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Trong cc phn trc chng ta i xt mt s dng h m c ng li gii tng qut.

Trong phn ny chng ta i xt mt s h m khng c ng li gii tng qut. tm
li gii ca nhng h ny
1. Phng php th:
Ni dung ca phng php ny t mt phng trnh hoc kt hp hai phng trnh ca
h ta biu din n ny qua n kia hoc mt biu thc ny qua biu thc khc v th vo
phng trnh cn li chuyn v phng trnh mt n (c th l n ph). Mc ch ca
vic lm ny l gim s n. Ty thuc vo c im ca bi ton m ta c nhng cch
bin i ph hp. Trong phng php ny ta cn lu mt s du hiu sau.
Nu trong h phng trnh c mt phng trnh bc nht i vi mt n th ta rt n
qua n kia th vo phng trnh cn li v chuyn v gii phng trnh mt n.
Vi hai s thc bt k x 0; y ta lun c y = tx (t l s thc cn tm). Vi cch lm
ny ta s c h v phng trnh mt n t.
Phng trnh f (x; y) = f (y;x) lun c mt cp nghim x = y (cc bn th gii thch
v sao?), do ta lun phn tch phng trnh cho v dng: (x y)g(x; y) = 0 .
Trong h phng trnh nu biu thc u(x) xut hin hai phng trnh th ta c th
t t = u(x) lm n gin hnh thc bi ton.
x 3 y = 16
V d 1: Gii h phng trnh:
3x + y = 8

(1)
(2)

Gii :
Ta thy (2) l mt phng trnh bc nht hai n nn ta rt n ny qua n kia.
T phng trnh (2) y = 8 3x thay vo phng trnh (1) ta c:
x 3 (8 3x) = 16 3x 4 8x 3 + 16 = 0 (x 2)2 (3x 2 + 4x + 4) = 0 x = 2
Vy h c nghim l x = y = 2 .

Ch : cch gii trn ta thy h c nghim duy nht x = y = 2 , ng thi t hai

phng trnh ta c nhn xt x, y > 0 v phng trnh (2) VT l 3x + y , phng trnh
(1) c tch x 3 y . iu ny gi cho chng ta lin tng n BT Cauchy. Ta c cch
gii khc nh sau:
Ta thy nu h c nghim (x;y) th x, y > 0 .
p dng bt Cauchy ta c: 3x + y = x + x + x + y 4 4 x 3 y = 8 . ng thc xy ra
x = y = 2 . Th li ta thy tha mn.

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Nguyn Tt Thu 0918927276 or 01699257507

y(1 + x 2 ) = x 1 + y 2

V d 2:Gii h phng trnh:

x 2 + 3y 2 = 1

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(1)

(2)

Gii:
D thy phng trnh (1) c cp nghim x = y , do ta bin i phng trnh (1) ca
h ra tha s (x y) .
x = y
.
Ta c: (1) x y + xy(y x) = 0 (x y)(1 xy) = 0
xy
=
1

1
* x = y 4x 2 = 1 x = .
2
1
* x = 3y 4 y 2 + 1 = 0 phng trnh v nghim.
y
1
Vy nghim ca h l: x = y = .
2
1
1

(1)
x x = y y
.
V d 3: Gii h phng trnh:
2y = x 3 + 1
(2)

Gii: xy 0
x = y
xy
1
Ta c (1) x y +
= 0 (x y)(1 + ) = 0
.
y = 1
xy
xy

x
* x = y thay vo (2), ta c:

1 5
.
2
1
1
1
3
* y = thay vo (2), ta c: x 4 + x + 2 = 0 (x 2 ) + (x + ) 2 + = 0 v
x
2
2
2
nghim.
1 5
Vy h cho c ba cp nghim: x = y = 1;x = y =
.
2
x 3 2x + 1 = 0 (x 1)(x 2 + x 1) = 0 x = 1;x =

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Nguyn Tt Thu 0918927276 or 01699257507

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x + y = 3 x + y
V d 4: Gii cc h phng trnh sau:
.
3
x y = x y 12
x + y 0
Gii: K:
.
x

