g:ukfaj; CaedIm.l. ebIeTaHCaRtUvBUYkemRtYtRtabgabbegan
EtExrsmyeRkayenAEt eRkak karaBarelIkdMekIgCab;rhUtmk.
6-kMlaMgExrGkeshaCatiBitR)akd
Twksal; TwkeTot edaysar lkNrbs;xn CaBiessvaman {TMg;} dUcKa eRbgGENtelITwk cMENk

Twk Fak;cuHeRkam .
GkeshaCatiExr manGtsBaaNrbs;xn CasMKal;. KuNsm,ti KuNFm karBayam virkm nig \riya

bf TMlab;RbcaMf y:agesresI minlHbg; minERbRbYl CalkNsMKal;rbs;Cn EdlGkeshaCatiBitR)akd. ebI
eTaHCa stUveRCotcUlkgrgVg; GkeshaCatikI Etedaysarva minmanlkN BiessdUcxagelI EdlduH ecj
64
rkSasiTi
BIcitKMnit BIsartIBit BIxagkgeTenaH nigeFVIeGayeyIg segteXIj vaGENteFareLIgxusFmta dUcduMeQIRCmuC

kgTwk EtgEtGENtPameLIgEdr bdUcCa duMf EdlEtgliccuHRswmeTAkgTwky:agdUecaHEdr. dUcKaEdr ebIeTaH
BYkstUv eTaHvaxMEkgxn eFVI[manlkN dUcGkeshaCatiya:gNakI k {TMgn;TwkciteshaCati } rbs;vaminGac
manTMgn; eRbobesI nwigGkesha Cati)aneLIy. eBlNa vabnMeFVICamankarQWcab; enaHkarQWcab;rbs;vaman
TMgn; RsalCagkarQWcab; rbs;GkeshaCatixaMgNas; dUecH eyIgnwigGacsegteXIj vaelceFamky:ag c,as;
RkELt eLIgdUceRbg rEmgGENtelITwky:agdUecaHEdr. bpyeTAvij ebI vabnMeFVI CamankarQWcab; klkN n
karQWcab;rbs;va manPaB Fn; xaMghYsehtu ehIyeyIgnwgGac segteXIj y:agc,as; RkELt edaysar va
Fak;cuHeRkam dUcdIenAkgTwk. kalNa vacg;Rtab;tam GkeshaCati [dUcebHbitenaH vatUvEtxMbr TMgn; esha
Cati rbs;va mgman TMgn; Fn; mgRsal mgxaMg mgexSay ehIymgFak;TMgn;bnic nigmgeToteLIIgx<s;bnic
eyIgGacnigsegt eXIjelceFar edayman ehtumineTogTat; minRbRktI xusBIFmta ekItmaneLIg dUcCaTwk
vilvl; lk;kkr manBNEbkBIFmta.
GkeshaCatiBitR)akd rEmg Rbkan;xab;karxVl;xVay cMeBaHeCaKvasna rbs;RbeTsCati RbCaCati ya:g
esresI tamTWsedArYm Edl)ankMNt; kgkarrMedaHCati edayminERbRbYl mgQb;mgeFVI mgeTAmuxmgeTAeRkay
mgcUl xagenH xagenaH nigminlHElg e)aHbg;ecal bkdak;FurH edIm,Iqk;ykRbeyaCn_pal;xn keTEdr minfa
kaleTs NaeLIy. RKb;\riyabf skmPaB edk edIr Qr Ggy sIucuk TaMgkarKit karedIrehIr niyaysIrEmg
riHrk begItkas eFVIkartsUrMedaHCati CYUyCati nigRbCaCati Canic minfaxnenATINa RtUvrgnUvkartam kab;sMlab;
BIsMNak; ecaryYn nigBYkk,t;enaHy:agNakI. TMgn; TwkciteshaCati EtgmanTMgn; esI minRskRsut minelogxus
bRtUvERbRbYledaysar briyakasCMuvijxn bktaepSgesaHeLIy. dUcmankMNaBExrGkeshaCati)aneBal
Tukfa {
-citExrCatiniym
FMCagPM rwgCagf
eTaHxnenAkgeXob
exaHkekobehobRbhar citenArIkdUcf
brCIvitdi,teshCati.
-biTEPkTTYlyk
ral;Tukesake)akbk;cM eTaHTukFMCagPM
xMamat;RTaMxMBuHBar ykQamRkalRbfBI
edIm,IExrrs;Kg;vgS.
7-yuTsasrbs;TwkenAkgkarRbyuT
munnigcab;epImRbyuT TwkEtgEtRbwgERbg hUr RCab edaysat;esom edayBayam minQb;minQr

minfa yb;f eTApMKa enAkEngmYy EdlmanlMhwg CaTIbMput EdlCakEngGacTTYlykTwkhUr mk BIRKb; TisTI
RKb;Rck eBalKW Twk xitxMerobcMkas rbs;xnedIm,IykeRbobelIsRtUv EtTwkminEdl edkcMakasesaHeLIy.
dUcKaEdr kMlaMgGkeshaCatiExr munnwgmanlTPaB rMedaHCati)an min RtUvedkesom cMakaseLIy. eRBaHfa
}kasekItmanedaykarRbwgERbgerobcM } minEmnekIteLIg edaykaredkcaMeLIy. ehtuenH GkdwknaMExr EtRtUv
RbWgERbRbmUlpMkMlaMgeshaCatiBIRKb;TWsTI edaykareFIVeGaysartICatiniym duHdal rIksuHsay RCYtRCabkg
65
rkSasiTi
citKMnit GarmN_ExrRKb;RsTab; nigeTAkgfk kgswgKMnitrbs;RkumGkCatiniymExr RKb;TIkEngya:gskmeday

minQb;minQr minedkesom eTAtameBlevlaEdlxnGaceFVI)an minfayb;feLIy.
munnigTwkTMlayTMnb;mYy)an mundMbUgTwkcUlRCabbnicmg enARKb;kEngTaMgGs; rbs;sRtUv Edl
vaGachUrcUleTA)an. karRCabenH TukCaeKemIleXIj kKannrNaykcitTukdak;Edr edaysarKan eRKaHfak;dl;
eK. kalNamanRbPBTwkRCab manbseQI mktamedayKannrNadwg eRkABIbseQI xng BIeRBaHbseQItUv
karTwk. kaNamanbseQI eRCotERCkxaMg TwkRCabkkan;EtxaMg rhUtdl; TwkhUr)an. kalNaTwkhUr)an Twkva
rMlayduMdItUcFM)antamkM;laMgva EdlnaM[manpvTwkhUr kan;EtFM eLIg . kalNa pvTwkkan;EtFMeLIg kMlaMg
Twk varMlayduMdIkan;EtFMeLIg rhUtdl;TIbBab;Twk TMlayTMnb;mYy)an. cUrcaMfa RbCaCatiExrPaKeRcInelIslb;
edkTnwgdegIyrkGkeshaCatiExr ediIm,ICYyseRgaH. eyIgRtUvcaMfa eyIgminGacTUlEpndIEtmak;g)aneT ehtu
dUecHehIiyeyIg RtUvEtsVHEsVg RbkUkRbkasrkExr EdlCamas;TwkdI rYbrYmKaCYy. ehtuenH munnwgGacrMedaHCati
)an eyIgCaGkdwknaMExr RtUvEtkat;eTArkBayameTACYbcgRkg GkTaMgenaH CaRkum CaBYk CakMlMag Cati. eRBaH
fa kMlaMgeshaCati ebIeTaHCamaneRcInb:uNa ebIenATIT mincg)ac;KaeT nwgminGacekIt CakMlaMgclkrdman Gnu
PaB GacrMlay BUkxaMgsRtUvrbs;Cati)aneLIy. dUecHehIy kareRbIR)as; kMlaMgxaMgCakarsMxan;bMput. enAkg
CYrxaMg kmanGkEdlmanKMnitCatiniym Edr EtCaGkCatiniym sak;esI ehIyeyIgCaGkdwknaMCatiExr minGaceFVI
)anRKb;Rcklk)aneLIy. kb:uEn eyIgGaceRbI R)as; RbCaCatiExr EdleyIg )ancgRkg ehIyEdlCasac;Qam
eGayeTATak;Tg bBaHbBal CamYyBBYkGkCatiniymsak;esITaMg enaH dUcTwk EdleRbIbseQI eGayCYy eRCot
ERCkhUrbukCMnYs Cab;CanicdUecaHEdr.
enAeBlNaTMnb;rwgmaM TwkTMlayTMnb;mYymin)an vamanyuTsasmYyeTothUrkat;BIelI. kaNaTwk

hUrkat;BIelI)an TIbBab;TwkTMlayTMnb;mYy)andUcKa. ya:gNamij PaBrwgeRkARbehagkgrbs; rbbRtYtRta min
GacTb;nwg smuRTTwkcit Cati niym EdlduHdalPJak;rlwkrbs;ExrRKb;rUbBaseBj RbeTs)aneLIy enAeBlNa
EdlkMlMagsartICatiniymRCYtRCab RbmUlpM)any:agmhasal ehIyenaH. rebobenH ExreyIgFab;)an eCaKCy
BIsmy eRTOg mijy:ag mgehIy.
TwkeRbIyuTsas EdlvaysMrukedaypMkMlaMgConcentration)aj;eq<aHeTAelIcMNucexSayCag eK
rbs;KUstUv. GkdwknaMCatiExr RtUvsVHEsVgrkcMNucexSayxaMgTaMgxag neya)ay kgTB sgmCMenOsasnaEdl
xaMg )anGnuvtn_sBVf ehIyeRbobeFob riHrkcMNucexSayxaMgbMputrbs;xaMg niRbmUlpMFnFan Edlman epateTA
elIcMNucexSayenaHeGay)aneCaKCy. minRtUvCYyeFVIeGayrbbk,t; RtwmRtUv. minRtUveFVIeGayvamankMlaMg min
RtUveFVIeGayva Rsbc,ab; minRtUvelIkTwkcitBYkva nigminRtUvedIrtamKngyuTsaRs vaKUseGayeyIgedIr. eyIg
dwgehIyfa yYn vaFab;rujRcaneGaymhaGMNacGaemrik EdleRbIR)as;TaMg neya)ay kgTB eGaydac;paeTA
vij . ehIyeyIgk KYrEtdwgfayYn hun Esn vadwgc,as;fa KNbkSRbqaMgTaMgGs; suTEtmanbMNgplrMlMva ebI
66
rkSasiTi
vayl;fa bkSTaMgenaH GacrMlMva)an vanwgeGaybkSTaMgenH ekIteLIy. etImanRbeyaCn_GIV EdlGkCatiniymxH

e)alk,alsMruk eTAsMuGnuBaatBIemRtYtRta edIm,IbegItbkSRbqMag rab;minGs;enaH vaRKan;EtCakar bMpaj;nUvFn
Fan mantictYc min cMeKaledAEtb:ueNaH.
TwkenAGackat;Edk b eQI)an enAeBlNaTwkmansMBaF enABIeRkayxaMg nigmanRckecjtUc. Gk

dwknaMExr etagyl;c,as;fa eyIgR)akdCaputBUC enARKaxagmuxminyUreLIy ebIeyIgminhan eRkakeLIgdwknaM eFVI
kartsUenaH . kartsUrbs;eyIg CakartsUedayRtwmRtUv Rsbc,ab; eyIgman buBVsiTeBlelj kgkareFVI eday
minedkcaMCMnYyBINaeRkABIkMlaMgsamKICatiExreLIy ehIykartsU rbs;eyIgR)akdCaQH. ehtuenHehIy eyIg
etageFVIeGayGkeshaCatiTaMgGs;yl;c,asdUc Camunfa CMerIsrbs;eyIgCaCMerIsRtwmRtUv RbkbedaysIlFm
EdlmnusS elakTaMgGs;nwgKaMRT eyIg. eyIgKanCMerIsepSgeLIy eRkABIkareRkak eLIgrYmeFVIkartsUedayPaB
ffr kgkarkMcat; sRtUv edayeRbIRKb;meFa)ay TaMgGs; TaMgGhigSa nighigSaneya)ay rYmpSMKa.
TwkenAkgsmuRT mankMlaMgxaMgeTVreLIg enAeBlNamanktaeRkAxl;BH bmanrMCYydIenAeRkam
smuRT. tamFmta TwknwgkayeTACakMlaMgya:gmhima KanGVImkTb;)an enAeBlNa mankta eRkAmkCaCMnYy.
RbCaCati EdleshasniPaB mnusSPaBkgPaBffr nwgminenAesomeLIy ebIExreRkakeLIg rYbrYmKaeFVIkartsU
y:agmWugma:t;siVtsVaj ehIyedaykarCYyeRCamERCgQQWqalBIGnrCati nigGk eshasniPaBCMuvijBiPBelak
nwgeFVIeGay smuRTsartICatiniymrbs;Exr nwgxaMgeTVreLIgy:ag xaMg mhima dBitR)akd ehIyeBlenaHehIy
EdleyIgGac vayrujRcanecar yYn nwgBYkk,t;)an.
8-yuTsasrbs;TwkenAkgkarkarBarxn
kalNaTwkenAmancMnYntictYc vaEtgEteRCotxnenAkgdI enAkgedImeQI enAelIswkeQI. enAeBl

Na vamancMnYnRKb;lm vaEtgEthUrpMKacUleTAkgfkmYy bvahUrCapvTwkenAeRkamdI. eBlNaTwkcUlkg fk
ehIy vaEtgEtciBawmedImck[duHBaseBj sMrab;karBarxn. cMENkTwkEdl hUrcUlCapvTwk vaEtgEthUrcUl swg
b Ten enAeRkamdI.
TwkenAkgfkenAeBlNamanGasnvaEbkExJkKa ebIeyIgedIrCan;Twkfk TwkEbkxayecjBIfkEt

vahUrmkpMrkKaCanicvij enAeBlputBIGasn.
9-Twk nigsil,sgam {sun sU }
sun sU {tUveFVIkarsikSa nigBinitviniqy enHtUveFVIenAelIktacMnYn 5 Edlman\TiBlelITwkcit
FatuGakas dI emdwknaM RTwsInigc,ab;.
\TiBlelITwkcit TwkRtCak;RtIkum TwkCaTIsgwm CaCMrkrbs;mcaCatiTaMgLay
FatuGakas TwkcaMktaxageRkACanic EdlsMrYlkarvayRbhar xl;-rBay)atsmuRT
dI Twkdk;enAkEngEdlmansnisuxsMrab;vaCanic
67
rkSasiTi
GkdwknaM karbuinRbsb;rbs;GkdwknaMsgamTwkvayRbharEtenAelIcMNucexSayrbs;stUvCanic
RTwsI nig c,ab; TwkEtgEteKarBc,ab;FmCatiCanic
sun sU { ebImankmaMg 10 dg eRcInCagstUv tUvekab biTpvRKb;Rck }
Twk {mankmaMgelIslb; TwkcUllicRKb;kEng TwkRKbBIelI }
sun sU { ebImankmaMg 5 dg eRcInCagstUv vayRbharRKb;Cug }
Twk { hUrcUl BTCMuvij }
sun sU {ebImankmaMgesInigstUv tUvjHjg;[mankarRbyuT }
Twk { Twkllk e)akelITMnb; elIRcaMg Caerogral;eBlevla }
sun sU { ebImankmaMgticCagstUv tUvmankarbugRbytkuM[mankarefaHeFay eKcecj

BIkarvay Rbharrbs;xaMg}
Twk {enAkgfk sMgMesm Gt;mankMerIk nigmanckRKbBIelI biT)aMgEfmeTot}
10-l,icdl,Il,ajnanaenAkgsgam
k-sMlab;stUv edayxIdaveK l,icTI3 nl,icyuTsas TaMg 36 rbs;cinsmyedIm
{cMeBaHstUv eyIgCak;Casal;c,as;GMBIbMNgrbs;va cMENkkarsal;c,as;GMBIbMNgrbs;BYksm<nmit
CakarminR)akd. eyIgeRbIkll,ic[mak;enH kMeTcmak;enaHCYseyIg edayeyIgmin)ac;mankarRbLkRbLak;

CamYy.}
eKalbMNgRbqaMgrbs;stUv eXIjCak;lak;ya:gR)akd. kbu:En manKUrRbECgmYyeTot cg;cUlmk
RbLkCamYy. eyIgtUvEt { xI } kMlaMgfIenH edIm,ItTl;RbqaMgnwgstUv.
l,icEdlmaneQaHfa { xI } KW CakarbEgVr ykkMlaMgGkepSgeTot [RtLb;eTARbqaMg nigstUvrbs;
eyIg vij. l,icenH KWCakarsnSMkMlaMgrbs;eyIgCaGtibrma KW CaeKall,ickg {sgamRbCaCn} Edl eK eXIj
BYk {]TamRbCaCn} bMeBjesckIRtUvkar edaykardeNImykGavuFBIstUv.
GkEdlmankMlaMgminRKb;RKan; EtgEt { xI } kMlaMgstUv
GkEdlcg;sMlab;eK EtminGaceFVIeTA)an EtgEt { xI } davrbs;stUv
GkEdlxVH fvika EtgEteFVI[stUvpl;[ vaydeNImyk fvikar BIsRtUv.
GkEdlxVH sMPar EtgEteTAyksMParBIstUvvaydeNImyk sMParH BIsRtUv.
GkEdlxVH es,og EtgEteTAyk es,og BIstUvvaydeNImyk es,og BIsRtUv.
GkEdlxVH GavuFyueTabkrN_ EtgEteTAyk BIstUvvaydeNImyk GavuFyueTabkrN_BIsRtUv.
GkEdlxVHnayTahan EtgEteTArkBIxagstUv bBaHbBalykTahansRtUv ykBlrdEdl

sRtUv RKb;RKg.
GkEdlxVHl,ic EtgEtlYcl,icBIxaMglbsegt nigRtab;ykl,icBIsRtUv
68
rkSasiTi
etIesckITaMgenH mannyya:gNa?
kareFVI[xaMg eFVIGVImYy EdleyIgcg;eFVIxng enaHehIyEdlehAfa { xwkMlaMg } xaMg.
karEdleFVI[ xaMg yl;fa tUvEtkMcat;dac;xat GkEdleyIgtUvkarkMcat; enaHehIyCakar {

xI dav } stUv.
karvaydeNImyk fvika RTB es,og BIxaMg enaHehIyCakarEdleFIV[xaMgpl;[.
karvay lYc bn; vayykGavuF sMParH BId rbs;stUv Cakar { xI } sMParrbs;xaMg.
kareFVI[vamankareRbHqapkg enaHehIyCakar { xI } nayTahanrbs;va.
karEdlbEgVrykyuTsasrbs;va eRbICaskmPaB bMpajvavij enaHehIyCa kar { lYc }

yuTsasrbs;va.
GVIEdleyIgminGacGnuvt)an tUvEteFVI[nrNamak;eTot GnuvtCMnYs. eyIgminEmnCa

GkeFVIpal;d kKanGVICasMxan;eT karsMxan; KW karTTYlpll BIGMeBIenaH.
eyIgGaceFVI[xaMgva { xI } GVIEdleyIgtUvkar BImak;eTot edIm,Inwg[eyIg)an { xI } bn.
juauMgeGayva [vaeTA { xI } sMrab;eyIg Iedaymincab;Pwk bebIsinCavacab;Pwk kvatUvEteFVI

edaysarvaKanCMerIsepSgeRkABIenH.
esckITaMgGs;enH CaeKalsMxan;kgl,ic { xIkMlaMgstUv } edaysarl,icenH { sIkug } )anCYyeRsac
Rsg;RbeTs { luy } )aneFVI[RbeTs { KI } mankarlM)ak )aneFVI[RbeTs { vU } hinehacnigCYy[RbeTs { Cin
} BRgwgCMhrrbs;xn.
enAedImstvtSTI5 qaM 490 mun K>s> mnI { tan qag } erobcMeFVIrdRbharenAkgRbeTs { KI }.
kbu:En Kat;tUvEtkMcat;nahWnRbqaMgmYycMnYnCamunsin. Kat;manKMnit nigekNkgTBsMrab;eFVIcM)aMgnwg RbeTs
Citxag. RbeTsEdlKat;emIleXIjfamaneRbob nigykCyCMH)an KWRbeTs { luy } ehIyKat;kcab; epIm Guc
Gal.
RbeTs { luy } CaRbeTskMeNItrbs; { kughVysuIyus } edayeXIjmhnraymkdl; elak { kughVy
suIyus } kGMBavnav suM[kUnsisSrbs;elak eFVIGnraKmn_ edIm,IeRsacRsg;RbeTs [putBImhnrayenH. kg
cMeNamsisSTaMgGs; man elak { sIkug } EdlmanfVIdCageK sRKciteFVIGnraKmn_.
elak { sI kug } )aneTARbeTs { KI } sMucUleFVIsvnakarCamYy elak { tan qag } ehIyKat; kniyay
fa
elakmankMhusmYyya:gFn; edaycg;vayRbharelIRbeTs { luy } edaysarRbeTsenH eFVIeGay

elakmankarlM)akya:gxaMg BIeRBaHTIkugRbeTs { luy } minmaMmYn manTMhMtUc esclg; nigkac nahWnBukrlYy
nigxVHsmtPaB rasmincUlciteFVIsgam elakKYrEtvayRbharRbeTs { v:U } vij. RbeTs { vU } vaCabcamitmYy
smniwgesckItUvkarrbs;elak. TIkugRbeTs { v:U } mankMEpgya:gmaMmYn mandIFM manTahancMNan manes,g
nigsMParRKb;RKan; manGkdwknaM mansmtPaBsMrab; karBarRbeTsrbs;eK. sgamCamYyRbeTsEbbenH eTIb
69
rkSasiTi
GacsMrYlkickar rbs;elak)an.
elak { tan qag } Kat;RceLatxwg
elakemIleXIj Cakargayrbs;EdllM)ak ehIyelakykCaRbPBnkarlM)ak rbs;EdlEPk

RKb; Ka emIleXIjfagay. etIelakgcg;niyayR)ab;ya:gem:c?
elak { sI kug } )aneqIytb
mas;BeKniyayfa ebICaneya)ayeRkARbeTs rbs;RbeTsmYyCaRbPBnbBaa vaCakarsmehtu

smpl nigbgsgamCamYyRbeTsexSay. EtebIbBaa vamkBIbBaapkg eKKYrEtbgsgamCamYyRbeTsxaMg.
ebIbBaarbs;elak KWmkBImnIeTot enAEtbnRbqaMgnwgelak. ebIelakc,aMgQH RbeTs { luy } RbeTs { KI }
tUv)anBRgIkTwkdI escrbs;elak krwtEteLIgcag GkEdl)anTTYl kitiys KWBYknayTahanEdlCabkSBYk
RbqaMgnwgelak. cMENkelak mineXIjfa)ancMeNjGVI eT,Iy. pyeTAvij GnuPaBrbs;elakrwtEtcuHfy
ehtudUecHehIy )anCafa elakKYreFVIsgamCa mYy RbeTs { vU } )ancMeNj eRcInCag.
RbeTs { KI } tUvcaj;CakarR)akd. rasrbs;elak tUvsab; eRkamkarvayRbharrbs;stUv. RTB

sm,tirbs;bkSFM tUvhinehacedaysarerobcMTBrbs;eK. elaknwgKanGkRbqaMgnwigelak enAkg cMeNamGk
manGnuPaB nigenAkgcMeNamRbCaBlrd ehIyelakniwgkayeTACaGkmanGMNacEtmak;genAkg RbeTs.
elak{tan qag } eqIytb
l EtsgamCamYyniwgRbeTs {luy } )ansMerccitrYcehIy. bBaa[kgTBbrmuxBYj nignaM[

bcamitdwgxn etItUveFVIya:gNa?
BnaeBlvayRbhar. {sI kug } eqIy ehIysUmbBanCakarTUteTARbeTs {vU }. nigbgaj
ehtuplTal;EteKeTACYysegaHRbeTs { luy } eGaymkvayRbharRbeTs { KI }.
elak {tan qag } TTYlyl;RBmtamKMerag ehIyelak {sI kug } keTARbeTs {vU }.
cMENkRbeTs {vU } kMBugEterobcMkarvayRbhar edIm,IkMeTcCasaBrRbeTs { yU } enARBMEdnxagt,g

edaysg,wmfa mgenHCakarsgswk nigPaBbraCy EdlmanmgrYcmkehIyenaH. kbu:En {sI kug } KankarBi)ak
nigbgajehtupldl;escRbeTs { vU } famanCyCMnHelIRbeTs { KI } naM[manCMhrkan;Etrwg RbqaMgnigRbeTs
{ Cin } EdlCabcamitsahavCageK. escRbeTs { vU } ksuxcitelIkgTBeTACYysegaHRbeTs {luy } ebIsin
CaelakmankarTukcitfa RbeTs {yU } minvayRbharRbeTs {vU}. elak {sIkug} keTARbeTs {yU } ccarCamYy
esc {K sg;} ehIyesI[BnaeBlvayRbhar elIRbeTs {vU } edaycaM[RbeTsenH cuHexSayenAeRkay cM)aMg
CamYyRbeTs {KI }. elak {sI kug } eTARbeTs { Cin } edIm,IR)ab;bgaCamunfa enAeRkayCyCMnHelIRbeTs {KI }
RbeTs {vU } c,as;CabEgVrkarvayRbharmkelIRbeTsenHminxan.
70
rkSasiTi
RbeTs {vU } tTl;CamYyRbeTs { KI } Tuk[karbu:nb:grbs; {tan qag } )ansMerc. RbeTs { Cin }

yk)anCyCMnHelIRbeTs {vU } Edlmansgwmfa eqtenAelICyCMnHTImYy sMrab;kMeTcbcamitTImYyenHecal.
RbeTs {yU } qk;ykkaslenH sMrab;vaybegIydl;bcamitsab;rs;enH.
-Twk nigl,ic {sMlab;stUv edayxIdaveK}
Twk EtgEt { xI } kMlaMgxl; kMlaMgrBay)atsmuRT sMrab;vayRbhar sRtUv.

edIm,IbM)ak;s<an TwkEtgEt { xI } kMlaMgedImeQIEdlGENtrsat;tamTwk edIm,IbM)ak;s<an.
Twk)anpt;pg; kam nig xg nigedImeQI [ecaHRbehag nigeRCoteTAelITMnb;
-GkeshaCatiExr nigl,ic {sMlab;stUv edayxIdaveK}
l,icenH CaeKall,ickg { sgamRbCaCan } dUecH eyIgKYrkt;sMKal;fa etIKUrbdibkSNa EdltUvcUl

RbLk kgerOgrMedaHCati?
-erOgpkg sRtUvecjmux {rbbkBaHbreTs BYkemRtUtmYykab;tUcnKNbkSRbCaCn}

kumEdlcg;cUlRbLkenAelIqak
KNbkS hVnsuInbuic
KNbkS smrgSI
KNbkSrNriTi
KNbkSsiTimnusS
kumBYkExrRkhm
kumeTot EdlRbkasfa CaGkeshaCatiEdr
-erOgxageRkA sRtUvecjmux {RbeTsEdlelbTwkdIExr yYn}

kumEdlcg;cUlRbLkenAelIqak
RbeTsCitxag
RbeTshtelxI nsnisiTTIkug)a:rIs 23 tula 1991
Exr km<CaeRkam
Exr surin
Exr GuIsam
CnCati m:ug
71
rkSasiTi
Lav GkRbqaMgnwigrdaPi)al
yYn GkRbqaMgniwgrdaPi)al
eyIgsUmkuMePc[esaHfa ebIkumxagelIdwgfa eyIgCaGkcg;cUlRbLkCamYyeK eKkGacmanl,ic { xI
dav } eyIgeRbIEdr bkc,as;CamanGkEdlmkxIdaveyIg sMrab;[kumeToteRbIdUcKaEdr.
x- l,icbrRsemal nigPaBBit l,icTI7 nl,icyuTsasTaMg 36 rbs;cinsmyedIm

{ beBaatstUv KWdMbUgtUvbeBaat rYcmkeTotelgEmnETn q<inEPkstuUvrhUtdl;vaElgeCO nigElgyk
citTukdak; EtenATIbBab; elgEmnETn. mgPr mgPUt mgeTotEmn }
eFVI[stUvykRsemalCakarBit enHehIyEdlehAfa { beBaat } EtRKb;karbeBaat GaceFVI[eKeCO
Etmgmal nigEtmYyEPt dUecaH kuMelgvayUreBk.
karq<inEPk minGackMeTcstUv)anEmn EtkareFVIEmnETn enAeBlbnab;mk GacmanRbsiTPaBRKb;RKan;
kg nigkMeTcstUv.
{ kalNa karminBit kayeTACakarBit karBitxngenaH kayeTARtwmEtCaRseemal }.
{ kalNaPaBTeT kayeTACaPaBR)akd PaBR)akdxngkayeTACaPaBTeTvij }. nyrbs;l,ic {br
Rsemal nigPaBBit } enH minxusqayBIRbeyaKTaMgBIrenHeLIy.
yuTsasedayeRbI {l,icbeBaat } enH )anEcgenAkgCMBkU TI1 rbs; { sil,sgam } rbs;elak {
sun sU } { karbeBaatEdllCageK KW karbeBaatlayLMCamYykarBit qas;evnKa edayKancgVak;BitR)akd }.
enAkgl,icenH esovePArbs; { mig } eQaH { es,agyuTsas } )ansresrfa { KanGVIsMxan;CagkarecH
beBaatstUv }eLIy.
beBaat tamrebob
beBaat tamrebobrbs;stUv
beBaat edaysarstUvvaesaH
beBaat edaysarstUvvamankarelaPln;
beBaat edayeRbIkMhusrbs;stUv
beBaat edayeRbIkarvRbsb;rbs;stUv
eKGaccab;epImbnMeFVICavayRbhar bnab;mkeFVIkarvayRbharEmnETn TukeBl[stUvvacab;PwkGMBI kar
PnRcLMrbs;va ehIyedaysarehtuenH eyIgbeBaatvabneTAeTot.
dUecH munnigvadwgkarBit karbnMeFVIvayRbhar GaceRbI)anmgeTot EttUveFVItamrebobpyeTAvij.
-Twk nigl,ic {brRsemal nigPaBBit}

-{ enAkgelakenH KanGVIEdlTn;RCay nigexSay CagTwkeLIy }. enHCa PavRsemal EdlTwkeFVI[
72
rkSasiTi
eKeXIj eFVI[eKePcxn. kbu:En tamkarBit TwkcUl eKokvayRbhar.

