136 THE ANALYSIS AND CRITIQUE OF MODERN soctETY
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Chapter Eleven
‘TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE AS “IDEOLOGY”
er Herr Merson servo bithdy Jay 19,1968
Max Weber inerodeced the concep of “rationality” in order to deine the
form af capa economie sci, bourgeois private law and bueauerane
authority. Rationalization mean, fst of al che extension ofthe areas of
Society subect co the criteria of rational decison. Second, soil labo is
fedostalized, mith the resale that erteria of instrumental acon also pen
‘ceat into other areas of life (urbanization of the mode of, eechaies
ton of srnsport and communication), Both trend exemplify the Fype of
purposiveatonal scion, which efers to ether the organization of means
fc choice between altenatives. Planning can be egatded ab purposive:
‘tional action ofthe second order. It sine tthe etalihrent, improve
‘ment, o expansion of ystems of purposive tional action themscvs
"The progressive “rationalization” of soc is liked to the incion-
alization of scenic and technical development. To the extent that teh
pology and soence permeate socal institions and thas wansform them,
ld legiinazions are destroyed. The secslarcaion and “disenchantment”
‘of aeton-rieating worldviews of claral tradktion aa whole, ithe ob-
‘erie ofthe growing “rationality” of socal action.
Herbert Mazcate hat taken these analyses a 4 point of departure in order
‘te demonstrate thatthe formal concepe of ratonalty--which Weber de
‘ved from the purposive zatonl action of the capita entrepreneur he
indus wage labore the abstract legal person, andthe modeen adie
ative offal and based on the cera of viene ae well a technology —-
Ins specific substantive implications, Marcus is convinced that what Weber
called “rationalization” relies not rationality a5 such but tthe i the
fname of ratonaly, 2 specife form of unacknowledged polial domi
‘on. Beeause this srt of rationality extends tothe corect choice among
strates, the appropiate application of technologes, and te eient ce
tabshiment of systems (with presappoced ims in ge stustons), Fe258 THE ANALYSIS AND CRITIQUE OF MODERN SOCIETY
‘aves the tot sda framework of interests in which satis ae chosen,
technologies applic, and systems established, from the scope of reflection
tnd rational rscomtraction, Moreover, this atioeaiy extends only tore
Tisons of posible technical contol and therefor requires a ype of action
that imply domination, whether of aature or of sary. By vive of i
structure, porposve-ratinal action ithe exercise of contol Tht is why,
in aecodance with this atonal, the “ratonalation” of the conditions
flies synonyacus with te sttaonaizauoa ofa form of domination
those pola character bosoms unrecognizable: the technical reason of
2 roca ystem of parposie rational scion does nor los is political con-
feat Marcas eribque of Weber comes 0 the conclusion that
the ver cong occ eaton peep olka Not ol the aplication
‘Tatinclogybartecinstogy tel donlpaon (of nt an wer-nthodes,
Senos land, casting centre, Specie puro ahd ist of dom
ons ot fed pom eoiny “subsequent and om Se oad ty
er ie very censrncsor of he seoncl Speen Tedoegy ie abeaye 4
Pets prc in prose what a ssety and ts ing tee
Teeth dew ts end hogs Sach spurge” ol Somsnatan ir nut”
[Suthep othe vey form cal eason.
‘Asay a 1956 Norns fered in gate lece comer the ==
cdr phenomenon ttm inraly advance explores om
Siioe ust let explosive and oppresve charac ané become
Strut without polit donieaton tery daappesen: “domi
Gone dependent only othe capschy and drive maintain wn extend the
fron ava wiv" Domigation fr caomal in hat 9 sxe can be
‘Mina! wih a alow el mate gow o hee opr
econ, coupled with ci and tea pros the asi of te
‘Goaton alow at he stn tn, he ve! the product ace con
‘Shares pote in relaon to ich ihe renstaons sad burdens
fied on nda cem more andere venccomy ad atonal i
Mares dent, te ojcecly sperfvos repression ca be 108
ocd ip We “mised eippeton of disoal the enormous SPP
Taavel prodicion an ditbutos he depen of fe in
{te simon indsingubable fasion of consracive and destucove scl
IicerPorateicy howeves ths repression con Suopear fom tec
‘oun of th porulon Ssasc the leona of domination bat
‘SSumed pow charters rs the “coast inreaing produc
‘and domsos of manu whch kes tng meas
meant
"inna on of ho of roc ig om
demic and technical progres supase all occa proportions From
{Rtbensuntonaleamevort dws te oppommry fo eptmaor The
thous tat elins of prodacon can be messed spun the pote
‘Srdeoped pratt cis prevented hea th exiningeaon of
production pists thecvs atthe tcl eceary Ogaeacoal
Technology and Science as “Ideology” — 239
form ofa rics ssi. Here “eatonlty” fn Weber’ seme, roms
4s Jans faces to longer only 3 ctl saat fo the derlopmene
Teel ofthe fret of production ntti to which he objec super
hous, tapeesave character of histori bul tations of production
can be exposed Is abo tn apeloge sual though which hese se
Feats of preducion cn be joted a unctona stated ame.