Ta thy mi phng trnh ca h l phng trnh mt n x + y v x y . Do iu

m chng ta ngh ti l i gii tng phng trnh tm x + y v x y , khi ta c c
h phng trnh mi n gin hn nhiu.
n gin v mt hnh thc ta t a = x + y, b = x y a, b 0 ta c h :
3
2
a = 3 a
a = 0 V a = 1
a = a

3
2
3
b
4
=

b = b 12
b = (b 12)
a = 0
x + y = 0 x = 2
*Vi

b = 4 x y = 4 y = 2

x
=

a = 1
x + y = 1
2

* Vi
b = 4 x y = 4 y = 3

5 3
Vy nghim ca h l: (x; y) = (2; 2), ( ; ) .
2 2
x + y x y = 2
V d 4: Gii h phng trnh:
x 2 + y 2 + x 2 y 2 = 4

(1)

(2)

Gii: K : x | y |
V (1) trong cn ch cha ly tha bc 1 i vi x,y cn (2) th trong cn cha ly tha
bc 2 i vi x,y nn suy ngh u tin l ta s bnh phng hai v phng trnh (1)
a v hai phng trnh ng bc.
T (1) x + y > x y y > 0 .
2x6
x x 2 y2 = 2
x 2 y 2 = x 2

x 2 y 2 = (2 x)2
x 2 + y 2 = 4 x 2 y 2
x 2 + y 2 = 6 x
2
2
2
x + y = (6 x)

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Nguyn Tt Thu 0918927276 or 01699257507

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2 x 6
2 x 6
5

2
2
x =
2
2
2
2 .
2x = (2 x) + (6 x) 2x = 40 16x + 2x
2
2
y = 6
2
2

x + y = (6 x)
y = 36 12x
5
Vy nghim ca h cho l: ( ; 6) .
2
x 2 + 1 + y(y + x) = 4y
V d 6: Gii h phng trnh:
2
(x + 1)(y + x 2) = y
Gii:
t a = x + y t (1) x 2 + 1 = y(4 a) th vo (2), ta c:

(1)

(2)

y(4 a)(a 2) = y y(a 2 6a + 9) = 0 y = 0; a = 3

* Vi y = 0 thay vo (1) ta thy h v nghim.
* Vi a = 3 x + y = 3 thay vo h ta c:
x = 1 y = 2
x2 + 1 = y = 3 x x2 + x 2 = 0
.
x
=

y
=
5

Vy h cho c hai cp nghim: (x; y) = (1;2), (2;5) .

x 3 8x = y3 + 2y
(1)
.
V d 7: Gii h phng trnh:
2
2
x
3
3(y
1)
(2)

=
+

Gii:
Cch 1: T (2) x 2 = 3(y 2 + 2) (3) thay vo (1) ta c :
x = 0
x2
3
2
2
2
x(3x xy 24) = 0
x 8x = y(y + 2) = y
3x
24 .

3
y=

x
2
* Vi x = 0 thay vo (3) ta c: y + 2 = 0 v nghim.
2

3x 2 24
3x 2 24
2
* Vi y =
thay vo (3) ta c: x = 3
+ 6
x
x

x = 3 y = 1
x2 = 9
13x 4 213x 2 + 864 = 0 2 96
.
x = 96 y = 78
x =

13
13
13

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Nguyn Tt Thu 0918927276 or 01699257507

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96
78
;
).
14
13
Cch 2: Ta thy x = 0 khng l nghim ca h nn ta t y = tx . Khi h tr thnh

Vy h c bn cp nghim: (x; y) = (3; 1), (

x 3 8x = t 3 x 3 + 2tx
x 2 (1 t 3 ) = 2t + 8
1 t3 t + 4

=
2
2
2 2
2
2
3
1

3t
x

3
=
3(t
x
+
1)
x
(1

3t
)
=
6

1
t = 3
3
2
2
3(1 t ) = (t + 4)(1 3t ) 12t t 1 = 0
.
1
t =

4
2
2
x (1 3t ) = 6
x = 3
1
* t=

.
x
y
=

1
3 y =

4 78
x=

1
13
.
* t=
4
78
y = 13
| x 2 2x | + y = 1
V d 8: Gii h phng trnh:
2
x + | y |= 1