-{ kgkarvayRbhar GkEdlxaMg nigruwgmaMTaMgGs; minEdl)anQHeTAelITw ehIyKanGVImkeRbobpwm
)annigTwkeLIy }. rlkTwkvayenAelITMnb;eTAmg mgxaMg mgtic TMnb;minGacdwgfa enAeBlNa manrlkxaMg
EdlRtUv vaypac;vaeT.
K-l,icTIkugKanmnusS l,icTI32 nl,icyuTsasTaMg 36 rbs;cinsmyedIm
{ KanGVIenAkgd KanGVIenAkgehae):A l,ickgeBlmanGasn l,icnl,ic }. Cal,icEdlzit { enAelI
RBMEdnrvagPaBxaMg nigPaBexSay }.
l,icbgaj { faman } nig { faKan } naM[stUvmankarminc,as; RsBicRsBil Cak,nyuTsasEdltUv
pas;brCanic mg {man} mg{Kan }. l,icenH maneKeRbIeRcInNas;Edr bnab;BIelak { hShSrlag } enaHmk.
cMNucxaMg nigexSay rbs;kgTB bkarkarBarrbs;kgTB tUveFVIviPaKkgkarRbmaNPaB { RKb;RKan; } b
{ bnicbnc }karbgajktaTaMgBIr GacnaMeTArhUtdl;karbegItCarUbPaBbeBaat EdlnaM[bcamitGs;suPvinicy
kgkarRbmaNkMlaMg EdlenARbQmmux.
rUbPaBbeBaatGacman 4 ya:g
enAkEngNaEdl { mantic } tUveFVICarUbPaBbeBaat[eXIj { maneRcIn } edIm,I[stUvxac Elg
hanvayRbhar.
enAkEngEdl {maneRcIn }tUveFVIrUbPaBbeBaatCa{mantic } edIm,ITajstUv[cUlkgGnak;.
enAkEngEdl{mantic }tUveFVIbgajrUbPaBc,as;fa {mantic } edIm,IeFVI[stUv mankar sgSyfa
CaGnak;.
enAkEngEdl {maneRcIn } tUveFVIbgajrUbPaBc,as;fa {maneRcIn } edIm,IeFVI[stUvman karsgSy
fa CakarbeBaat edIm,I[stUvecjBIrUgrbs;va.
kgrCkal GFiraC {cigDi } nrCkal {hgS }BYkecarRB{ hSiyu:gj} mkvayRbharenA {sg;Cun }. GFi
raCbBanemTBsMNb; nig]tmesnIy_ { lIhg; } [eTAeFVIkarvaytbeTAvij. eTAdl;kEngemTBsMNb;enaH ecj
eFVIebskm QbykkarN_ CamYykgBlcMnYnm-samsibnak;. BYkeKeTAqayeTA Rsab;EtCYbv:ak; CamYyTB
esHBYkecarRB cMnYn 3 nak;. kgBlrbs; { hgS } kedj ehIyBYkecarRBrt;dkfy eday)aj;BYjCaeRcIntb
mkvij. emTBsMNb;rbs;GFiraC )antUvrbYseday sarBYjxaMg ehIykgBlmYycMnYntUvsab;. kbu:En emTB
sMNb;enaH )an[dMNwgmkdl;]tmesnIy_ { lI hg; } EdlKat;edjtamecarRBenaH CamYykgBl cMnYn 200
nak; Cabnan;.
73
rkSasiTi
Kat;)ansMlab;ecarRB 2nak; nigcab;)anmak;eTot EdlkMBguEtcgdak;elIxgesH Rsab;Et enAeBlenaH

TBesHBYkecarRBcMnYnCaeRcInBan;nak;)anmkdl;. edayeXIjkgBlrbs; { hgS } mYykumtUcenA dac;Rsyal
qayEtg BYkecarRBsanCanuybeBaatsMrab;RbugBTBYkeK kerobcMTB enAcaMemIlBIcMgayenAelITIx<s;. kgBl
rbs; { hgS } TaMgGs; eXIjdUecaH kcg;paybkeRkayrt;ykEtRBHGayu Et]tmesnIy_ { lI hg; } niyayfa
kgTBrbs;eyIgenAqay ebIeyIgrt; vamaneBl nwigedjeyIgTan; bkeyIgtUvsab;nwigBYj rbs;va. karEdll
eyIgtUvenAniwgkEng Tuk[BYkvaeCOfa eKeRbIeyIgmkeFVICanuy Tak;[BYkvavayRbharmkelIeyIg. ]tmesnIy_ {
lI hg; } kbBaa[kgBlbMpayesH sMedAeTArkBYkecarRB. eTACitdl; enAsl;RbEhl 2 eyaC Kat;bBaa[
Qb; ehIycuHBIxgesH nigTMlak;EkbcuHBIesH EtkgBl niyayRbqaMgfa eT stUvenACitbegIy
]tm esnIy_ { lI hg; } eqIyfa vaeCOfaeyIgrt; BIeRBaHEtvamanKaeRcInsMrab;kMeTceyIg EteyIgbgaj
[c,as;fa eyIgKanbMNg nigrt;eLIy EdlnaM[vaeCOkan;EtCak;fa eKeRbIeyIgmkeFVICanuy.
BYkecarRB enAEtQrcaMemIlCabneTot. vabBanKavamak; mkQbemIlsankarN_ eXIjdUecaH ]tm
esnIy_ { lI hg; } elateLIgelIesH edjtamCamYykgBlCag 10 nak; ehIyk)aj;ecarenaHsab;eTA. bnab;
mk ]tmesnIy_ { lI hg; } RtLb;mkrkKaKat;vij ehIybBaa[kgBledksMrak. rhUtdl;eBlyb;mk dl;
BYkecarRBElgyl;GVITaMgGs; GMBIsankarN_EdlkMBgu ekItmaneLIgenaH vaenAEtminhanvayRbhardEdl dl;
kNalGRFat vakdkTBvaecjGs;BIkEng.
RBwkeLIg ]tmesnIy_ { lIhg; } knaMTBrbs;Kat;RtLb;mkCMuruMvij. ]tmesnIy_ { lI hg; } eRbIl,ic
Kat; { manKatic } Kat;bgajPaBc,as;fa Kat; { manKatic } edIm,IeFVI[stUvmankarsgSyfaCaGnak;.
-Twk nigl,ic {TIkugKanmnusS}
TwkEtgEtbeBajPaBeRkveRkaF e)akRKaMeRKgEbkBBuH EtenAeBlEdlTwkmantic Twkrak;{exSay

bgajfaxaMg } cMENkTwkeRCAmansPaBstbUtbMput { xaMg bgajfaexSay }.
X-l,icdkfytamyuTsas l,icTI36 nl,icyuTsasTaMg 36 rbs;cinsmyedIm
{ rkSaTukkMlaMg kuM[xUcxat edayeKc minRbyuT }
{ ebICyCMnHrbs;stUv nigmanCaR)akd ehIyeyIgminGactTl;nigva)aneToteLIy eyIgmanCMerIs 3
enAcMeBaHmux cuHcUl eFVIkarcrcar nigdkfy.
cuHcUl mannyfacuHcaj; CabraCyeBjTI
eFVIkarcrcar CabraCyBak;kNal
kardkfy minEmnCabraCy
eCosvagbraCy CacMNucEdlGacbgVilnaM[manCyCMnH enAeBleRkay.
]tmesnIy_ {b hSyU } kgrCkalrbs; { sug } enAtTl;BImuxkartaMgTIkgTBrbs; { cin }. Kat;)an
bBaa[Tukecal Tg; sBaa enAeRBagRBatdEdl bEnmBIenaH Kat;[cab;BEBcgBreCIgxageRkay edayTuk [
74
rkSasiTi
eCIgmuxCan;elIsr. edayBEBvaminGacenAesm vaTTHeCIgeTAelIsr lan;BGWgkg EdleFVI[kgTB { cin } min

cab;Pwk GMBIkarelIkCMrMenaHeLIy.
enAeBlEdlkgTB { cin } BiniteXIjkarbeBaatenaH kgTBrbs;]tmesnIy_ { b hSyU } eTAqay
)at;eTAehIy. enHehIy Casil,kMBUlnkardkfytamyuTsas.
eKdwgRKb;Ka GkCMnajxagsil,EdlcMNan eKfyeRkaymYyCMhan cMENkGklg; sMrukcUleTAmux
k,alsMy:ugcuH ehIycab;beBajsMEjgestrbs;xn EdlenATIbBab;GkEdlfyeRkayeFVI[GkEdlsMrukcUl
edksnwgenAelIdI.
-Twk nigl,ic {dkfytamyuTsas}
eyIgsegteXIjRKb;Ka enAeBlNamanrbs;NamYysMrukcUlkgTwk EtgEtdkfy beKc

ecjCanic. EtmYyBRBicEPkbu:eNaH TwkvayRtLb;mkvijminEdlxaneLIy kMlaMgvayRtLb;mkvij manPaB
smamaRt nig kMlaMgEdlsMrukcUlEdr.
-Twk nigGarFmExr
GarFmExr manedImkMeNItecjGMBI {ekaHeKakFk } )annyfataMgEtBIedImkMeNIt GarFmExr mankar
rs;enACab;CamYynwigTwk. kalBIstvtSTI5 K>s TwkCMnn;)aneFVI[mansab;mnusSCaeRcIn GkEdlrs;ranman Civit
enAeBlenaH )anTTYl karBiesaFn_RKb;RKan;GMBITwk nigsal;TwkCagGkenAelIPMqayNas;.
enAeBlEdlemdwknaMExr {RBH)aT\nvrn877-889)anCIk {)arayN_} {RBH)aTyesavrn899900 } CIk { )arayN_xaglic } edayRBHGg)ansal;GnuPaBnTwksMrab;ykTwkmkeRbI eBlenaHehIyEdl
GarFmExr)aneLIgdl;kMritkMBUl rhUtmkdl;smyGgr.
enAeBlenHExr kMBugEtCYbnUvmhnrayya:gFn;Fr GkeshaCatiExr tUvEtriHrkyuTsasCMnaj sMrab;
vaybkeTAelIstUv EdlmankMlaMgelIslub GkeshaCatiExrKYrEtgakmkeFVIkarBinitBicyRsg;ykyuTsas
EdlTwk)anGnuvt sMrab;karBarxn sMrab;vayluk sMrab;bMerImnusSelak ykmkeRbICameFa)aykarBarxn eyIg
eRBaHGarFmExreyIg manvasnalUtlas;enACab;CamYyTwk taMgEtBIedImmk eyIgc,as;CaGacyl;)an GMBIyuT
sassMgat; nigCMnaj rbs;TwkCa)akd. GarFmExr EdlmanenAkgQamrbs;GkeshaCatiExr RKb;Ka
Gacpl;eGayGkeshaCatiExr manlTPaBdkRsg;ykyuTsas EdlTwkeRbICaerogral;f ykmkGnuvt sMrab;
karBarBUCsasn_Exr [rs;ranmanCivitCanirnn_eTAeTot.
edIm,I[CatiExr { stRtg;Tn;Pn; } )ansitenA { Kg;vgS } enAkgcMeNamCatisasn_{ kMeraleXareXA }
EdlmanedImkMeNItBIecarRBnRbeTscin eyIgtUvkarrkyuTsasEdleqIytbnigsankarN_enH mkeRbICakar
caM)ac;.
75
rkSasiTi
11-bNaMRBlwgemKg
{ GkeshaCatiExrTaMgLay GkCaTICMrk GkCaTIsgwm GkmanParkarBarCatiExr RTRTg;GarFmExr
dUcCaTwk CaTICMrk CaTIsgwm CaGkkarBarmcaCati [rs;ranmanCIvitbny:agekSmkSan taMgBIedImkMeNIt nCIvit

enAelIEpndImk. edaysarGkmanGarFmlUtlas;Cab;CamYyTwk GkmanlTPaB RKab;RKan; kgkardkRsg;
eRkbCBak; ykyuTsasdCMnajBITwk sMrab;karBarGarFmCatiExr. ebIfNaGkTal;KMnit enAcMeBaHmuxstUv
sUmkuMGs;sgwm GkRKan;EtswgsatenAmat;Twk edIm,IeRCIserIs ykyuTsasNaEdl sksm Rsbtamkal
eTs EdlTwk)anykmkeRbIrYcmkehIy GknwigQHstUv BIeRBaHsRtUvrbs;GkminBUEkxaMg CagTwkeLIy. }
yuTsaRs
1-eKaledA (Objective)
kareRCIserIseKaledA Objective )anRtwmRtUvl kgkicRbtibtikar CaktasMxan;kgkarCMruj karrMedaH
Cati[)ansMerc. eKaledATaMgLay EdleRCIserIs RtUvcat;[man GaTiPaB Pavepat benat Concentration
[cMcMNuc kgPaBR)akdniym edayEpkelI FnFan sMParHEdleyIgman. kareRCIserIseKaledAminRtwmRtUv
nigKanbenat nigKanPaBR)akdniym raymay minR)akdnaM[eyIgxatbg;eBlevla FnFan nigkareCOTukcit
kgkardwknaM. ehtuenHehIy kgeBleFVIkarsMerccit RtUveFVIkarfwgEfgelIktaxagelITaMgb:unanenH edayht;ct;
RtwmRtUv rhsrhYnbMput.
emdwknaMExr TaMgGs;manParHdwknaM RbCaCatiExr eq<aHeTAeCaKCypac;RBt tameKaledArYmmYy Edl
)ankMNt;c,as;las;. eKaledArYmrbs;emdwknaMCatiExr KW rMedaHCatiExr eGayrYcputBIkarelbRt)ak; rbs;ecar
yYn GNaniKmn_;EbbfI nigrbbkumynis pac;kar hun Esn kBaHyYn. nigkarksag kPaBCatiExr y:agTUlM
TUlaymYy sagrbbRbCaFibety kraC \sSrPaBCati vibulPaB ]tmPaB BitR)akdmYy kgsgExr naeBl
GnaKtxagmux. ehIyjaMugeGayRbCaCatiExr TaMgmUlrs;kg suPmgl vibulPaB RbkbedayfamBl rwgbwug
sitesr Canicnirnn_ nig man]tmPaB esImux nwg RbCaCatiCitxag. emdwknaMCatiExr RtUveRkakeLIg kaBarCati
TwkdI RbCaBlrdExr. kMueGayecaryYn nigBYkGay:g hun Esn/ ehg sMrin/ Ca sIum sMerctamEpnkar
rbs;va. emdwknaMCatiExr RtUvhanBuHBar ]bsKRKb;Ebbya:gedayPaBbrpac; edIm,IeGay)ansMerc eKaledAxag
elI minfayUrbqab; bkRtUveFVIBlIkmFMeFg bg;tMlkMritNaeLIy. kPaBCatiExr RbeTsExrkraC man\sSr
PaB manRbCaFibety Bitkgsgm nigsuxsniPaB vibulPaB RbkbedayfamBl rwgbwug sitesr Canicnirn man
]tmPaB esImuxnwgRbCaCatiCitxagCaeKaledAEtmYyKt; rbs;eyIgCaExr CaGkdwknaMExr.
IV-
76
rkSasiTi
edIm,IsMerceKalbMNg nigeKaledAd_BisidenH emdwknaMCatiExr RtUvEtRbwgERbg riHrk RKb;meFa)ay eFVI

eGaymankarrYbrYmGkeshaCati GkCatiniym GkRbCaFibety BIRKb;RsTab;sgmExrTaMgkg nigeRkARbeTs
eGaycUlrYmCakMlaMgExr kMlaMgCatiExrEtmYy edIm,IbMeBj ebskkmd_FMeFgenHeGay)aneCaKCyCasaBr.
kareFIVeGayman karrYbrYmkMlaMgCatiExrCaFgmYy kPaB samKICatiTUlMTUlay CakarlM)akbMput sMrab;
emdwknaMCatiExr. samKICatiExr RtUvecaryYn EhkhYrEbk)ak;excxI eRbob)andUcCa kMeTcEkv EdlFak;Ebk eTA
ehIy b:uEnkminEmnmannyfa emdwknaMCatiExrminGaceFIVkarbRgYbbRgYm)anenaHeT EtedIm,IeGaysMercekItCarUb
rageLIg)an emdwknaMCatiExrTaMgGs;RtUvEtmanBiBayam Gt;Ft; sURTaM nwg]bsK karlM)akepSgy:agxaMg CaTI
bMput kgkarpSBVpSay bMpussartIRbCaBlrdExr eGaymankarPJak;rlwk rYbrYmKa BIExrRKb;RsTab;kgsgmsar
eLIgvij. emdwknaMCatiExr RtUvmanParHdas;sartIExreGayPJak;rlwk edayeFIVtamRKb;viFI tambeRgon karbgaj
Bnl;RbvtisaRsCatiExrBitR)akd karbgajRbCaBlrdExr eGayemIleXIjGMBIeRKaHfak;RbeTsCatiBIsMNak;
ecaryYn beRgonExreGaymanKMnitdwknaMCatiedayxng bgajRbCaBlrdExreGayemIleXIjGMBImUlehtuEdl
naMeGay Exr RkIRk Gt;Xan lg;exA Pyxac nigrs;eRkamkarsgt;sgin CiHCan; y:agGyutiFm dUcsBVfenH.
bMPWRbCaBlrdExreGayemIleXIj nigQWcab; cg;rkyutFm eGayCnrYmCatiExr EdlrgeRKaHsab;rab;lannak;
edaysarkll,ic ecaryYn sMlab; edaysarTegVIqtlIlalg;exA rbs;BYkemRtYtRtak,t;Cati. dUcerobrab;rYcmk
ehIy ecaryYn hun Esn eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdExrePcCatixng Elgsal;xng CaGkNamkBINa ElgeGay
tMlxngkgPaBCaCatiExr. cMNucEdl manRbsiTPaBsMrab;emdwknaMCatiExr KW RtUvsal; GMBItMrUvkarcaM)ac; nig
cMNg;cMNUlcitBlrdExr tamtMbn;nImYyeGay)anc,as;las;. emdwknaMExr RtUvpSBVpSay eXasna Bnl;nUv GIV
EdlRbCaBlrdExrcg;sab; cg;B cg;yl; cg;dwg. emdwknaMCatiExr RtUvxitxMBayamya:gskmbMput minfayb;f
edayminxacenOyht;lM)ak eRbIR)as;RKb;sil,viFI edIm,IeFIVya:gNa eGayRbCaBlrdExr yl;karBit PJak;rlwk
mkKaMRT GkCatiniymExr nigQb;eCO Qb;KaMRT ecaryYn nigGay:g hun Esn k,t;Cati. emdwknaMCatiExr RtUv
dak;xneGayTab cuHCab;pal;kgRsTab;RbCaBlrdExr cab;ykGkmansmtPaB manRbsiTiPaBkgeXasna dUc

Ca RBHsg RKUbeRgon tMNagsisS nisitS bBavn tMNagkmkr tMNagBaNiCkr GkCMnYj nigGkmanRbCaRbiy
Gkman\TiBl manskanuBl kgkarCYybMpusRBlwgExreGayrIkduHdalsNitkg dYgRBlwgviBaaNExr RKb;rUb
)anTab;eBlevla.
yYn )aneRbIkll,ic eFVIeGayExrEbk)ak;Ka minTukcitKa sb;Ka labBN_Ka eGayExreQaHTas;Ka eRbI

dExreGay sMlab;ExrKag. yYn hun Esn bMPnsartI bMPnEPkcitKMnitExr eGayedklk;nwgkaryl;fa man
suxsniPaB nigRbCaFibety. yYn hun Esn kMBugsMlab;sartI bM)ak;qnRbyuTExr edaykarbnaceGayPy
xacBakfa ePrvkm. emdwknaMCatiExrRtUvEthan pSBVpSayniyaykarBit eGayExryl;dwg emIleXIjedayxn
gfa sniPaBsBVf CasniPaBenAelIKMnrPk;ePIg RbCaFibetysBVf CaRbCaFibetye)akR)as GkEdl
RbRBitiGMeBIePrvkmsBVf KWecaryYn nigGay;:g hun Esn enaHg EdlkMBugeFVImkelIRbCaCatiExrmindac;ryH. rI
77
rkSasiTi
karEdlExreRkakeLIg eFVIkartsUrMedaHCati edIm,I\sSrPaBCati edim,IsiTesrIPaB rbs;RbCaCati CaTegVIRbkb

eday mnsikadRtwmRtUv ffr rbs;mnusSCatiTUeTA minEmnCa GMeBIePrvkm dUckarecaTRbkan;mYlbgac;rbs; Ga
k,t; hun Esn nigyYn ecAhVayvaeLIy. elIsBIenH eyIgRtUvbNHCMenOeLIgvij fa {KanCatiNa RsLaj;Exr
CagExrKageLIy} nigbeRgoneGaykUnExr eronTukcitKa eroneCOKa edaycitTUlay eraHrayrak;Tak; manGFa
Rsydl;KaeTAvijeTAmkrvagExrnwgExrdUcKa manExSelakhitEtmYy nigedayEpkelI kareCOtam rebobsegt
Binity:aglitln;ht;ct; BIRbvtiedIm eday minxIxa mineFVsRbEhs .
k-eKaledA rbs; yYn nig hun Esn k,t;Cati
RkLRbvtisaRsBitrbs;Exr
rMlayRKwH vb,Fm sikSaGb;rM nigGtsBaaNExr
rMlay samKIPaB kPaBCatiExr
RbCaBlrdExr)ak;sartI xacsab; Gs;sgwm nigrg;caMGkmanbuN
rMlay RBlwgCatiExr sartIExr qnHRbyuTExr nigKMniteshaCatiExr eGaysabsUn
eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdExrvegVgkg GMeBIBala El,g RsI Rsa mindwgBIPaBmhnrayRbeTsCati
CMrujeGay BYkemRtYRta elaPGMNac muxmat; RTBsm,ti sMParHniym nigGtaniym
eFIVeGayExrminTukcitKa enOyNaysb;Catig Gs;CMenOelIExrKag
bMPkarBit ePcCatiExr Gkpl;kMeNIt EtdwgKuNyYn CaXadkr
eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdExrlg;eCO hun Esn e)akR)as;
bMpajCMenO sasna eGayExrvk;vegVgnwg RKUTay nigBuTTMnay
RtYtRtaRbBnsarBrtman
eFIVeGayRbBnGb;rMexSayKanKuNPaB
bNajcarkm KMram bMPy nigpSayBtmanminBit
pac;EpkesdkiceFIVeGayExrRkIRk
kUnExrBitR)akdKanlTPaBsikSaeronsURt eFIVeGayExlg;
sMlab;GkecH nigGkeshaCatiExr eFIVeGayExrxac

x-eKaledAemdwknaMCatiExr RbeTsExrkraC man\sSr manvibulPaB ]tmPaB
sagkPaBCati samKICati kgsgmExreGay)an
sagRbeTsExr kraC man\sSrPaB vibulPaB ]tmPaB GacRbQmTl;nwgsRtUvCitxag.
CMrujeGayRbCaCatiExr sal;RbvtisaRsCatixnBitR)akd nigKitKUrbBaaRbeTsCati .
bMpussartICatiniymdl; RbCaBlrdExr eGayPaJk;rlwk RsLaj;RbeTsCatiExr.

78
rkSasiTi
elIkdMekIgEfrkSa GtsBaaNCaExr .
CMrujTwkcitRbCaBlrdExr eGaykahanmuHmut hanbrCIvit CIBCn edIm,ICati nigRbCaCatiExr./
bMpusRbCaBlrdExreGay Qb;dwgKuNyYn 7 mkra nigBYkGak,t; hun Esn.
eRkakeLIgeFIVemdwknaMCatiExredayxng .
Qb;lg;eCO])aykl e)akR)as exARkxVk;rbs; yYn hun Esn.
CMrujeGaymansartIPaJk;rlwk eRkakQreLIg seRgaHCatiExrBI karelbRt)ak;rbs; yYn.
CakarBitNas; emdwknaMCatiExr BMumansMParHRKb;RKan; nwigpSBVpSay eGayRCYtRCabdl;RsTab;RbCaBl

rdExrTaMgmUl)aneT,Iy eRBaHeyIgKanRbBnsarBtman Kan]bkrN_pSBVpSay eyIgKanbNaj Pak;garEckcay
dMNwg dUcBYkyYn hun Esn eLIy. RbCaBlrdExrPaKeRcIn min)ansikSaeronsURt k_b:uEnedayGMNacTwkcit
eshaRbeTsCatiExrBitR)akd RBlwgbuBVbursExr virHbursExr )anCMrujeGayRBHsg kUnExr RbCaBlrdExrGk
eshaCatiExrRKb;rUb GacxitxMpSBVpSay erobcMcgRkgKaCaRkumemdwknaMCatiExr tamry
karbeRgonRbvtisaRsExBitR)akd dl;RbCaBlrdExreGaydwgBTUlMTUlayRKb;Ka.
karbegInsmtPaBemdwknaM dl;kUnExrCMnan;eRkay yecHerobcMGgkarneya)ayCatiedayxng.
karCYbRbCMuGb;rMKaCaerOy nigxitxMnaMKapSBVpSayBIkareRKaHfak;rbs;RbeTsCati dl;KaeTAvijeTAmk

ehIycgRkgKaCaRkum BYk eGayeTACaExSsm<n sitrmYt edIm,IEsVgrkpvedaHRsayeGay)anTan;eBl.
karlHbg;x<s; EckcayksarepSgtKadl;ExrTUeTA eGaymancMeNHdwgsMrab;ciBawmCIvit nig cMeNHdwg

dwknaMRbeTsCati.
CMrujnigelIkTwkcitkUnExrRKb;rUb eGayxitxMeronsURtRsavRCavedayxng eroneGayx<g;x<s; nigmank

eTsc,as;las;.
RbmUlGkCatiniymExr GkeshaCatiExr GkRbCaFibety eGayxitxMeFIVkickarenHya:gskmbMput.
eFVIymankarcUlrYmBIBlrdExr RbusRsI TaMgGs; BIRKb;RsTab;kgsgm edIm,IeKaledAxagelI.