‘work Inde in ean toe splopricsercabliny “atonal”
Weakened asa cite atdaed and deeraded os cerecue i the
Src: whar can sll be sad fat best that sey “poor pos
immed” he he stag ho cetera Selon ea! ae
{fc of rout so ey ny soa i toe
of production. Now they no Tonge funcion a the basi of a ce of
revalingleinaton athe interest a politcal eigenen, bo be
ome ata the base of egiumasion. Tote whe Mares coe of
‘st worlhistorially new
But if thsi the cae, mst moc dhe rationality embeded in swtems of
uposverasonal acon be understood ae specaly inte? Muse not
the only af cence and ecology ise of tng edible ame
varying res of loge and method have nrbed 2 ssn, Matos
Aetveds and thercore rnntory pesca! Mace sewer the
sfmate
Ts pi of der crv rir cr nach oy ha ey
serve concealment ors eivers of el poping, proce
tent heorecalepeatonaum ene 1 conespond ta pel opengl
‘e'sdcae mehol atch let the tcemerecieare domes of ae
th eto provide he pte cnet su wel onthe nena forte ene
Imotecfecne domisaton Of man by tad bawdy the donation esate
‘Tedsy domination perpetaate snd exes uc oc oy taught bat
= ad the et prvi the rest eghimaton of he pony als
aon of te
rca py of tg oe
med efor miedo tt tee
Tal ncr pou oat eer a beam te Sloe spree
enlarges. jbecomior: OF i ad cree the produc of abot. Fecha ot
tron prec rr ta cc pansy at amano
‘Sruecwla son fw opet onl tons neagye
Weber “cationalzation” is not only a long-term proces ofthe transfor
‘nation of social structures but simukancooay “rationalization” in Feud’
‘emte:the tru motive, the perperution of obecvlyebvolte domination,
is concealed through the invocation of purposive rational imperatives, Thi
invocation is possible oly because the rationally of roence and technology
is immarendly one of cootol: the rationality of domination.
‘Marcuse owes tis concep, according to which modern science i @ hi
torical formaton, equally fo Hassell weatse on the cist of European
‘elence and Heidegge’s dasructon of Western metaphysics. From the ta240. THE ANALYSIS AND CRITIQUE OF MODERN SOCIETY
terast poston Fnac Bloch har developed the viewpoint that the ration:
“ley of modern science ss root distorted by capitals in such away
{st rob moder technology ofthe innocence of 2 pure productive fore
jut Marcse isthe ist to make the °polteal content of echrical eason”
the analytes pint of departure fora theory of advanced cpialist sce.
Because he not only develope tis wewpointphlesophically but also a-
fempesto couoborate it tncugh soiologiel analysis, the difeliesiner-
‘atin this conception become vibl.Tsball ler ere to but one arbigity
‘Sentaned in MareaseS om conception.