(1)

(2)

Gii: T (2) 1 x, y 1 .
Ta xt cc trng hp sau
* y 0 (1) x 2 + y = 1 y = 1 x 2 thay vo (2) ta c:
| x 2 2x | +1 x 2 = 1 | x 2 2x |= x 2 x 2 (x 2)2 = x 4 x 2 (4x + 4) = 0
x = 0 y = 1

x = 1 y = 0

* y < 0 (1) y = x 2 1 thay vo (2) ta c:

| x 2 2x | + x 2 1 = 1 | x 2 2x |= 2 x 2 x 3 2x 2 + 1 = 0 (x 1)(x 2 x 1) = 0
x = 1

.
x = 1 5 y = 1 5

2
2

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Nguyn Tt Thu 0918927276 or 01699257507

Vy h c ba cp nghim (x; y) = (0;1), (1;0), (

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1 5 1 5
;
).
2
2

2xy
2
2
x + y + x + y = 1
V d 9: Gii h phng trnh:
x + y = x2 y

(1)

.
(2)

Gii: K : x + y > 0
Ta c: (1) x 2 + y 2 +

(x + y)2 (x 2 + y 2 )
1= 0 .
x+y

(x 2 + y 2 )(x + y) (x 2 + y 2 )
x 2 + y2

+ x + y 1 = 0 (x + y 1)(
+ 1) = 0 .
x+y
x+y
x 2 + y2
x + y 1 = 0 y = 1 x ( Do
> 0 ) Thay vo (2), ta c:
x+y
x = 1 y = 0
x 2 (1 x) = 1 x 2 + x 2 = 0
.
x
=

y
=
3

Vy h c hai cp nghim: (x; y) = (1;0), (2;3) .

7x + y + 2x + y = 5
V d 10: Gii h phng trnh:
(HSG Quc Gia 2001).
2x + y + x y = 2
Gii:
8x + t = (3 t) 2
7x + y = 3 t

Cch 1: t t = y x y = x + t ta c h:
3x + t = (2 + t) 2
2 t 3
2x + y = 2 + t

3t 8t = 3(3 t) 2 8(2 + t)2

t 2 + 9t + 1 = 0
9 + 77
.

t=
2
2 t 3
2 t 3

(t + 2) 2 t
x
=
= 10 77

3
l nghim ca h cho.

11
77
y = t + x =

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Nguyn Tt Thu 0918927276 or 01699257507

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u + v = 5
Cch 2: t u = 7x + y, v = 2x + y . H tr thnh:
.
v
=
2
+
y

5x
(Do u + v = 5 ).
Mt khc u 2 v 2 = 5x (u v)(u + v) = 5x u v = x v =
2
5x
1+ x
1+ x 5 x
T
=2+ yxy=
thay vo h ta c c: 2x +
=
2
2
2
2
x 5
x 5
11 77

x = 10 77 y =
.
2
2
2
10x + 2 = (5 x)
x 20x + 23 = 0

x = 10 77

Thay vo h ta thy tha mn. Vy h cho c nghim

11 77 .
=
y

2
1

3x
(1
)=2
+

x+y
V d 11: Gii h phng trnh:
(HSG Quc Gia 1996 ).
1
7y(1
)=4 2

x+y

Gii: K : x, y 0 . V x=0 hay y=0 khng l nghim ca h nn ta c:

1

1
+
x+y=

H
1 1 =
x + y

1
2 2
+
1 =
3x
7y

4 2
1 = 1 2 2
x + y
7y
3x
7y

2
3x

(1)

. Nhn (1) vi (2) ta c:

(2)

1
1
2 2
1
2 2
1
8
)(
)=
=(

21xy = (x + y)(7y 24x)

x+y
3x 7y
3x
7y
3x
7y
24x 2 + 38xy 7y 2 = 0 (6x y)(4x + 7y) = 0 y = 6x (Do x, y > 0 )

1
2
11 + 4 7
22 + 8 7
+
x=
y = 6x =
21
7
3x
7x
Th li h ta thy tha mn.