2-vayluk (Offensive)
ral;karKit karerobcMEpnkar RtUvfwgEfgeGay)anlitln; nigrkSanUvsanPaBvaylukCanic TaMgsartI
TaMgskmPaB TaMgEpnkar karniyaysI kareXasnaGUsTajbBaHbBal CaedIm. eyIgminRtUveFVIGIVenAkgsan
PaB caMEtTb;Tl; sRtUvenaHeLIy. karedkcMaEtTb;Tl; nwgeFVIeGayeyIg)at;bg; visalPaBxagKMnit nigskm
PaB. ehtuenHehIy eyIgRtUvEtpcepImKMnit eFVIskmPaBvaylukeTAelIsRtUv enARKb;kaleTs minRtUvTuk
kaseGaysRtUvvaybkmkelIeyIgmuneLIy. kgzanCaemdwknaMCatiExr RtUvbnKit nigRbmUlKMnitpcepIm xit
xMRbwgERbgTaMgGs;Ka edIm,Ieq<aHeTArkeKalbMNgrYm KWkarrMedaHCati sasna RbCaCatiExr eGay)any:agdac;
xat. eKalbMNgFM rbs;emdwknaMCatiExr KW rMedaH seRgaHCati Exr kaBarTWkdIExr nigBUCsasn_Exr. emdwknaMCati
79
rkSasiTi
ExrTaMgGs; RtUvEtriHrkRKb; viFIvaylukeTAelI BYkecaryYn nigBYkGay:g hun Esn/ Ca sIum/ ehg sMrin
mYykab;tUce tamKalkarN_ nkarvayluk dUcxageRkam
1-skm vayluk tamRKb;rUbPaB RKb;meFa)ay RKb;Rcklk TaMgrUbbIy nigGrUbIy
2-EfrkSaKMnitpcepIm niglTPaBvayluk
3-bn nigEfrkSaeKalbMNgrYm kgsanPaBvaylukCanic.
eTaHCaeBl eyIgsitenAkgsanPaBxnkarBarkeday EtemdwknaMCatiExr RtUvskmBuHBarCanic min RtUv
Gs;sgwm Gskm TlKMnitenaHeT. CaTUeTA bBaaGVIkeday ebIeyIgcUleGayekok BiniteGay)anlitln; eyIg
nwgRtUvEtrkeXIjRckecjy:agdac;xat. emdwknaMRtUvmanKMnitpcepImx<s; eqosv dak;qnmutRsYc)aj;eq<aHeTA
elIsRtUv. bglTPaB nigeRCIserIs eKaledAb kEngEdlxaMgmin)anRbugRbyt mancMNucexSay ehIyeFVIkar
vaylukPam eTAelIsRtUv tamRKb;rUbPaB. kareRCIserIseKaledA RtUvsMlwgeTAelI TIEdlsRtUvmin)anKitTuk
Camun bnwksanmindl;.
skmPaBvayluk RtUvEterobcMeFIVRBmKaenARKb;TIkEng RKb;eBlevlaTaMgGs; kEngNaEdlGac eFIV)an
edayminrg;caMkasl beBlNamYyeT,Iy. kEngEdlelakGgy KWCakEngEdlelakGacegIbQr)an. emdwk
naMCatiExr KwCaGkedIrniyayeXasna bMpussartIRbCaBlrdExr. TINamanCnCatiExr TIenaHmanGkdwknaMCati
ExrniyayGMBIbBaaRbeTsCatiExr bNHqnExr[eshaCati . GkdwknaMExrRtUvecHGt;eGanGaFaRsy RsLaj;

ExrdUcKa minbgerOgriHKn; eQaHRbEkkKa sb;ExrKag labBN_tammenaKmn_kumynisyYneLIy . edIm,I [
skmPaBvaylukmanRbsiTiPaB GkdwknaMExrRtUvEtTukplRbeyaCn_CatiCaFM ykplRbeyaCn_ExrCafMbg Cab;

Canic. RKb;emdwknaMCatiExr RtUvxitxMeFIVkickarenH ya:gskmbMput kMuePcParHkicnigkatBVkicd_caM)ac;enH cab;BI
eBl)anTTYlesovePAenHeTA. eFIVya:gNa[RbCaBlrdExr cUlrYmya:gskmdUc GkdwknaMCatiExrEdr edim,IsMerc
eCaKCy kgebskkm rMedaH seRgaH karBarCatiExrd_BisidenH.
skmPaB nigviFIvayluk
EsVgrkcMNucexSayrbs;yYn hun Esn ehIyvaylukeGaycMcMNucexSayrbs;va.

bMEbkcMNucxaMgrbs;yYn hun Esn eGayexSay.
TajGkKaMRTyYn hun Esn eGaymknUvGBaRkitEtmineGaydwgkickarrbs;eyIg.
Gb;rMGkEdlmansartIPJak;rlwkneya)ayx<s;eGaycUlrYmnwgeyIg Etminydwgdl;CMerA.
hVwkhVwn Gb;rM BRgWgsartI GkeshaCatiExreGayeFIVkickarya:gskm kgkickartsU.
80
rkSasiTi
eFIVkareXasnaeGaymanRbsiTiPaB tamkarcuHpal; karpSBVpSay EckxitbNtam GIuneFIENtGIuEm:l tamTUrsB karbeRgon karRbCMu kareFIVdMeNIr karmankmviFIbuNGb;rMepSg
eFVIsRgamcitsaRs Bnl;eXasnaGUsTajepSg sal;tMrUvkarcMNg;rbs;RbCaBlrd.
eTaHenACa RBHsg sisS nignisSitkI RbCaBlrdExrRKb;rUb manParH nigkatBVkic cUlrYm
cMENkCYyKapSBVpSay cgRkgkMlaMgeshaCati edIm,IeFIV[ CatiExrrs;. RsIxUcyYnhan
lHbg;RKb;Ebbya:g edIm,IelbykTwkdIExr cuHeyIgCaExrmYyrUb minhanlHbg;eRkak Qr
eLIg karBarCati TwkdIrbs;xnbmYyya:gNa?.
erobcMcgRkg sagsamKIExrCaFgmYy begItkas edIm,Iepimvayluk elIsRtUv rbs;Cati
edaymanRbsiTiPaB.
BRgIkbNajemdwknaMCatiExreGay)anTUTaMgRbeTs eFIVdUcstVRBab eBlRtUvlb;RBanRB
stVRBab)ansHeLIgTaMgGs;Ka.
bNHbNalRbCaBlrdExr eGayeFIVCaGkdwknaMCatiExredayxgg RKb;RsTab;kgsgm
eCaKCynkarvayluk GaRsyelIkarbMPnmanRbsiTPaB.
RbqaMgeKalneya)ay 7 mkra 1979 nigmenaKmn_RKb;Ebbya:grbs; ehg sMrin hun
Esn minEmn yYnrMedaHeT KW yYnQanBanykTwkdIExr yYnbn;RTB sm,tiExr.
3-RbmUlpM (Mass)
emdwknaMCatiExrRtUvecHRbmUlpMeRbIR)as; RKb;meFa)ay RKb;lTPaB FnFan sMPar sartI kMlaMgcit
kay bBaa rbs;GkeshaCati nig beckeTs Edlman edIm,IeFIVkarvaylukeTAelIcMNucexSayrbs;xaMg tamRKb;
Rcklk minfa yb;f eLIy. eRkABIenH RtUvyl;c,as;fa kgkartsU eyIgRtUv eRbITaMg neya)ay karTUt kgTB
esdkic hirBavrt nigkareXasna epSg rYmpSMRBmKa eBlEtmYy eTIbeyigGac TTYl)annUveCaKCy. eyIgmin
RtUvedIr tamKngyuTsaRsrbs;xaMg KUseGayeyIgeLIy. sRtUv vakab; vasMlab;Exr tamRKb;rUbPaB tamEbb
cMhr EbbsMgat; EbbePrvkm edayminerIsmux. eyIgCaExr CamnusS Camas;TwkdI manbuBVsiTBIkMeNIteBjelj
kgkarrs;ranenAelITwkdIdUntaExr CaCatimYy enAelIelakeyIgenH mansiTRsbc,ab; kgkartbt edim,IkarBar
Gayu CIvitCatisasn_rbs;eyIg tamRKb;rUbPaB TaMghwgSa nigGhwgSa . elIsBIenH eyIgminRtUv epkpledk caM
Tal;Et manCMnYybreTs eTIbeyIgegIbeLIgeFVIkartsUrMedaHRbeTsCatienaHeLIy. pyeTAvij RtUvecHriHrk
RbmYUlyk FnFanEdlmanRsab; enAkgRsuk EdlRtUvBYkk,t; qk;bn;ykeTA ykmkeFVIkarbMerIRbeyaCn_eGay
Cati nigRbCaCatieyIgvij. dUcKanwg RTWsI rbs;sRgamviTUcin eBalfa {kgkaleTs sRgam eyIgEtmankar xVH
xatCaFmta ehtuenHehIy ebIeyIgGt;GavuF RtUvvaydeNImGavuFBIxaMg ebIGt;es,ogRtUvdeNImes,ogBIxaMg ebI

Gt;hirBavtluykak;favikasMrab;kartsURtUvdeNImBIxaMg }.
karecHRbmUlpMFnFankgRsukeFVIkartsU edaysartIxnTIBWgxn enHehIy EdlGaceGayeyIgeCoscak
putBIPaBeK. karerobrab;EbbenH minEmnmannyfa eyIgminRtUvkarCMnYybreTsenaHeT . EtCMnYyEdlsMrab;
81
rkSasiTi
sMlab;Exr sMrab;eFVIeGayeyIgEbk)ak;Ka dUcCMnYy yYn CYyBYkGay:g hun Esn enaHeyIgnwgminTTYlykeLIYy.

eyIgeBjcitnwgTTYlykral;CMnYyEdl CYyKaeTAvijeTAmk kgplRbeyaCn_rYmKa kgnamCaRbCaCatidUcKakg
elak. CMnYyEbbenHekItmaneTA)an luHNaEteyIgRbwgERbg RbmUlFnFanEdlmanRsab;eFVIeGaymanrUbragsin
eTIbmaneKCYyeyIg. cUrcaMCak;kgcitfa { RBHelakCYy GkEdlCYyxngCamun} bkfa { sMNagekItmandl;
GkEdlxitxMRbwgksagGIVmYyeLIg minEmnedaykaredkEbbn;Etma:genaHesaHeLIy }.
4-kll,ic (Maneuver)
kareXasna karRbyuT karvayRbharelIsRtUv RtUveFVIkarpas;brcuHeLIg TaMgeBlevla rUbPaB EbbEpn
nigTMrg;nk,nRbyuT. )annyfamgeday EbbPWDirect MethodmgEbbggwtIndirect Methodmg cMhr mg
sMgat; mg edayRtg; mg edayRbeyal mg elg mg EmnETn mgyb; mgf mgRBWk mglac. etIGk Na
mYy GacTsSn_Tayfa ExSRT EtBIresaH eKGacelgbTePg)anRtwmb:unanbT KWBitCaminGacTsSn_Tay)an Tal;
EtesaH. y:agNamij kareRbIkll,ic brcuHeLIgCaehtu eFVIeGaysRtUvminGac TsSn_TayRtUv )a:n;san)an b
cat;viFankarTb;Tl;nwgeyIg)aneLIy. minEtb:ueNaH vaGaceFIVeGay eyIg rkSa)annUv visalPaBkgkarpcepIm
KMnit Freedom of Initiativenig eRbobxagskmPaB Freedom of Action eTotpg.
k-yYnykRsIeFIVFak;Tak;GkdwknaM
edIm,IvatTITwkdIelIRbeTscm,a: yYn)anjHBaJg;eGayRbeTscM)a:Ebk)ak;pkg edayyYneRbIl,icyk
RsIsatyYnCacarkmeQaH Taduk b BasH mkerobkarCamYyesccam. Taduk sMueGayesccam ciBawm
bgbnCnCatiyYn cMnYn 70RKYsarpg. Taduk )annaMyYnmkrs;enAkgvaMg eRkaymknag Taduk )aneRbIl,ic
eFIVCaQW niyayRtUvKaCamYyRKUTayfa nagQWKwbNalmkBIvtsaksiTi EdlRbCaBlrdcameKarBbUCaenaHg.
esccam k_bBaareGayeKykvt EdlRbCaBlrdcameKarBbUCaenaHecal CaehtubNaleGayekARkhaydl;
RbCaBlrdcam. RbCaBlrdcamQb;KaMRTesc bHe)areLIg eqteBlenaH yYn)ansmab;esccamecal
ehIy)aneLIg RKb;RKgRtYtRta nKrcM)a:cab;BIqaM1471 rhUtmkdl;bcb,n.
bnab;mkyYneRbIl,icykRsIyYndsatRBHnam kUCin eTAfVayescExr KWRBH)aT CyeCdaTI2. yYn)an
sMuTwkdIExrextRBnKr nig ekaHRkbI BIescExr edIm,IhVwkhat;kgTB. yYnsMueGayRbCaBlrdyYn mkrs;enA
edayKanbg;;BnGakr edayykelsfa yYnCabgbn. RbCaCnyYnkan;EtmancMnYnkMeNIneRcIneLIg minGacedaH
Rsay)an. yYn)anbgsRgamparIkeFIVKt;RBH)aTCyeCdaTI2eTA enAqaM1628. RBnKr nigekaH RkbIk_sit enA
eRkamkarkan;kab;rbs;yYntaMgBIeBlenaHmk ehIyTwkdIenaHRtUv)anyYn dak;eQaH kUCInsiunCo Chin Xin man
nyfa TwkdI { RBHnagTI9sMu} . luHGaNaniKmn_)arMagmkdl;kehAtMbn;enaHfa kUsaMgsIun Cochinchine.
82
rkSasiTi
yYn)anBRgIkbNajcarkmcUlmkTwkdIExreRkam bBancarnarIyYnsat eGayeFIVCaRbBn)araMgnig eFIV

CaGkbMerI)araMg. eRkayBIbNajyYncUlRKb;kgsPaehIy yYn)anTamTarTwkdIkm<CaeRkam faCakmsiTirbs;
yYn. eRkaymk)araMg )ankat;TwkdIkm<CaeRkam eTAeGayyYneBjsiTi kgraCesc )av day enAfTI 4mifuna
qaM1949. enAeBlenaHRbeTsExrsitkgrCkalRBH)aT neratm sIhnu kgsmyGNaniKmn_)araMg. ExreRkam
)anegIbeLIg bHe)arRbqaMgyYn TamTakraCTwkdIvij EtRtUvGCJaFryYnbgabya:gsahaveXareXA bMput dUcCa
sMlab;ExreRkam edayCIkdIkb;daMk,alEtGug edaycak;esardak;kgCRgukRsUvdutTaMgrs; kareGayCIkERBk ehIy
TMlayTMnb;eGaylg;sab;TaMgrs; TaMgmWun TaMgEsnnak;.l. virbursExreRkamrab;minGs; )aneFVIkar tsU brbUCa
CIvit edIm,IkarBar RbCaCatiExr vb,Fm RbBNIyrbs;Exr enAkm<CaeRkamenaHCaeogrhUtmk.
x-l,icekAeFIVsRgamQanBanExr
enAsmy eRTOg mijya:g rCkalescGgmIu qaM1835-1841 yYn)aneRbIviFIekAeFIVsRgam
QanBan rMlayBUCsasn_Exr edIm,IelbykTwkdIExrmgehIy Etmin)ansMerc. kalenaHEb:kxaglicnRbeTs
Exr RtUvesomkan;kab; Eb:kxagekItRtUvyYnRtYtRta. yYn)anbgMeGayExreFIVkargarCaTMgn;; CIkERBkvijet
bgrTwksmab;Exr smab;ExredaydaMk,alExreFIVEtGug nigbM)at;RBHBuTsasnaCaedIm. yYneRbIl,icsmab;ExrGs;
RbmaN 2 lannak; kgrbbkm<CaRbCaFibety. eRkayBIemTB eRTOg mij ya:g braCy. hU CI mij
)aneFIVneya)ayRtCak; edIm,IelbykTWkdIExrvij. eRBaHkalNaRbCaCnyYnekIneLIgeRcIn yYnminGacrs;enA
elIpdIcegotnaeBlGnaKt.
hU CImij )anbegItbkSkumnis\NcinenAfTI3 ExkumH qaM1930 edIm,IvatTITwkdI\Ncin. EteK)an
[Exr niglav cUlCasmaCikedayykelsfaedj)araMg rYcyYn)andak;TBenARbeTslavcMnYn 140 000 nak;

sRgam\NcinelIkTI 1. cMENkExrvij yYn)anbBancarkm mkeFIVkarkgcMkar ekAsU extkMBg;cam sMLt
)at;dMbg nigtamextkMBt taEkv. carkmyYn suwg g:uk mij GacaremonbnMxnCabn swug g:ukfaj; begI
bkSkumynIsExrqaM 1951 EdlsBVfenH bkSkumynIsExrenH kayCabkSRbCaCnkm<Ca dwknaMeday ehg
sMrin hun Esn. KNbkSRbCaCn manxYbelIkTI 56 ehIyenAqaM 2007 . yYn)ancab;kUnExrtUc
83
rkSasiTi
ExrxacRbma:t;Rbm:g;cMnYn 4 000 nak; ykeTAbMBak; bMb:nbBalmenaKmn_viCakumynIs enARbeTsyYn . enA

edImqaM 1960 yYnsMuTwkdIExr 5ext BIesc sI hnu dak;TBeyokkugcMnYn 60000nak; eTA80000nak; edIm,IeRbI
eFVIsRgamrvagyYnxageCIgCamYy nigyYnxagt,g. yYnxageCIgykelsR)ab; sI hnu faeFIVsRgamedIm,I bRgYb
bRgYmyYnTaMgBIr. EtsRgamenHeFIV[ExrstRtg; enAextRBEvg sVayerogsab; cMnYn 600 000 nak; sRgam
\NcinelIkTI2. RbeTsExrRtUvxicxI EhkhYredaysarsRgam cab;BIeBlenHmk.
RbeTsExrcab;epImvikvr GesrPaBneya)ay esdkicFak;cuH nigkgTBeyokkugeBjTwkdIExr tam

RBMEdnPaKxagekIt. sI hnu rt;ecalRbeTseTAedIrkMsanCamYymehsI nigmayekkenARbeTs )araMg.
elak ln; nl; nig sirImt k_)aneFVIrdRbharfTI18 mIna qaM1970 TMlak; esc sIhnu EdlCYyyYn eyok
kug. rdRbharedIm,IedjyYnecjBITwkdIRbeTsExr. Et 5feRkaymk sIhnu )anyageTA Rkugeb:kaMg begIt
rNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<Ca enAf 23 mina qaM1970 edIm,ICYyyYneyokkug nigcUlrYmCamYyExrRkhmeFIVsRgam
CamYysaFarNrdExr ln; nl; vij. eTaHbI sIrImt eFIVsm,TanyagRBHGgmk vij nigsUmeGayRBHGgKg;
esomRBHkaysinkeday. b:uEn sIhnu ekARkhayKuMKYnExrCYYyyYn RbkastamviT BIeb:kaMg eGayExrcUlRB
84
rkSasiTi
ma:KI ebIGkNamincUlRBeT RBHGgmanbnlfa ebIRBHGgQH sUm,IEtkUnkgGRgwg k_RBHGgminTukEdr. dUecH

mundYlrMlMrbbsarFarNrdExr KWCasRgamrvagBYkkumynisyYn nigsarFarNrdExr. yYnyk sI hnu eFIVCa
ExlnigKMrb. f 17emsa 1975 kumynis\NcinyYnQH EtyYn)anbMBak;Cy CMnHenHeTAeGay sI hnu
ExrRkhmvij. yYn)anbgb;carkm nigExreyokmij EdlyYn)an bNHbNal menaKmn_kumnis mksMlab;
Exr eFIVeGayExrvikvrsmab;KaeTAvijeTAmk. menaKmn_yYn CIkesA RtUvCIkTaMgbsmannyfa sMlab; BYkesrI
KWbBavnExreGayGs; . yYnrMlayBUCsasn_ExrelIkTI2 rhUtmkdl;bcb,nExr EdlbMerIneya)ayeGayyYn
mindwgxl;dUc hun Esn ehg sMrin enAEtdwgKuNyYn eRbI menaKmn_yYnfa Exr smab;Exr. f 7 mkra
1979 yYn)anQanBanelbykTwkdIExr RtYtRtaRbeTsExr bn;ykRTBsm,ti Exr bBanCMnajkarmkeFIV kar
RtYtRtaExr . yYncMeNjTaMgRTBsm,ti nigTwkdIExr.
85
rkSasiTi
K-l,icxIdavsRtUveRbI yYneRbIl,iceGayExrsMlab;Exr
edIm,IGMNac nigraCblg KanKitGIVEvgqayeT,Iy esc sIhnu )anyl;RBmeFVIRbFan rNsirSrYbrYmCati
km<Ca RbFanTIgemag enATIRkugeb:kaMg enAfTI 23 Exmina qaM1970 EdlyYn nigcin)anerobcMQutqakrYcCa
eRsc sMrab;biT)aMgbMPnEPkCati nigGnrCatiyemIleXIj faCasRgamsIuvilvij. sIhnu )ancuHhtelxayl;
RBmeGayTByYn CaeRcInkgBlFMvaylukelITahanExr EdldwknaMedayelak ln; nl;. karcuHhtelxaenH
RKan; EtCaEl,gq<inEPkmYy GnuBaateGayyYnmanels vaycUlRbeTsExr tamkarBitGIVRKb;y:agyYn )anerob
cMtamEpnkarcMbg;rbs;varYcCaeRsc esc sIhnu RKan;EtCakUnGay:gEdlyYneRbICakarLb;ELb:ueNaH. sIhnu
)anGMBavnav yExrrt;cUlRBma:KI eFIVsRgamnwgExrKag. yYnBak;pakrUb sIhnu ykels fakgTBsemc
e)akR)asBlrdExreGayKaMRTva eFVIkarvayRbharkgTBsaFarNExrd_ekgxIPam mYy rMeBc edayKanRbkas
dMNwgmun bpl;sanvaTeLIy. GkniBncaM)anfa enAkgGMLgqaM 1970 enaH escenH )anRbkas y:agEkg
tamb:usviT eb:kaMg mkfa { sUm[BYk ln; nl; sMuecAhVay GaemrikaMg eFVIsMNaj;karBarRkugPMeBj[ehIy bnic
eTotRKab;kaMRCYcepag Fun107mm/ 122mm rbs;kgTBsemc nwgsYrsuxTukehIy}. escenHRbkasy:agsb,ay
kakkayedaymin)anKitfa enAkgTIRkugPMeBjenaH manCIvitBlrdExrstRtg;TaMgekgcas;Fab;eKarB nigehA xn
sIhnufa {semc}eBjmat;enaH esaHeLIy. eRkayenaHbnic kar)aj;RbharedaykaMRCYcepagFun 107/
122mm rbs;yYneyokkug)an)aj;eRsacelITIRkugPMeBjy:agRbescRbsac sMlab;GkstRtg;Exreday minerIs
muxeLIysUmemIlrUbPaBxageRkam. karvayRbhar)an cab;epImBIf 24 mina 1970 rhUt)an CyCMnHenA
fTI 17 emsa 1975.
f 17emsa 1975 CafCyCMn yYn kumynIs\Ncin elIBYkesrI saFarNExr yYn)aneRbIl,ic
sMlab;ExrRbmaN 2lannak;. tamEpnkaryYn yYnRtUvsMlab;GkecHdwg[Gs; ehIyTukGklg;exA 10PaKry
bnbMBak;bMb:nmenaKmn_viCa EkgRbvtisaRs sMlab;RblwgCatiExrcab;BIf 7 mkra 1979. yYn)anbnsMlab;
ExreTot edayyYnecaTfaExrRkhm xHcab;ykeTAkab;RBenAtMbn; k5 EdlCatMbn;mIn nigtMbn;RKun caj;. Exr
PaKeRcInRtUvsab; GkEdlmanCIvitrs;enAmanPaKticbMputeTACiHLan mkvijCiHcan cgsk;kMe)a:y. yYn
cab;ExreGayeFIVTahan edIm,IExrsmab;ExrteTot BYk hun Esn nigclnatsU 3 Rkum. EpnkaryYn KWCnCati
yYn 5 nak; Exr 1nak;enATIRkug. yYn 1 nak; Exr 5nak;enAtamCnbT. yYn)anbnbBYkGay:g ehg sMrin/ Ca
sIum nig hun Esn [RtYtRtaRbeTsExrCMnYs bMerIneya)ayva rhUtmkdl;bcb,n. yYn)anbnmenaKmn_ EkERb
RbvtisaRs bMPnExr[lg;eCOfa 7mkra 1979 Ca fyYncUl mkrMedaH.
RtUvsYrfa ExrsaFarNrd CaCatiExr ehtuGIVRtUveKsmab;ecalsmyExrRkhm?
ExrRkhm CaCatiExr ehtuGIV)anCa eKtamsmab;ExreTotenA smyrdkm<Ca?
ExrsaFarNrdkExr ExrRkhmkExr etIXatkrBitCanrNa?
X-li,cyYnsMlab;Exr kgrbbRBHraCaNacRkEkgkay
86
rkSasiTi
hun Esn )anGnuvttamEpnkaryYn bgrCnCatiyYneGaymktaMgTIlMenA KRKwkKeRKgkgRbeTsExr
CaBiessKWyYn )anyktMbn;esdkicExr dUcCatambwgTensab TIRkug nigTIRbCMuCnnana. eRkayBIf 7 mkra