1 the phenomenon on which Marcuse bases his cocial analysis i the
peculiar futon of technology and domination, ‘and oppresion,
rgd aot be inerpreted otherwise than as 2 World "project" a5 Marcuse
Sein the language of Sartres phenomenology, cotaned inthe material a
pod of thelogicef sence andteshnology and deterned by class nest
Bd Ison sisaton, then seca! emandpation could not be conceived
srsbout «complementary revolutionary warsformarion of scence and ech
ology thensetves In several passage Marcas is temed co pursue this
es of a New Seence i connection wit dhe promis, familias ia Jews
ed Protetan mysticim of the resurrection offen sare” This theme,
tte known for having povteated nt Sehling’s (and Bander) philosophy
Via Swabian Pein, rumen Mares Faris Manuscripts, today consarues
the cena though of Bloch philosophy, end in elected forms, alo d
fect the mote secret oper of Waker Besar, Max Hoetheimer, and
“Theodor W: Adorn, Irs aso preseoe in Maree thought
‘he pa wh am i ome hc one vt of thd
ted Loner he peed and parodies nation of
Meee ane ned te drone of maneva Hk which ends ro be
‘Raat tky ante ars whole Nsrrsctibaly compreended and mastered,
sei trish tens sypazaer of prosuenon 4nd Geraci whidh sata
Pre aie athe eansae Che sabordaing them themes of
BEIPEtG Thus he al erarchy ere ah the soo eI hb the
BS STEER cong the ceston of Pore uch igi eever ts al ik,
‘SSG Thee a very emerure of sence nt senate pies. is hypoiees,
TOS Rae er taoonal Gace wosld deeop to an esertally dierent
"peetemal foment spaced word omequndy science wos ere
S*Estmanly free compen of strc ead exabloh eset erent fat
In alogil lashion Marcuse envisages not nly clifferent modes of theory
formaien but» iltent scene methodology in general. The tanscen-
{faa fremework within which naere would be made the object of «new
‘Xperience would then no longer be the fanciona system of rstrumental
‘Sion The viewpoint of porble echnical control wonld be replaced by
She of prsering, fostering, aod releasing the portals of nature
“these ave vo kinds of mastery. 9 cepressive ad a liberating one”* To chis
‘ow ir mas be objected that moder sieace con be interpreted a bistor-
“Tecnology and Sconce as “Ideology” 241
ically sigue projst only if a leet one alterative projec is thinkabl
‘Aud in sion a aerate New Ssence woul Lae to inde the
crion of s New Technolozy. Thi sobering consideration Besse
tsthaloy af baed at all on profes, on only be hace back to.3 "peor
(cet of the human spaces a hole, snd not 0 oe that oul be Bion
‘ly serpased
"Arnold Gehlen hs pointed ou in what ees to me conch fthion
that heres an inane connection beoresn the technology known 9 ot
lad he stucco puposverational action If we comprenead he behav
isral ester of ston replated by ia own reais at te conjunction of
{ato decison snd isshanentl stn, then we cn cece! the fist
{ory ol ehnelogy Irom the pon of ew of he sep by ep objectration
ol the slapens of that very sytem. nay cs tchwolopcl detlopment
lends sc 0 Bing cep shou he bamen spss ba ake the
tencanry compote de behavioral sytem of prpeie rationals
Sion, which s pearly oon he amas orp, dd projected them
foe afer another ont the plane of technical isan heey wba
‘ening bet ofthe corresponding functions? At the nsions of the
Spovr appara (hans abd ls) were augment und replaced lowed
iy corey prusion (ofthe taman body), the Kanai of the sensory
apparatus eyes cay and sin, ad Bally by the fencon ofthe gore
ity comet (ihe nn echnolapea devlopent hi follows loge thet
Cotreagonds tothe siucenre of purposive ravona ston regate bys
comm ert, which int he Scare of wort Rea thi a
pthc cavisge how a longer he orgaicton of hams eure does
tot change anda long therefore 38 we have wo achicre alt preserston
‘rough sol labor and wi he i of means ha sbsose fr mot we
‘ll enoucerecholoy, ore partly ou thas, in avo of
‘ealtasnely diferent on
‘Marave bas in rod an aerate ata ro vance, bu i does ao
sama of he Hes of 3 New Technology Ine of esting nature the
‘tj of pombe mca contol, we can cocouster her ssa opposing
parte ina ponbeincracion. We can eck ov after rathr han a
Exped astute. A the level ofan a8 yee incompleeiesubectty we
on impute sje to sims ad plan cheno mbrly a ty to
Senmmunkate with etre intend of merely proceing her ant contons
Of severed communication, Aad te wea ara al enchaned subjecny
fnmtre cao be sound wal ment communication sang theses
{Sie rm domination bas eabed, sy tees ation.
Only if nen coud commmnicace without Sompubion and cach cold re
‘pits himself inthe oer, could mankind posi rcogine mate
‘othe enbje nota deasm woud have iy ete Oter buts set
‘otic saakind els the Orker
Bethataritmay te achiromens of technolgy which ae indspentble
as eechy could stely ox be eubuste for by nwakened ature, The