11 + 4 7
x =

21
.
Vy h c cp nghim duy nht
22
+
8
7
y =

Thay vo (1) ta c: 1 =

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Nguyn Tt Thu 0918927276 or 01699257507

x 3 + 3xy 2 = 49
V d 12: Gii h phng trnh:
2
2
x 8xy + y = 8y 17x

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(1)

(HSG QG 2004 ) .

(2)

Gii:
Cch 1: Ta thy x = 0 khng phi l nghim ca h nn
x 3 + 49
2
T (1) y =
(*) th vo phng trnh (2) ta c:
3x
x 3 + 49
2
x 8xy
= 8y 17 24y(x 2 + x) = 2x 3 + 51x 2 49
3x
x = 1
2
2
24xy(x + 1) = (x + 1)(2x + 49x 49)
y = 2x + 49x 49

24x
* x = 1 th vo (*) y = 4 .
2x 2 + 49x 49
* y=
th vo (*), ta c:
24x
2

x 3 + 49 2x 2 + 49x 49
3
2
2

=
192x(x + 49) = (2x + 49x 49)
3x
24x

Bin i rt gn ta c:
4x 4 + 4x 3 + 45x 2 + 94x + 49 = 0 (x + 1)2 (4x 2 4x + 49) = 0 x = 1 .
Vy h c hai cp nghim: (x; y) = (1; 4) .

Cch 2: Nhn phng trnh (2) vi 3 ri cng vi (1) theo tng v ta c:

x 3 + 3x 2 + 3xy 2 24xy + 3y 2 = 24y 51x 49
x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 1 + 3y 2 (x + 1) 24y(x + 1) + 48(x + 1) = 0

(x + 1) (x + 1) 2 + 3y 2 24y + 48 = 0 x = 1.
Th x = 1 vo phng trnh (1) ta c: y 2 = 16 y = 4 .
Vy h c hai cp nghim (x; y) = (1; 2) .
Cch 3: V x = 0 khng l nghim ca h nn ta t y = tx . Khi h tr thnh:

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49
49
49
3
=
=
x =

2
2
x (1 + 3t ) = 49
1 + 3t
49 + 3(t 16) 49 + 3a

2
2
8t 17
b
x (1 8t + t ) = x(8t 17) x = 8t 17 =
=

t 2 8t + 1 (t 2 16) (8t 17) a b

(Trong ta t: a = t 2 16; b = 8t 17 ).
3

b3
49
=
49 b3 + (a b)3 + 3a = 0
3
49 + 3a (a b)

a 49 b 2 b(a b) + (a b) 2 + 3 = 0 a = 0 t 2 = 16 .

2
Th t = 16 vo h x = 1 y = 4 .

Bi tp: Gii cc h phng trnh sau:

3 x y = x y
3 x y = x y
2x + y + 1 x + y = 1
2)
1)
3)
3x + 2y = 4
x + y = x + y + 2
x + 4 1 y = 1 2x
1
1
x 3

x 2
x 3 y = 16
x x = y y
( y ) + ( y ) = 12
7)
5)
6)
3x + y = 8
2y = x 3 + 1
(xy)2 + xy = 6

2 1 x
2x
2y
x+ y + x y =2
x + y2 + y = 3
+
=
3

8) y
9)
10)
x
y + x y x = 1
x y + xy = 3
x + x + 1 = 3

y y
3
85

4xy + 4(x 2 + y 2 ) +
=
2
2

2
x xy + y = 3(x y)
3
(x + y)

12)
11)
2
2
2
x + xy + y = 7(x y)
2x + 1 = 13

x+y 3
x 2 + y2 = 1
x 2 + y 2 + xy = 1
x 3 + y3 xy 2 = 1

14)
15)
13) 3
1
3
3
3
4
4

=
3x
y
x
+
y
=
x
+
3y
4x + y = 4x + y

x
+
y

x 2 + y 2 + x + y 4 = 0
16)
2
2
2x + xy y 5x + y + 2 = 0

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