1979 mk yYn)andUrBIviFIsmab;ekA eTACaviFIsmab;RtCak; edIm,IeGayExrePcsartI nig)at;bg;KMnitCati
niymExr. yYnxitxMbnbNHmenaKmn_viCafa ExrRtUvdwgKuNyYnf 7 mkra 1979 eTot Edlman hun Esn
CaGay:g.
1-sMlab;Epkesdkic
bMpajeGayGs;sm,tiFmCatiExr edIm,IeGayExrRk
yYndwgfaRbCaBlrdExr 85PaKry CaGkERscMkar BuMmankareronsURtecHdwgeRCARCH. BYkKat;Bwg
EpkelIksikmb:ueNaH edIm,IciBawmCivit. yYn nighun Esn manectnaeFIV[ExrexSayTaMgkMlaMg nigR)aCJa min
GacegIbtsURbqaMg)an. yYn hun Esn kab;bMpajRBeQIExrman 77PaKry enAqaM1977 [enAsl;Et 20
PaKry eBlbcb,nenH. RBeQICaCMrkstVRB CaRbPBTwk TwkePogsMrab;GkeFIVERscMkar rkSadI[ manCICati
Car)aMgeRKaHFmCatiraMgstnigTwkCMnn; nigpl;GnuplRBeQICaeRcIn dl;RbCaksikr Exr.l. ebIkalNaGs;
RBeQI eFVI[RbCaBlrdExr kan;EtRkIRk nigGt;Xan. RbCaBlrdExr nigCYbRbT TwkCMnn; raMgst bMpajdMNaM
ksikmrbs;GkERscMkar nigyYnxacExreRkakeLIgtsUtamRBeTot.l.
bwgTensabCaRbPBRtIenARbeTsExr kalBImunRbCaBlrdExrFab;ensaT)anRtI 40etan kg1KILEm:Rt
karer: Et\LvenH yYn)acbnaGuyya:s; eRbIfaMbMBul qk; dak;kg;Lan nigGUsykBgRtI edIm,IeFIVeGayputBUCRtIenA
kgbwgTensab. GkensaTsuTEtCnCatiyYn mankaMePIgkarBar manCIvPaBFUrFarCagExr nigmansiTixaMg
CagExr.
Er: t,g mas eBRC sm,tivb,FmExr vtburaN Ggrvt CaskanuBlesdkicExr EtyYn sux Kg;
eFIVGaCIvkm elIR)asaTGgrvt cMeNjesdkicRbeTsyYn cMENkRbCaBlrdExrenAEtRkIRkrehmrhamdEdl.
87
rkSasiTi
yYnRKb;RKgesdkicExr
RbBnesdkic yYnCaGkkan;kab; bun sm rdelxaRksYgesdkic nighirBavt yYn sux Kg;

Ga 50 RKb;RKgeFIVGaCIvkmelIR)asaTGgrvtExr. CnGenaRbevsn_yYnrab;lannak; deNImkargarExr cMeNj
plRbeyaCn_BIesdkicExr nigbgrluycUlRbeTsyYn tamGMeBIBukrlYy. yYn hun Esn dMeLIgfTMnij
sBVsareBI edIm,IbegIncMNayRbCaBlrdExr eGayeRcInCagR)ak;cMNUlEdlrk)an . RbCaBlrdExrKankargar
KanR)ak;cMNUl R)ak;ExminRKb;RKan; eFVIeGayRbCaBlrdExrkan;EtRkIRk Rtdrs; Gataniym ePcKitKUr
RbeTsCati CaehtubNalTukkaseGayecaryYn elbykTwkdIExredaysniviFI.yYneFIVneya)ay KWedIm,I
plRbeyaCn_ TwkdI RTBsm,ti nigesdkic eTaHCa 50 qaM 100 qaMeTotk_eday eGayEtsMerceCaKCy.
R)ak;dUla nig R)ak;eroleFIVcracr\tsNab;Fab;eFIVeGay KMlatGkmanyYn bkSBYk hun Esn nig
GkRk RbCaBlrdExrkan;Etqay. yYn bkSBYk hun Esn manluyrab;landUla epJIrFanaKareRkARbeTs
EdlluyTaMgenH)anmkBIlYcCatiExr.
RbCaCnyUnhUrcUlRbeTsExr ekIneLIgcMnYn 4 500 000 nak; tamrysmaKmn_ 19 extRkug .
BYkyYnTaMgenH CacarkmyYn EdlmanGkeTas GkmanCmWeGds_ ecarbn; GkCk;eRKOgejon mkbMeBj
ebskkmenAelITwkdIExr. CnCatiyYnTaMgenHCBak;plkMresdkicExr. yYnPaKeRcInrs;enAtamtMbn;man
esdkicl enATIRkugPMeBj RkugRBHsIhnu Rkugesomrab mat;Ten nigbwgTensab. RbCaBlrdExrPaKeRcIn
rs;enAtamCnbTRsukERscMkar xHrt;eTAsMuTaneK eFIVkarbMerIeKenAeRkARbeTs.
etIRTBsm,tiTaMgGs;enaHCarbs;RbCaBlrdExr brbs;CnGenaRbevsn_yYn? etIRbCaBlrdExr )an
TTYl)ancMeNjGIVxHBIyYn rs;enAelITwkdIExr? eRkABIyYnrs;enAkan;EtmansiTRsbc,ab; nigmanesdkicFUrFa
CagCnCatiExrmas;Rsuk. yYnmanmhictad_FMeFg KwelbykdIExr dUcTwkdIkm<CaeRkameTot?
hun Esn eRbIneya)ayRbCaPifut e)akR)as;RbCaBlrdExreGayeCOfa kMeNInma:RkUesdkic bk
kMeNInesdkic xnglg;esaH hanriHKn; bNit kg cndara:rt falg;viTUeTAvij. EtpyeTAvij RbCaBlrd
ExrcMnYn 50 PaKrykMBugEtGt;Xan nigxHGt;)ay. eBlCite)aHeqatmg hun Esn Ecksar:ug 1 nigbIuecg 1
kBab; edIm,Ie)akRbCaBlrdExrTijsnwkeqat. tamBit yYn nig hun Esn erobcMrYcCaeRsc eBle)aHeqat mg
KWKNkmkarerobcMkare)aHeqat CnGenaRbevsnyYn sarBtmanPaKeRcInxac hun Esn KMramfaebIKNbkS

RbCaCncaj;eqat mansRgam.l. CMnYybreTs kgmYyqaMya:gticBI 600 landUlaeLIgeTA. EtRbCaBlrd
Exr min)anTTYlplRbeyaCn_BitR)akdeT Fak;kgkNab;d yYn nig bkSBYkKNbkS hun Esn EdlRbRBwt
GMeBIBukrlYy eFIVRTBsm,tipal;xn. etIluyrab;landUla bkSBYkKNbkS hun Esn )anmkBINa? etIBYkeK
manR)ak;Exb:unan ?
88
rkSasiTi
ebIyYndwgfaRbCaBlrdExrGkeshaCatimanCIvPaBFUrFar yYn)aneGayRkumcarkm bgrclcl bn;

sMlab;; lYcqk; bgrPaBPitPy eRKaHfak;cracr bMBulfaM eFIVeGayExrRk EtCnGenaRbevsn_yYn kan;EtmaneLIg
rs;enAelITwkdIExr edaysuxsanrIkray.
2-sMlab;EpkKMnit qneshaCati
yYn)anRkLRbvtisaRs pl;BtmanminBit menaKmn_viCakumynis nigRbBnGb;rMexSay dl;kUnExr nig
RbCaBlrdExr EdleFIVeGayRbCaBlrdExr vegVglg;kgmenaKmn_yYn hun Esn )at;bg;qneshaCati
matuPUmi. yYn)anBgVk;sgmExr eGaytmelIGMeBITucrit BukrlYy GyutiFm ePItePIn El,g RsI Rsa Gata niym
smar nigGMNacbuNski edIm,IExrePcKitKUrerOgRbeTsCati. skmPaBTaMgenH pyBIemdwknaMCatiExr
GkeshaCatiBICMnan;mun CaBiesskgsmyrugerOgmhanKr emdwknaMCatiExrnasmyenaH eGaytMleTAelI
GkeshaCatiExr GkR)aCJ bNit samKIPaB nigkPaBKa. RbCaBlrdExrnasmyenaH kahanmuHmut eBl
sRtUvcUlmkyayI bdeNImplRbeyaCn_CatiExr.
89
rkSasiTi
hun Esn minedaHRsaynisSitKankargareFIV eFIVeGaynisSitGs;sgwm. RbBnGb;rMKanKuNPaB.

KNbkSRbCaCn hun Esn mincUlnivtn_TukkaseGayekgCMnan;eRkaybnevn. GMeBIBukrlYy sIusMNUk
GyutiFm eFIVeGaynisSitPaKeRcIn)at;bg; qneshaCatiExr KitEtRtdrrs; BImYyfeTAmYyf. kUnExrBitR)akd

min)aneronsURtecHdwgeRCARCH KankarBicarNaEvgqayBIerOgRbeTsCatieT. RbCaBlrdExrxHminGacrs;)an
eTot xHGt;)ay Gt;GgrRckqaMg manCmWrgcaMEtesckIsab;. etIGnaKtRbeTsCati TwkdI nigkUnExrCMnan;eRkay
eTACaya:gNa?.
3-sMlab;GkeshaCatiExr
enAf 5-6kkda 1997 hun Esn )aneFIVrdRbharsmab;GkeshaCatiExr GkRbCaFibety
rab;rynak; nigcab;dak;Kuk tamEpnkarrbs;yYn. yYn huk LgDI )aj;sMlab; hU sux enARksYgmhap. eRkay
mkeTot hun Esn )ansMlab; Rkum)atukrRbqaMg mannisSit RBHsg sil,kr nigRbCaBlrdExrkgeBl )atukm
qaM 1998. hun Esn )aneFIVtambBaaryYn )aj;smab;GkeshaCatiExrCabnbnab; Ca viCa/ eCa eCdariT/ rs;
suvNer:t/ RBHetCKuN sM buneFOn nigGkeshaCati EdlCaskmCnrbs;KNbkSsmrgSI CaeRcInGkeTot
rhUtmkdl;sBVfenH. tulakar b:UlIs nigeyaFa Pak;garyYn enABIeRkayxg hun Esn. yYn hun Esn
cg;sMlab; ExreRscEtciteBlNak_)an ehIyXatkrBitminEdlcab;ykpnaeTaseLIy vadUcCarbbkm<CaRbCaFibety b:ul Bt Edr. yYn hun Esn eRbIRKb;meFa)aysmab;GkeshaCatiExr cak;faM cab;eGayRkeBIsIu
TMlak;eRCaHeBRCnil dak;faMbMBul eRKaHfak;cracr ecabn; nigXatkrlblYc)aj;sMlab;.l.
yYndak;faMKImItamcMNIGahar eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdExrmanCmWepSg dUcCaCmWmharIk efIm RkBHCaedIm.
mnIeBTkal;Em:Rt CamnIeBTyYnRKb;RKg EtgEtsmab;GkeshaCatiExr. yYn hun Esn CaXatkrsMlab;
Exr bnab;BIyYneRbIl,icsmab;Exr kalBIrbbExrRkhm. sUm,IEtkat;eTasExrRkhm kCamenaKmn_yYn [Exr
yl;RcLMfa ExrsMlab;Exr Edr. dUcenH BlrdExrTaMgGs;RtUvdwgfa Xatkrkumynis \NcinyYn CaGk
sMlab;Exr ehIyeyIgKYrniyayfa kat;eTasXatkrkumynIs\Ncinvij minKYrniyayfa kat;eTasExrRkhmeT .
GkeshaCati eshaRbCaFibety eRbobdUcCaRtIenAkgqaMg Edlrg;caMEteBlevlaeKesar Etb:ueNaH.
ebIdl;eBleKcab;esarehIygayNas; eRBaH tulakar b:UlIs Tahan Carbs;yYn yYncg;sMlab;ema:g Na)antam
cit. yYn nig hun Esn RKan;EtbnMEPk BIesdkicEbbkumunis mkEbbesdkicTIpSaresrIfa CaRbeTsRbCaFib
ety ehIyenH KWyYnRKan;EtbrviFIsaRssMlab;ExrEtb:ueNaH. EtEpnkartammhictayYn rMlayBUCsasn_Exr
elbTwkdIExrenAdEdl. yYn hun Esn kMBugbMPn EPkExr[yl;xus edayvaeRbIneya)ayRtCak; ykRBHBuT
sasna nigesc eFIVCaExl EtBlrdExrKan siTiesrIPaB KankraCBitR)akdeT. siTi nigesrIPaBExreBlenH
bIdUcCakEgbenAkgqaMgTwk EdleKkMBugdaMelIcRganePIgEtb:ueNaH. yYnsMlab;ExrGkeshaCati mgmYy yYn
90
rkSasiTi
sMlab; 1 KMram 100. eKdUrBIsMlab;mgeRcIn mksMlab;mgbnic bnbnab;erogral;f. sUmBlrdExr TaMgGs;

RCabfa RbeTsExrbcb,n siteRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;ecaryYnEbbfITaMgRsug.
5-kPaB (Unity )
RKb;cMNuceKaledAcugeRkay emdwknaMCatiExr RtUvEtmankarxitxMrYmKamYy EdlsitenAeRkamemdwknaM
TTYlxusRtUvEtmak;. emdwknaMRtUvmankarkPaBKa mannyfa RtUvdwknaM nigsRmbsRmYl edIm,Ieq<aHeTArkeKal
bMNgrYm nigeKaledArYmEtmYy. edayemIleXIjRbeTsExrd_kMst; RbCaBlrdExrrs;enAEsnevTna eRkamkar
CiHCan; yYn hun Esn kgnamCaCatiExrmak; sUm]Tisdl;RBlwgvIrbursExrRKb;rUb Edl)anbUCaCIvitedIm,I
karBarCatimatuPUmiExr eGayKg;vgS mksitkgRBlwgkUnecAExrRKb;rUb eGaymansartIRsLaj;CatiExr kPaB
Ka samKIKa kahanmuHmut KitBIvasnaGnaKtrbs;RbeTsCatiExr naMKacgRkgkmaMg eRkakeLIg seRgaHCatiExr
eGayrYcBIGaNaniKmn_yYnEbbfIenH. emdwknaMCatiExrRKb;rUb RtUvkahanmuHmut hanegIbeLIgeFIVCaemdwknaMCati
Exr edayxng mincaM)ac;rgcaMGkmanbuNNaeLIy. eyIgCaRbCaBlrdExrmYYyrUbmansiTieBjTIkgkar
dwknaMRbeTsCati minbeNayCatisasn_d_TCan;QICatiExreyIgCadac;xat. kUnExrminRtUveRbIBakjHjugeGay
ExrEbk)ak; eRbIkarniyaysIGb;rMExreGaymanPaBsamKIkPaB ecHeKarBKaeTAvijeTAmk eGaytMlKa
eTAvijeTAmk RsLaj;KaeTAvijeTAmk CYyKaeBlman]bsKeTAvijeTAmk mineRbIBakriHKn;ExrKag
manEteRbIBakelIkTwkcitKaeTAvijeTAmk RtUvecHGt;eTaseGayKa Gt;eGanGFaRsyKa RtUvrYbrYmKaeGay
mUldUc)al; xitxMTaMgGs;Ka sitenAkgeKalbMNgEtrYmmYyKw seRgaHCatiExr BIecaryYn hun Esn .
91
rkSasiTi
6-sMcFn (Economics of Resources)

emdwknaMCatiExr RtUvEbgEckFnFaneGaycMeKaledA nigcMNucGTiPaBx<s;. cMNayCaGb,brmacMeBaH
kEngEdlmincaM)ac;bkEngEdlminEmnCacMNucpac;RBat;. kgtMNak;karnkartsU emdwknaMCatiExrRtUvGt;Ft;Ca
TIbMput RtUvKiteFIVGIVEdlmanGaTiPaBbMput eFIVEdlTTYl)anplcMeNjCaGtibrima. RtUvBicarNafa etIkickarNa
caM)ac;RtUveFIVmuneK kickarNaEdlminTan;caM)ac;TukeFIVeRkay. emdwknaMCatiExrRtUvecHsnSMsMc FnFan eBlevla
kMlMag nigsmarH epatelIkickarEtmYy KWkickarseRgaHCatiExr eGay)anrYcputBIRkjaMubIsac kumynis\Ncin
yYn hun Esn.
7-qk; (Surprise)
eyIgRtUvvaylukeTAelIsRtUvenATIkEng b eBlNaEdlsRtUvminmankareRtomTuk. ktaEdlGaceFIVeGay
PJak;epIl)an rYmTaMgel,n kmaMgsRtUvniwksanmindl; Pak;garBtmanmanRbsiTPaB karbMPnRKb;RbePT
l,ickl nigviFIsaRsepSgnkarRbtibtikar nigsnisuxeBlRbtibtikar. emdwiknaMCatiExr RtUvQasv kMueGay
sRtUvdwgxnfa eyIgkMBugeFIVGIV. eyIgRtUvlak;xnkgTIggwtedIm,IeFIVskmPaB ebIsinCaeyIgenAkgTIPWenaH
kumynisyYn hun Esn nigrkRKb;viFIedIm,IkMcat;eyIgecalCaminxan. dUcenH emdwknaMCatiExrRtUveFIVGIVmYy
EdlsRtUv mincab;GarmN_ sRtUvmindwgxn. edayminRtUvGYtGagbgajxngfaCaGIVmYyBitR)akd elIkElg
EtGkeshaCatiExrBitR)akd. minR)ab;sRtUvfa xnkMBugeFIVGIVmYyenaHeT eyIgKYrykBtmanBIsRtUvvij BaksYr
GIV Na nrNa kEngNa eBlNa ya:gem:c sMrab;ykBtman.l. egIyskndak;RKab;.
EtemdwknaMRtUveFIVskmPaBral;fCanic luHRtadl;dMNak;karcugeRkaynCyCMnH. RtUveRbI l,icxa lak;Rkck.
b:uEncMeBaHCatiExr GkeshaCatiExrBitR)akdvij eRkayBIeyIgdwgRbvtic,as;las; nig esIubGegtdwgc,as;las;
eyIgRtUvEtbgajfa eyIgkMBugeFIVGIVedIm,IbuBVehtuCati sasna RbCaCatiExr edIm,IeGayGkeshaCatienaH
cUlrYmkmaMgEtmYy.
8-snisux (Security)
ral;kickar nigEpnkarerobcMTaMgLay RtUvEtKitBIbBaa snisux [)anx<<s;bMput eBalKW karRbugRbytCab;
Canic edImI,EfrkSa kMlaMg[)anKg;vg;l. snisux ekIteLIgGaRsyedaysar karecHlak;karN_)anl erobcMEpn
karsat;kM)aMg nigkareRCIserIs EtgtaMg smaCik)anRtwmRtUv tameKalkarN_Cak;lak;mYy. kareRCIserIs smaCikkargar CaktasMxan;kgkarrkSakarsMgat; kgkarkarlak;karN_)anl bminl. kgkaleTsenH cMNat;kar
kCaktamYyy:agsMxan;Edr edIm,Imansnisuxkgkargar eyIgRtUvmancMNat;karc,as;las; eBalKW {kargarGkNa
GkhwgeFVI/GkNaeFVI GkenaHdwg/kickarGkNa GkenaHdwg/Gkmun dwgkargarmun GkeRkaydwgkargareRkay }.
smaCikmak; minRtUv[dwgTUlMTUlay hYseBkenaHeLIy CaehtunaM[xUckarCayfaehtu. ehtuenH smaCik
mak; minRtUvcg;dwg hYsRBMEdnkargarrbs;xn bKitsgSyfa GkelIminTukcitxnenaHeLIy. CaBiess smaCik
Edl mancritmat; rGil niyaysIKankarTTYlxusRtUv pwksIue)a:EL Kanrebob KankarXMuRKgstixng minRtUv[
dwgkickarsMxan; bTTYlxusRtUvkargarx<g;x<s;eLIy. kareFVsRbEhs kCaktamYyTak;Tgnwg snisuxpgEdr.
92
rkSasiTi
karerobcMEpnkar edayxVHkarfwgEfgRtwmRtUv bfwgEfgeTAtamGarmN_edayxVHehtupl Facts & Reason naM[

kickarefaHeFay. karCECkLLaeday Kanrebob karGYtGag eday\tsNab;Fab; xVHkarBicarNa kCabcy
mYynaM [karsMgat;FHFaypgEdr.
ehtudUceBalmkxagelIenH emdwknaMCatiExr minRtUvbeNay[sRtUvmaneRbobelIeyIg edaysarEt cMNat;
kar xVHsnisux beFVsRbEhs [VGIVmYyekIteLIgeday eyIgnwksanmindl;enaHeLIy. eBaleGaycMeyIgRtUv man
karRbugRbytCab;Cadrab minfavinaTINaeLIy. eyIgRtUvcat;viFankareFIVya:gNa TaMgggwtDirect MethodTaMg
PW Indirect Method TaMg sMgat; TaMg cMhr edIm,IkarBarTb;Tl; nwgcarkm kareFVIviTgSna kareRCotcUlrbs; Pak;
garxaMg EdlcUlmkesIubGegtykBtman BIeyIg. ral;cMNat;karTaMgGs; RtUvKitBI snisux KWRtUvmankarRbug
Rbyt Cab;Canic edIm,IeFVIy:agNa eGay kickarrbs;eyIgTTYl)aneCaKCyeday rlUnl. karrkSakarsMgat;
)anl nwgeFVI[eyIgmansnisux kgkargar. mnusSEdl mat;rGil minRtUv[ dwgkargarsMxan; bminRtUv[TTYl
muxgarsab;rs;eLIy. eyIgRtUvEt RbytcMeBaHmnusS Edlcg;dwg cg;BBIeyIg hYsehtueBk. cMeBaHGkGnuvtn_
kargar RtUvkarBarxngkMu[eK lbcMra:j;ykBtmanBITegVI BikarniyaysIrbs;eyIg)an. RtUvRbugRbyt cMeBaH
karvayqk; kareFIVviTgSna karykBtman kareRCotcUl BIcarkmxaMg. emdwknaMCatiExr CamnusSminlk; bk,t;
]tmKtixngCadac;xat. ehtudUcecH emdwknaMCatiExr munnigRbKl;kickar berIs mnusSmkeFIVCabuKlik bmk
eFVIkarCamYy RtUvEtsal;mnusSenaH[c,as;las; Camunsin eBaleGaycMKWRtUvEpkelIeKalKMnitxagelI.
9-gayRsYl (Simplicity)
emdwknaMCatiExrRtUverobcMEpnkarc,as;las; minsKsaj manPaBgayRsYlSimplicitykgkarGnuvt
edIm,IFanafa GkeRkamGacyl;c,as;las; m:t;ct; Gnuvt)anedayminBi)ak nigeCosvagkarPnRcLM. eCaKCy
GaRsy elIEpnkarl sal;sankarN_c,as; sal;PUmisaRsCak;lak; emdwknaMxaMg kUnecAmanvinyl nigmanKuN
Fm RBmTaMgkarrs;rYmsuxrYmTukCamYyKa. CyCMnminEpk elImankMlaMgeRcInTaMgRsugenaHeT EtEpkelIkar cat;
Ecg dwknaMl RtwmRtUvmank,nxatBitR)akd. ebIeTaHbI dUecHkI RtUvcaMfa {manEpnkarminsUvl RbesIrCagGt;Epn
kar }. eyIgminRtUvedkcaMTal;Et erobcMEpnkar)anleTIbeFVIenaHeLIy. eRBaHfa ebImanEpnkarl EtkarGnuvt
minl kminRbesIrEdr. karGnuvtl GaRsyedaykarhat;hVwkhVWn sakl,gCaRbcaM. karhat;hVwkhVWn sakl,g
CaRbcaM nwgeFVI[gayRsYlkgkarGnuvt. CaBiess eFVIeTAelIeKal edANaEdl xaMgeFVsRbEhs minmankarRbug
Rbyt KankickarBarmaMTaM . viFIvayRbhar kRtUvEt pas;brsar cuHeLIgCanic. karbNHbNal hVwkhVWn hat;
sakl,g elIEpnkarEdlmanehIy naM[GkeRkamsal;yl;c,as; BIParHrbs;mak; nigtYrnaTI karTTYlxusRtUv
rbs;eK eTIbkickarrMedaHCati seRgaHCatiExr TTYl)aneCaKCy.
93
rkSasiTi
10-RBmKa (Syndromes)
emdwknaMCatiExr RtUvecHerbcMkMNt;eBlevla nigTIkEngeGayc,as;las; edIm,IegIbeLIgeGayRsuHKa RBmKa
kgeBl EtmYy. PaBRBmKa GacRbRBit eTA)anBwgEpkelI kareRCIserIs mnusSl bminl nigPaBmanvinyrbs;
smaCik. ebIeyIgeFVIEpnkar)anl EtsmaCikKanviny mat;rGilminecHlak;karN_ cMNat;karKanKMrb Kankar
lak;)aMgeT PaBRBmKaenH minGacGnuvt)aneLIy. vinyRtg;enH sMedAelIkarTak;TgKa tamsMbuRtsam tamviT
Tak;Tg nigkarpSBVpSayCaedIm minRtUveFVIeGayxVHrebobeLIy . karTak;TgpSBVpSayxVHrebobminGaceFVI[ Epn
kareyIglak;)aMg)aneLIy.
GkeshaCati nigGkRbCaFibety nig CatiExrTaMgGs;RKb;RsTab;kgsgmRtUvEtPJJak;rlwk emIleXIj
eRKaHfak;RbeTsCatiExr esckITukevTnaRbCaBlrdExr Qb;lg;lk;kgmenaKmn_e)akR)as;rbs;yYn EdlkMBug
eRbI hun Esn sBVfenHeTA. RbCaCatiExr RtUvgakmkrYbrYmCabgbnrYmelahitExrEtmYy KaMRTGkdwknaMCati
Exr edIm,IseRgaH Cati sasna nigRbCaCatiExr [Tan;eBl. ebImindUecHeT RbeTsExreyIg CatiExreyIg RtUvFak;
kgkNab; yYnkumnis dUc ExreRkam lav cam Caminxan. yYnkMBugEteRbImenaKmn_kumynis [ExreyIgEbk)ak;
Ka [Exr KankasrYbrYmkMlaMg kPaB samKI rMedaHxnecjBIva. sUmCnrYmQamExrTaMgGs; emtatMkl;Tukpl
RbeyaCn_CatiCaTI1 RsLaj;Exr CYyExr Gt;eGan GaFaRsyeGayExr RtUveRbIBaksMdImanRbeyaCn_ bNHTwk
cit kahanmuHmut BuHBarbrpac; minxacsab; edIm,I CatiExr sasna nigRbCaCatiExr.
-begItRkumkargar (Set up team work)
karbegItRkumkargarCabBaasMxan;Nas; sMrab;emdwknaMCatiExr edIm,I[GgkardwknaMenaH sMercdl; eKal
edA. karbegItRkumkargareRbob)andUcCabkSIEdlrkkEngeFIVsMbuk edIm,I[kUnrs;enA)anesckIsuxcMerIn rYcputBI
eRKaHmhnrayepSg. cMENkRkumkargar emdwknaMRtUveRCIserIsy:agsMritsMraMgbMputEdr. karbegItRkumkargar
GkdwknaMRtUvman ckvisyc,as;las; eBalKW eKalbMNg eKaledA nigTiwsedACak;lak;. eyIgGkesha CatiExr
BitR)akd GkRbCaFibety Edlcg;eRsacRsg;Cati sasna nigRbCaCatiExr[rs;eLIgvijenaH eyIgRtUvmanRkum
kargarlya:gsitrmYtmYy. CaRkumkargarmYy RtUvecHCYyyiteyagKaeTAvijeTAmk mine)aHbg; ecalKa mink,t;
Ka RtUvesaHRtg;CamYyKa rYmsuxrYmTukTaMgGs;Ka rhUtTTYl)aneCaKCy. karbegItRkumkargardUcKa nwgRkum
)al;Tat;mYy Rkumrbs;GkdwknaMCatiExr KW CaRkumEdlmansmPaB manfamBlxaMgdUcKa TaMgCMhr sartI kMlaMg
BlM nigkarsURTaMGt;Ft;BuHBar.
1-Rkumkargar KWCamnusSmanqnEtmYy pt;KMnitneya)ayEtmYUy \riyabfEtmYy
CaCnCatiExrBitR)akd
CaGkeshaCatiExredaykIBuHBar brpac; ekovka emaHmut .
CaGkRbCaFibety esaHRtg; satsM mansc minPUtPrkuhke)akR)as RkeLkRkLc.
CaGkman qnmutRsYcbMput hanniyay hanlHbg; hannaMmux eFVIGVIRKb;y:ag edIm,IbuBVehtuCatinig
94
rkSasiTi
RbCaCatiExr EtmYy.
2-eRCIsEtgtaMgmnusSEdlmanfIVd nigkarBiesaFn_x<s;kgkargar
GkEdlmancMeNHdwg karBiesaFn PaBbuinRbsb; mansad nigkeTsc,as;las;
GkEdlmanRbIyPaBelIRbCaCatiExr
GkEdlCa eCIgkkgcMeNameCIgk xagvisy neya)ay eyaFa esdkic nigvisyepSgeTot.
3-mnusSenAkgRkumkargarRtUvebCJacitTaMgGs;Ka edIm,IEklMGrKaeTAvijeTAmkeq<aHeTArkeCaKCy
RtUvcaMfakarbegItRkumkargar eRbobdUcCaeyIgbegIt TUk sMeBA bk)a:l; edIm,IdwkmnusS eGayeTAdl;
eKaledANamYy. karbegItRkumkargarTUeTA eyIgeRbobdUc RkumkILa)al;Tat; Edlcg;QH karRbkYtRbECg.
eyIgRtUveRCIserIscMra:j;GkmankeTsxag)al;Tat;c,as;las; ehIyykmkhVwkhat; eGay)ansat;CMnaj mun
cUlRbkYt. kgsRgam eyIgRtUverIsGkmankeTsxageyaFa edIm,IeTAc,aMgCamYYysRtUveGay)aneCaKCy.
cMeBaHkareFIVBaNiCkm RtUverIsykGkEdlmankeTsxageFIVBaNiCkm edIm,ITTYl)anR)ak;cMeNjGtibrma nig
eCaKCykgTIpSar. niyayeGaycMeTA karbegItRkumkargar eyIgRtUvkMNt;faetIeyIgniwgeFIVGIV? TMhMb:uNa? eyIg
RtUverIsykGkEdlmansmtPaB keTs cMeNHdwg nigkarbiunRbsb;xagGIVEdleyIgRtUveFIVeGaysMerc ckvisy
EdleyIgcg;)an. Bakcas;eBalfa{ecHdb;minesI GkRbsb;mYy}. emdwkna qatvRtUvsikSa eronsURtBIFmCati BI
eRBaHGIVEdlekItmanenAelIEpndIenH suTswgEtekItecjmkBIFmCati. ktabegItRkumkargar KWedIm,IRbmUlKMnit
begItyuTsaRsrYmmYy edIm,IykmkbMeBjebskkmeGay)aneCaKCy. emdwknaM kMuGYtfa xnCamnusSqatCag
eK b:uNaenaH b:uEnGMNacnGgkardwknaMmYy vaxaMgCagKMnitelakEtmak;eTAeTot. kta eCaKCy xaMgbMputrbs;
GgkardwknaM GacekItman)an luHRtaEtdMeNIrebskkmenaHRsYl ehIymanRbsiTil karGPivDn_GMNacxYrk,al
buKlikTaMgGs;RKb;Can;fak;GMBIrkardwknaM edIm,IeFIVeGaysitrmYt dwknaMRbkbeday yuTsaRs nigkarebCJacitTaMg
Gs;KaTaMgRsug. Bakcas;eBalfa {cegwHmYy)ac;kac;min)ak;eLIy}. dUecH ebIsinCaeyIgRbmUl GkeshaCatiExr
EdlmanqnmutRsYc kahan eGay)andUcCacgwHmYy)ac; KWeRbobdUcCa eyIgRbmUlTwk mYytMNk;mg begIt)an
Cafk RtBaMg swg Ten rhUtdl;smuRTya:gdUecHEdr sYrfa etImanGIVmYy GacmkraraMgTwk)aneT TwkKWCakmaMg Gk
eshaCatiExrBitR)akd. enAkgRkumkargar
emdwknaMRtUvFanafa GkTaMgGs;Kayl;c,as;GMBItYnaTI nig karTTYlxusRtUvrbs;BYkeK.
CMrujsmaCikRkumkargar edIm,IeFIVeGaykan;EtmanRbsiTPaBRbesIrbMput
erobcMRkumkargarsMrab;kareCaKCy eFIVeGayRkummanclna
pl;karsresIrEdlmanGtny edIm,IelIktMekIgskmPaBeGayviCman
pl;kareqIytbnkarGviCman edim,IeFIVkarpas;br
eprkargaredaymanRbsiTPaB
95
rkSasiTi
emdwknaMRtUveCOCak;elIxng eFIVya:gNaedIm,IebIkeGaymankarriHKn;sabnay:ageBjelj KMnit

nigeyabl;BInrNamak;. emdwknaMRtUvEtmanqn edIm,Ipas;brkarsMerccit beKalneya)ay GaRsy
elItMrUvkarRkumcg;)an.
-karerobcM Organizing
karRKb;RKgdwknaMminl naMeGaymanGyutiFm. GyutiFm naMymankartsUerIbMrH kartsUerIbMrH naMy
man karEbk)ak;pkg karEbk)ak;pkg naMmknUvsRgamsIuvil karEbk)ak;pkg naMeGaymankareRCotERCklUk
dBIsRtUvCitxag ehIynaMeGaymansRgamlukluyBIxageRkA nignaMeGayCaticuHGn;exSay. edImcmcMbgEdlnaM
eGaymanktaTaMgGM)almaNxagelIenH k_eRBaHEtkarGnuvtn_ kickarerobcM Orginizing Policy elIbBaa
eKalkarN_dwknaM karerobcMsabn nigkarerobcM eRCIserIs hVwkhVWn EtgtaMgbuKlik minl minRtwmRtUv eBaly
cMKW mkBIneya)ayerobcM kgkareRCIserIsGkdwknaMRKb;Can;fak; taMgBIifak;Cati rhUtdk;fak;eRkambMput minl min
RtwmRtUv KaneKalkarN_ Cak;lak; sMrab;karerobcM . emaHehIy karEdlExr CYbRbTH nUvPaB vwkvr rgTuklM)ak
evTnasYrBUC minecHcb; k_eRBaHEtkkaxagelIenH minEmnmkBIExrman)abkm bJkmBarevra dUcBakccamGaram fa
BuTTMnayenaHeLIy. eRBaHfa RBHBuTGg elakRtas;dwgmk edImI,bMPWstVelakeTArkesckIsb;sux RBHGgmin
)andak;eTasTN dak;TMnayCnNa bCatiNa eGayFak;kgmhnrayeLIy. m:agvijeTot smykalEdl RBH
GgRTg;Rtas;dwgenaH RbEhlCaRBHGgmin)ansal; RbeTsExrpgeT . elIsBIenHeTAeTot RBHBuTGg maneKal
karN_ rbs;RBHGgya:gCak;lak; Edl)aneRbonRbedATukfa {km nig pl} . eBalKW ebIdaMRkUc)anEpRkc ebIGk
dwknaMePI eTAciBawmcckyYnsgm eBlcck FMFat; cck nwgxaMRt)ak; EhkhYr ExrdUc sBVf .
VI
smtPaBkg karerobcMOrganizing Cakta sab;rs; mYyGacnaMmknUvbraCy beCaKCy dl;CatiExr

naGnaKt. kMufaeLIy manmnusSeRcInsnwksnab;b:uNa FnFan sMPar luykak; fvika GavuFTMenIb sMbUreBarBas
kMritNa ebIemdwknaMKansmtPaB cat;Ecg erobcMkickar [)anRtwmRtUv manRbsiTPaB eTenaH Ggkar neya)ay
CatinigCYbRbTH nUvkarbraCyy:agR)akd. ehIyenH KWCakarENnaMxIdl;CnrYmCatiExr CaBiessGkdwknaMExr[
)anyl;dwgc,as;las;RtwmRtUv BIRbsiTPaBkg karerobcM [RsbeTAtameKalCak;lak;mYy EdlCak;CaGacnwgnaM
[eyIgmaneCaKCy ya:gR)akd sMrab;RbCaCatiExr. GkdwknaMCatiExr RKb;Can;fak; EdlmantYrnaTIdwknaM nigman
karTak;Tg nwgkarcat;EcgerobcMbuKlik karRKb;RKg RtUvyl;[c,as;fa karcat;EcgerobcMbuKlik karRKb;RKg
RsbtameKaledAy:agCak;lak;rbs;eyIgKW
1-eFIV[man kPaBCati samKICati y:agTUlMTUlay edIm,IrMedaHCati[rYcputBI])ayklexAggwtrbs;
sRtUvCitxag nigecaryYn Edlb:unb:gelbykTwkdIExr nigeFVI[ RbeTsCatirYccakputBIkar)at;bg; \sSrPaB .

2-mankartBVkicnaMRbeTsCatieq<aHeTArkRbeTsExrkraC man\sSrPaB nigRbkan;ykrbbRKb;RKg
EbbRbCaFibety esrIBitR)akdmYy.
3-jaMug[RbCaCatiExrTaMgmUl rs;kg suPmgl vibulPaB Canicnirnn_ Rbkbeday famBl rwgbwug sit
96
rkSasiTi
esr man]tmPaB esImuxnwgRbCaCatinana.

cUrcaMfa{kareRCIserIsEtgtaMg tMelIgzanbuKlikbsmaCik RtUvEpkeTAtamKuNPaB smtPaB keTs
rbs;buKl nigPaBcaM)ac;rbs;sabn} . kar { erobcMbegItsabn RtUvEpkeTAtamtMrUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;sgmCati }
minEmneFVIeLIg edIm,I bkSBYk RKYsarniym TijdUrTwkcit bedIm,IbegItGMNacEckKaGgybMpajfvikarCati dUcBYk
Gak,t; hun Esn kMBugeFVIsBVfenHeLIy.

-cMNucTI1 ParenH niyay)angay fa)anRsYl EtCaPar dBi)akFn;FrbMput kgkareFVI[)ansMerc
eCaKCy ehIyvanWgGacsMerceTA)an luHNaEt mankarRbtibtinUveKalkarN erobcM [)anxab;xn .
ma:gvijeTot GkeshaCatiExremIleXIjfa TMenarneya)ayrbs;BiPBelaksBVf kMBugEtedIreTArk
saklRbCaFibetyPavUbnIykm World Democratization eFIVyRbCaBlrd kMBugEtmankaryl; dwg sal;
nUv tMlxn nigsiTesrIPaB kgzan CamnusSmak; CaBlrdmak; kgkarrs;ran enAkgsgmCati. ehtuenHehIy
Blrd nigsmaCikfak;eRkam EtgEtmanbMNgcg; beBajnUv TsSnrbs;xn bkkartv:aepSg Cak;Caminxan Tl;
nwgGkdwknaMrbs;eK edIm,Ikarrs;enAkgsgm karcUlrYmkgkartsU Rbkbeday smPaB PatrPaB nig\sSrPaB .
CaBiesseTAeTot kartv:aedIm,Ikarrs;enAmYy manyutiFm nigkareKarBsiTKaeTAvijeTAmkkgPaBCamnusSCaGk
tsUmak;dUcKa kgPaBCabgbnrYmQamrYmelahitEtmYy. ebIeTaHCamankarcaM)ac; tMrUv[manzananuRkm dwknaMkI
EtkareKarBsiTiKaRtUvEtmany:agdac;xat. eBalKW kareKarBKakgrgVg;zananuRkm kargar )anesckI fa kgeBl
eFVIkar RtUvGnuvtntamzananuRkm eRkAem:ageFVIkar CamitPki CabgCabn mansiTniyaysI esIPaBKa. KWCa esrI
PaBkgRBMEdnmYy Edlminb:HBal;dl;esrIPaBGkdT bplRbeyaCn_GayuCIvitrbs;sgmCati .
cMNucTI2 KW : karykcitTukdak;edayht;ct; dl;suxTukkgkarrs;enA GkeRkamvaT :. cUrkMusgwmfa
{GkeRkamvaTGk nigskmBuHBar esaHRtg; nwgGk[esaH ebIGkmin)an rs;rYmsuxrYmTuk bJykcitTukdak;elI

karrs;enArbs;eK [)andUcCakUnsMnb;rbs; GkeTenaH :. GkeRkamvaT nwgeFIVkar y:agskmbrpac; edayePc
esckIsab; ebIeKemIleXIjfa GkRsLaj; eKdUcCakUnsMNb;rbs;Gk nigTegVIRbcaMfrbs; GkRbkbedaykar br

pac; edIm,IGnaKtrbs;eK nigrbs;RbeTsCatiBit. CagenHeTAeTot kareFVI nigrkSa[manCMenO nigkIsgwmdx<s;
cMeBaHGnaKtdRtcHRtcg;mYy enAeBlxagmux. kareFVIxnCaKMrU kgkarRbtibti nUveKalkarN_nana rbs;Ggkar

neya)ayCatiExr CaktasMxan; kgkarCYyeFVI[kickarenHsMerceTA)an. eRBaHfa karsMritsMraMgCaktamYy rI
tMrab;l CaktamYyeTot rYmpSMKaeTIbGaclRbesIreTA)an. cUrcaMfa {TegIVrbs;GkdwknaM eTaHedayectna bectna
KWCatMrab;rbs;GkeRkamvat} . mannyfa TegVIrbs;GkdwknaM man\TiBleTAelIkarKit karGnuvtn_ nig \riyabf
RbcaMfrbs;smaCikTUeTA. ehtuenHehIy GkdwknaMExr RKb;Can;fak; RtUvEtBayam erobcMGb;rMxn eGay )anl
RbesIrCamun munnwgeFIVkardwknaMeK. karGb;rMxnekIteLIgedaykar eFVIkarsikSaRsavRCavedayxngCaRbcaMbEnm
eTot edIm,I[kardwknaM nigkarcat;EcgRKb;RKg manRbsiTPaB x<s;bMput.
cMNucTI3 kareFIV[mansirPaB elIsanPaBrs;enA rbs;GkeRkamvaT kgkMritmYy Edlsmrmlm
97
rkSasiTi
nwgrs;enA eFVIkartsU)an bGacmanPaBRbesI x<g;x<s;CagxagsRtUv bJkCagsanPaBrs;enArbs;BlrdTUreTACakta

caM)ac;pgEdr. elIsBIienHeTAeTot minRtwmEteFVI[ maneRbobelIKUrsRtUv CaGay:g b:ueNaHeT KWRtUveFIVy:agNa[
mansmtPaB GacRbQmmuxtTl; nWgsRtUvCitxagenAnaGnaKt)anEfmeTot. GkdwknaMExr RtUvxVl;xVayBIbBaa
enHCacMbg. eRBaHfa suPasitburaNExr )anRbedATuukfa { eFIVERsnwgTwk eFIVswknwg)ay} . kickarenHGacniyay
)anRsYl EtkareFVIBitCalM)ak. RKb;Ggkarneya)ay rEmgCYbbBaaenHedayeCosminrYc eRBaHfa CabBaaEdl
Tak;Tg nwgfvikar. eTaHdUcemckI GIVRKb;y:agsitenAelIkartaMgcit nigkarsMerccit rbs;eyIgCaGkdwknaMCa eKal
cMbg. dUcerobrab; xagelIrYcmkehIy tamRTwsIrbs;elak sun suW )aneBalfa {ebIeyIgGt;es,og RtUv deNIm
es,ogBIxaMg Gt;GavuF RtUvdeNImGavuFBIxaMg ebIGt;fvikar RtUvdeNImfvikaBIxaMg}. enHCa eKalkarN_edIm n
sRgamRbCaCati nigsartI\sSrPaB kraC minbreTs nigrkSa)annUvKMnitpcepIm
. RTB
sm,ti FnFanCatiTaMgLay Carbs;Exr RKb;Ka RtUvecaryYn nigGay:gqk;bn; ykeTA. eyIg RtUvEtykFnFan
TaMgenaH mkbMerIplRbeyaCn_Exrvij. CaBiesssMrab; karrMedaHCati seRgaH CatikgkaleTsenH.
Freedom of Initiative
cMNucTI4 minRKan;Et eFIVkarRKb;RKgcat;EcgeGaymanRbsiTiPaB yutiFm b:ueNaHeT EtbBaasnisux k

Caktasab;rs; rbs;emdwknaMCatiExrpgEdr. kareRCIserIs mnusSmin)anRtwmRtUv nwgnaMmknUvkar)ak;Ebk ERbHqa
)at;bg;karsMgat;Caminxan. ehtuenHehIy GkdwknaM GkRKb;RKg RtUvEtyl;dwg eGay)anmutmaMnUv rebob dwknaM
kareRCIserIs karhVwkhVWnGb;rM TaMgEpkmenaKmviCa kaysm,Ta nigTMlab;RbcaMf karbnHbNal lMdab;lMeday
niglkNnkartMeLIgzanH muxgar karpl;rgVan; bkardak;TNkm smaCikCaedIm. edIm,IeCosvagPaBGyutiFm
kardwknaM kareRCIserIs karhVwkhVWnGb;rM karbnHbNal EpksartI menaKmviCa kaysm,Ta nigTMlab;RbcaMf
kartMeLIgzanH muxgar karpl;rgVan; bkardak;TNkm RtUvEteFVIeTAtameKalkarN_rbs;Ggkarneyay Edl)an
EcgTuk.
1-kareRCIserIsmaCik
eCaKCyrbs;CatiExr GaRsyeday kareRCIserIs sMraMg)annUv bJsmaCik smaCikarl manKuNsm,ti
RKb;RKan; mansmtPaBx<s; nigCaTITukcit. kareRCIserIs yksmaCik Edlman qnHekvka esaHRtg; lHbg;x<s;
criyasm,til RtwmRtUv CakickarmYy y:agsMxan; sab;rs; niglM)ak ehIykCaktamYynaM eTArkeCaKCypgEdr.
mankkaCaeRcIn EdlTak;Tgdl;GkdwknaM nigGkRKb;RKg enAEpkkgkareRCIserIssmaCik l mansmtPaB nig
CamnusSEdl esaHRtg; . enAkgsanPaBdUcsBVf emdwknaMExr RtUvEtcMNaynUveBlevlamYyedayGt;Ft; kg
kar sikSaRsavRCav segt tamdany:aght;ct; edIm,IeGay)ancM CMBYkCnEdleyIgcg;)an mkbMerICati. kkamYy
eTot mankarTak;TgeTAnwg dMeNIrkareRCIserIsenHpgEdr dUcCaTIkEng ekrieQaHrbs;GgPaB. ekreQaHl Ca
bBaasMxan; kgkareRCIserIs smaCik .
98
rkSasiTi
karPJak;rlwk TUeTAGacekIteLIgmanRbsiTPaB)an luHNakareRCIserIs GkeXasna eXasnikEdll

CamnusS ekovka skm manfVImat; manbJkBarsmrm suPaBrabsarffr nigCamnusSmanRbIyPaB kgcMeNam
CnanuCnTUeTA. RbsinebICnenaH CamnusSmanmuxmat;tMENgkargarx<g;x<s;kgsgm enaHritEtRbesIr. eRkABIkar
eRCIserIs nUvsartICati nigTTYl)an karGb;rMhVwkhVWnEpkmenaKmn_CatirYcehIy eyIgKYrsMlwgfwgEfg elICMBUkCn
EdlTaMgLayEdlGackayCa eXasnikl Key communicator)an mandUcxageRkamenH
-ecAGFikarvt GkRbedAsasna
-RKUbeRgon saRsacar GkRKb;RKgRKwHsansikSaGb;rMepSg
-emPUmi emXMu GkdwknaMsabn kgrd nigeRkArd CaedIm.
-CMhankgkareRCIserIs smaCik
mankkaCaeRcInEdlRtUvBicarNa
: KaeRcIn GnSmexac : suPasitExr mYyXaxagedImenH sreGayeXIjfa eCaKCy kgkargar rbs;
GktsUExr minBwgEpkTaMgRsug EteTAelIKaeRcInenaHeLIy EtBwgEpkeTAelI smtPaB KuNPaBmnusS nigsni
sux rYmpSM Ka. snisuxenATIenH sMedAelIkickarBar min[Ebk)ak;ERbHqa edayRbkarepSg dUYcCa karRKb;RKg
minl minmansmtPaBkgkargar nigkareRCotcUlBIsMNak; Pak;garxaMg mkkgGktsUCatiExr CaedIm.l.
edIm,IkarBar nUvKuNvib,tixagelIenH CaBiesskareRCotcUlBIsMNak;Pak;garxaMg RtUvRbtibti nUvRbkarxageRkam
enH
1-karsMlwgeKaledA
k-lkNsm,tixageRkA
CaGtItsmaCikGktsU
GtItGktsU RbqaMgnwgyYn nigGay:gk,t;Cati
clnaCatiniymepSg
CaGkmanlkNGkdwknaM man\TiBl nig mansmtPaBx<s;
CaGkCatiniym kgbkSneya)ayRbqaMgbcb,n
CaRKYsarrgeRKaHedayrbbGay:g
CaRKYsaEdlmanKMnitCatiniym tBUCBgS
CnbrisuT CaCnEdlminFab;manTak;TgnwgbkSneya)aybninakarneya)ayepSg
sal;Rbvtipal;xn critRbcaMf Bukmay dUnta RkumRKYsarRsukPUmikMeNItc,as;las;
x-KuNFm bzm KFb

Exr manBukmay dUnta ekItenAelITwkdIExr ya:gehac 3tMNr
Catiniym minERbRbYl minhk;elat sMlwgrkEtplRbeyaCn buNskmuxmat;
99
rkSasiTi
esaHRtg; sucriteTogRtg; minPUtPrkuhk

manPaBkahan emaHmut skm BuHBar brpac;
hanlHbg;x<s; TaMgGayuCIvit kMlaMgkaycit RTBFn eBlevlaedIm,I RbeyaCn_Exr
ecHlak;karsMgat; minmat;rGil GYtGag sIueCar RcENnnina
minBalaGavaEs bJ minluHedayG)aymux RsI Rsa El,g epSg
satsM minBukrlYysIusMNUksUk)a:n; ecHRsLaj; CYyykGasarKa edayPaBesaHs
2-karcUlTak;TgeKaledA
k-kareRCotcUl
-tamryHRKYsar bgbn mitPkCitsitEdlTukcitbMput
-karCYyykGasar bJ CYyedaHTukFurH RKamanFurHlM)ak RKamanGasn
-karesBKb;CamitPki bJekIRmkS kUnFm BukmayFmCaedIm.
-RtUvskm erogral;f eFIVdMeNIrBIpHmYYyeTApHmYy BItMbn;mYyeTAtMbn;mYy. cUrcaMfakgzan
CaeXasnik { ebieKmindwg eyIgniyay[dwg ebIeKmincg;sab; eyIgniyay[sab; ebIeKmincg;
eXIj eyIgeFVI[eXIj ebIeKminB eyIgeFVI[eKB ebIeKmineCO eyIgeFVI[eCO}.
x-vy
-yuvCn 16-25 CavymanqnHmutRsYc ekvka mankMlaMgBlMmaMmYn kugkickar Etqab;rMePIb
gayGUsTaj KankarBiesaFn_ .
-vykNal 25-35 CavyRbkbedayzamBl kMlMagBlM enAExgErg nigmankar BiesaFn_
manPaBeqvqat nwgnr rwugbug ebICaCnmankarsikSax<s; enaHBitCaRbesIr
-vycMNas; 35-60 CavydeBareBjedaykarBiesaFn_ EtkMlMagfmfy eRcInman citraErk
minsUvekvka BicarNaKitEvgqayeRcIn CaBiess CivitRkumRKYsar RbBn kUn. EtebI eKcUlrYm
kg kargaredayeBjcit enaHCaCMBUkmnusSlbMput mingaybrcit mingayFak; kgGnak;xaMg
eLIy manKMnitkgkickarlMdab;yuTsaRs .
3-karBinitGegteKaledA
-RtUvsegtBInit bcat;Pak;gar eGayBinitelIskmPaBrbs; eKaledAbuKlEdleyIgcg;eRCIserIs
yk edaymineGaydwgxn y:agtic ryHeBl 6Ex eTAmYyqaM munnwgcUlTak;TgbBaHbBaleGaycUlCasmaCik
bJsmaCikar bJmYykeFVIkar R)aRsy Tak;TgFmta edIm,Isegt edaymineGaysamIuCneKaledA dwgfaeyIgCaGVI
100
rkSasiTi
mkBINa manbMNgGIV . luHNaEt segteXIjfa eKaledA minmankarTak;Tg nwgxaMgeT eTIbeyIgeFVIkarbBaH

bBalGb;rMeKaledA eGayyl;dwg nig manPJak;rlwk xagneya)ay. rYcehIyeFVIkarsakl,g eRbICnenaH edImI,
segtemIlfa etIeKesaHRtg; nwgeyIgbJkGt; .
4-karsakl,gkargar
1-kickarepSg EdlRsbc,ab; cg;dwgfa eKRbwgERbgb kGt;
2-kickarEdlTak;Tgnwg RkdassamGacCaRkdas;sTeTr cg;dwgfaeKRtg; bGt;
3-kickarTak;Tg nwgkarRbqaMgnwgrbbsBVf EtEbbRsal rebobCalixitepJI xitbNRbqaMgCaedIm.
4-kickarRbqaMgcMmux EteFVIedaylak;)aMg.
5-kickarRbyuT EdlTak;TgnwgGayuCIvitsab;rs; niglM)akFn;Fr .
5-karsMerceRCIserIs
eRkayBI karBinittamdan)anlitln; sal;c,as;las; nUvRbvtipal;xn RkumRKYsar rbs;eKaledA RBm
TaMgeFVIkarsegttamdanlitln; nig)anBiniteXIjfa eKaledA mankaryl;dwg mankarPJak;rlwkxagneya)ay
Bit R)akdehIy RBmTaMgmankaresaHRtg; mingakereT eTIbENnaM eGayeKaledA eFVIBaksMucUl Ca smaCikeBj
lkN edaytMrUveGay mankarerobcMdUcxageRkamenH
1-eKaledA RtUvbMeBj nUvsMNuMlixitsMucUlCasmaCik edaysresreGay)anc,as;las;nUvRbvtiBisar
pal;xny:agek,aHk,ay.
2-RtUvmansmaCik lMdab;elIeKaledA y:agehac 1lMdab; cMnYn 3nak; CaGkFana r:ab;rgnaMcUl .
3-RtUveFVIBIFIsm,f enAcMeBaHmux Tg; RBHPRkRBHBuTrUb bJRBHsg .
4-eKaledA samIuxn RtUvfVaybgM nigsURtnUvBaksm,f
5-eFVIkarbNHbNalGb;rM .
PaBeRKaHfak;BIsMNak;rbbRtYtRtasBVf dl;sgmCati nigRkumRKYsarpal;.
BIbuBVehtu nkartsU
eKalbMNg eKaledA nigeKalkarNTaMgLayrbs;CatiExr
kartBVkicrbs;GkeshaCatiExr
ebskkmrkgkarCYyeRCamERCgeFVIeGayCatiExrkan;EtrIkFMFat; eLIgEfmeTot edIreq<aH

eTArkkar rMedaHCati nigkarksagCatinaeBlGnaKt .
6-smtPaB
{skmnusSecH RbesIrCagskesA skmnusSexA skesARbesIrCag :. Bakfa {exA } sMedAeTAelICn

101
rkSasiTi
Edl BMuRBmsikSaEsVgyl;BIkarBit xHmanEtcMeNH EtxVHkarsegt xVHkarxVl;xVayBIbBaasgm Edlxnrs;enA b

)anpl;kMeNItdl;xn. CatiExrmanbMNgy:ag Cak;lak;kgkarbNHbNal smtPaBdl;smaCikxageRkamrbs;
xn ebIeTaHCakgkalHeTsNakeday. mnusSEdlmancMeNHdwg ehIyTTYl)annUvkarbNHbNal Gb;rMEpk
sartI citKMnitneya)ay nwgGaceFVIeGaybuKlenaH Rbtibtikickar)anlRbesIrRbkbedayfamBlekvka .
2-Parkicrbs;smaCikcMeBaHxng
caMTTYlbBaa GnuvtbBaa raykarN_ sikSaeLIgvij.
RtUvGb;rMxn nig eroneFIVCaemdwknaMedayxng.
eFVIkarGb;rMxn begInsmtPaB eGaykan;EtmanCMhrCatiniymeshaCatimatuPUmikan;Etx<s;eLIg.
pSBVpSaynUveKalneya)ayCatiExr [)anRCYtRCabTUlMTUlayeTAkgRsTab;RbCaCatiExrTaMgmUl.
CYysMlwgeRCIserIs smaCikfIbEnm.
eFVIkarBinittamdan Tb;sat;kMcat;ecal kareRCotcUlrbs;sRtUvmkkgCatiExr.
RbmUlBtmanBIRKb;mCdancgRkgTuk nig eFIVesckIraykarN_.
hwVkhat;buKlwkeGaymansmtPaBdUcKa.
RtUvskmkargarcuHCYbCamYyRkumkargareGay)an 1 s)ah_mgya:gtic.
RtUvxitxMEsVgrk RbEmRbmUlGkeshaCatiExrBIRKb;mCdan erogral;f RKb;TIkEng RKb;eBlevla
edIm,IBRgIkkargareGaykan;EtRbesIr .
VII
-Par GkdwknaM (The Duties of Leaders)

dUceBalxHBIxagelIrYcmkehIy GkdwknaM minEmnCaecARkmcaMkat;kIenaHeLIy. EtGkdwknaM
Exr KWCaCnEdlmansmtPaBelIkickar sal;nUvkrNIkicrbs;xnc,as;las;. ecHcat;Ecg erobcM kickar
)anRtwmRtUv edayGnvteTAtam vg;cRkdUcxageRkamenH
erobcM
Epnkar
RbmUl
Btman
sikSa
eLIgvij
Binit
lTpl
Gnuvtn_
eKaledA
tamdan
RtYtBinit
102
rkSasiTi
1-RbmUlBtmanInformation
munnwgeFVIEpnkar GkdwknaM RtUvdwg yl;c,as; BIbBaarbs;fak;elI bebskkm eKalbMNgrbs;xn sabn
xn nigsmaCik EdlRtUveFVI. bnab;mk RtUveFVIkarsikSaelI Btman kMlaMg sMPar fvikar nigeBlevlaEdlman
TaMgxagmit nigsRtUv[)anCak;lak;. minRtUveFVIkarRbfuyRbfaneLIy ebIKanBtmanc,as;las;. GkdwknaMExr
RtUvEtcuHeFVIkarsikSa Btman edayxngpal; munnwgeFVikarsMerccitKUsvas eFVIKMeragkarnana. RtUvRbugRbyt
Btman RbDitBIsmaCik PUtkuhk bkarbMPnrbs;xaMgsRtUv. RtUveRtomTaMgRBmnUvBtman FnFanmnusS sMPar
fvikar nigeBlevla RBmTaMgkarTak;TgepSg .
2-erobcMeFVIEpnkar (Planning)
Epnkarl GaceFIV[TTYl)aneCaKCy nigsMerclTplEdlcg;)an. emdwknaMExr RtUvcab;epImRbmUlGk
keTs mkRbCMu edIm,IerobcMEpnkar[)anlbMput. kgkarerobcMEpnkar emdwknaMRtUvGnuBaatieGayGkkeTs
TaMgGs; enaH)ancUlrYmdMeNaHRsay beBajeyabl; nigRbmUlpMKMnitEdllbMput edIm,IykmkeFIVEpnkar )anl
RbesIr. cUrkMuKitfa eyIgCamnusSqatCageK[esaH RtUvcaMfa KMniteRcIn RbesIrCaKMnitmYy. dUceBalxagelIenH
kareFIV Epnkar RtUvsal;BI sankarN_c,as;las; FnFanEdlman sikSaTaMgxng nigsRtUv rbs;eyIg.
EpnkarlMGit Ca FmtarYmbBalman nNa GIV enAeBlNa TIkEngNa rebobNa nig mUlehtuGIV ?
k-erobcM
nNaCaGkerobcMEpnkarenaH GkdwknaM nig buKlik ?
nNaCaGkTTYlxusRtUvGkdwknaM nig buKlik?
etebskkm eyIgRtUveFIVGIV? eRCIserIssMraMg bvayRbyuT
etIeyIgcab;eFIVBIeBlNa?kMNt;eBlevlacab;epIm
etIeyIgbBab;enAeBlNa?kMNt;eBlevlabBab;
etIvanigekIteLIgenANa? TItaMg PUmisaRs GakasFatu
etIvanigekIteLIgrbobNa? yuTsaRs nigkll,ic
etIehtuGIV)anCaeyIgeFIVva? eKalbMNg nigTwsedA
etIvanigmanGIVekIteLIgebIeyIgmineFIVva? plvi)ak cMeNjplRbeyaCn_ bxatplRbeyaCn_

KuNvibti nigKuNsm,ti
RtUverobcMEpnkar eGaymandMeNIrkar RbkbeTAedayRbsiTiPaB. cUreyIgcgcaMfa EpnkarminGacbegIt
sankarN )aneT b:uEnpyeTAvij sankarN_GacbegIt Epnkar)an dUcecH GkdwknaM RtUvsal;kaleTsH nigbt;
EbneTAtamsankarN eFIVeyIgNaeGay)andl;eKaledA nigsMerceCaKCy. cMeBaHkareFIVEpnkar sRgam Gkdwk
naMExr RtUvmankta 5 ya:g EdlRtUvdwg
1-etIeyIgKYrc,aMg b minKYrc,aMg bKYrdkfy edIm,IrkSakMlaMg?
103
rkSasiTi
2-etIRtUvmankMlaMgb:unaneTIbQH ebIeyIgmankMlaMgticRtUveFVIdUcemc?
3-etImankPaBpkgbenA fak;elI fak;eRkam manKMnitdUcKabeT?
4-eyIgCaemTB RtUveRbIKMniteQsv nigman\sSrPaBkgkarKitfwgEfg.
5-eRtomRKb;ya:gedIm,IvaybkeTAelIsRtUv
x-xatKMrU
karGnuvtn_ KMeragkarmYyeBjelj RtUvmanvt 3 ya:g EdlRtUvTak;TgKa KW xatKMrU karGnuvt nig kar
EktMrUv. xatKMrU KWCaKMeragkar EdlRtUv)anbBab; edayeCaKCytamEpnkar. xatKMrU KwRtUv)anerobcMeGayman
dUcKataMg BIfak;elI dl;eRkam. karGnuvtn RtUv)anRbtibti eTAtamkarkMNt;Tuk tamlMdab;lMeday nigRtUvbBab;
eTAtamTisedA ya:gRtwmRtUv. enAeBlRbtibti xatKMrUnKMeragkarmYy emdwknaM RtUvepatelIdMeNIrkar karGnuvt
nigskmPaBmnusStamParkicmYy . ebIemIleXIjfa mankMhusqgekItmaneLIgxusBI xatKMrU RtUveFIVkarEktMrUv
Pam.
edIm,IeFVI[man xatKMrU RtUvqgkat; karGnuvtsakl,g bkarGnuvtBit jwkjab; edaymankarkt;RtaTuk
dak;CaksarRtwmRtUv ehIynigkarEktMrUv edayykcitTukdak;bMput. CagenHeTAeTot RtUvcat;[mankaRRKb;RKg
dwknaM nigRtYtBinittamdankargarenaHedayht;ct; edIm,IeFVI[kickarenaHRbRBiteTAtam KMeragkarrbs;eyIgEdl
)aneRKagTukmkehIy.
K-BinitbBaak;elIEpnkar (Verify)
eRkayeBl eFIVEpnkarrYceRscehIy emdwknaM RtUvBinitBicarNaEpnkarenaHsarcuHsaeLIg eFIVya:gNaeGay
EpnkarenaH kan;EtmanPaBsuRkit nigRsbeTAnigsankarN_kMBugvivtn_. karBinitbBaak; CakareRbobeFobrvag
cMNucexSay cMNucxaMg kas nigkarKMramkMEhgnana c,ab; neya)ay esdkic bridan GakasFatu beckeTs
sgm vb,Fm.l. TaMgxagxneyIg nigsRtUv. kareFIVEpnkarRtUvFanafa EpnkarenH R)akd CaeKGac ykeTA
Gnuvtn_)an nigmanFnFanlmsm tamEpnkar ebImindUecaHeT EpnkarenH)anRtwmEtCa karsubinmYy b:ueNaH.
karsikSabBaak; KYrcat;[mankarecaTsYr edaHRsaykgrgVg; smaCiksMxan;[)anht;ct;bMput .
X-sakl,g (Testing)
eRkayeBl Binitc,as;las;elIEpnkarenaHehIy eyIgRtUvykmkeFVIkarsakl,g edIm,IeGayGk Gnuvtn_
enaH Gacyl;kan;Etc,as; GMBIsankarN_ enAelItarag eFobeTAnig PUmisaRsBitR)adk eFIVtamEpnkar Edlnig
Gnuvt Cak;EsgeBlxagmux. kareFVIsakl,genaH RtUveFIVTal;Et GkGnuvtkickarenaHyl;c,as; nigGaceFIV)anl
eRBaHfa enAeBlGnuvtCak;EsgenaH vaxusBIkarsakl,geTAeTot. karsakl,gkmaMgBit RtUvCamnusS
EdleKarBeFIVeKalkarN_TaMgRsug nig Gnuvtn_tambTbBaa rbs;sabnNamYyBitR)akd.
104
rkSasiTi
g-karEktMrUv (Adjustment)
ebIkarGnuvtmineFIVtam xatKMrU eyIgmankarBi)akkgkarEktMrUv beFVIxatKMrUenaH[leLIg. EtebIeyIg
Gnuvt tamxatKMrU ehIymanPaBminl eBlenaHkarEktMrUv GacRtUveFIVeLIgedayEbgEckCaBIr. bNHbNalGk
Gnuvtn_bEnm nigEktMrUvxatKMrU EdlmancMNuccenaHRbehag. edIm,ITTYl)aneCaKCy GkdwknaMCatiExr RtUveKarB
tamc,ab; bTbBaapkg viny eKalkarN_epSg. ebI Gk dwknaM nigsmaCik KanvinykgkarRbtibtimuxgareT
Epnkar enaHkminGacTTYl)aneCaKCyEdr. ehtudUecHehIy ebIsegteXIjfa mankarRbRBitVxusBIeKalkarN_
bmineKarBviny RtUvEktMrUveTAtam c,ab;viny eKalkarN_ Edl)ankMNt;Pam.
3-Gnuvt
enAeBlEdleyIg )anerobcMEpnkar eFIVkarsakl,g EktMrUv sarcuHeLIg)anlRtwmRtUv rYceRsc)ac;ehIy
enaH Epnkarrbs;eyIg nwigmandMeNIrkarrlUneTA)anehIy. EtebIsinCaEpnkarmankMhusqg eBlenaHKMerag kar
rbs;eyIg nwgCYbnUvkarlM)aksKsajCak;Caminxan ehIyGaceFVI[eeyIg RtUveRbIryHeBlEvg edIm,IeFVIkickar)an
sMerc. ma:gvijeTot ebIeTaHCaEpnkarlemckI kKg;enARtUvkarGkdwknaM GnuvtEpnkarenaH RbkbedayPaBqat
vIntelligent mankarBiesaFn_kgkargarGood Experience ecHbt;EbnFlexibilitynigmanqnemaHmut
High Moral [RsbeTAtamsankarN_ nigbribTnEpnkarrbs;eyIg edIm,IeFVI y:agNa[Epnkarrbs; eyIg
TTYl)aneCaKCy y:agdac;xat. GkdwknaM RtUvEtmanqnx<s;kgkareFVI[kickarenaH)ansMerceCaKCy.
4-RtYtBinit
(Controlling)
karGnvuteTotesat RtUverobcM[man RbBnRtYtBinittamdanmYyc,as;las; edIm,IFanafa kickarTaMg

Gs;RtUv)an GnuvteTAtamKMeragkar nigkardwknaMrbs;eyIgTaMgRsug. tamkarBiesaFn_kgkartsUkngmk )an
bgaj[eXIjfa EpnkarRbyuTTaMgLayRtUv erobcMy:agsmrm kb:uEnedaykarsMritsMraMgeRCIserIs RkbxN
GkdwknaMmin)anl CaehtueFVI[GkdwknaM xHEtgPUtPrkuht RbDitBtman. ]TahrN_enAkgkartsURbyuTenA
CayEdn edayPaBkMsakrbs;xn nayTahanxH )anPUtkuhkmkfak;elI fa xaMgeLIgdl;RtwmenH RtwmenaH bk
kuhkfa xn vayeLIg dl;enHdl;enaH EttamkarBit BYknayTahanTaMgenaH enApwkRsa bRsI enAcMgay 10 b
20KILEm:RtBI ExSRbyuTCYrmuxeTAvij. ehtudUecH ehIykarRtYv BinitRtUvEterobcM[manEbbCaRbBnmYy dman
RbsiTPaB edIm,Iecosvag kMhusqgdUcxagelIenH. eRBaH karGnuvt dUcxagelIenH CaktanaM[braCymanmkdl;
xneyIgTaMgGs;KaedayecosminrYc . elIsBIenH CakarsMlab; qnHRbyuT nigCakarbMpajkareCOTukcitKaEfm
eTotpg. kMhusqgEbbenH ekItmanCajwkjab; enAkgCYrGktsU TaMgGtItkal nig bcb,n ehtuenHehIy Gk
dwknaM minRtUveFVsRbEhs beCOTukcitgay eTAelITegIVrbs;GkeRkamesaHeLIy. RtUvEterobcM[mankarRtYt
BinittamdankarGnuvtkargarCab;rhUtdl;sMerc)aneCaKCyCasaBr.
105
rkSasiTi
5-BinitlTpl (Result)
cugbBab; emdwknaMRtUvBinitemIllTplrbs;Epnkar etITTYl)aneCaKCy bbraCy ebIeCaKCy etIdUc
Epnkar Edlcg;)anbeT? b)anb:unanPaKry? ebIsinCa )aneCaKCy etIRtUvcMNayFnFanb:uNa . ebIsinCaeCaK
CyenaH RtUveRcInhYsRbmaN xUcxatsMParH]bkrN_ epSgeRcInenaH kminEmnCaeCaKCyBitR)akdeT. cUrcaMfa
Epnkarl RtUvcMNayFnFantic EtmanRbsiTPaB GacTTYleCaKCy)anCaGtibrma bkfa { eCaKCyrbs;Gk
dwknaM RtUvcMNayFnFanTaMgmnusS sMParH fvikaticbMput nignaMTahanmkvijedayminmanhUrQammYycMEGtmUs
minb:HBal;RTBsm,ti bTwkcitRbCaBlrd Et)anplCaGtibrma eTIbcat;TukfaeCaKCy mYyry PaKry)an }
EtebImankarxUcxateRcIn ebIeTaHCasmrPUmienaH eyIgdeNIm)anTaMgRsugkI mincat;Tukfa eyIgmaneCaKCy eBj
eljeLIy.
6-sikSaeLIgvij After Action Review

eRkayBIbBab;Epnkar eTaHCaEpnkarenaHbraCy b eCaKCy Gk dwknaM caM)ac;RtUvykmksikSasar eLIgvij
GMBIrmUlehtuEdleFIVeGaybraCy nig ktaEdlnaMeGayTTYl)aneCaKCy. karsikSaenHedIm,ITukCakar BiesaFn_
sMrab;Gnuvtkargarbn eBlEdlkargarTTYl)aneCaKCy. ebIkargarbraCy eyIgsikSaeGaydwgGMBIcMNucexSay
ehIyRtUvdUryuTsaRsfI bpas;brriHrkklyuTfI edIm,IQaneTArkeCaKCytamEpnkar.
RtUverobcMeFIVkarvaytMl eTAelIlTplkargar eTAelIkarGnuvtmg erogral;ral;Ex br)aykarN_Btman
nig lTplkargarEdlTTYl)an etIvaTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_smtuleTAniwgkarcMNay FnFan eBlevla Edl
eyIg )aneRbIbeT xatb cMeNj. RtUveRbobeFob cab;taMgBIFnFan eBlevla sMParH beckeTs kMlaMg nigkar
cMNayTaMgGs; Edl)aneRbIR)as;kgebskkmenH. ebIsin CacMNayedImTuntic Et)anpleRcInenaH eyIgRtUv
cMNay EtebIcMNayTuneRcIn eyIg)ancMeNjtic KYrEkERb beFVIkarsikSaerobcM EktMrUveLIgvij.
-karCYbRbCMu ( Meetings)
karCYbRbCMu CaktasMxan;Nas; sMrab;GkdwknaMCatiExr. GkdwknaMCatiExr RtUvEtCYbRbCMuCamYyGk eRkam
bgab; smaCik bRbCaBlrdExr eGay)anjwkjab;bMput. kaCYbCMuKa kan;Etjwkjab; kan;EtRbesIr eRBaHfakar
CYbCMuKaGac eGayemdwknaM dwgBIsuxTuk rbs;GkeRkam nigmanPaBsitsalCamYyRbCaBlrd dwgBI bBaaekIt
manfI nigGaceGayeyIgmanlTPaB begItyuTsaRsfIeTotpg. karCYbCMuKaenH naMeGayeyIgmanKMnitpcepIm
fIeTot nigGac[eyIgpSBVpSayBtmanfIEdlekItmaneLIgdl;GkeRkamvat [)andwgTan;eBlevla edIm,ICa
karbNHkIsgwm nigCMenOBIGkeRkammkelIxneyIg nigGgkarneya)ayrbs;eyIg. emdwknaM minRtwmEt CaGk
dwknaMenaHeT EtRtUveGayGkeRkambgab; )aneXIj nigeGayeKyl;dwgnUvGIV EdleyIg)an nigkMBugEteFIV. ehtu
VIII
106
rkSasiTi
dUecH eyIgCaGkdwknaM RtUvbgajxn[GkeRkam)aneXIj )anCYbTak;Tg edIm,IbM)at;CBaaMgnkarmnilelIKaeTA

vijeTAmk. karEdl CYbCamYysmaCik b RbCaBlrdpal; mansar sMxan;Nas; GaceFIVeGayemdwknaM
dwgnUvbBaaEdl)an nwgkMBugekIteLIg
CakarelIkTwkcit dl;smaCik nigRbCaBlrd
begInRbCaRbiyPaB edaykarykcitTukdak; cat;TukbuKlik bsmaCikCamnusSsMxan;
kan;EtmanPaBsitrmYt nigsal;citsmaCik
sal;sankarN_kan;Etc,as;
eFVI[GkeRkamvat )anRCYtRCabnUvBtmanfI
kMcat;nUvkarmnilsgSyepSg EdlGacnaM[mankarEbk)ak;. BayameFVI[mankaryl;citKadUc

bIRbBn bbgbn edaykarsiTsal. dUcsuPasitExreBalfa {esh_minQHsiT XatqayNaycit
KitesAhg }. EtkarsiTsalhYsRBMEdn naM[)at;bg;tMl eTAvij.
karCYbRbCMuenH eyIgGaceFIVeLIgCapvkar beRkApvkark)anEdr. munniwgRbCMuCapvkar eyIgGackMNt;
kgbTbBaarpkg beyIgRtUvpl;dMNwgeGay)anmun ya:gehacNas;mYys)ah_ edaymanrebobvarGgRbCMu
RtwmRtUv nigkMNt;eBlevlac,as;las;. edIm,ITak;Taj eGayGgRbCMumankarcab;GarmN_ emdwknaMRtUv pl;pl
RbeyaCn_ KYrCaTIeBjcitmYydl;GkcUlrYm.
dMeNIrkarnkarRbCMu
eRtomerobcMGgRbCMu RtUveRtombMrugnUv rebobvarH EdlRtUvelIkykeTAsikSakgGgRbCMuenaH
eRtomcUlrYmGgRbCMu RtUveRtom nUvKMnit ksar nigbBaaepSgEdlRtUvedaHRsay
kMNt;kEngsMrab;GgRbCMu
kMNt;GkcUlrYmGgRbCMu
cab;epImGgRbCMu
dwknaMRbCMu
GgRbCMudMeNIrkareTAmux
biTGgRbCMu
vaytMlGgRbCMu
-karelIkTwkcitsmaCik ( Motivation)
karelIkTwkcitdl;smaCik bGkeRkambgab; CakarsMxan;Nas ;sMrab;emdwknaM edIm,IeFIVeGaybriyakas
kargarl nigeFIVeGayGkeRkambgab; suxcitlHbg;RKb;Ebbya:g eFIVkargar CUnCati nigRbCaCati eGay)ansMerc
eCaKCy. kgkarelIkTwkcit eyIgCaemdwknaMRtUvsal; BIFmCati rbs;mnusS eBal KW RtUvsal;eGayc,as;nUv
smaCIk rbs;eyIg ehIyRtUvpl; karykcitTukdak ;nig RtUvrYmsuxrYmTukCamYyKa. RtUvcaMfa ebIeyIgcg;eGay
IX
107
rkSasiTi
GkeRkamRsLaj;eKarBeyIgy:agNa eyIgRtUveFIVcMeBaHGkeRkambgab; y:agenaHCamun. eyIgCaemdwknaM RtUv

sal; BItMrUvkarrbs;GkeRkam tamRTwsIelak ma:sv
FmCatirbs;mnusS manesckIRtUvkardUcxageRkamenH
1-esckIRtUvkarTI1 CMrk mbGahar nigsMelokbMBak;edIm,Irs;enA
2-esckIRtUvkarTI2 mansuxPaBl nigsuvtiPaBkgkarrs;enA
3-esckIRtUvkarTI3 cUlrYmkgsgmedaymankitiys ekreQaH kareKarBrab;GanBImCdankgsgm.
4-esckIRtUvkarTI4 mansad
5-esckIRtUvkarTI5 suxsuPmglKanTIbBab; KWKanTuk EsVgrkRBH FmedIm,IcUlniBaVn.
GkdwknaMExr RtUvsal;tMrUvkarrbs;mnusSeTAtamkaleTs nigeBlevlaepSgKa. esckIRtUvkar rbs;
mnusSmindUcKaeT GaRsytamjaNTaMg6 rbs;mak;. cYr niyayGIV? eFIVGIV? EdlGkeRkambgab; bRbCaBlrd
RtUvkarcg;sab; bcg;)an. eyIgminRtUvniyay beFIVGIVtamGarmN_xng tamesckIRtUvkarxng bEdleFVI[b:H
Bal;dl;CMenO GarmN_rbs;Gksab; GkeRkamvatenaHeT,Iy. karelIkTwkcit sMrab;GkeRkambgab;manRKb;
eBlevla RKb;rUbEbbTaMgGs; taMgBI mas R)ak; ebovtSRKb;RKan; kargarman snisux nigmuxmat;kgsgmCa
edIm.l.
6-RtUvbnpl;BtmaneGaysmaCik bGkeRkambgab;RCYtRCab
dUceBalxHBIxagelImkehIy GkdwknaMExr RtUvpl;nUvdMNwgBIkarvivtn_nkickar EdlekIteLIgCabn

bnab; eGayGkeRkam)andwg nig CMrujeGayGkeRkam bgab;mankarTTYlxusRtUvkan;Etx<s;eLIg. karCMruj [
smaCik rkBtmanedayxng tam karEst viT TUrTsSn_ Pak;garBtman btamryHsmaCikeRkambgab; rbs;
xn CaviFI eFVI[smaCik mankarecHdwgekIneLIgCalMdab; edaysanmindl;. ehtudUecHehIy GkdwknaMExr minRtUv
eFVsRbEhskgkarpSBVpSayBtmandl;GkeRkambgab;esaHeLIy.
7-karelIkTwkcitman
pl;CargVan; luykak; sMParH pHsMEdg dIFI
tMelIgbuNski
siTsal sitrmYt
sresIrpal;mat;
bMeBjtMrUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;smaCik
CYyeGayGkeRkambgab;)ansMerceKaledA nig eCaKCy
108
rkSasiTi
-karR)aRsyTak;Tg (Communication)
karR)aRsyTak;Tg mansarsMxan;Nas; edIm,IeGaykardwknaM rbs;eyIg GacdMeNIrkarenAkgGgkardwk
naMneya)ay TTYl)aneCaKCy nigdl;eKaledA. eyIgRtUveFIVeGayman karR)aRsyKa eTAvijeTAmk kglkNH
eKarBmuxgar KaeTAvijeTAmk . eyIgCaemdwknaMRtUvman rkSanUvbkBarsamBa nigdak;xneGayTabcuH kgRsTab;
RbCaBlrd nigsmaCik eGaysksmtamkitiys. TMnak;TMng RtUvman\riyabf viCman Canic . karTak;Tg siT
sal RCulhYsehtu xusTMng nwgeFVIeGayeyIg )at;bg;nUvRbIyPaB. ehtuenH eyIgCaGkdwknaM RtUvmankarRbug
Rbyt RKb;\riyabf rbs;eyIg. TMnak;TMng RtUveFVIeGaymanPaBRbTak;RbTgKa CaExSsgVak;. TMnak;TMng man
lkNBIrya:g KW TMnak;TMngedaypal; nig TMnak;TMng edayRbeyal. RtUvcaMfa TMnak;TMng RtUveFIVeGaysit rmYt
kgPaBRbugRbyt KWkMueGaydac;GarmN_TaMg6 BIGkeRkambgab;Ka. hameFIVeGayGkdTsb;eyIg Etkmin
etagknyGkeRkam rhUtdl;RbRBitxuseKalkarN_dwknaMEdr. ral;eBleFVIkarTak;Tgmg RtUvman eKalbMNg
nig eKaledA c,as;las;.
X
CMhannkarTak;Tg
dMeNIrkarTMnak;TMng
TMnak;TMngpal;
rnaMgnkarTak;Tg
karsab;skmPaB
karvaytMlplRtLb;
TMnak;TMngRbeyal
smtPaBdwknaM
5 5
47
35
TMnak;TMng buKl
kardwknaMrbs;
Rkumkargar
keTs kg karerobcM
PaBbrpac;
-karkMNt;mit nigsRtUv
kartsURtUvkary:agxaMgnUvsamKIPaBpkgrwgmaM nigmanesrPaBCanic. ebIKansamKIPaBpkgrwgmaMsitesr
eT eyIgminGacdeNImykeCaKCy BIxaMgsRtUv)aneLIy. manKMrU KNbkS hVnsiunbiuc Ca]TahrN_ edaysar
KaneKalneya)ay kgkarerobcM kgkardwknaMc,as;las; eFVIeGay Ggkarneya)ayraCaniymenH QHehIy RtUv
Ebk)ak;rlMrlay sabsUneTAvij. RbkarEdlsMxan; Ggkarneya)ayenH sal;sRtUvminc,as; Kityl; RcLMfa
BYkGay:g hun Esn/ Ca sIum/ ehg sMrin vaCaExr vamanKMniteyaKyl;dl;Exr EttamkarBit BYkk,t;Cati TaMgenH
TukExrCasRtUv EtTukyYnCamitrbs;va eBalKW vaeFVIGIVeTAtamkar bgab;bBaaBIyYnEtb:ueNaH. yYn bgab;eGay
BYk Gay:g hun Esn/ Ca sIum/ ehg sMrin edIrtYreFVICa GkraCaniym edIm,Ie)akR)as;esc raRsExrEdlniymesc
nigedIrtYrCa GksaFarNrd edIm,Ie)akR)as;eRbIBYksaFarNrd nigedIm,IKMramGMNacesc. eBalKW vae)akR)as;
ExreyIgCaerogrhUtmk eyIgminRtUvlg;exAdUckngmkeLIy. ehtudUecHehIy eyIgRtUvecHEbgEckmit nigsRtUv
ehIysal;sRtUv eGay)anc,as;las; nigkMNt;mit sRtUveGay)anCak;lak;fa GkNaCasRtUvsab;rs; GkNa
XI
109
rkSasiTi
Camit. karedaHRsayTMnas; bJvib,tiRtUvEpkelIeKalkarN_enH. TMnas;rvagbuKlnigbuKl rvagbkSneya)aynig

bkSneya)ay Edlmannina kardUcKa RtUvcat;Tukfa CaTMnas;RkumRKYsar EdlGacedaHRsaysMruHsMrYlKa)an.
EtTMnas; rvagsRtUvnwgeyIg CaTMnas;sab;rs; minGacsMruHsMrYleyaKyl;Ka)aneLIy. ]TahrN_rYcmk ehIy
BYkGkCatiniym TaMgraCaniym TaMgsaFarNrdmankaryl;RcLMelIbBaaenH suxcitsMruHsMrYlnaqaM 1993 y
BYkGay:g hun Esn/ Ca sIum/ ehg sMrin Edl caj;eqatenaH manmuxmat;kgrdaPi)al. enATIbMput BYkGay:g hun
Esn/ Ca sIum/ ehg sMrin BRgwgGMNac)an ehIykab; sMlab;GkCatiniymesIKansl;eLIy. eyIgminRtUv
manKMnit sniPaBniym bePcxncMeBaHemerondCUrct;enHeLIy. etI eyIg kMNt;mit nig sRtUvdUcemc?
k-sRtUvsab;rs; rbs;Exr Decisive Enemy KW yYn nigbkSBYkk,t;lk;Cati lk;TwkdI bMpicbMpaj; pl
RbeyaCn_raRsExr qk;bn;dIFIERscMkar ePaKplrbs;Exr eTAlk;eGay yYn nigbreTs kab;sMlab; bMbiT
siTesrIPaBExr y:agsahavyg;Xg. sRtUv EbbenH CasRtUvsab;rs; minGacsMruHsMrYlKa)aneLIy.
ebIeyIgGnueRKaHva fenH fmuxvanwgsMlab;eyIg.
x-sRtUvbeNaHGasn Considerable EnemyKW smaCikrbs;bkSRbCaCn EdlmanninakarCatiniymEt
suxcitenAesomlak;xnedIm,IesckIsux bedIm,IplRbeyaCn_pal;xn EtmineFVIeGayxUcdl;plRbeyaCn_
Cati bmineFVI eGayxUcxatdl;kickartsUrbs;eyIg. sRtUvEbbenH GacniyaysMruHsMrYl)an. EtenAkg
kalHeTsHenHeyIgmin RtUveGayeKdwgkickar rbs;eyIgeRCAeLIy. eyIgRtUvBayam GUsTajeGay
eKmankarPJak;rlwkCatieLIgvij. eGayeKecH RsLaj;Exr sal;c,as;fa GkNaCasRtUvrbs;Exr Gk
NaCamit.
K-mitrbs;eyIg KW RkumbkSneya)ayTaMgLay EdlxVl;xVayBI plRbeyaCn_ suxTuk GayuCIvit RbCa
Cati nig BUCsasn_Exr BitR)akd. eyIgRtUvedaHRsayTMnas; rvagmitnigmit edayEpkelIkarsMruHsMrYl
Gt;eGanelIk ElgeyaKyl;Ka kgsgmCatiExrEtmYy CabgbnrYmQam rYmelahitEtmYy. KNbkS
neya)ayTaMgenaH man KNbkS smrgSI KNbkS siTmnusS BYkGtItGktsUCatiniymcas; CaedIm.
eTaHdUecHkI edIm,IsuvtiPaB snisux nigkarrIkcMerIn enAkgGgkarneya)aytsUrbs;eyIg ral;kickar
sMgat; TaMgLay minRtUveGayeKdwgdl;CMerATUlMTlayEdr.
-karedaHRsayTMnas; bvib,ti
emdwknaMExr RtUvecHRbemIlemIlnUv lTPaBnvib,ti bbBaaEdlGacekItman y)anmuneBlbBaa enaH
ekIteLIg nigRtUvhanRbQmmux TMluHTMlayedaHRsaybBaa EdlekItmaneLIg edaykarebCJa y)anlCUnRbCa
BlrdExr. eyIgminRtUvraErk Gl;EGkedaysarkarykKMnitKanehtupl mkCaTIGageLIy. EtpyeTAvij eyIg
RtUvRbwgERbgxHExg rkbcyBit mkfwgEfg nigsMerccitedaysmehtupl cat;karTan;eBlelvla.
XII
110
rkSasiTi
-karedaHRsayTMnas;pkg
-edIm,IedaHRsayTMnas;)anl eyIgminRtUvykerOg buKlmkLkLMnwgerOgCati plRbeyaCn_Gayu CIvit
CatieLIy. sUmkMuePcfa yYnmanEpnkarCak;lak;kgkarsMlab;Exr tamRKb;rUbPaB RKb;meFa)ay eGayrelaH
rlt; rlaykgryHeBl 15qaM xagmuxenH. vIFIsMlab;TaMgenaH mankareRbIR)as;mbGaharmanCatiKImI karbgVk;
eGaygb;gl;EtnwgeRKOgRsvwg EdlplitecjBIsarFatuKImI emRsaEdlykmkBIyYnCaedIm. ehtuenHehIy
eyIgminRtUvCYyyYn eGaysMercEpnkar kgkarsMlab;Exr sMlab;CatieyIg dUcBYkGay:g hun Esn/ Ca sIum/ ehg
sMrin EdlkMBugRbRBitsBVfenHeLIy. viFIedaHRsaylbMput RtUvykbBaaGayuCIvitCati GayuCIvitBUCsasn_Exr
mkCaeKal CaktakgkarBicarNa. RtUv caMCanicfa TMnas; cMeBaHkarsab;rs;rbs;Cati CaTMnas;minGacelIkElg
)an . TMnas; rvagbuKl nigbuKlCaTMnas;Rkum RKYsar GacedaHRsaykgeKalkarN_rYbrYm kgeKalkarN_Cabg
bnrYmQam.
XIII
-RbePTnkardwknaM
(The Styles of Leadership)
kardwknaMEbbpac;kar
kardwknaMEbbkumynis
kardwknaMEbbRbCaFibety
kardwknaMEbbGnaFibety
1-kardwknaMEbbpac;kar
emdwknaM EdlmanmnusSEtmak;manGMNac RKbdNb;elImnusSTUeTA elIkarsMerckickarTaMgGs;. em
dwknaMEdlman kardwknaMEbbenH minepatkarxVayxVl;xaMgeTAelImnusSeT EtepatxVl;xVayelIkargarxaMgCag.
emdwknaMEbbenH minmanTMnak;TMngCamYy mnusS nigsmaCikeT. karsMerccitenAelImak;g minTTYlyk mti
eyabl;BIGkpg GkeRkambgab; rg;caMEtGnuvtn_Epnkar b:ueNaH. emdwknaMpac;kar eRbIGMNacbBaapac;kar
cMeBaHsmaCiik ehIy CYypl;R)ak; ]btmtictYc bKan. BYkeKmankalviPaKmYy kMNt;Tuk dak;kMhitFn;Fr nig
rMBwgfaGkeRkambgab; eFIVGIVEdleK)anR)ab;eday KansMNYr nigkarBiPakSa. eBlmankMhus BYkemdwknaMEbb enH
epatelIkarsIbenas eRcInCagepatelI karEkkMhus bR)ab;BIrebobkarBarkMhus. emdwknaMpac;kar minGt;eGan
cMeBaHGkRbqaMgeLIy. dUecH vaCakarBi)ak cMeBaHGkeRkambgab; kgkarcUlrYmcMENkCMrujkargareGayeCOn
elOn. kardwknaMEbbpac;kar RbCaBlrdKansiTiesrIPaBeT manEtkar dak;eTasTNkm kareFIVTukbukemj nig
karkab;sMlab;. dUcCakardwknaMrbobpac;karkgrbb m:U sUlInI/ Gadul GIuEt/ el nIn/ sa lIn/ em:A esTug/ hU
CImij/ sI hnu/ b:ul Bt nig hun Esn CaedIm.l.
111
rkSasiTi
lkNemdwknaMpac;kar
bBaa meFa)ayRKb;Ebbya:gtamEbbbgM
eRbIGMNac bkMlaMgd_kacsahavCameFa)ayedaHRsaybBaasgm
bdiesF b k_biTsiTiesrIPaBmnusSTaMgRsug ehIyRtYtBiinitya:gtwgrwgeTAelIdMeNIrkarrs;enA
rbs;sgmmnusSRKb;RCugeRCayTaMgGs;.
RbCaBlrd CaTaskr KanGMNacGIVTaMgGs;
minGnuBaateGaymanneya)ayRbqaMg. e)assMGatKUrbdibkS.
dak;TNkmcMeBaHkareFIVxus sMlab;GkhanegIbRbqaMg nig bRgabtamRKb;viFI
karsMercelIrdaPi)alTaMgRsugral;dMeNaHRsayneya)ay KankarcUlrYmBIRbCaBlrd
2-kardwknaMEbbkumynis
kardwknaMEbbkumynis GMNacsitenAelIdmnusSmYyRkumtUc . mnusmYyRkumtUc ecjBIfak;elI Ca
GksMerckickarTaMgLay. RbCaBlrdKansiTiesrIPaBGIVTaMgGs;. GMNacsitenAelI rdCaGkkMNt;. Cak;Esg
enAkgRbeTsExrbcb,n bkSBYk hun Esn minEdlKitBI plRbeyaCn_Cati nigRbCaCatiExreLIy BYkvaKitEt
plRbeyaCn_bkSBYkmYykab;tUc ekobsgt;CiHCan;RbCaBlrdTn;exSay edIm,IGMNacpal;xnnig bkSBYkva. sUm
RbCaBlrdExr kMuyl;RcLMfa RbeTsExrmanRbCaFibetyBitR)akd enHRKan;EtCarebobesdkicTIpSaresrI Et
minEmnCaRbeTsRbCaFibetyBitR)akdeLIy eRBaHfaGMNacRKb;RKgRbeTs sitelI d hun Esn Etmak;.
lkNdwknaMEbbkumynis
GMNacTaMgbI nitibBati nitiRbtibti nigtulakar KankraC KW sitenAelIdmnusSEtmak;.
sarBtmanlMeGog eTArkGkmanGMNac KankraC nig pSayBtmanminBit.
RbCaBlrdKansiTiesrIPaB RtUvBYkmanGMNacekobsgt;CiHCan; bMbiTsiTiesrIPaB hamXat;
biTEPk xb;Rtecok cukmat; RbCaBlrdmineGaydwg B niyaysIBIbBaaneya)ayCati sgm.
kare)aHeqatKanyutiFm CakarerobcMqakelanedIm,IplRbeyaCn_GkmanGMNac.
plRbeyaCn_ mancMeBaHEt RkumGkmanGMNacmYykab;tUc.
kartak;Etgc,ab; edIm,IkarBarEtplRbeyaCn_rbs; bkSBYk RKYsarbuKlmanGMNac.
RbCaBlrdKankarGb;rMx<s; nig KanKuNPaB edIm,IgayRsYlGkmanGMNace)akR)as;.
RbCaBlrdRtUv RkCag Tn;exSayCag CaTaskr CalgFUlIeRkam)ateCIg GkmanGMNac.
GkmanGMNacmineKarBc,ab; c,ab;manEtelIRkdas c,ab;sMrab;karBarEtplRbeyaCn_ Gk
manGMNac.
GkmanGMNaceRcIneRbIc,ab;GaCJaswk KMram sMLt sMlab; ebImankartva:RbqaMg
112
rkSasiTi
GkdwknaMkan; GMNacmYyCIvit KankMNt;.
3-kardwknaMEbbGnaFibety
kardwknaMEbbGnaFibety CakardwknaM KanTwsedA KaneKalkarN_c,as;las; Kanc,ab;TMlab; Kanyk
rbb neya)ayNac,as;las;. emdwknaM eFIVkarsMerccittamTMenarGarmN_ KanEpkelIeKalkarN_GIVeLIy. em
dwknaMminKitKUrGMBI lTplkargar ehIyk_KankarelIkTwkcit smaCikeGayeFIVkargareT eFIV)anb:uNaykb:uNwg.
lkNdwknaMGnaFibety
Kanc,ab;
emdwknaM pac;kar eFIVeRscEtTMenIgcit.
sgm eBareBjedayGMeBIGnaFibety KansNab;Fab;.
sgmeBareBjedayGMeBIGyutiFm CiCan;sgt;sgin hutQamGkRkIRkstRtg;.
emdwknaM minykcitTukdak;eFIVkargar nigmRnCI aecarkgsabnCati CaeQIghutQamCati

RbCaBlrd. RbCaBlrdrs; enAGnaFibety KanemdwknaM RKb;RKg KanGkemIlxusRtUv.
4-kardwknaMEbbRbCaFibety
kardwknaMEbbRbCaFibety CakardwknaM EdlykRbCaBlrd CaFM . mankarcUlrYmya:gTUlMTUlay BI
RbCaBlrd EdlmanGayucab;taMgBI 18 eLIgeTAelIkarsMerckickarkgsgmCati emdwknaMRKan;EtCa tMNag
eGayRbCaBlrd b:ueNaH. kardwknaMtamEbbRbCaFibety maneKalkarN_mYycMnYndUcteTA
lkNdwknaMRbCaFibety
RbCaBlrd mansiTikgbegItGgkardwknaMepSg
RbCaBlrd mansiTie)aHeqatedayesrI nig yutiFm
kare)aHeqat edayesrI nig yutiFm
RbCaBlrd mansiTikgkarbeBajmtieyabl;
GMNacTaMg 3 smtulKa mincMNuHeGayGMNacNamYy nitibBati nitiRbtibti nigtulakar
RbCaBlrd mansiTiQreFIVCaemdwknaMneya)ayeGayeKe)aHeqat
RbBnsarBtman kraC minlMeGog ehIypSBVpSayTUlMTUlaydl;RbCaBlrd
RbCaBlrd mansiTiGb;rMdUcKa
sgmmanlkNcMhr Rbkan;neya)ayebIkcMhr
c,ab;karBarGkTn;exSay nigkarBarGkman]tmKti neya)ayesaHRtg;.
niymeRbIeKalneya)aypSHpSarsgm
113
rkSasiTi
vdcRknemdwknaMl
RbeTsCati
manvibulPaB
]tmPaB
emdwknaMl
neya)ay
dwknaM
RbCaBlrdl
CIvPaBFUFar
mansuPmgl
esdkicCati
rIkcMerIn
KanbMNul
rdaPi)all
mnIrdkarl
vdcRknemdwknaMminl
RbeTsCati
emdwknaM
minl
sab;
Blrd RkIRkGt;Xan
lg;exAPyxac
esdkicCati
cuHdundab
CMBak;bMNuleK
kardwknaM
rdaPi)alTucrit
GaRkk;
mnIrdkar
BukrlYy
Tucrit
114
rkSasiTi
dUc vdcRkTaMgBIxagelIenH eyIgCaGkdwknaM minRtUvyl;RcLM RbCaFibety nigGnaFibetyeLIy. RtUvsal;

nUvGVICaFatu RbCaFibety nigGnaFibety. rbbRtYtRtasBVfCarbbpac;kar GnaFibety Edlnwg eFVIExr
sgmCatiExr RtUvrlaysabsUnkgeBlminyUr.
u
-ktasMxan;edIm,IeFIVeGaykardwknaMmanRbsiTPaB
XIV
(The Key Elements of Effective Leadership)
edIm,IeGaykardwknaMmanRbsiTPaB emdwknaM RtUvEpkelI ktasMxan; CaeRcIndUcCa
pl;nUvkardwknaMmYyEdlmanryeBlyUr eFIVeGayc,as;las; mankarcUlrYm nigKaMRTy:agsitesr

TaMgebskkm nigckvisyBIGkeRkambgab;.
GaTiPaBnkarEtgtaMg nigtMeLIgmuxgarsmaCik edIm,IeGaykargarmanRbsiTPaBx<s;

o GkesaHRtg;bMput cMeBaHsgmCati RbCaCatiExr nwgGgkarneya)ayeyIg
o GkskmRbyuT bMputkgkargar
o Gkmanviny eKarBbBaax<s;
o GkmansartIkahanemaHmutRsYc hanniyay haneFVI
o GkmankarlHbg;dac;xat minKitRbeyaCn_pal;xn minKitmuxmat;xn.
KaMRTdl;smaCikTaMgGs;nGgkardwknaM edIm,IeGayBYkeKGaceFIVkaredayemaTnPaB Gb;rM bNH

bNal eFIVeGaymanGMNac nigpl;rgVan;dl;GkTaMgenaH.
eGaytMl edaykarshRbtibtikar karKitCaRbBn CakarRbesIrbMput
begItbriyakasenAkEngeFIVkar CakEngEdlmnusScUlcitkargar
epatelIsartI eshaCatiBit pl;tMlelIGkeRkamvat eGaytMl elIKuNPaBkargar nigelI

KuNPaBesvakm EdlpusecjBITsSnrbs;BYkeK.
begItkarTukcit ehIybM)at;karPyxac.
GacbeBajnUvkaryl;eXIj nigGaccUlrYmkgGgkardwknaM.
sab;ya:gRbugRbyt nigBicarNaerOgdTeTotkMuqab;eCOBakjHjg; briHKn;epSg .
bnksagxng eGayRbesIreLIg TaMgxagragkay xagR)aCJa sartI .
dak;xny:agsamBa nigeFIVeGaysmaCikTaMgGs;nGgkardwknaM TTYlcMENkelIplneCaKCy.
kat;bnycMNayepSg CapvsMrab;GPivDn_KuNPaBkargareGayRbesIreLIg.
115
rkSasiTi
- ktaEdlnaMeGaybraCy
ktaEdlnaMeGaybraCyman
emdwknaMmineFIVCaKMrUnaMmux kMsak Gataniym KankarTTYlxusRtUv RtLb;RtLin sak;esI
xVHkarebCJacit BIsmaCikmak;
EtgtaMgmnusSKansmtPaB KaneKalkarN_kgkarEtgtaMg.
KanTMnukcitKaeTAvijeTAmk
KanEpnkarRKb;RKan;edIm,IeCaKCy
KitEtkickar 1 feTA 1 f minKitBIkickarGnaKt
KitEtkickarGnaKt EtminKitBIkickarBI 1 f eTA 1 f
KankareRtomTuk hwVkhVWn nig eFIVclnaeGayrhs
KanyuTsaRsdwknaM KankardwknaMEbbRbBn
minpl;BtmanTan;eBl nUvGIVEdlekIteLIg nigmUlehtu dl;smaCiknGgkardwknaM
braCykgkarsab; nigeFIVkarCamYy emdwknaMEdlmineCOkgdMeNIrkarenH
minhanniyay xus elakRtUv
minTukcitKa minhanRbfuyRbfan
braCykgkarpas;brskmPaB nigeKalneya)ay
minmanlTPaBbM)at;PaBPyxac
bBab;kargarkNalTI
XV
XVI
-GMeBIGaRkk; 22 Rbkar EdlemdwknaMCatiExrRtUvecosvag

(Leaders should avoid 22 sins)
1-PUtkuhk RbDitBtman
karBiesaFn_kgGtItkal CaBiess kgrbbTaMg 4 { sgmraRsniym saFarNrdExr rbbkm<Ca RbCaFibety RkumGktsUesrI TaMg2Rkum} )anbgajeGayeXIjfa karbraCyTaMgGs; ekItecjBIbcymYydGaRkk;
KW karPUtPrkuhk karRbDitBtmanminBit karbMePIslTplkargar. bcydGaRkk;enH )aneFVIeGaykartsURKb;
CMnan; RtUvrgnUvkarxUcxatya:gFn;Fr. eRBaHfa enAeBlEdl fak;elITTYl)annUvr)aykarN_ Edlman karPUtPr
kuhk karRbDitBtmanminBit karbMePIslTplkargar naM[fak;elIeFVIkarviPaKfWgEfg nigsMerctam r)aykarN_
minBitTaMgenaH CaehtunaM[karsMerccitenaH CakarsMerccitxus naM[dl;nUvkarbraCyTaMgRsugdl;Ggkarneya)ayTaMgmUl.
dUcerobrab;RtYsmkxagelIenH GkdwknaMExr minRtUv[man karPUtPrkuhk karRbDitBtmanminBit kar
bMePIslTplkargarenHeT. RtUveFVIkaredayesckIesaHRtg; hanTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkarbraCyrbs;xnedaysuT
cit. CaFmta RKb;KaEtgEtCYbkarbraCyedayecosminrYc ehIyGkNakmincg;CYbkarbraCyeLIy ebImineRcIn
116
rkSasiTi
ktic. karhanTTYlyknUvkarbraCy mkdak;xnedaymineKcevs nwgnaMmk[xneyIg Rkumrbs;eyIgTTYl)an

nUvkarBiesaFn_ nigGacCaviFankarn_dlmYy edIm,IkMu[eyIgCYbnUvkMhusdEdlenHeTot. karlak;)aMgnUvkarbra
CyenHehIy EdljMag[ExrerovrYjmkdUcsBVfenH eRBaHfa escEtglak;)aMgbMPkarBit edayxacRKYsarrbs;
xnGBeGan CaehtueFVI[ExrsmyeRkayedIrCan;kMhusdEdlenH.
kgkareRCIserIssmaCik kartMelIgzan eyIgminRtUverIsyk mnusSEdlPUtPrkuhk RkeLkRkLk mk
eFVIkar b[mantMEngnaTIx<g;x<s;eLIy.
2-xVHvinyxng
emdwknaMCatiExr RtUveCosvagRbkarenHeGay)an. cUrcaMfa RbCaBlrdExrkI GkeshaCatiExrdTeTot
kI Etgcab;GarmN_elI TegVwrbs;eyIgCaemdwknaM . eyIgRtUvRbugRbyt elI\riyabfTaMgGs;rbs;eyIg dUcRBHsg
RtUvRbugRbytelI\riyabfRbcaMfrbs;RBHGgEdr. \riyabfTaMgenaHman edkedIr Qr Ggy sIucuk
niyaysI elg esIc esokBak;.l. GkeRkam bgab;segtemIlcab;taMg BIkareskBak;rbs;emdwknaM
mansNab; bGt;. emdwknaMCatiExrRtUveFIVKMrUl naMmuxeKRKb;y:ag CaBiess karRbkan;nUv vinypal;xn.
vinypal;xnTIenH sMedAelI \riyabfRbcaMfrbs;eyIgCaemdwknaMCatiExr KW karedk edIr Qr Ggy sIucuk
niyaysI elg esIc esokBak; nig karRbtibtimuxgarrbs;xn. CaBiesskarniyaysIi RtUvmankarTTYlxusRtUv
RbkbedayPaBviCman Canic eBal KW RtUvKitKUrbBaaRbeTsCatiRKb;vinaTI RKb;kEng. BayambNHqnRbyuT
qnHCatiniym dl;RbCaBlrdExrTaMgGs; eGayRsLaj;RbeTsCati TwkdI nigplRbeyaCn_ sgm CnrYmCatiExr.
kareKarB eTogTat;eBlevla nigBakBiteTogRtg; kmansarsMxan; y:agxaMgpgEdr sMrab;eyIg
CaemdwknaMCatiExr.
3-eRbIkarvinicyexSay
emdwknaMmYycMnYn )at;bg;lTPaBdwknaM edaysarEtkarPat;PaMgenAkgkarvinicy eGay)anRtwmRtUv nig
yutiFm. munnwigniyayGIVmYy RtUvKitBIplRbeyaCn_CatiExrCaFM minRtUvniyayjHujg; bgak;qn bvayRbhar
cMeBaH GkeshaCatidUcKa. b:uEn emdwknaMCatiExr mantYrnaTIkgkarbeRgon bgVwk Gb;rM bNHbNal tamRKb;
meFay eFIVya:gNa eGayExrecHRsLaj;Ka kPaBKa samKIKa CaFgmYy CYyKaeTAvijeTAmk edIm,ICatiExr
rs;. emdwknaMCatiExr minRtUvsMerccit tamGarmN_eLIy EtRtUvsMerccit Epktamehtu pl Bit. emdwknaMCati
Exr RtUvRKb;RKg GarmN_ xngeGay)an EtminRtUv beNayTukeGay GarmNRKb;RKgskmPaBxngeLIy.
4-twgrwgeBk nigFUrlugeBk
kardwknaM minRtUvtwgeBk FUreBk enaHeLIy. kardwknaM EdlFUreBk twgeBk nwgeFVI[bBaarbs;eyIg Kan
RbsiTiPaB KankareKarB RbNibtn_tamesaHeLIy. kardwknaMRtUveFVIeTA kgPaBesresIrlUn Consistency &
117
rkSasiTi
. dUcenHGkdwknaMCatiExr RtUvyk viny c,ab; b bTbBaapkg CaeKalkarN_kgkarGnuvtn_ kar

gar. karerobcMcgRkg viny c,ab; bbTbBaapkg eTotesat RtUvRbemIlfa etI twgeBk bkFUreBk etIsmaCik
TaMgGs;Gac Gnuvt)anTUreTAbeT?
Smoothness
5-minrYsray minesBKb;nigGkdT vaybkRkeGItRkTmGYtGag

GkdwknaMCatiExr minRtUveqIgkeRnIg vaybJkRkeGItRkTm xVHkar rYsrayrak;Tak; dak;ExrTUeTAdUcKaesaH
eLIy. GkdwknaMCatiExr RtUvTTYlrab;rkGkpgCaCnrYmCati edaykarjjwm eRbIsMdIEpmElm nigman kareyaK
yl;GFaRsyKaeTAvijeTAmk. GkdwknaMExr RtUvbMpusKMnit rMlwkCECkKaBIbBaaCati EdlkMBugRbQmmuxnwg
mhnray edaysarecar yYn nigGak,t; hun Esn.
6-eFIVeRcIn nigdwknaMtictYc
GkdwknaMCatiExr RtUvacaMfa eCaKCynkargar GaRsyedaykMlaMgcUlrYmBImnusSTUreTA ya:gskm ekv
ka. ehtuenH RtUvdwgfa ParCaGkdwknaM minEmnecHEteFVIkarEtmak;g edayxVHkardwknaMenaHeLIy. EtRtUvecH
dwknaM [GkeRkam vatcUlrYmeFVIkargar ya:gskmCamYyxn. ma:geTot minRtUveFIVkar edIm,IEteFVI [rvl;min
Qb; EtpltictYc enaHeLIy. BYkkumynis dwknaMedayBYkGak,t; hun Esn sBVf vaeRcInEteFVItamEbbelan
kickarb:unRkck EtBRgIkbMe)a:g b:unPM ehIylTplswgEtKanRbeyaCn_Tal;EtesaH.
7-eFVI[manPaBGviCman
GkdwknaMExr minRtUvniyayGIV eFVIGIVkgPaBGviCmanesaHeLIy . dUceBalerobrab; xagelIrYcmk
ehIyfa { TegVI BaksMdI \riyabfRbcaMf rbs;eyIgCaGkdwknaM CH\TiBly:agxaMgeTAelI karKit kar

niyay karGnvut nig\riyabfRbcMafrbs;GkeRkamvat}. ehtuenH minRtUvelIktMekIgGIVEdl naM[ )at;
bg;lkN GtsBaaCaExr eLIy. pyeTAvij RtUvelIktMekIgGtsBaaNCaExr GkeshaCatiExr buBVbursesha

Cati vIr burseshaCati nig GkR)aCJ bbNitExr. karsresr karniyayGIVEdlmankarTak;nwgBakfaExr TaMg
buBVbT bbcy eyIgRtUvniyayfa Exr Canic. ]TahrN_ RbeTsExr TwkdIExr RbCaCatiExr BlrdExr sBaatiExr
CatiExr CaedIm.l.
eRkaBIenH minRtUvniyayGIVEdlxVHkarTTYlxusRtUv EdlnaMdl; kar)ak;Twkcit karEbk)ak; nigkarGs;
sgwm enAkgCYrGktsUCati RbCaCati nigCnCatiTaMgLayEdlkMBugeFVIkartsUerIbMrHBIRkjaMdyYn.
8-k,t;karsna
GkdwknaMExr kMueFIVkarsnaGIVEdleyIgminGaceFIV)an. ebIeyIgdwgfa eyIgminGacbMeBjkarsnaenaH)an
eT eyIgminRtUvsnaeLIy. pyeTAvijebIeyIb)anCasnaehIy RtUvBayameFIV[)an. ebI)anCasnahYs eTA
118
rkSasiTi
ehIy EteFVImin)an minRtUvxVHesckIkahan kgkareBalBakfa { sMueTas )anxMRbwgERbgeFVIGs;BIsmtPaB

ehIy EteFVImin)an}. kareFVIdUcenHnwgeFVI[eyIgrkSaPaBeCOCak; nigTMnukcitBIGkeRkam bgab;)an.
9-minRtUvedaHsarykrYcxn
bBaaEdleyIgdak;[GkeRkameFVIehIy ebICYbnUvkarbraCy RtUvhanTTYlfa enaHCakMhusrbs;eyIgxn
g minRtUveqIyedaHsarykrYcxneLIYy. bebIeyIgR)ab;nrNamak; eGayeFIVGIVmYy eyIgRtUvrkSaeKalbMNgrbs;
eyIgeGayenAkgGaTiPaBx<s; edIm,ICa TMnuk citrvageyIg nigGkeRkamvat. minRtUvpas;brRtLb;RtLinesaH
eLIy.
10-KMuKYn RcENn nigQanIs
eyIgCaGkdwknaM minRtUvRcENnnwgkarrIkcMerInrbs;Gkpg esaHeLIy. pyeTAvij RtUvGbGrsaTr
edayPaBesaHsr nwgeCaKCyrbs;Gkpg. elIsBIenHeTAeTot minRtUvKMuKYneday sarEtkarTas;ETgbnicbnc
bedaysar kareQaHRbEkkKaeRBaHEterOgtUctac dUcCaerOgpal;xn RsI Rsa CaedImenaHeLIy. pyeTAvij RtUv
ecHGt;eGanelIkElgeTascMeBaHkMhusqgrbs;GkeRkamvat Edl)anRbRBitxus . ebIeyIgmanbBaa RtUvnaMKa
GgyCECk edaHRsaybBaaedaysniviFI. GkdwknaMExr minRtUvKMuKYn RcENnnina QaniH eT,Iy.
11-kickarkMbiukkMb:uk
eyIgCaGkdwknaM minRtUvKitKUrbBaatUctac CabBaaFM edaysarcitcegot Gataniym bKitKUrRkum RKYsar
enaHeLIy. RtUvtMkl;plRbeyaCn_Cati plRbeyaCn_Exr CaFM CacMbgx<g;. minRtUvmancrit rjaMurjv snSMerOg
edaysarEterOgkMbiukkMb:ukesaHeLIy.
12-braCykgkareRCIserIsbuKlikEdlmanRbsiTPaB
GkdwknaMCatiExr RtUvdwgfa mnusSEdlenACMuvijmansarsMxan;Nas; kgkarCMrujkargar[rIkcMerIneq<aH
eTArkeCaKCy. ehtuenHehIy kareRCIserIs EtgtaMgmnusS RtUverIsmnusSEdlmanlkNsm,tiRtwmRtUvtam
eKalkarN_rYmEdl)ankMNt;. CaBiess RtUveRCIsEtgtaMg CnTaMgLayCaExrGkeshaCatiBitR)akd mansmt
PaBx<g;x<s; manPaBesaHRtg;cMeBaHCati RbCaCatiExr minERbRbYlpas;br nigebCJacit eFIVkickar[)aneCaK Cy.
13-KanlTPaBKitCayuTsaRs
karvaybJkBarx<s; KitEtRbeyaCn_pal;xnhYsehtu nwgeFVIeGayeyIgCaGkdwknaM KanlTPaBdwknaMeK
)aneLIy. eRBaH PaBRKeGitRkTm kMNaj;siVt elIkarlHbg; RTBFn eBlevla elIkarCYyeRCamERCgCYyGk
dT minGaceFVIeGayeyIgmanTMnak;TMnglRbesIrCamYymCdanxageRkA)aneLIy. CaBiess ebIeKKankareKarB
RsLaj; rab;GanmkelIeyIgeTenaH eKnwgminsab;eyIgeLIYy. RtUvcaMfa ebIeyIgKanGkCMuvijxnCYyeRCamERCg
edIrtameyIgeT eyIgminGacerobcM yuTsaRssMxan;kgkargarFMdMu)aneLIy.
119
rkSasiTi
ehtuenHehIy eyIgCaemdwknaMRtUvmaneKalkarN_ sMrab;Tak;Tg CamYyGkeshaCatiExrd_TeTot edIm,I

eGayeKGnuvttam. GkdwknaMExr CaGkedIrbeRgon CaRKUbgVwk CaGkbNHbNal dl;RbCaCatiExr eGaysal;
RbvtisaRsExrBit R)akd eGayecHrebobdwknaM nigecHyuTsaRsepSg ecHbNHqneshaCati nigCadwknaM
RbyuT tamRKb;rUbPaB.
14-Kanqn nigsRmbtammnusSEdlman\riyabfepSg
GkdwknaMCatiExr RtUvEtman\riyabfviCman Canic nigRtUvecHbt;EbneTAtamkaleTseBlevla enA
cMeBaHmuxCMBUkCnepSg Edlman\riyabfepSgBIeyIg. minRtUveFVIGIV[mankarTas;GFaRsycMeBaHGkEdleyIg
eFVIkarR)aRsyTak;Tg. ebIBMuenaHeT eyIgnwgminGacGUsTaj bBaHbBal[eKedirtameyIg)aneLIy. PaB Tn;
Pn;bt;Ebn minEmn)annyfa eyIgRtUvGUseKGUsTaj)aneLIy. EtcaM)ac;eyIgenAcgcaMRbkan;eKalkarN_rbs;
eyIgCab;Canic faCaGIV ehIyeyIgeFVIenaH edIm,IGIV.
15-karqHbBaaMg\riyabf GkdwknaM cMeBaHeKalneya)ay nig nitiviFI
eKalkarN_TaMgLay EdlGkdwknaM )ankMNt;ehIy GkdwknaM RtUvRbNitn_muneK. kardwknaM naMmux eFVI
nwgeFVI[GkeRkam RbNibtn_tam. eKGacemIleXIjfa \riyabf nigGakb,kiriya rbs;GkenAeRkambgab; y:ag
Na nwgGacCakBak;qHbBaaMgBI \riyabf nigGakb,kiriya rbs;GkdwknaM)any:agR)akd. ebIGkdwknaM cUlcit pwk
Rsa RkumenaHnwgmansmaCikcUlcitpwkRsa ebIGkdwknaM CaGkBukrlYy RkumenaHmansmaCIk eRcInCaGkBukrlYy
xVHPaBesaHRtg;. ehtudUecHehIy edIm,I[eKalkarN_dwknaMTaMgLay RtUv)anGnuvty:agTUlMTUlayxab;xn Gk
dwknaM RtUvRbugRbyt minRtUveFVI[xusBIeKalkarN_rYmeLIy. ]TahrN_ ebIeKalkarN_rYm)ankMNt;edayeBjcit
RKb;Kafa RtUvEtelIkdMekIgGtsBaaNExr ehtuenHGkdwknaM minRtUvniyaysMedAelIBak sUn faCaehSr:U Zero
eLiy kgkarniyayTak;TgTUeTA. ma:geTot karsresrelx kIKYreRbIelx Exr Capvkar eyIgminKYreRbI elx
LataMg CMnYselxExreLIy. eRBaHfa karniyay karsresrdUc)anerobrab;mkenH CakarBayamlb;GtsBaaN
Exredayxng ehIyebIeyIgenAEtGnuvtEbbenH teTAmuxkUnExrCMnan;eRkaynwgElgsal;GIVCaExreLIy. elIsBI
enH esom vanwgdeNImfa elxenHCaelxrbs;vay:agR)akd eRBaHesom keRbIelxenHCa elx esomEdr.
16-begItRBMEdnminc,as;las;
GkdwknaM RtUvEbgEcktYrnaTI nigParHkiceGayc,as;las; RtUvdwgfa etIemdwknaMRtUveFIVGIVxH ehIyetIGk
eRkambgab; RtUvmantYrnaTI nigParHeFIVGIVxH. eBal KWRtUvman EdnkMNt;nkarsMerccit nigkarbBaa[)an Cak;
lak;. karKMNt;RBMEdnminc,as;las; naM[mankarbMBanelImuxgarKa CaehtunaM[manTMnas;pkg.
120
rkSasiTi
17-xkxaneFIVkickarcaM)ac;
emdwknaM RtUvecHcat;eGaymanGTiPaBkgkargar ehIyeRCIsykkargarEdlman GTiPaBx<s;CageK Edl
caM)ac;sMrab;CatiExrTaMgmUlmkedaHRsaymuneK. dUcCa karsab;rs; rbs;BUCsasn_Exr kar)at;bg;TwkdITaMgmUl
CnGenaRbevsnyYn RbeTsExreRkamGNaniKmn_yYnEbbfI RbCaBlrdRkIRk GMeBIBukrlYy GyutiFm Ca edIm.
18-pl;dMbUnanpal;xn
cUrkMupl;dMbUnanpal;xn EdlR)ascakBIeKalkarN_rYm dl;smaCik TUeTA. ebIsinCacaM)ac; GkdwknaM RtUv
elIkTwkcit sesIr nigEktMrUv dl;GkeRkambgab; eBlEdlGkeRkambgab;eFIVxus. b:uEnGkdwknaMCatiExr KYrEtTuk
dMbUnan pl;eGayGkRsLaj;vij. elIsBIenH RtUvTukkas[GkeRkamvatmanlTPaBbeBajeyabl; bbk
RsaykarBitpg. minRtUvcat;TukKMniteyabl;GkeRkam CaKMnitmin)ankar[esaH. minRtUv sMEdgkarbdiesF
cMeBaHKMniteyabl;rbs;GkeRkameLIy EtRtUvykKMniteyabl;enaH mkBicarNarkplcMeNjy:agehac RtUvrkSa
karesomsat;Tukkgcit edim,ICakarelIkTwkcit eGayGk eRkamman Twkcit kgkarbeBajKMnit bkarrkSakarpc
epImKMnit.
19-karyl;RcLMny nBakRbCaFibety nigGnaFibety
RtUvcgcaMfa siTikgkarbeBajeyabl; nigeKalkarN_ manRBMEdnxusKa. kgeKalkarN_RbCaFibety
smaCikTaMgGs; mansiTbeBajKMniteyabl; . KMnitmak; RtUv)anykmkeRtHriHBicarNafwgEfgBiPakSa enA
eBl Edlkickar mYyeTIb )ancab;epImerobcMBiPakSaeLIg. enAeBlEdl KMnitTUeTA RtUv)ancMraj;pM[eTACaeKal
karN_ehIyenaH eKalkarN_enaHnwgkayeTACaeKalKMnitrYm eKalkarN_rYm EdlsmaCikTaMgGs; RtUveKarBRbtibtitamTaMgGs;Ka. eBlmkdl;RtwmenH KMnit mnusSmak; minGacykmkeFVICaeKal GacbgVilbEgVr eKalkarN_
rYm)aneLIy.
ehtuenH kgzanCaGkdwknaM minRtUvykKMnitbuKlmkbgVIleKalkarN_rYm)aneLIy. eKalkarN_rYm
eTotesat ebIRtUvbuKlmak;bgVIl)an eBlenaH sabnTaMgmUlnwgkayeTACaGnaFibety eFVI[manPaBRcbUk
Rcbl;kgRkumCak;Caminxan. ehtuenHminKYr [manehtuEbbenHekItmaneLIy.
20-mhicta
GkdwknaMExr minRtUvmancitelaPln; GMNac ysski RTBsMParH RsI Rsa eRBaHEttNapal;xnenaH
eLIy. EtemdwknaMCatiExr RtUvEtmanmhicitax<s; kgkareFIVkickar eFIVRbeyaCn_CUnCati nigRbCaCatiExrBit.
]TahrN_ GkelaPsIu nigelaP sRgam . GkelaPsIu CaTUreTArEmg EtgEtmansac;Qam Fat;FM.
GkelaPsRgamvij rEmgmanTwkdIFMlVwg elIVy.
121
rkSasiTi
smycRkPBExrmhanKr GkdwknaMExrEtg manmhicitaFMeFg edaykarsag]tmPaBCati minEdlyl;

RBm beFVIRBegIykenIyybreTsrMelaPQanBan eTaHkgrUbPaBEbbNaeLIy. BYkemRtYtRtaEdlbnbeday
breTs nasmyeRkayGgr EtgEtbnHKMnitkMsak edayGb;rMyuvCn CMnan;eRkayfa { min)ac;KiteT TwkdIEdl)at;;
bg; } bkfa { TwkdITaMgenaH esckat;eGayeKeT minEmnCakMhusrbs;eyIgeLIYy eyIgmin)ac;KitKUrQWcab;eT naM
eGayb:HBal;dl;mitPaB}. TaMgenHCaKMnitGay:g KMnitkMsaklk;Cati KanmnsikarCamnusSesaHeLIy. ebIeTaH
bICaeyIgminGacTamTarvijkeday kKg;eyIgRtUvbeRgonkUnecACMnan;eRkaykMueGayedIrCan;dan cas; eTot. y:ag
NakedayeyIgKYrxas;xngfa {yYn esom CaecarCayEdncinesaH Kg;ciBaWmcitykdIExr cM):a Gs;Kansl; cuH
eyIgCaExr CaBUCedImrbs;mnusS manGayuCag 10000mWunqaMehIyenaH suxciteGay)at;bg; BUCsasn_Exr na

smyenHbJ ?} .
21-TukeGaytMENg CaGkdwknaMmnusS
kardwknaM minlM)akeBkenaHeT ebIeyIghVwkhat;eFIV eGay)ansMerctamemeron. b:uEnsMrab;\LvenH kar
TTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHmhnraycMeBaHExr RtUvFak;mkelI eyIgCaGkeshaCatiTaMgGs;Ka nigCakIsgwmnBlrdExr
TUeTA. emdwknaMCatiExrTaMgGs; minRtUveFIVeGayExrTaMgGs; Gs;sgwmeT EtRtUvdwknaMeGayrIkcMerIn lCagmun
mansitesr sniPaB kraCPaB \sSrPaB nigmanRbCaFibetyBitR)akd. minEmnykEtGMNac tMENg ehIy
KanlTplkargarl rIkcMerInCUnCatiExrenaHeT.
22-mansuPvinicycMeBaHtMrUvkarGkdT
RtUvyl;eGayc,as;GMBItMrUvkarrbs;RbCaBlrd btMrUvkarGkeRkamvat. emdwknaMCatiExr RtUvmanyuti
Fm RtUvmankarxHExg sVHEsVgrkmk bMeBjtMrUvkarRbCaBlrdExr nigpl;kas eGayExr cUlrYm cMENkedIm,I
kickardcMbgkgkarrMedaH enH.
{ ekItCaExr sUrs;edIm,IExr eBjcitsab;edIm,IExr}

{rbbvalBiXad b:ul Bt nig 7mkra ekIteLIgedaysaryYnCaGkerobcMbegIt
Ggkarneya)aynigkgTBrbb b:ul Bt RtUv)anyYnrMlay[rlayeTAehIyminGacekIteLIgeToteT
EtesckIsab;cMeBaHmuxrbs; Exr KW neya)ayRtCak;rbs;yYn minEmnrbb b:ul Bt eToteLIy}.
(Y)
122
rkSasiTi
ksareyag
1- RBH)aTFmik FmbNit ehg mnIcina
2- yuTsaRsTwk GkeshaCatiExr bNit s FmrgSI
3- viTasaRsneya)ay bNit Qun Naer:t
4- TsSnviCaneya)ay saRsacar eTot NariT
5- RbvtisaRsneya)ay bNit Nara:j; KirITit
6- nNaCaXatkr hiun sIufan
7- CMgWkm<Ca ERbsRmYleday TIXayu
8- RbvtisaRsExr edviD qaNlr
9- vibtikm<Ca esA qat
10-vcnanuRkmExr semcsg CYn Nat
10- Headquarters, Department of the army. (June 1987). Leadership and Command at
Senior Levels.
11- Donald G. Krause. (1995). Sun Tzu : The Art of War for Executives.
12- The art of Leadership
13- The Sun Sue strategy
14- Harry G.Summers Jr. Colonel of Infantry On Strategies, a critical analysis of the
Vietnam War.
15- The Film of Sam Kok story
16- Bass, Bernard (1989). Stogdill's Handbook of Leadership: A Survey of Theory and
Research. New York: Free Press.
17-Bass, Bernard (1990). From transactional to transformational leadership: learning to
share the vision. Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 18, Issue 3, Winter, 1990, 19-31.
18-Blake, Robert R. and Mouton, Janse S. (1985). The Managerial Grid III: The Key to
Leadership Excellence. Houston: Gulf Publishing Co.
19-Bolman, L. and Deal, T. (1991). Reframing Organizations. San Francisco: JosseyBass.
20-Kouzes, James M. & Posner, Barry Z. (1987). The Leadership Challenge. San
Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
21-U.S. Army Handbook (1973). Military Leadership.
22- Dr.Philip Kotler. (1993). Marketing Management.
23- Edurado M. Arroya & Associates. Making the leader
24- Cometitive in new millionium, By Eduadro M.Arroyo
(Y)
123
rkSasiTi

Me Doeuk NoamKhmer 01 មេដឹកនាំជាតិខ្មែរ ភាគ​១

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Me Doeuk NoamKhmer 01 មេដឹកនាំជាតិខ្មែរ ភាគ​១

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PaK 1

CabzmsUmelIkhtfVaybgM nigsUmeKarBEfgGMNrKuNy:agRCaleRCAcMeBaH elakBuk Gkmay

manRBHraCaemdwknaMl smyenaH namWunmRnIkRbkbedayFm emXdIxl; GakasFatukl karbgbegInpl k

EpktamRBHsURtenH eyIgGaceRbobeFob)any:aggay cMeBaHsgmExrsBVfenH fay:agNa?.

eroberogeday GtItsasacar s FmrgSI

GkniBn minhanGHGagfaksarviPaKTandscesIgenH CatMradmanRbsiTPaBmYy jMaugeGayeyIg

Exrsab; 3lannak; minEmnCaerOgcdn bExrRtUvEtrgTukeTas tamBuTTMnayeLIy. EtvaCa kMhus

sab;. vIrbursExreyIg eRcInrab;minGs; )anbUCaCIvit edIm,IkarBarCati TwkdIExr eGayKg;vgS dl;bcb,n manCa

eroberogeday GtItsasacar s FmrgSI

6- sikSaeLIgvij -------------------------------------------------------- 105

eroberogeday GtItsasacar s FmrgSI

eroberogeday GtItsasacar s FmrgSI

GkdwknaMExr CaCnEdlRsLaj; Cati sasna nigRbCaCatiExrBit brpac; EfrkSa karBarplRbeyaCn_

-eyIgCaExr RtUvsal;GIVCaExr (We are Khmer so we have to know about Khmer)

Rtg;cMNucenH GkdwknaMExr Edlsal;xngc,as; eFIVeGayGkdwknaMenaH manPaBeCOCak;elIxng PaB

braCypgEdr edIm,Icat;viFankarN_karBar muneBlplvi)akekItmaneLIg. ehtuGIV)anCaGkdwknaMExr RtUvEtsal;

elbykRbeTsExrEtmg nigEkEkg RbvtisaRsExr eTACaRbvtisaRs\Ncin tMrUveGaykUnExr eronRbvtisaRs

minRBmeFVIsm<nmiRtCamYyGaemrik mhaGMNacelIelakeT Etsuxcit t,lk,altRtukTaMgBUC mkeFVICakBaH)at

srubmk kgnameyIgCaExr CaCatimYyFab;manGarFmrugerOg CaBUCmanelahitedIm rbs;mnusSenA

rt;TaMgRtdabRtdYsBIeRkam mkenAmatuPUmixagelI sgwmfaCIvitnwgmanBnWrsI EtKYreGayGasUreBkRk

eroberogeday GtItsasacar s FmrgSI

dUcerobrab;kgRbeyaKxagelIrYcmkehIy RbCaCatiExrRtUvEtRbugRbyt minEmn[EteXIj ecHPasaExr

eroberogeday GtItsasacar s FmrgSI

e)akGs;TwkGs;dIenaH. erOgRsLaj;CatieTotesat GkNakniyay)an eBalekIt)anedayminBi)ak .

Rtg;cMNucenH GacbBaak;)anfa KMnitnaMeGayEsgecjmkCasMdI sMdIecjmkCaskmPaB skmPaB naM

eKmkeFIVl EtmYyEPt beGaybecg mYyfg; sarugmYy faeKlenaHeLIy. eyIgRtUvemIl eTAelIlTpl nTegIV

bk RtI nigkuk} enaHeLIy. ehtuenH ExreyIg minRtUvpl;karTukcit edaykarGaNitGasUr ePckarRbugRbyt

)aj;epag bTMlak;RKab;EbkCaedIm EtgeFIVkarvayRbharelIPUmiTaMgenaH bNaleGayExrstRtg; RtUvsab;TaMg

keRBaHEtGs;elakTaMgenH CaGkeshaCatiBitR)akd. dUcenH eyIgCaGkeshaCatiExr RtUvEtxitxMrkviFI CYy

-eKalbMNg nigTisedA (Goal and Objective)

CatiTaMgGs; RtUvmansartI sVyPJak;rlwkneya)ayx<s; edaymincMa)ac;maneKdas;etOneRcIn ehIyhaneRkakQr

eLIgmuneK sVHEsVgrkKIKa cgRkgkMlaMgeshaCati eGayPJak;rlwkrYmKaCaFgmYy eFVIkartsUedIm,IbuBVehtuCati

xneyIg nigkUnecAExrCMnan;eRkay. RKb;degImecjcUl eyIgRtUvTenj rlWk cgcaMCanicfa etIeyIgmanbMNgeFIV

-smtPaB keTs nigkarBiesaFn_c,as;las; ( Professional Skills and Experiences)

Rtg;cMNucenH sUmelIkykerOgeRBgExrmYymkviPaK GMBIkardwknaM KWerOg FnBay. GkniBnbgajBI

RbesIr. erOgenHGkniBncg;bBaak;fa tYrGgesc kgerOgenH KansmtPaBdwknaMRbeTsCatiTal;EtesaH nig

eroberogeday GtItsasacar s FmrgSI

escetOenH minRBmeFIVsm<nmiRtkgPaBesImux nwgmhaGMNacputelx elIelakeT EtsuxcitRbmUlTaMg

yYnkumynis\Ncin minEmnCaeCaKCyrbs;BYkkumyhis b:ul Bt eT. cab;BIf 18 mina 1970 dl; 7 mkra

kMhusTaMgRsugeTAelI rbb b:ul Bt. rYcehIyyYndEdlenH )anykBYkExreyokmij mYyRkumeTotEdlman Eb:n

KMnitmYyeTot)aneBalfa {minRtUv[CnBalmanGMNaceLIy EtRtUvdkhUtGMNacBICnBal mkRbKl;

eroberogeday GtItsasacar s FmrgSI

ExremIlgayxng emIlgayxng eGaytMlCatidTCagExrKag BwgEpkEteTAelI breTs

-esckIkahan nigkarebCJacit (Braveness and Commitment)

dwgehIyminhan eronecHehIymineFIV b:gehIysak;esIrminbrpac; sMerccitminTan;eBlevla etInwgmanRbeyaCn_

mak;EdlGacrs;enA CaGmteLIy ekItmkehIyKg;Etsab;eTAvij . ehtudUecHehIy kgnamCaemdwknaMExrmYy

nig Gay:geGayrlaysabsUn)an ebIeyIgTaMgGs;KamanesckItaMgcitmutRsYcCagxaMg tsUGt;Ft; RTaMGt; RTaM

suxPaBpvcit emdwknaMRtUvmanmenamyiTi. emdwknaMExr RtUvman citsaRsx<s; Gacsal;BIcit tMrUvkar

GkdT. m:agvij eTot emdwknaMExr RtUvxitxMBayam hVwkhat; eGaymanmenayiTi. emdwknaMExr Gachat;eron

manRBH TyRBYy)arm cMeBaHeraKrbs;RbCaraRsRBHGg CagRBHGaBaFRBHGgeTAeTot eRBaHfaesckITuk rbs;

TwkdI ekr_tMENl nigvb,FmExr eGayrYcputBIkarQanBan elbRt)ak;rbs;breTs eFIVeGayTwkdIExr)an Kg;vgS

y:agrgal elIGkRkIRkTaMgkNalf kNalTIRkugPMeBj edayKanGkNarkyutiFmeGayesaH. elIsBIenH

c,ab;CaFM CacMbg edayEpkelIRbeyaCn_ CatiExrCaFM.

snc nigcMeNHdwg edIim,IeGayExr ecHrk ecHscRtI ciBawmCIvitedayxng. EtminEmn ykRtI sMGuymYykny

rbs;bkSBYk hun Esn EdlykGMeNay becgmYykBab; nigknbsarugmYy eTAEckeGayExr CaTegIVEbbhut

\Ncin man)atdTeTr dUcExrdTeTotEdr EtBYkenHmanRTBsm,tieRcInsniwksnab; cayminGs; ehIyykeTA

eroberogeday GtItsasacar s FmrgSI

TI3-GkdwknaMCatiExr minRtUveBalBakkuhk RtUvEtesaHRtg; taMgBIkarKit niyay nigkaeFIVeLIgeTA .

sarubmk emdwknaMRtUvRKb;RKgGarmN_TaMg6 eGaymanPaBRbRktICadac;xat KWPaBsamBa minvegVg nig

-lHbg; PaBmuxmat;niym sMParHhWuha GMnYtGYtGagniym Gataniym nigPaBePItePIn.

eBlenH matuPUmiRtUvkareyIg[mankarlHbg;mYydFM sMrab;ExreyIgTaMgmUl kMurg;caM[yYn sMlab;rgal

PUmiExr eGayenAKg;vgSrhUtdl;sBVf. etIeyIgCakUnecACMnan;eRkay CaGkTTYlxusRtUv cMeBaHmuxRbvtisaRs

GaCv KWCaesckIRtg; minevocevr RkLicRkLc. emdwknaMExr RtUvesaHRtg;cMeBaH ]tmKtirYm muxgar tYr

naTI rbs;xn Rtg;cMeBaH Rkumkargar Rtg;cMeBaHRbeTsCatiExr nigRbCaBlrdExr Rtg;TaMgkarKit karniyay nig

Me Doeuk NoamKhmer 01 មេដឹកនាំជាតិខ្មែរ ភាគ១

Me Doeuk NoamKhmer 01 មេដឹកនាំជាតិខ្មែរ ភាគ១